Assignment No.
2
2.1 Threaded Fasteners:
2.1.1 Introduction:
A fastener is a device that holds two or more objects together. A fastener can
be a bolt and nut, a screw, a rivet, or even a staple. However, the majority of fasteners used in
industry are threaded fasteners. They are used to join individual elements in a secure and cheap way
that can be assembled and disassembled as often as required.
Figure 2.1 screw thread terms
2.1.2 Bolts, Screws and Studs:
Bolts, Screws and Studs Threaded fasteners are usually grouped
into three main categories: bolts, screws and studs.
Figure 2.2 Methods of Threaded fasteners
Bolts:
A bolt is the term used for a threaded fastener with a head on one end of a shank or
body and a thread on the other end. Designed for insertion through holes in assembly parts, it is
mated with a tapped nut. Tension is normally induced (or released) in the bolt to compress the
assembly by rotating the nut. This may also be done by rotation of the bolt head. Bolts require two
tools to tighten or loosen them.
A nut is an internally threaded product intended for use on external or male screw threads such as a
bolt or stud for the purpose of tightening or assembling two or more components.
Screws:
Screw is a headed threaded fastener that is designed to be used in conjunction with
a pre formed internal thread or alternatively forming its own thread (Historically, it was a threaded
fastener with the thread running up to the head of the fastener that has no plain shank. However, this
definition has largely been superseded to avoid confusion over the difference between a bolt and a
screw.). Tension is induced in it by rotation of the head. As a screw is mated into an internal (female)
thread in a work piece, it only requiring one tool to tighten or loosen it. Screws are sometimes
divided into two sub-categories; cap screws and machine screws. Machine screws are generally
smaller in size than cap screws and they are used for screwing into thin materials.
Studs:
A stud is a fastener which is threaded at both ends with an unthreaded shank in
between. One end (which often has a thread tolerance which results in more thread interference) is
secured into a tapped hole, the other is used with a nut to create tension. Studs are a hybrid between a
bolt and a screw, since one end of the stud functions as a screw while the other functions as a bolt.
As shown in above diagram, it is usual for the stud to be screwed into the threaded hole to the end of
the thread on the stud. In case of a stud joint, the upper part has a clearance hole and the lower part
has a tapped (threaded) hole. Stud joints have some advantages compared with other fastening
methods. The projecting studs can be used to locate and guide parts during assembly. The tapped
hole takes up little space and the hole can be BLIND (i.e. not all the way through the component)
which may avoid sealing problems. Studs are generally intended to be screwed as far as possible into
the tapped hole in a component (i.e. right to the end of the threaded section of the stud, not the end of
the threaded section of the hole) and to remain there as a semi-permanent attachment.
Figure 2.3 Stud Bolt
The joint is detached by unscrewing the nut from the exposed end of the stud. Wear and tear of the
tapped hole is thereby avoided. If a stud is threaded for its entire shank length and a nut used on both
ends to create tension, it serves the function of a bolt and is then called/classified as a Stud Bolt.[1]
2.2 Washers:
Its shape is like a round ring. Before tightening nut and bolt, it is fitted on stud or bolt. It is used to
secure the tightness of a joint, screw, etc. and it becomes easy to open the nut-bolts and their threads
are protected. Even if the fitted is a bit larger than the diameter of the bolt, with the washers help nut
bolt can be tightened easily.
2.2.1 Types of Washers:
Belleville or Conical Washer:
The Belleville washer consists of sides that support very
heavy force with small deflections. It is also known as a conical spring washer. These washers hold
an arrangement under tension during thermal expansion and contraction requirements. Conical
washer load-deflection properties depend on its height and thickness rate. It is used for projects
including thermal expansion.
Figure 2.4 Belleville or Conical Washer
Dome Spring Washer:
The dome spring washers are similar to a Belleville washer but
with rounded sides. Dome spring washers produce very high load capabilities with a comparatively
small deflection range. They possess ground curves to form a flatter load-bearing surface. It is used
wherever you would use a crescent spring washer, but there is also a need to create a flatter surface.
Figure 2.5 Dome Spring Washer
Wave Spring Washer:
These types of washers rotate in two directions, forming a wave-
like shape. Wave spring washers possess enough load capacity and deflection. They serve as cushion
springs or spacers on a shaft. Wave springs washers have average load capacity and deflection limits.
It is most frequently used as a cushion or spacer.
Figure 2.6 Wave Spring Washer
Finger Spring Washer:
The finger spring washers consist of three curved flanges. Finger
spring washers are used to reduce the damping and noise, extra wear, vibration, and skidding wear on
revolving parts. Finger spring washers are made of carbon steel. They combine the flexibility of a
casing washer with the given load points of a wave washer.
Figure 2.7 Finger Spring Washer
Crescent Spring Washer:
These washers look like flat washers that have been somewhat
curved to give lighter pressure and maintain flexibility. It is also known curved spring washers. They
support almost small loads with a wide deflection range. These types of washers provide uniform
spring rates over the deflection range and have linear load deflection properties. Curved spring
washers must be used in flexible and load-cycling products. It is also employed to absorb movement.
Figure 2.8 Crescent Spring Washer
2.2.2 Conclusion:
The washer is a disc-shaped flat plate with a center hole. They are used to give
loads over a large area. It is mainly used for spacers, pre-loading screws, springs, and vibration
reduction. The fender washers are flat washers with a small hole and outside relatively large
diameter. Hence this type of plain washer gives loads over a relatively larger area than flat washers.
Fender washers have applications for installing signboards, panels, drywall, automobiles, plumbing,
sheet metal, and electrical applications. It is usually a thin metal. They named for its general use on
car fenders. This gives a flush surface to the countersunk screw.[2]
2.3 Rivets and Eyelets:
