UNIT-III Sub: WC

FDMA, TDMA, CDMA, SDMA, IDMA

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RBtniBNkPU0

1. Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) : FDMA is a type of channelization protocol.

In this bandwidth is divided into various frequency bands. Each station is allocated with band to
send data and that band is reserved for particular station for all the time which is as follows :

Figure – FDMA

The frequency bands of different stations are separated by small band of unused frequency and
that unused frequency bands are called as guard bands that prevents the interference of stations.
It is like access method in data link layer in which data link layer at each station tells its physical
layer to make a band pass signal from the data passed to it. The signal is created in the allocated
band and there is no physical multiplexer at the physical layer. 2. Time Division Multiple
Access (TDMA) : TDMA is the channelization protocol in which bandwidth of channel is
divided into various stations on the time basis. There is a time slot given to each station, the
station can transmit data during that time slot only which is as follows :
 Figure – TDMA

Each station must aware of its beginning of time slot and the location of the time slot. TDMA
requires synchronization between different stations. It is type of access method in the data link
layer. At each station data link layer tells the station to use the allocated time slot. 3. Code
Division Multiple Access (CDMA) : In CDMA, all the stations can transmit data
simultaneously. It allows each station to transmit data over the entire frequency all the time.
Multiple simultaneous transmissions are separated by unique code sequence. Each user is
assigned with a unique code sequence.
 Figure – TDMA

In the above figure, there are 4 stations marked as 1, 2, 3 and 4. Data assigned with respective
stations as d1, d2, d3 and d4 and the code assigned with respective stations as c1, c2, c3 and c4.

OFDMA

OFDMA is the access technique used in Long-Term Evolution (LTE) cellular systems to
accommodate multiple users in a given bandwidth. Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing
(OFDM) is a modulation method that divides a channel into multiple narrow orthogonal bands
that are spaced so they don’t interfere with one another. Each band is divided into hundreds or
even thousands of 15-kHz wide subcarriers.

The data to be transmitted is divided into many lower-speed bit streams and modulated onto the
subcarriers. Time slots within each subchannel data stream are used to package the data to be
transmitted (Fig. 5). This technique is very spectrally efficient, so it provides very high data
rates. It also is less affected by multipath propagation effects.
5. OFDMA assigns a group of subcarriers to each user. The subcarriers are part of the large number of
subcarriers used to implement OFDM for LTE. The data may be voice, video, or something else, and it’s
assembled into time segments that are then transmitted over some of the assigned subcarriers.

SDMA

SDMA uses physical separation methods that permit the sharing of wireless channels. For
instance, a single channel may be used simultaneously if the users are spaced far enough from
one another to avoid interference. Known as frequency reuse, the method is widely used in
cellular radio systems. Cell sites are spaced from one another to minimize interference.
In addition to spacing, directional antennas are used to avoid interference. Most cell sites use
three antennas to create 120° sectors that allow frequency sharing (Fig. 6a). New technologies
like smart antennas or adaptive arrays use dynamic beamforming to shrink signals into narrow
beams that can be focused on specific users, excluding all others (Fig. 6b).

One unique variation of SDMA, polarization division multiple access (PDMA), separates signals
by using different polarizations of the antennas. Two different signals then can use the same
frequency, one transmitting a vertically polarized signal and the other transmitting a horizontally
polarized signal.

The signals won’t interfere with one another even if they’re on the same frequency because
they’re orthogonal and the antennas won’t respond to the oppositely polarized signal. Separate
vertical and horizontal receiver antennas are used to recover the two orthogonal signals. This
technique is widely used in satellite systems.
Polarization is also used for multiplexing in fiber optic systems. The new 100-Gbit/s systems use
dual polarization quadrature phase shift keying (DP-QPSK) to achieve high speeds on a single
fiber. The high-speed data is divided into two slower data streams, one using vertical light
polarization and the other horizontal light polarization. Polarization filters separate the two
signals at the transmitter and receiver and merge them back into the high-speed stream.

Difference Between FDMA, TDMA, and CDMA

Parameters FDMA TDMA CDMA
The term FDMA is an
The term TDMA is an The term CDMA is an
acronym for Frequency
Full Form acronym for Time acronym for Code Division
Division Multiple
Division Multiple Access. Multiple Access.
Access.
FDMA shares one The CDMA shares both-
TDMA only shares the
single bandwidth time and bandwidth among
Mode of time of transmission via
among various stations various stations by
Operation the satellite and not the
by splitting it into sub- assigning a different code
channel.
channels. for every slot.
It segments a single It segments the sending It spreads one spectrum
Idea of band of frequency into time of data into disjoint into multiple slots by
Transmission various disjoint sub- time slots- in a fixed or making use of orthogonal
bands. demand-driven pattern. codes.
The codeword is a
The FDMA doesn’t The TDMA also needs no
Codeword prerequisite in the case of
need a codeword. codeword.
the CDMA.
FDMA does not
TDMA requires CDMA also requires no
Synchronization require any
synchronization. synchronization.
synchronization.
Data Transmission occurs
Transmission occurs via Transmission occurs via
Transmission via a continuous signal
signals in bursts. digital signals.
Mode in FDMA.
FDMA supports a low TDMA supports a CDMA supports a high rate
Rate of Data
rate of data. medium rate of data. of data.
FDMA is a little Flexibility is moderate in CDMA is highly flexible in
Flexibility
flexible. TDMA. nature.
Every terminal Every terminal on the Every terminal can stay
possesses its own same frequency stays active during the same
Terminals
uninterrupted active for a very short moment and the same place
frequency. time. without any interruption.
 It occurs by the process It occurs via codes along
Separation of It occurs by synchronizing
of filtration in the with some special
Signals the time domain.
frequency domain. receivers.
Scheme of It is continuous for It is discontinuous for
It is continuous for CDMA.
Transmission FDMA. TDMA.
CDMA does not possess
Capacity of FDMA has a very TDMA also has a very any limit on a channel’s
Cells limited cell capacity. limited cell capacity. capacity- but this system is
interference-limited.
CDMA is flexible, requires
FDMA is robust, TDMA is very flexible,
lesser frequency planning,
Advantages established, and very fully digital, and
and has a softer handover
simple. established.
of signals.
FDMA is not very CDMA deals with very
flexible, and the TDMA needs guard space complex receivers. The
Disadvantages frequencies it (for multipath senders/ transmitters
possesses are a scarce propagation). require a more complicated
resource. form of power control.
TDMA holds the CDMA still faces some
FDMA typically
standards in a fixed major issues. It is highly
combines with SDMA
network. Many mobile complex and has lower
Comment (Space Division
networks combine it by expectations. It will
Multiple Access) and
using it together with probably integrate with
TDMA.
SDMA or FDMA. FDMA and TDMA.
 Approach SDMA TDMA FDMA CDMA
Segments sending time Segment the
Segment spaced Spread the spectrum
into disjoint time slots frequency band
Idea into cells or using orthogonal
demand driven or into disjoint
sectors. codes.
fixed patterns. subbands
Only one All terminals can be
All terminals are Every terminal
terminal can be active at the same
active for short periods has its own
Terminals active in one place at the same
of time on same frequency
cell or one moment
frequency. uninterrupted
sector. uninterrupted.
Cell structure, Filtering in the
Signal Synchronization in Code plus special
directed frequency
separation time domain receivers.
antennas domain.
Transmission
Continuous Discontinuous Continuous Continuous
scheme
No absolute limit on
Depends on cell channel capacity but it
Cell capacity Limited Limited
area is an interference
limited system
Very simple, Simple, Flexible, less
Established fully
Advantages increases established, frequency planning
digital, flexible
capacity per robust needed, soft handover
Guard space needed
Complex receivers,
Inflexible, (multipath Inflexible,
needs more
Disadvantages antennas propagation), frequencies are
complicated power
typically fixed synchronization scarce resource
control for senders
difficult
Still faces some
Only in Standards in fixed
Typically problems, higher
combination networks, together
combined with complexity, lowered
Comment with TDMA, with FDMA or SDMA
TDMA and expectations, will be
FDMA or used in many mobile
SDMA integrated with
CDMA useful networks
TDMA or FDMA
 Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO)
Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) is a wireless technology that uses multiple
transmitters and receivers to transfer more data at the same time. All wireless products with
802.11n support MIMO. The technology helps allow 802.11n to reach higher speeds than
products without 802.11n.