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Lipids Presentation Group 1

This presentation provides an overview of lipids. It defines lipids as essential fats and oils composed of fatty acids that perform many tasks in the body. Lipids are obtained from plant and animal sources and serve important functions like acting as an energy source, forming cell membranes, and storing energy. The presentation describes the four main types of lipids - triglycerides, phospholipids, steroids, and waxes. It also outlines how to test for lipids using the emulsion test.

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Ejaz Yusuff
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
48 views44 pages

Lipids Presentation Group 1

This presentation provides an overview of lipids. It defines lipids as essential fats and oils composed of fatty acids that perform many tasks in the body. Lipids are obtained from plant and animal sources and serve important functions like acting as an energy source, forming cell membranes, and storing energy. The presentation describes the four main types of lipids - triglycerides, phospholipids, steroids, and waxes. It also outlines how to test for lipids using the emulsion test.

Uploaded by

Ejaz Yusuff
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Akeili Thornhill

Affianne Kellman
Danu Mangal
Akwain Adams
Jaheim Lewis
Shania Carmichael
Afiya Smartt
In this presentation, we will take
a look at lipids. We will look at
what they are, their uses, why
we need them, where you can
find them and how to test for
lipids.
Lipids are essential fats and oils that are generally
composed of fatty acids. They perform a
multitude of tasks with the body.

Lipids are made up of the elements carbon,


hydrogen and oxygen. They are obtained from
both plant and animal sources.
A major function of lipids is to act as an
energy source. They have a higher
calorific value (39kJg^-1) than
carbohydrates, which means that a
given mass of lipids will yield more
energy than an equal mass of
carbohydrate

This is because lipids have a higher


proportion of hydrogen and an almost
insignificant amount of oxygen
compared to carbohydrates.
• They are soluble in non-polar solvents, such as ether and
alcohol.
• Lipids are insoluble in water
• Lipids are hydrophobic or amphiphilic small molecules.
• Lipids are greasy in texture
• Lipids are stored in adipose tissues in the body
• Lipids are either liquids (oils) or
non-crystalline solid at room
temperature
• Triglycerides
• Phospholipids
• Steroids
• Waxes
Triglycerides
Triglycerides include fat and oils.
Triglycerides are made from a
glycerol head and three fatty
acid tails.

Composition of a Triglyceride
Fatty acids and glycerol

Fatty acids are the building block of fats in our


bodies and in the food we eat. There are 2 types of
fatty acids: saturated fatty acids and unsaturated
fatty acids.

Saturated fatty acids store energy in a compact


form. It has a relatively high melting points, which
explains why they are solid at room temperature.
Animals use saturated fat to store energy. Saturated
fats are saturated (filled with) hydrogen atoms.
Unsaturated fatty acids are less dense. They
have a relatively low melting point, which
explains why they are liquid at room
temperature. Plants use unsaturated fatty acid
to store energy.

In unsaturated fats, there are less hydrogen


atoms. There’s at lease one double between two
carbon atoms that gives the chain a bend. This
is why unsaturated fatty acids are less dense.
Saturated and
unsaturated fats
Glycerol

Glycerol is a simple compound known as


a sugar alcohol. It is a colorless, odorless
liquid that is sweet tasting and nontoxic.
Glycerol serves as the backbone of lipid
molecules. It plays a central role in the
formation of acylglycerols (simple lipids)
and phospholipids (complex lipids).
Phospholipids
Phospholipids help
in the construction
of the cell
membrane.

Composition of a Phospholipid
Phospholipids Forming
the Cell Membrane

The hydrophilic
head is exposed to
water, while the
hydrophobic tail
turns in and away
from the water.
Steroids/sterols
Steroids are composed of 4
fused rings of carbon. An
example of a steroid
molecule is cholesterol.
Cholesterol acts a base for
the creation of other
steroids such as
testosterone, estrogen,
vitamin D and cortisone. It is
also found in cell
membranes where it
stabilizes the membrane. The composition of cholesterol
(steroid)
Waxes
Waxes repel water. They are
found in the cuticle of
leaves and on the exterior
of some animals.
Our bodies cannot make certain
essential compounds, so we get them
from our diet.
Triglycerides make up 95 % of
lipids in our diet. Foods that contain
triglycerides are:
• Butter
• Fried foods
• Egg yolks
• Lard
• Red meat
Phospholipids make up about 2% of
dietary lipids. They are water soluble and
are found in both plants and animals.
Foods that contain phospholipids are:
• Soybeans
• Sunflowers
• Egg yolk
• Milk
Sterols are the least common type of
lipid. Foods containing sterols are:
• Vegetable oils
• Nuts
• Seeds
• Cereals
Foods containing saturated fats that
should be consumed in moderation:

• Heavy Cream- When fresh milk is


processed, a lot of the fat is removed
and combined into heavy cream. As a
result, heavy cream is a high-fat liquid.
Even though it is liquid at room
temperature, it still contains a large
amount of saturated fat: a hundred-
gram serving of heavy cream contains
more than 23 grams of saturated fats.
• Chicken and turkey are generally
quite healthy. However, their skin is
not. Poultry skin is rich in lipids. A
single ounce of chicken skin can
contain up to 2.26 grams of
saturated fat.
• Butter is made by condensing the
saturated fats from cream into a
single block. As a result, butter is
more than half saturated fat. A single
tablespoon of butter contains up to 7
grams of saturated fat.

• Bacon is a particularly fatty cut of pork,


and bacon fat is largely made of
saturated fats. As a result, eating 100
grams of bacon adds 12.6 grams of
saturated fats to your diet.
Some other functions of lipids are:
• Storing energy
The energy we get from food is digested and
formed into adipose tissue or fatty tissue. The
most energy required by the body are
carbohydrates and lipids. Lipids primarily
function as an energy reserve. Each gram of fat
you consume provides you with about 9 calories
of energy
• Hormone production
Lipids also helps the body produce and
regulate hormones.

• Wound healing.
Essential fatty acids play a key role in wound
healing and blood clotting

• Cell structure
Supports cell growth. Fat provides structure to
the outer membrane of every cell in your body.
• Brain and optic health
Supports brain and eye health. The
omega-3 fatty acids and others help
maintain the health of your brain,
central nervous system, and retinas.
Your body doesn’t make these fatty
acids — you can only get them from
your diet
• Insulation and protection
Lipids are also used to insulate and
protect your body. You have a layer of
fat just below your skin that helps to
keep your internal body temperature
regular despite the external
temperature.
Your vital organs e.g. the kidneys, have
a layer of fat around them that acts like
bubble wrap to protect them from
injury.
Blood lipids
Blood lipids are fat-like substances
found in your blood and body tissues.
Your body needs small amounts of
lipids to work normally.
Excess of lipids Lack of lipids
Obesity- Obesity is normally caused by Dry rashes- A lack of dietary fat could
over-eating, especially of fatty food. lead to dermatitis, which is general
Excess fats accumulate around the term for inflamed skin.
body increasing body mass

Heart disease- An excess of blood Weaker immune system- A lack of can


lipids can cause blockages in the weaken your immune system and lead
arteries to more frequent illnesses. Your body
needs dietary fat to produce several
molecules that stimulate the activity
of your immune cells.

Acne- An excess of saturated and trans Vitamin deficiencies- Some vitamins


fats can cause blemishes of the skin are fat soluble and we consume them
through the fats in our diet. Without
them we may be deficient of some
vitamins
Note: LDL cholesterol, or “bad” cholesterol, is
the main lipid that causes damaging buildup
and blockages in your arteries.
HDL cholesterol is actually a “good” type of
cholesterol that helps to prevent lipids from
building up in your arteries.
Images showing symptoms

Obesity Acne

Dermatitis
To test for lipids, we can
use the emulsion test.
Procedure
1) Add ethanol and shake for one
minute
2) Pour the solution into water
3) Check for formation of a milky
white emulsion.
Because lipids are insoluble in water, they
will become immiscible, meaning they will
not mix with the water. As a result, any
lipids present in your sample will float to
the top and form a milky white emulsion.
The greater the concentration of lipids in
your samples, the more apparent the milky
color will become.
Test tube showing a positive
emulsion test
References
https://www.ck12.org/book/ck-12-human-biology/

https://open.maricopa.edu/nutritionessentials/chapter/lipids/#:~:text=Food%20
Sources%20of%20Lipids&text=Commonly%20consumed%20oils%20are%20cano
la,dairy%20products%2C%20and%20cocoa%20butter

https://www.webmd.com/diet/foods-high-in-lipids

https://youtu.be/5BBYBRWzsLA

https://youtu.be/DTzrlJ58EWg

https://www.education.gov.gy/web2/index.php/students-resources/secondary-
school-resources/grade10/grade10-worksheets/grade-10-worksheets-
biology/2300-grade-10-biology-week-13-lesson-1/file

https://conductscience.com/classification-and-biological-functions-of-
lipids/
References
Biology for CSEC Examinations pg. 108

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