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Chemistry PDF Document

This document discusses the key areas of chemistry and the scientific method. The five major areas of chemistry are analytical, inorganic, organic, biochemistry, and physical chemistry. The scientific method involves making observations, formulating a hypothesis, performing experiments to test the hypothesis, analyzing results, and modifying the hypothesis if needed. Collaboration and communication are important in science.

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J. Tsilman
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28 views14 pages

Chemistry PDF Document

This document discusses the key areas of chemistry and the scientific method. The five major areas of chemistry are analytical, inorganic, organic, biochemistry, and physical chemistry. The scientific method involves making observations, formulating a hypothesis, performing experiments to test the hypothesis, analyzing results, and modifying the hypothesis if needed. Collaboration and communication are important in science.

Uploaded by

J. Tsilman
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Objectives

Identify five traditional areas


of study in chemistry.
Identify reasons to study
chemistry.
Relate pure chemistry to
applied chemistry.
1
Unit 1 Part 1
“What is
Chemistry”

CP Chemistry

2
Chemistry is the
study of the
composition,
structure, and
properties of matter
and the changes it
undergoes – such
as burning fuels.
C2H5OH + 3 O2 2 CO2 + 3 H2O + Energy
Reactants Products
3
5 Major Areas of Chemistry
1) Analytical Chemistry- concerned with
the composition of substances.
2) Inorganic Chemistry- primarily deals
with substances without carbon
3) Organic Chemistry- essentially all
substances containing carbon
4) Biochemistry- Chemistry of living things
5) Physical Chemistry- describes the
behavior of chemicals (ex. stretching);
involves lots of math!
Boundaries not firm – they overlap and interact
4
The World of Chemistry
Three different ways to look at the
world: macroscopic and microscopic
Macroscopic – can be seen with the
naked eye
Microscopic – needs instrumentation to
be seen
Submicroscopic – can not been seen

5
Thinking Like a Scientist
OBJECTIVES:
–Describe how Lavoisier
transformed chemistry.
–Identify three steps in the
scientific method.
–Explain why collaboration and
communication are important
in science
6
Lavoisier
In the late 1700s, Antoine
Lavoisier helped transform
chemistry from a science of
observation to the science of
measurement – still used today
He settled on long-standing debate
about burning, which was…
–Oxygen was required!
7
The Scientific Method
A logical approach to solving
problems or answering questions.
Starts with observation- noting and
recording information and facts
hypothesis- a proposed
explanation for the observation;
must be tested by an experiment

8
Steps in the Scientific Method
1. Observations (uses your senses)
a) quantitative involves numbers = 95oF
b) qualitative is word description = hot
2. Formulating hypotheses (ideas)
- possible explanation for the
observation, or “educated” guess
3. Performing experiments (the test)
- gathers new information to help decide
whether the hypothesis is valid
9
Scientific Method
“controlled” experiment- designed to
test the hypothesis
only two possible answers:
1) hypothesis is right
2) hypothesis is wrong
We gather data and observations by
doing the experiment
Modify hypothesis - repeat the cycle
10
Scientific Method
We deal with variables, or factors that can
change. Two types:
1) Manipulated variable (or independent
variable) is the one that we change
2) Responding variable (or dependent
variable) is the one observed during the
experiment
For results to be accepted, the experiment
needs to always produce the same result
11
Outcomes over the long term…
Theory (Model)
- A set of well-tested hypotheses that give
an overall explanation of some natural
phenomenon – not able to be proved
Natural Law (or Scientific Law)
- The same observation applies to many
different systems; summarizes results
- an example would be:
the Law of Conservation of Mass
12
Law vs. Theory

❖ A law summarizes what has


happened.
❖ A theory (model) is an
attempt to explain why it
happened – this changes as
new information is gathered.
13
- Page 22

Using your senses to The procedure that is used


obtain information to test the hypothesis

Hypothesis is a
Tells what happened
proposed explanation;
should be based on A well-tested explanation for
previous knowledge; an the observations; cannot be
“educated” guess proven due to new discoveries
14

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