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Towards a European civil code, 3rd ed
Book · January 2004
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Third Fully Revised and Bxpanded Edition
EDITORS
Arthur Hartkamp
Martijn Hesselink
Ewoud Hondius
CarIa Joustra
E dgar du Perron
Muriel Veldman
AUTHORS
Ewoud Hondius - Reinhard Zimmermann - Klaus Peter Berger
Richard Hyland - Peter-Christian Müller-Graff - Walter van Gerven
Arthur Hartkamp - Konstantinos D. Kerameus - Christian Joerges
Horatia Muir Watt - Vincenzo Zeno-Zencovich - Noah Vardi
James Gordley - Christina Ramberg - Pierre Legrand
Brigitta Lurger - Ugo Mattei - Dieter Martiny
Alain Verbeke - Yves-Henri Leleu - Rodolfo Sacco - Sjef van Erp
Michael Joachim Bonell - Muriel Fabre-Magnan - Ruth Sefton-Green
Hector MacQueen - Thomas V/ilhelmsson - Claus-V/ilhelm Canaris
Hans christoph Grigoleit - Martijn w. Hesselink- Denis Tallon - ole Lando
Michael Joachim Bonell - Viola Heutger - Christoph Jeloschek
Jürgen Basedow - Marco B.M. Loos - Eric Clive
David Howarth - Geraint Howells - Michael Faure
Gerrit Betlem - Mauro Bussani - vernon valentine Palmer - ulrich Drobnig
Roy Goode - Hans G. Wehrens - Michel Grimaldi - François Barrière
Peter Hommelhoff - Christoph Teichmann - Carl-HeinzWitt
2004
Ars Aequi Libri - Nijmegen
Kluwer Law International
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From the Preface to the First Edition
nt called for the elaboration of a European civil code
an Commuttities 1989, No. C 158/400). Although the
yet shown much enthusiasm for this idea, many legal
academics see it as a great challenge.
to
In Septembe
take up this
of
a European
The book is
ch
conceln the unification of those areas of private law that we considered to be
appropriate fol a unification on a European level.
The Haguefutrecht, April 1994
Arthur Hartkamp
Martijn Hesselink
Ewoud Hondius
Edgar du Pen'on
Jan Vranken
From the Preface to the Second Edition
When Towards a European Civil Code appeared in 1994, it was one of the first
title Towards a European civil code. These events, and indeed many others,
convinced us that the idea of a possible common code for Europe is not as bold as
it might have seemed when we started preparations for the first edition of this book
in 1991. Eulopean private law has become an established field of research in which
many eminent scholars from all over Europe got involved. Coulses on European
private law are taught in several European universities.
All these events - and the commercial success of the first edition - called for a
second edition. This second edition differs fi'om the first in several respects. First, we
have added several new subjects which have increased the numbel of chapters from
22 to 36. Secondly, we no longer asked the contributors to discuss the feasibility of
I
PREFACE
a Eruopean cortmon law - fbr a few chapters which cleal with cornpletely new
excepL
content of commou fules' Thirdly'
topi.s - bLrt instead to clirectly oàd."r, the possible
we afe glacl to welcome ,o.. n"* attthot's for some of the sLrbjects alt'eady inclucled
irr the first eclition. Finally, all the chaptets have treen updatecl'
Utrecht, APLiI 1998
Arthul Hat'tkamP
Martijn Hesselink
EwoLrd Hondius
Carla Jottstra
Eclgar clt Pelron
Preface to the Third Edition
All lor this new eclition. However, we would like to point
editor.s ar-e firlly [esponsible
oLrt that Muriel veldman has c10ue the bulk of
the wo[k, ancl the othefs would like
to thank her fbr hel extraordinary cledication'
<le Klerk, Ms. Carolijn
Finally, we would like to expr.ess otll gl.atitudc to Ms. Janneke
this edition and for'
I(uiper.s and Rob wonter.s ibr having assisted us in
preparing
having prepared the Inclex.
AmsteLdrnt. JtrlY 2004
Arthur S. HaltkamP
Martijn W. Hesselink
Ewoucl H. Hondius
Carla A. Joustla
C. Edgar dtt Perron
Muliel Velclman
vl
Contents
PREFACE
CONTENTS vll
ABBREVIATIONS.... xii
PART 1 _GENERALISSUES
CHAPTER 1
Towards a European Civil Code
Ewoud Hondius 3
cHept¡,R 2
Roman Law and the Harmonisation of Private Law in Europe
Reinhard Zimmermann 2t
crnprpR 3
European Private Law, Lex Mercatoria and Globalisatíon
Klaus Petei'Berger. 43
csepreR 4
The American Experience: Restatements, the UCC, Untþrm Laws, and
Transnational Coordination
Richard Hyland 59
cH,cpreR 5
EC Directíves as a Means of Private Law Unification
Peter-Christian Müller-Graff . . 17
csnprpR 6
The ECJ Case-law as a Means of Unification of Prívate Law?
'Walter
van Gerven 101
CHAPTER 7
Principles of Contract Low
Arthur S. Hartkamp 125
cu¡.prsR 8
Procedural Implications of Civil Law Unification
Konstantinos D. Kerameus 145
CONTENTS
Law: Considerations on a
oJ'Europeanising Private
;;,;;; i:':;;* i".*"t f1' ':: :.Y ** .".: .':':.::':'^ ts9
cu.qvren 10 Theory
The Challenge of Market Integration for European Conflicts 191
Horutiu Muir Watt
cHePrBn
-ñ,e
11 :
P.rivate Law
Constitutional Basis of a European 205
Vardi '
Vincenzo Zeto-Zet'rcovich & Noah
l
cgnPren 12 1
in Contract
li.i iorrrnnobility Limitation on Liability 215 i1
I
James Gordley '"'' T
cHepren 13
E-commerce 229
Christina Ramberg
cgePren 14
A Diabolical ldea 245
Pierre Legrand . '
.åirliÏrrt"1r,, principte of Regard and 1
side of contact Law and the
New I
i
Fairness 2',13 I
Brigitta Lurger l
Recent Priorities shown bv
the
Ptease! A critique of some
I
;:î,äälÎ
Commission' s Action Plan 29'I
Ugo Mattei
PART2 -SUBSTANTIVEIAW
A - FamilY law and law of succession
cglPr¡,R 17
or even Desirable?
Is unificatíon of Famity Law Feasible 30'l
DieteiMartiny""'
cn¿.Pr¡'R 18
in Europe
Hirmonisation of the Law of Successíon 335
Leleu
Alain Verbeke & Yves-Henri
v111
CONTENTS
B - Contract law - General issues
CHAPTER 19
Fornmtion of Contracts
Rodolfo Sacco . 353
CHAPTER 20
The Pre-Contractual Stage
Sjef vq¡ Erp . . . -io-')
CHAPTER 21
Agency
Michael Joachim Bonell 381
CHAPTER 22
Defects on Consent in Contract Lctw
Muriel Fabre-Magnan & Ruth Sefton-Green 399
CHAPTER 23
Illegality and Immorality in Contracts: Towctrds Ettropean Principles
Hector MacQueen 415
CHAPTER 24
Standard Form Conditions
Thomas Wìlhelmsson . . . .
431
CHAPTER 25
Interpretation of Contracts
Claus-Wilhelm Canaris & Hans Chlistoph Grigoleit 445
CHAPTER 26
The Concept of Good Faith
Martijn W. Hesselink . . . . 47r
CHAPTER 27
Hardship
Denis Tallon 499
cu¡,pren 28
Non- Perþrmance ( Breach) of Contracts
Ole Lando 505
CHAPTER 29
Limitation Periods
Michael Joachim Bonell 511
IX
CONTENTS
C - Contract taw - Specific contracts
CHAPTER 30
Sales Law
lo*or¿, Principles of European 533
Viola Heutger & Christoph Jeloschek ' " '
CHAPTER 31
Contract Code
The Case for a European Insurance 553
Jürgen Basedow
CHAPTER 32
Sen¡ice Contracts 511
Marco B. M. Loos
D - Restitution
CHAPTER 33
Unj u stifie d Enrichment 585
Eric Clive
E - Tort
CHAPTER 34
The General Condittons of unlawfulness 607
David Howarth. . . .
CHAPTER 35
liodurt Liabitíty- A History of Harmonisation
645
Geraint Howells
CHAPTER 36
the European Civil Code
Economical Analysis of Tort Law and 65'7
Michael Faure '
CHAPTER 37
private Enforcement of communíty Law
Environmentat Líabiliry and the 6'1'7
Gerrit Betlem
tween Con s LiabilitY in EuroPe:
ure Economic Loss
e Case oJ 69'l
& Vernon
X
CONTENTS
F - ProPertY
CHAPTER 39
Transfer of ProPerry
Ullich Drobnig.... 125
CHAPTER 40
Secttrity Rigltts in Movables
Ulrich Drobnig.... 14r
CHAPTER 4I
The Cape Town Convention on Internatíonal Interests ì¡t Mobile Equipment
Roy Goode 151
CHAPTER 42
Real Security regarding Immovable Objects - RefLections on a Euro-Mortgage
Hans G. Wehrens 169
G - Trust
cueprsR 43
Trust and Ficlucie
Michel Grimaldi & François Barrière 181
H - Company law
cH¡.prnn 44
Corporate and Business Law in the Eurctpean Union: Status and Perspectives
2004
Peter Hommelhoff & Christoph Teichmann & Carl-Heinz Witt . 807
INDEX 833
ABOUT THE AUTHORS 841
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