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Mount Kenya ? a University
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UNIVERSITY EXAMINATION 202: 1/2022
SCHOOL OF NURSING
DEPARTMENT OF MEDICAL PHYSIOLOGY
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN NURSING
REGULAR (DIRECT GROUP)
UNIT CODE: BMP1202 UNIT TITLE: HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY ti
DATE: TUE 26™ APRIL, 2022 _8.00AM___ MAIN EXAM _TIME: 2 HOURS
INSTRUCTIONS
1. Read the questions carefully and answer only what has been asked
2. All questions are compulsory
3. Section A: MCQ (30 Marks)
4, Section B: short answer questions 30 Marks)
5. Section C: Long answer/essay questions (40 Marks)
6. All questions must be answered on the examination booklet
7. Enter your registration number and NOT your name in the space provided on
your answer booklet
8. Each candidate must sign in the examination attendance list
9. Omission of numbering of examination papers, questions or parts of question
will result in 10% deduction of marks scored from the relevant part
SECTION A-MCQs 30 MARKS: (CHOOSE ONE CORRECT ANSWER)
1. One of the fotlowing is responsible for the movement of 0; from the alveoli
into the blood in the pulmonary capillaries
XC Passive diffusion
B. Filtration
C. Facilitated diffusion
D. Active transport
Page | Thoracic pre
Eyaernal int
Diaphragm 7
es and lowers
tary breathing is cou! trolled by
6, Involun
les
A. the pulmonary art
g, the bronchioles
C, the alveolar capillary network.
D. neurons located in the medulla end pons.
7. Pulmonary surfectant increases;
‘fh, The surface tension of the fluid linins
B, Lung compliance.
C. ineffectiveness a the lungs are inflated.
when pulmonary blood flow is interrupted.
g alveolar walls.
0. In amoun
Paper One Fase cerning ventilation of
the lun;
¢ anatomic: =
‘al dead Space is th
volume of air tal. i
enter the alveg| es2n ln during a breath
B. The physioto, =
cal di i
dead space. Bical dead space is alway:
than the anatomical
C. The anatomical dead s;
Pace is independ e
D. In an upright lung, the alveolar vente
nidal volume.
‘ar ventilation is always highest at the base.
In regards to control of respiration:
A. The respiratory muscles have an intrinsic rhythmical actiuty.
B. The basic neural machinery for
the generation of the respiratory rhythm
is located in the lower medulla. "
C. Respiration will stop if all afferent nerves
D. The intercostal muscles are the principal
O.In the heart;
. Connected to the AV node by fine bundles of Purkinyc ©
Paper One I4.SGLTI is a symporter that can be found in the small intestine. TI
macromolecule that it transport is
A. Fatty acid
B. Amino acids
©. Monosaccrides
D. Nucleic acids
1S.tncreased stomach pH is the consequence of: ie
A. Increased G cell activity
B, Damage to mucous cells
C. Overexpression of chief cells
D. Inhibition of parietal cells
16.The apex of heart lies at the level of ___intercostal space
A. 3
B. 4™
cs
D. 6*
17.At high altitudes all of the following things occur in an effort to acctimatize
EXCEPT:
A. Hypoventilation
B. Polycythaemia
C. increased numbers of capillaries per unit volume in peripheral tissues
D. Pulmonary vasoconstriction
18.Regarding control of ventilation
‘A. The apneustic centre lies in the medulla
B. The central chemoreceptors respond to changes in oxygen
concentrations
C. The chemoreceptors in the aortic bodies respond to a fall in arterial pH
D. Peripheral chemoreceptors respond to decreases in arterial pO;
19.One of the following best completes the following sentence? The tendency for
blood flow to be turbulent increases when there is a decrease in blood...
A. Vessel diameter.
B. Density.
C. Flow velocity.
D. Viscosity
k a
i Paper One Page mation of vein is called:
A. veinitis
B. phlebitis
C. aneurysm
D, varicose
The following is Truc regarding bile salts Except:
A. Are the only constituents of bile necessary for digestion
B. Have a characteristic molecule, part water-soluble and part fat-soluble.
C. Are reabsorbed mainly in the upper small intestine
D. Are derived from cholesterol.
2.An the small intestine
‘The enzyme concentrati
in the jejunum.
B. Vitamin B12 is absorbed mainly in the jejunum.
C. Water absorption is independent of active absorption of sodium and
glucose.
D. Absorption of calcium occurs mainly in the te
on in intestinal juice is lower in the ileum than
rminal ileum.
23.Local metabolic activity is the chief factor determining the rate of blood flow
to the:
A. Skin.
B, Skeletal muscle.
C. Lung.
D. Kidney.
24.When CO; diffuses into blood in systemic capillaries most of It:
‘A. Remains in solution as CO:
B. Converts to carbamino compounds
C. Converts to bicarbonate ions in RBC“
D. Combines with Hb directly
25.Damage to this gland of the oral cavity would lead to an increase mm the
concentration of triglycerides in the esophagus:
A Von Ebner's
8. Submandibular
€. Sublingual
D. Parotid Y
Paper One Page 3 on of left ventricular muscle increases when
rhe strength of contract!
¥ ‘ sure falls.
4, End-diastolic ventricular filling pres
&B. Serum potassium levels rise.
C. Blood calcium levels fall.
D. Strenuous exercise IS undertaken.
27,1n the electrocardiogram,
‘A. T wave is due to repolarizi
B. PR intervai corresponds wi
C. RT interval is related to ven
D. RR interval normally varies during U
‘ation of the ventricles.
th atrial depolarization.
tricular action potential duration.
he respiratory cycle.
28.Compared to the resting state, one of the following is true of the cardiac cycle
during exercise?
A. Even though heart rate increases,
B. Systole remains the same but diastole decreases
C. Systole increases and diastole remains the same.
D. Both systole and diastole decrease, but there is a greater decrease in
diastole.
systole and diastole remain the same
29.The arterial oxygen content of a normal individual at sea level would be
approximately _.. volumes %
A. 20
B. 30
Cc. 40
D. 97
30.The blood vessels with the greatest compliance:
A. Arteries
B. Veins
C. Arterioles
D. Capillaries
secngN He RCE ANSI ER QUESTIONS 20 MARES
« Describe the mechanics of breathin; esi
g in the respirator 5 k:
a) List the reflexes in the colon. ee a wy wes
) Explain the gastric formation of Hydrochloric acid (HCL). «ene
cere
= een
Paper One eee
= Page 6 )) List tWo pancreatic hormones and the function of «
‘ach, (4 Marks)
b) State bwo secretions of the stomach,
(2 Marks)
4. Describe the electrical activity of heart,
(6 Marks)
L. Describe the circulation of blood in the heart (6 Marks)
SECTION C: LONG ANSWER UESTIONS- 4OMARKS
1. a) Describe the chemical control of respiration, ‘ sol. Marks)
b) Describe the oxygen hemoglobin dissociation curve, 3 : (6 Marks)
et dart erenon
2. a) Describe the digestive processes of the gastrointestinal tracts (12 Marks)
‘b) Regarding the neuromyogenic control of
F the digestive system, describe the
motor activity of the gut
(8 Marks) YOUR Lean
TEL 79h so
aes
Mount Kenya a <3) University
UNIVERSITY EXAMINATIONS 2019/2020
MEDICAL SCHOOL
DEPARTMENT OF HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN NURSING
REGULAR
UNIT CODE: BMP1202 UNIT TITLE: HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY IIT
MON 9" DECEMBER, 2019 2:00PM MAIN EXAM TIME: 2 HOURS
INSTRUCTIONS: ANSWER ALL QUESTIONS IN PARTS 1, I AND IIt
PART- I- MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS (30 MARKS)
1. Reactive hyperemia refers to
a. Tissue damage after prolonged lack of oxygen
b. Sudden ischaemia due to constrictive obstruction of an organ
Increased blood flow to tissues after temporary blockage
Increased levels of urea in the bady due to poor kidney functions
d.
2. Long term autoregulation of blood flow to tissues includes
a. Permanent vasoconstriction of the peripheral blood vessels
b. Weakness of the arterial capillaries
Reduced cardiac output
«
Enlargement of the existing blood vessels
a.
3, Proteins are transported into the tissues through
‘a. Pinocytotic vesicles on the cell membrane
b. Passive transport across the membrane
<. Diffusion past the plasma membrane d. Se.
‘cond messenger processes in the cells
Cardiac contr:
a
b.
Actility is defined as the
ene of pecarial Cells to develop force at a given muscle cell fength
and relaxation ns MUSKles to undergo one complete cycle of contraction
© Pr
‘ Propane ouah bie the sinoatrial node initials a wave of contraction
ction wave along the atrioventricular bundles
In a normal sinus ry
thm, the T wave correspond:
¢ ie
a. Atrial depolarization moneensre
&. Ventricular repolarization
© Ventricular dépolarization
dn
Pulse conduction through the atrio-ventricular node
Cells at the sinoatrial node
a. Have increased density gap junctions
b. Lack fast sodium channels,
Have high propagation potential
4
Are larger than other contractile cells
Coronary circulation provides blood flow to the
a. Brain
b. Heart
Lungs
d. Large arteries
Positive respiratory pressure is
a. Greater than the atmospheric pressure
b. Less than the atmospheric pressure
¢. Equal to the atmospheric pressure
d. Greater than the intrapleral pressure
End diastolic volume is the volume of blood
‘a. Present in each ventricle at the end of ventricular systole
b. Ejected by each ventricle during each ventricular systole
c. Present in each ventricle at the end of ventricular diastole
d. Pumped by each ventricle per minute
Page 2 0f7
*h, a NUNICATIONS|
Terese re
10, Anatomic dead space _
a
: composed of all the non-f
b. Has got poor supp ot blood
tains large partial pressure of
ure of carbon ai
ro
d. Is cree
“ated by gases which do not
actively participate in gaseaae
come e other g
Gaseous excl -
str
ICtures of the
trate
ory system
11. Whe!
n the volume of the thoracic cavity 4
a. Intrapulmonar eeseses We
ey ry pressure increases
. Intrapulmonary pressure increases diczanes
c. Intrathoracic is an
greater than the atm.
¢ : \ospheric pressur
The intrapleural pressure is equal to the atmocpherc
i¢ pressure
12. Hypoxemia is the
a, Decrease in oxygen delivery to the tissues
b. Total deprivation of oxygen to the tissues
c. Decrease in the arterial pressure of oxygen :
d. Increased levels of carbon dioxide in the blood
arbon dioxide and water to carboric acid
13. The enzyme responsible for conversion of ¢
is
Carbonic reductase
a.
b. Carbonic anhydrase
c. Carbonic tranferase
d. Carbonic gluconase
14.In Hering Brauer reflex,
a. Inflation of the lun stretch receptors promoting further
lung expansion
b. Deflation of the lungs
gs activates pulmonary
sing the depth of
activates stretch receptors, increas
ch receptofs inhibiting further
respirations
c. Inflation of tl ates pulmonary strete
lung expansion
stimulates the bar
d. Inflation of the lungs
reasing blood flow to the lungs
he lungs activ:
o receptors on the pulmonary arteries
inet ACT
VOU LEARNING PARTNER
(EL yi
escalation involves the
‘ases into the trachea from the nose
spiration to avoid collapse
15, Mucocihi
Movement of respiratory 9
trict of the bronchi during re
from the respiratory systert
pass along the respiratory systern mucus
b. Dilatation and cons!
Removal of trapped particles
d. Warming of inspired gases as they
membrane
16. The C- shapes tracheal cartilages
a. Amplifies sound
b. Aids in reducing airway resistance
Increases the surface area for warming 0!
4. Allows for peristalsis in the oesophagus
{ respiratory gase?
oxygen dissociation curve means thet
y for oxyge
ty for oxygen
ation is decreased
igen, the satur
ind more oxygen MoLeCuies
17. The left shift of the
‘3. There is increased affinit
b. There is decreased affini
c. At any partial pressure Of ony
d. Itis harder for the haemoglobin to bi
tissues depends on
18. Blood flow to the
f nutrients in the blood
Concentration ©
bed in the tissues
a.
*b, The degree of constriction of the vascular
c. Rate of blood flow to the peripheral vascular system
d. Hydrostatic pressure on the tissues
19. Haldane effect refers to
a. Reduced haemoglo!
b. Enhanced binding of haemog|
c. Increased affinity of haemoglobin to oxy!
the alveolar level
d. Low hooking of haemoglobin to ca
in affinity to carbon dioxide after binding to oxygen
Jobin to carbon dioxide at the tissue level
gen after releasing carbon dioxide at
rbon dioxide at the alveolar level
20. Hypercapnia is the
‘a. Increased rate of exhalation
b. Increased rate of inspiration
c. Retention of carbon dioxide in the be
d. Increased in blood pH
ody tissues
Page 4 of 7 21. Deglutition refers to the
@ Chewing food
b. Swallowing food
Food mor
ve
‘ment along the digestive syst
stem
22. One o
: f i following is not a function of the
g food with saliva =
b. Compressing food into bolus
¢. Preventing aspiration
d. Repositioning food
2.
23, In the voluntary phase of food swallowing, the food bolus is pushed
By the tongue against the hard palate
Towards the oropharynx
Into the esophagus
From the pharynx to the
a
b,
€
d stomach
rinsic factor in the stomach
24, The intl
a, Is necessary for fat digestion
fase activity
b. Inhibitions amy!
ids in vitamin B12 absorption
a Regulates all the tenzymes produced in she stomach
e stomach @
a “ More acl will be pro juce
: Isis will increas
Peresonte ay d mag the aves
4 ture
d. proteins I not denatut
ti
anu hydrates
am ons abolis! of carbohy'
vA jon of fats
. , ;
qnitiates = ; Paint wc
ro ductio! f picarbon?
mote:
Pro! -
cj
page 5% 5 ) j A101 HOME
activated by PARSING PARTRER
a ty bone acid Cs lilt dame
wthe testing
, must be buffered to
a. Reduce its osm
wv for proper enzymatic ity
Remove water content from the chime
9. Micelles are
a. Produced by the pancrea’
b. Rele
eo up
into lacteal!
45 surrounded by bile salts
d. Stored in the gallbladder
ansamination is the
3. Synthesis of amino acids through the transfer of the amino group fem an amine
acid to a carbohydrate
Formation of ketoacids from the breakdown of lipids during starvation
Formation of glucose from the breakdown of aminoacid chains in
polypeptide chains
4, Synthesis of serum proteins from deamination of proteins and breakcown of
lipoproteins
PART- H- SHORT ANSWER. QUESTIONS (30 MARKS)
1. Describe the chemical regulation of heart rate. (6 Marks)
2. Describe the Renin-angiotensin mechanism. 6 Mar
3. Enumerate four functions of the respiratory system
S)
4, State four aims of mastication. (a Marks)
Page Gof 7 sonbe the proce
& Mate four types of cells in the gastic glands
PART. TH. LONG ANSWER QUESTIONS (46 MARKS)
1. The liver is one of the accessory organs of the digestive system
& Descnbe the role af the fiver in fat metabolism
b. Descride the role of the liver in body protective mechanisms
2. The lungs are the main organs of respiration
a. Enumerate two roles of the nasal sinuses
b. Describe the adaptation of the lungs to Its functions
c. Describe the role of the lungs in the control of blood pH
avolved in the formation Of hyde hier arc
haves,
