Archimedes of Samos (287-212 B.C.

) studied
at Alexandria as a young man. One of the
first to apply scientific thinking to everyday
problem s, he was a practical man of common
sense. He gave proofs for finding the area, the
volume and the centre of gravity of circles,
spheres, c。nics and spirals. By drawing
polygons with many sides, he arrived at a value
of π between 3 므 and 3 프. He was killed in the
siege of Syracu싫 atthe 싫e of75.

ES. I Use current units of mass, length, area, volume and capacity in practical situations and
express quantities in terms of larger or smaller units.
ES.2 Carry out calculations involving the perimeter and area of a rectangle, triangle,
parallelogram and trapezium and compound shapes derived from these.
ES.3 Carry out [ alculations involving the circumference and area of a circle. Solve problems
involving the arc length and sector area as fractions of the circumference and area of a
circle.
ES.4 Carry out calculations involving the surface area and volume of a cuboid, prism and
cylinder.
Carry out calculations involving the surface area and volume of a sphere, pyramid and
cone.
ES.5 Carry out calculations involving the areas and volumes of compound shapes.
3.1 Area
Rectangle Trapezium Kite
a

b /
/

總
area= l × b
area= ~(a+ b)h ----l42 ·b

따
v·/1,,

輔
F
--2 JU

”야
、

、잉/
」U
Exercise 1

「빼사-
For questions I to 7, find the area of each shape. Decide which information
to use: you may not need all of it.
π「||뉴

2. 3. 12.4 m

]
5.1 m 7cm

4cm

4cm 8.2m

4. /‘-=: 5. 3m 6.
0.5 m

6cm ~ 3m
7m
120cm

/
Sm

Mensuration
 8. Find the area shaded. 9. Find the area shaded.

휩: 펀」 9m |<첼했m Sm

9cm

10. A rectangle has an area of 117 m2 and a width of 9 m. Find its length.
11. A trapezium of area 105 cm2 has parallel sides of length 5 cm and 9 cm.
How far apart are the parallel sides?
12. A kite of area 252 m2 has one diagonal of length 9 m. Find the length of
the other diagonal.
13. A kite of area 40 m2 has one diagonal 2 m longer than the other.
Find the lengths of the diagonals.
14. A trapezium of area 140 cm2 has parallel sides 10 cm apart and one of
these sides is 16 cm long. Find the length of the other parallel side.
15. A floor 5 m by 20 mis covered by square tiles of side 20 cm.
How many tiles are needed?
16. On squared paper draw the triangle with vertices at (1, 1), (5, 3), (3, 5).
Find the area of the triangle.
17. Draw the quadrilateral with vertices at (1, 1), (6, 2), (5, 5), (3, 6).
Find the area of the quadrilateral.
18. A square wall is covered with square tiles. There are 85 tiles altogether
along the two diagonals. How many tiles are there on the whole wall?
19. On squared paper draw a 7 × 7 square. Divide it up into nine
smaller squares.
20. A rectangular field, 400 m long, has an area of 6 hectares.
Calculate the perimeter of the field [ 1 hectare = 10 000 m2] .

B
In triangle BCD, sin C = !!:..
a
h =a sin C
--2 ·-
빽
없
,야

a ·u e = × ’0 × a ·m C

This formula is useful when two 뼈es and the included an명e are knuwn. c A

Area
 빼빼
μ삐
「E

뺑
뼈
me --
뼈
야

1
.,,ie

왜
cl ea

《
Triangle
B
area = 2- × b × h
2

A c
?cm

------m C
댔

- fM
A -2
허
“∼ 3

l
× ·m
ι
。

-
2
n
띠

m2
、이/

Parallelogram

You can find out more about sin ()

h
in Trigonometry on page 209.

area= b × h
area = ba sin e

Exercise2
In questions 1 to 12 find the area of ~AB C where AB = c, AC= band BC= a.
(Sketch the triangle in each case.) Yo u will need some basic trigonometry (see page 209).
1. a= 7 cm , b = 14 cm , C = 80。. 2. b = 11 cm , a= 9 cm , C = 35 。.

3. c = 12 m , b = 12 m , A= 67.2 。. 4. a = 5 cm , c = 6 cm, B = 11.8。.

5. b= 4.2cm ,a= l Ocm ,C= 1 20。. 6. a = 5 cm , c = 8 cm, B = 142。.

껴

7. b = 3.2 cm , c = 1.8 cm, B = 1 0 。, C=65 。. 8. a=7 m ,b= l4m, A =32 。, B = 1 00。.

----
m a C --=n6 m B
<
。

9. a= b = c = 12 m . ’
u a 1U c =nU m
A 。

11. b=c= l 0cm, B =32 。.

In questions 13 to 20, find the area of each shape.

13. 14.

7m

+ - - - I4m - •·
- I O . I m -• ·

Mensuration
15. 16. JO cm

4m

7m

17.
" 18.

8cm

19. Find the area shaded. 20.

젠 빽7m
21. Find the area of a parallelogram ABCD with AB = 7 m, AD = 20 m and BAD = 62 。.
22. Find the area of a parallelogram ABCD with AD = 7 m, CD = 11 m and BAD = 65 。.

23. In the diagram if AE = ~ AB, find the area shaded.

3

l 2 cm

A
E

24. The area of an equilateral triangle ABC is 50 cm2. Find AB.

25. πle area of a triangle ABC is 64 cm2. Given AB= 11 cm and BC= 15 cm, find ABC.
26. The area of a triangle XYZ is l lm2. Given YZ = 7 m and XYZ = 130 。, find XY.
27. Find the length of a side of an equilateral triangle of area 10.2 m2.
28. A rhombus has an area of 40 cm2 and adjacent angles of 50。 and 130 。.
Find the length of a side of the rhombus.
B
29. A regular hexagon is circumscribed by a
You can find out more about
circle of radius 3 cm with centre 0. special shapes and their
a) What is angle EOD? properties in Unit 4.
b) Find the area of triangle EOD and
hence find the area of the hexagon
ABCDEF.

Area
30. Hexagonal tiles of side 20 cm are used to tile a room which
measures 6.25 m by 4.85 m. Assuming we complete the edges
by cutting up tiles, how many tiles are needed?
31. Find the area of a regular pentagon of side 8 cm.
32. The diagram shows a part of the perimeter of a regular .0
끼
polygon with n sides I I_

The centre of the polygon is at 0 and OA = OB = 1 unit. / ’l

I/ \I
a) What is the angle AOB in terms of n? / [I
.
I
b) Work out an expression in terms of n for the area ‘

of the polygon. -----\

,'
A B
”
c) Find the area of polygons where =6, 10,
300, 1000, 10 000. What do you notice?
33. The area of a regular pentagon is 600 cm2.
Calculate the length of one side of the pentagon.

3.2 The circle

( circumference )
For any circle, the ratio l diameter J is equal to π

The value of π is usually taken to be 3.14, but this is not an exact

value. Through the centuries, mathematicians have been trying to
obtain a better value for π.
For example, in the third century A.D., the Chinese mathematician
Liu Hui obtained the value 3.14159 by considering a regular
polygon having 3072 sides! Ludolph van Ceulen (1540-1610)
worked even harder to produce a value correct to 35 significant
figures. He was so proud of his work that he had this value of
π engraved on his tombstone.

Electronic computers are now able to calculate the value of π to

many thousands of figures, but its value is still not exact. It was
shown in 1761 that n is an irrational nun
cannot be expressed exactly as a fraction.
The first fifteen significant figures of π can be remembered from
the number of letters in each word of the following sentence.
How I need a drink, cherryade of course, after the silly lectures
involving Italian kangaroos.
There remain a lot of unanswered questions concerning π, and
many mathematicians today are still working on them.

Mensuration
The following formulae should be
memorised.
circumference = πd

=2πr

area= π,2

Example
Find the circumference and area of a circle of diameter 8 cm.
(Take π = 3.142.)
Circumference = πd
= 3.142 × 8
= 25.1 cm (1 d.p.)
Area= πr 2
= 3.142 × 42
= 50.3 cm2 (1 d.p.)

Exercise 3
For each shape find a) the perimeter, b) the area. All lengths are in cm.
Use the πbutton on a calculator or take π= 3.142. All the arcs are either
semi-circles or quarter circles.

3 「\
1. 2.

20

4. L꾀 f
~s -
5.
6.[]
9 7

7.~ 10 8.(1~、 4})

9.~I

The c iκle
10. 11. 12.

• 6 느
8

Example 1
A circle has a ζircumference of20 m. Find the radius of
the circle.
Let the radius of the circle by r m.

Circumference = 2πr
2πr = 20
20
r= -
2π
r = 3.18
The radius of the circle is 3.18 m (3 s.£).

Example 2
A circle has an area of 45 cm2. Find the radius of the circle.
Let the radius of the circle by r cm.

r= 總= 3.78 (3 s.f.)
The radius of the circle is 3.78 cm.

Exercise4
Use the π button on a calculator and give answers to 3 s.f.
I. A circle has an area of 15 cm2. Find its radius.
2. A circle has a circumference of 190 m. Find its radius.
3. Find the radius of a circle of area 22 km2.
4. Find the radius of a circle of circumference 58.6 cm.
5. A circle has an area of 16 mm2. Find its circumference.
6. A circle has a circumference of 2500 km. Find its area.

Mensuration
 7. A circle of radius 5 cm is inscribed inside a square as shown.
Find the area shaded.
8. A circular pond of radius 6 m is surrounded by a path of width l m.
a) Find the area of the path.
b) πle path is resurfaced with Astroturf which is bought in
packs each containing enough to cover an area of 7 m2.
How many packs are required?
9. Discs of radius 4 cm are cut from a rectangular plastic sheet of
length 84 cm and width 24 cm.
a) How many complete discs can be cut out?
Find:
b) the total area of the discs cut
c) the area of the sheet wasted.
10. The tyre of a car wheel has an outer diameter of 30 cm. How many
times will the wheel rotate on a journey of 5 km?
11. A golf ball of diameter 1.68 inches rolls a distance of 4 m in a straight line.
How many times does the ball rotate completely? (1 inch = 2.54 cm)
12. 100 yards of cotton is wound without stretching onto a reel of diameter 3 cm .
How many times does the reel rotate?
(l yard= 0.914m. Ignore the thickness of the cotton. )
13. A rectangular metal plate has a len망h of 65 cm and a width of 35 cm.
It is m elted down and recast into circular discs of the same thickness.
How many complete discs can be formed if
a) the radius of each disc is 3cm
b) the radius of each disc is lOcm?
14. Calculate the radius of a circle whose area is equal to the sum of the areas
of three circles of radii 2 cm, 3 cm and 4 cm respectively.
15. The diameter of a circle is given as 10 cm, correct to the nearest cm. Calculate:
a) the m aximum possible circumference
b) the minimum possible area of the circle consistent with this data.
16. A square is inscribed in a circle of radius 7 cm. Find:
a) the area of the square
b) the area shaded.
17. An archery target has three concentric regions. The diameters of
the regions are in the ratio 1 : 2: 3. Find the ratio of their areas.
18. The farmer has 100 m of wire fencing. What area can he
enclose if he makes a circular pen?

The ciκle
19. The semi-circle and the isosceles triangle have the same base AB and
the same area. Find the angle x.

A B 「\\
20. Lakmini decided to measure the circumference of the Earth
using a very long tape measure. She held the tape measure
lm from the surface of the (perfectly spherical) Earth all the
way round. When she had finished her friend said that her
measurement gave too large an answer and suggested taking
off 6 m. Was her friend correct?
[Take the radius of the Earth to be 6400 km (if you need it).]
21. The large circle has a radius of 10 cm. Find the radius of the
largest circle which will fit in the middle.

3.3 Arc length and sector area

The smaller sector or arc is known
as the minor sector or arc. The
larger sector or arc is known as
the major sector or arc.

Arc length, l = _!!_ × 2η

360
We take a fraction of the whole circumference depending on the
angle at the centre of the circle.
e
Sector area‘ A= - × πr"'
’ 360
We take a fraction of the whole area depending on the angle at the
centre of the circle.

Mensuration
 Example 1
Find the length of an arc which subtends
an angle of 140。 at the centre of a circle of
radius 12 cm.

빼 ”
빵

=== u

πd
AK Lu ×

×
-mm
”오
r
3없

Pj
n

m
、

Example 2
A sector of a circle of radius 10 cm
has an area of 25 crn2. Find the
angle at the centre of the circle.
Let the angle at the centre of the
25cm2
circle bee.

호× π × 102 = 25
360

.. 8 - 프설쁘
π × 100
e = 2s.6。 (3 s.f.)
The angle at the centre of the circle is 28.6 。.

Exercjse 5
[Use the π button on a calculator unless told otherwise.]
1. Arc AB subtends an angle eat the centre of circle radius r.
Find the arc length and sector area when:
a) r = 4 cm, e= 30。
b) r = 10 cm, e= 45 。
c) r = 2 cm, e= 235 。.
In questions 2 and 3 find the total area of the shape.
2.

OA = 2 cm, OB= 3 cm, OC = 5 cm, OD= 3 cm.

Arc length and sector area

3.

L、 ,
、 ,on。! //
、〈니 6()0 ~ /''
50。r야>< 30。
K N
0

ON= 6 cm , OM = 3 cm , OL = 2 cm, OK= 6 cm.

4. Find the sh aded areas.

l
/

/
/
f) _______ _ 4연~o----
- 4cm - - - scm -
- 9cm -

5. In the diagram the arc length isl and the sector area is A .
a) Find 8, w hen r = 5 cm and l = 7.5 cm.
b) Find 8, wh en r = 2 m and A = 2 m 2.
c) Find r, when 8 = 55。 an d 1=6 cm .

6. The length of the minor arc AB of a circle, centre 0, is 2π cm

and the length of the major arc is 22n cm. Find:
a) the radius of the circle
b) the ac ute angle AOB.
7. The lengths of the minor and major arcs of a circle are 5.2 cm
and 19.8 respectively. Find:
a) the radius of the circle
b) the an gle subtended at the centre by the minor arc.
8. A wh eel of radius 10 cm is turning at a rate of 5 revolutions per minute. Calculate:
a) the angle through which the wheel t urns in 1 second
b) the distance moved by a point on the rim in 2 seconds.
9. The length of an arc of a circle is 12 cm. The corresp onding sector area is 108 cm2.
Find:
a) the radius of the circle
b) the angle subtended at the centre of the circle by the arc.

Mensuration
10. The length of an arc of a circle is 7.5 cm. The corresponding sector area is 37.5 cm2.
Find:
a) the radius of the circle
b) the angle subtended at the centre of the circle by the arc.
11. In the diagram the arc length is I and the sector area is A.
a) Find I, when e= 72 。 and A= 15 cm2.
b) Find I, when 8= 135 。 and A= 162 cm2.
c) Find A, when I= 11 cm and r =5.2 cm.
12. A long time ago Dulani found an island shaped like a triangle with three
straight shores of length 3 km, 4 km and 5 km. He said nobody could come
within 1 km of his shore. What was the area of his exclusion zone?

3.4 Chord of a circle

The line AB is a chord. The area of a circle cut off by a chord is

called a segment. In the diagram the minor segment is shaded and
the major segment is unshaded.
a) The line from the centre of a circle to the midpoint of a chord
bisects the 야iord at right angles.
b) The line from the centre of a circle to the midpoint of a chord
bisects the angle subtended by the chord at the centre of the circle.

Example
XY is a chord oflength 12 cm of a circle of radius 10 cm, centre 0.
Calculate:
a) the angle XOY
b) the area of the minor segment cut off by the chord XY.

Chord of a ciπle
 a) Let the midpoint of XY be M.

MY= 6cm

sin MOY= 흐
10
You can find out more about
MOY= 36.87。
trigonometry in Unit 6 on page 209.
XOY= 2 × 36.87
= 73.7‘4
b) Area of minor segment = area of sector XOY - area of f).XOY
73.74 「
area of sector XOY = - ×π× 10ι
360
= 64.32 cm 2.

area of f).XOY = ~ × 10 × 10 × sin 73.74。

2

= 48.00 cm 2
Area of minor segment = 64.32 - 48.00
= 16.3 cm 2 (3 s.f.)

Exercise 6
Use the π button on a calculator. You will need basic trigonometry (page 209).
1. The chord AB subtends an angle of 130 。 at the centre 0.
The radius of the circle is 8 cm. Find:
a) the length of AB
b) the area of sector OAB
c) the area of triangle OAB
d) the area of the minor segment (shown shaded).
2. Find the shaded area when:
a) r= 6 cm, 8 = 70。

b) r= 14 cm , 8 = 1 04。

c) r= 5 cm, 8 = 80。

3. Find eand hence the shaded area when:

a) AB = 10 cm , r = 10 cm
b) AB = 8 cm , r = 5 cm
4. How far is a chord of length 8 cm from the centre of a circle of radius 5 cm ?
5. How far is a chord of length 9 cm from the centre of a circle of radius 6 cm ?

Mensuration
 6. The diagram shows the cross-section of a cylindrical pipe with
water lying in the bottom.
a) If the maximum depth of the water is 2 cm and the radius
of the pipe is 7 cm, find the area shaded.
b) What is the volume of water in a pipe length of 30 cm?

7. An equilateral triangle is inscribed in a circle of radius 10 cm. Find:

a) the area of the triangle
b) the area shaded.

8. An equilateral triangle is inscribed in a circle of radius 18.8 cm. Find:

a) the area of the triangle
b) the area of the three segments surrounding the triangle.

9. A regular hexagon is circumscribed by a circle of radius 6 cm.

Find the area shaded.

10. A regular octagon is circumscribed by a circle of radius r cm.

Find the area enclosed between the circle and the octagon.
(Give the answer in terms of r.)

11. Find the radius of the circle:

a) when 8 =90。, A=20cm2
b) when 8 =30。, A= 35 cm2
c) when 8 = 1 50 。,A = 114 cm2

12. The diagram shows a regular pentagon of side 10 cm with a

star inside. Calculate the area of the star.

lOcm

Chord of a ciπle
3.5 Volume
Prism
A prism is an object with the same cross-section throughout its length.
Volume of prism = (area of cross-section) x length
=A × l
A cuboid is a prism whose six faces are all rectangles. A cube is a
special case of a cuboid in which all six faces are squares.

Cylinder
radius = r height = h
A cylinder is a prism whose cross-section is a circle.
턴) h
)
Volume of cylinder= (area of cross-section) × length. Volume = πr2h

Example
Calculate the height of a cylinder of volume 500 cm3 and base radius 8 cm.
Let the height of the cylinder be h cm.
πr 2h = 500
3.142 × 82 × h =500
h-
- 500
3.142 × 64
h = 2.49 ( 3 s.f.)
The height of the cylinder is 2.49 cm.

Exercise 7
1. Calculate the volume of the prisms. All lengths are in cm.

a) b) ι)
i2
2
7

d) e)

9
톤£뿔
Mensuration
 2. Calculate the volume of the following cylinders:
a) r=4cm, h =lO cm
b ) r= 11 m, h=2 m
c) r= 2.1 cm, h =0.9cm
3. Find the height of a cylinder of volume 200 cm3 and radius 4 cm. Remember 1 litre = 1000 cm3.
4. Find the length of a cylinder of volume 2 litres and radius 10 cm.
5. Find the radius of a cylinder of volume 45 cm3 and length 4 cm.
6. A prism has volume 100 cm3 and len양h 8 cm. If the cross-section
is an equilateral triangle, find the length of a side of the triangle.
7. V에1e n 3 litres of oil are removed from an upright cylindrical can,
the level falls by 10 cm. Find the radius of the can.
8. A solid cylinder of radius 4 cm and length 8 cm is melted down
and recast into a solid cube. Find the side of the cube.
9. A solid rectangular block of copper 5 cm by 4 cm by 2 cm
is drawn out to make a cylindrical wire of diameter 2 mm.
Calculate the length of the wire.
10. Water flows through a circular pipe of internal diameter 3 cm at
a speed of 10 cm/s. If the pipe is full, how much water flows from
the pipe in one minute? (Answer in litres.)
11 . Water flows from a hose-pipe of internal diameter 1 cm at a rate
of 5 litres per minute. At what speed is the water flowing through
the pipe?
12. A cylindrical metal pipe has external diameter of 6 cm and
internal diameter of 4 cm. Calculate the volume of metal in a
pipe of length Im. If 1 cm3 of the metal has a mass of 8 g, find
the mass of the pipe.
13. For two cylinders A and B, the ratio of lengths is 3 : 1 and the
ratio of diameters is 1 : 2. Calculate the ratio of their volumes.
14. A machine makes boxes which are either perfect cylinders of
diameter and length 4 cm, or perfect cubes of side 5 cm. Which
boxes have the greater volume, and by how much? (Take π = 3)
15. Natalia decided to build a garage and began by calculating the
number of bricks required. The garage was to be 6 m by 4 m and
2.5 m in height. Each brick measures 22 cm by 10 cm by 7 cm.
Natalia estimated that she would need about 40 000 bricks. Is
this a reasonable estimate?

Volume
16. A cylindrical can of internal radius 20 cm stands upright on a
flat surface. It contains water to a depth of 20 cm. Calculate the
rise in the level of the water when a briιk of volume 1500 cm3 is
immersed in the water.
17. A cylindrical tin of height 15 cm and radius 4 cm is filled with
sand from a rectangular box. How many times can the tin be
filled if the dimensions of the box are 50 cm by 40 cm by 20 cm?
18. Rain which falls onto a flat rectangular surface of length 6 m
and width 4 m is collected in a cylinder of internal radius 20 cm.
What is the depth of water in the cylinder after a storm in which
1 cm of rain fell?

Pyramid

앓뽑
빠

-
웠

× Lu e ’n--
이

l /l -D
·핑

V
、‘

-3l
l
,‘

,,
、

2a
끽

2a
Figure (ii)
l
l

2a
Figure (i)

Figure (i) shows a cube of side 2a broken down into six pyramids of
height a as shown in Figure (ii).
If the volume of each pyramid is ι

then 6V = 2a × 2a × 2a

V= ~ × ( 2a )2 × 2a

so V= ~ × ( 강 )2× a

V =~(base area) × height

Mensuration
Cone
Volume= 2. πr2h

(note the similarity with the pyramid)

,.
‘ ----------

Sphere
Volume= ~ πr3
3

Example 1
A pyramid has a square base of side 5 m and verticaI height
4 m. Find its volume.
빼

-
인커

vo
아

me = -3 × × A1
,

/
「」

I F
W l
,‘、

U /

= 33 2. m 3
3

Example 2
Calculate the radius of a sphere of volume 500 cm 3.
Let the radius of the sphere be r cm.

쓰 πr3 = 500
3
3 3 × 500
4π

r= 괴 쓰면9 I = 4.92 (3 s.f.)

n 4π /
The radius of the sphere is 4.92 cm.

ExercfaeB
Find the volumes of the following objects:
1. cone: height = 5 cm, radius = 2 cm
2. sphere: radius = 5 cm

Volume
 3. sphere: radius= 10 cm
4. cone: height = 6 cm , radius = 4 cm
5. sphere: diameter = 8 cm
6. cone: height = x cm , radius = 2x cm
7. sphere: radius= 0.1 m

8. cone: height = _!__ cm , radius = 3 cm

π

9. pyramid: rectangular base 7 cm by 8 cm; height = 5 cm

10. pyramid: square base of side 4 m, height= 9 m
11. pyramid: equilateral triangular base of side = 8 cm ,
height = 10 cm
12. Find the volume of a hemisphere of radius 5 cm.
13. A cone is attached to a hemisphere of radius 4 cm. If the total
height of the object is 10 cm, find its volume.

14. A toy consists of a cylinder of diameter 6 cm ‘sandwiched’

between a hemisphere and a cone of the sam e diameter. If the
cone is of height 8 cm and the cy버der is of height 10 cm, find
the total volume of the toy.

15. Find the height of a pyramid of volume 20 m3and base area 12 m2.
16. Find the radius of a sphere of volume 60 cm3.
17. Find the height of a cone of volume 2.5 litre and radius 10 cm.
18. Six square-based pyramids fit exactly onto the six faces of a
cube of side 4 cm. If the volume of the object formed is
256 cm3, find the height of each of the pyramids.
19. A solid metal cube of side 6 cm is recast into a solid sphere.
Find the radius of the sphere.
20. A hollow spherical vessel has internal and external radii of 6 cm
“
and 6.4 cm respectively. Calculate the m ass of the vessel it is
made of metal of density 10 g/cm3.
21. Water is flowing into an inverted cone, of diameter and height
30 cm, at a rate of 4 litres per minute. How long, in seconds,
will it take to fill the cone?
22. A solid m etal sphere is recast into many sm aller spheres.
Calculate the number of the smaller spheres if the initial and
final radii are as follows:

Mensuration
 a) initial radius = 10 cm, final radius= 2 cm
b) ini삐

c) initial radius= 1 m, final radius= ~ cm.

23. A spherical ball is immersed in water contained in a vertical

cylinder.
Assuming the water covers the ball, calculate the rise in the
water level if:
a) sphere radius = 3 cm, cylinder radius = 10 cm
b) sphere radius= 2 cm, cylinder radius = 5 cm.

24. A spherical ball is immersed in water contained in a vertical

cylinder. The rise in water level is measured in order to
calculate the radius of the spherical ball. Calculate the radius
of the ball in the following cases:
a) cylinder of radius 10 cm, water level rises 4 cm
b) cylinder of radius 100 cm, water level rises 8 cm.
25. One corner of a solid cube of side 8 cm is removed by cutting
through the midpoints of three adjacent sides. Calculate the
volume of the piece removed.
26. The cylindrical end of a pencil is sharpened to produce a
perfect cone at the end with no overall loss oflength. If the
diameter of the pencil is 1 cm, and the cone is oflength 2 cm,
calculate the volume of the shavings.
27. Metal spheres of radius 2 cm are packed into a rectangular box
of internal dimensions 16 cm × 8cm × 8 cm. When 16 spheres
are packed the box is filled with a preservative liquid. Find the
volume of this liquid.
28. The diagram shows the cross-section of an inverted cone of A B
height MC= 12 cm. If AB= 6 cm and XY = 2 cm, use similar
triangles to find the length NC.
(You can find out about similar triangles on page 147.)

Volume
29. An inverted cone of height 10 cm and base radius 6.4 cm
contains water to a depth of 5 cm, measured from the vertex.
Calculate the volume of water in the cone.
30. An inverted cone of height 15 cm and base radius 4 cm
contains water to a depth of 10 cm. Calculate the volume of
water in the cone.
31. An inverted cone of height 12 cm and base radius 6 cm contains 20 cm3
of water. Calculate the depth of water in the cone, measured from the vertex.
32. A frustum is a cone with ‘the end chopped off~ A bucket in the - 1 0 cm - •
shape of a frustum as shown has diameters of 10 cm and 4 cm
at its ends and a depth of 3 cm. Calculate the volume of the ~ •
bucket.
3cm

•
‘ -4cm -
33. Find the volume of a frustum with end diameters of 60 cm
and 20 cm and a depth of 40 cm.
34. The diagram shows a sector of a circle of radius 10 cm.
a) Find, as a multiple of π, the arc length of the sector.
The straight edges are brought together to make a cone.
Calculate:
b) the radius of the base of the cone
c) the vertical height of the cone.
35. Calculate the volume of a regular octahedron whose edges are
all 10 cm.

36. A sphere passes through the eight corners of a cube of side

10 cm. Find the volume of the sphere.
37. ind the volume of a regular tetrahedron of side 20 cm.
38. Find the volume of a regular tetrahedron of side 35 cm.

Mensuration
3.6 Surface area
We are concerned here with the surface areas of the curved parts of cylinders,
spheres and cones. The areas of the plane faces are easier to find.
a) Cylinder b) Sphere c) Cone
Curved surface area = 2π:rh Surface area = 4π씩 Curved surface area = πrl
where I is the slant height.

Example 1
Find the total surface area of a solid cone of radius 4 cm and vertical height 3 cm.
Let the slant height of the cone be I cm.
뼈

짧\
쨌

n m
쟁
ιj,,‘、

、‘-

D L
z2 = 32 + 42 l
u
-’

l
’/

1=5 4

Curved surface area = π × 4 × 5

= 20πcm 2
Area of end face = π × 4 2 =16π cm2
Total surface area= 20π +16π
=36πcm2

= 113 cm2 (3 s.f.)

Example 2
Find the surface area of a prism, whose length is 50 cm and whose cross-section is a regular
hexagon with side length 10 cm and area 172 cm2.
There is no general formula for the surface area of a prism.
Area of the two hexagons = 2 × 172
=344cm2
Area of the six rectangular faces = 6 × 50 × 10
= 3000 cm2
Total area= 344 + 3000
= 3344 cm2
lOcm

Surface area
 비터에사서”이.
n 9
Exercise
Use the π button on a calculator unless otherwise instructed.
1. Copy the table and find the quantities marked*. (Leave π in your answers.)

a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
solid object
sphere
cylinder
cone
cylinder
sphere
cone
radius
3cm
4 cm
6cm
0.7 m
l Om
Scm
vertical height

Scm
8cm
lm

12cm
curved surface area
*

*
*
total surface area

•
•

g) cylinder 6 mm l Omm *
h) cone 2. 1 cm 4.4 cm •
sphere 0.01 m •
hemisphere 7cm • •
2. Find the radius of a sphere of surface area 34 cm2.
3. Find the slant height of a cone of curved surface area 20 cm2 and radius 3 cm.
4. Find the height of a solid cylinder of radius 1 cm and total surface area 28 cm 2.
5. Copy the table and find the quantities marked*. (Take π = 3)
object radius vertical height curved surface area total surface area
cylinder 4 cm • 72 cm2
sphere * 192 cm2
cone 4 cm • 60 cm2
sphere • 0.48 m2
cylinder Scm • 330 cm2
cone 6cm • 225 cm2
cylinder 2m • 108 m2
6. A solid wooden cylinder of height 8 cm and radius 3 cm is cut in two
along a vertical axis of symmetry. Calculate the total surface area of the two pieces.
7. A tin of paint covers a surface area of 60 m 2 and costs $4.50. Find the cost of painting
the outside surface of a hemispherical dome of radius 50 m. (Just the curved part.)
8. A solid cylinder of height 10 cm and radius 4 cm is to be plated
with material costing $ 11 per cm 2. Find the cost of the plating.
9. Find the volume of a sphere of surface area 100 cm2.
10. Find the surface area of a sphere of volume 28 cm3.
때

Scm
뼈

11. Calculate the total surface area of the combined

‘꽤
때

12 cm IO cm
쩌

않
이

‘ L L
l
-- u u

Mensuration
12. A man wants to spray the entire surface of the Earth
(including the oceans) with a new weed killer. If it takes
비m 10 seconds to spray 1 m 2, how long will it take to spray
the whole world? (Radius of the Earth= 6370 km; ignore Leap years)
13. An inverted cone of vertical height 12 cm and base radius 9 cm
contains water to a depth of 4 cm. Find the area of the interior
surface of the cone not in contact with the water.
14. A circular piece of paper of radius 20 cm is cut in half
and each half is made into a hollow cone by joining
the straight edges. Find the slant height and base
radius of each cone.

15. A golf ball has a diameter of 4.1 cm and the surface

has 150 dimples of radius 2 mm. Calculate the total
surface area which is exposed to the surroundings.
(Assume the ‘d imples’ are hemispherical.)
16. A cone of radius 3 cm and slant height 6 cm is cut into
four identical pieces. Calculate the total surface area of
the four pieces.
dimple of radius 2 mm
In questions 17 to 20 find the surface area of each prism.

17. 2cm 18. 2cm

8 디n

3cm 3cm
7cm
. - 6 cm ----+

19. 20.
*뜸갖풍m

12 cm

|;」 2cm
LA""""
. - 6cm ---+
+-- 12cm --+

Surface area
 Example
A 1 cm by 1cm square measures 10 mm by 10 mm. The area of the square in
mm2 is therefore 10 x 10 = 100 mm2.
There are similar area conversions for m2into cm2 and km2 into m2:
[] 1 cm= IO mm

I cm= IO mm
lm2=100 × 100 = 10000cm2
1km2= 1000 × 1000 = 1000000 m2
I 11cm = 10 mm
A 1 cm by 1 cm by 1 cm cube measures lOmm by 10 mm by 10 mm.
I/ 1/1 cm = IO mm
The volume of the cube is therefore 10 × 10 × 10 = 1000mm3.
I cm= lOmm
Likewise, 1 m3= 100 × 100 × 100 = 1000000cm3

Exercise 10
Copy and complete.
1. 2cm2= mm2 2. 45cm2= mm2 3. 1600mm2= cm2
4. 48 mm2 = cm2 5. 3m2= cm2 6. 26m2= cm2
7. 8600cm2= m2 8. 760cm2= m2 9. 5km2 = m1
10. 4500000m2= km2 11. 8cm3= mm3 12. 21cm3= mm3
13. 48 000 mm3= cm3 14. 6m3= cm3 15. 28000000 cm3= m3
16. A cuboid measures 3 cm by 2 cm by 4 cm.
a) Find the volume in mm3. b) Find the surface area in mm2.
17. A rectangle measures 40cm by 80cm. Find the area in m2.
18. A sphere has radius 6.2 m.
a) Find the surface area in cm2. b) Find the volume in m3. ι) Find the volume in cm3.
19. A square-based pyramid has base area 300 cm2 and height 40 mm.
Find the volume in mm3.
20. A cylinder has volume 1200 cm3. The length of the cylinder is 42 mm.
Find the radius of the cylinder in mm.

Revision exercise 3A
1. Find the area of the following shapes:
a)
샤벨/\
ι ·1 커%
8cm IO cm

d)<갖>+
b) 7cm
、‘

6cm
-9cm-

/
llcm

Mensuration
2. a) A circle has radius 9 rn. Find its 6. The points X and Y lie on the circumference
circumference and area. of a circle, of centre 0 and radius 8 cm,
b) A circle has circumference 34 cm. Find where XOY = 80。. Calculate:
its diameter. a) the length of the minor arc XY
ι) A circle has area 50 crn2. Find its radius. b) the length of the chord XY
3. A target consists of concentric circles of radii c) the area of sector XOY
3 cm and 9 cm. d) the area of triangle XOY
a) Find the area of A, in terms of π. e) the area of the minor segment of the
of B circle cut off by XY.
b) Find the ratio
area of A 7. Given that ON= 10 cm and minor arc
MN= 18 cm, calculate the angle MON
(shown as x。).

꽉B

4. In Figure 1 a circle of radius 4 cm is

inscribed in a square. In Figure 2 a square is
8. A cylinder of radius 8 cm has a volume of
inscribed in a circle of radius 4 cm.
2 litres. Calculate the height of the cylinder.
Calculate the shaded area in each diagram.
9. Calculate:
a) the volume of a sphere of radius 6 cm
b) the radius of a sphere whose volume is
800 cm3.
10. A sphere of radius 5 cm is melted down and
made into a solid cube. Find the length of a
side of the cube.
Figure 1 Figure 2
11. π1e curved surface area of a solid circular
5. Given that OA = 10 cm and AOB = 70 。 cylinder of height 8 cm is 100 cm2.
(where 0 is the centre of the circle), Calculate the volume of the cylinder.
calculate: 12. A cone has base radius 5 cm and vertical height
a) the arc length AB 10 cm, correct to the nearest cm. Calculate the
b) the area of minor maximum and minimum possible volumes of
sector AOB. the cone, consistent with this data.
13. Calculate the radius of a hemispherical solid
whose total surface area is 48π cm2.

Revision exercise 3A
14. Calculate: 20. In the diagram the area of the smaller square is
a) the area of an equilateral triangle of 10 cm2. Find the area of the larger square.
side 6 cm
b) the area of a regular hexagon of side 6 cm
c) the volume of a regular hexagonal prism
of length 10 cm, where the side of the
hexagon is 12 cm.
15. Ten spheres of radius 1 cm are immersed
in liquid contained in a vertical cylinder of
radius 6 cm. Calculate the rise in the level of
21. A piece of wood, to be used for making a
the liquid in the cylinder.
ramp, has been cut into the shape of a prism,
16. A cube of side 10 cm is melted down and whose cross-section is a right-angled triangle
made into ten identical spheres. Calculate with side lengths 9 cm, 12 cm and 15 cm. The
the surface area of one of the spheres. 1애dth of the ramp is 25 cm.
17. The square has sides oflength 3 cm and the arcs a) Calculate the volume of the ramp.
have centres at the corners. Find the shaded area.
b) Calculate the surface area of the ramp.

3 cm

18. A copper pipe has external diameter 18mm

and thickness 2 mm. The density of copper is
9 g/cm3 and the price of copper is $150 per
tonne. What is the cost of the copper in a
length of 5 m of this pipe?
19. Twenty-seven small wooden cubes fit exactly
inside a cubical box without a lid. How many
of the cubes are touching the sides or the
bottom of the box?

Mensuration
Examination-style exercise 3B
1. A spacecraft made 58 376 orbits of the Earth and travelled a distance
of2.656 × 109 kilometres.
(a) Calculate the distance travelled in 1 orbit correct to
the nearest kilometre. [2]
(b) The orbit of the spacecraft is a circle. Calculate the
radius of the orbit. [2]
Cambridge !GCSE Mathematics 0580
Paper 21 Q14 November 2008
2. A large conference table is made from four rectangular
seζtions and four ιorner seιtions.

Each rectangular section is 4 m long and 1.2 m wide.

Each corner section is a quarter circle, radius 1.2 m.
/ 、

Not to scale

\
Each person sitting at the conference table requires one metre
of its outside perimeter.
Calculate the greatest number of people who can sit around
the outside of the table.
Show all your working. [3]
Cambridge !GCSE Mathematics 0580
Paper 2 Q11 November 2005
3. In triangle ABC, AB= 6 cm, AC= 8 cm, and BC= 12 cm.
Angle ACB = 26.4。.
Calculate the area of the triangle ABC. [2]
A
Not to scale

c
Cambridge !GCSE Mathematics 0580
Paper 2 Qs ] une 2006

Examination-style exercise 3B
4. ~l2cm-→ ~1 2cm-→
A B

The shape above is made by rem oving a small semi-circle from

a large semi-circle.
AM=MB= 12 cm [3]
Calculate the area of the shape.
Cambridge IGCSE Mathematics 0580
Paper 2 Q10 November 2007
5.

Not to scale

A B
12cm

The largest possible circle is drawn inside a semi-circle, as shown

in the diagram.
The distance AB is 12 centimetres.
{a) Find the shaded area. [4]
{b) Find the perimeter of the shaded area. [2]
Cambridge !GCSE Mathematics 0580
Paper 2 Q23 June 2007
6.
A F

D G
Not to scale

The diagram shows part of a logo that has been designed

for an engineering company.
OAD and OFG are sectors, centre 0, with radius 12 cm and
angle 50。.
B, C, E and H lie on a circle, centre 0, and radius 4 cm.
Calculate, correct to 3 significant figures, the area shaded. [4]

Mensuration
7.
Not to scale

A, B, C and D lie on a circle, centre 0, radius 8 cm.

AB and CD are tangents to a circle, centre 0, radius 4 cm.
ABCD is a rectangle.
(a) Calculate the distance AE [2]
(b) Calculate the shaded area. [3]
Cambridge !GCSE Mathematics 0580
Paper 2 Q21 November 2005
8.
낀 댔m

A solid metal bar is in the shape of a cuboid of length of 250 cm.

The cross-section is a square of side x cm.
The volume of the cuboid is 4840 cm3.
(a) Show that x = 4.4. [2]
(b) π1e mass of 1 cm3 of the metal is 8.8 grams. Calculate the mass
of the whole metal bar in kilograms. [2]
(c) A box, in the shape of a cuboid measures 250 cm by 88 cm by h cm.
120 of the metal bars fit exactly in the box.
Calculate the value of h. [2]
(d) One metal bar, of volume 4840 cm3, is melted down to make
4200 identical small spheres.
All the metal is used.
i) Calculate the radius of each sphere. Show th따 your answer
rounds to 0.65 cm, correct to 2 decimal places. [4]
[The volume, V, of a sphere, radius r, is given by V =홍 πr3.]

Examination-style exercise 3B
 I

끼μi
ii) Calculate the surface area of each sphere, using 0.65 cm for the radius.
[The surface area, A, of a sphere, radius r, is given by A= 4π·r2.]
iii) Calculate the total surface area of all 4200 spheres as a
percentage of the surface area of the metal bar. [4]
Cambridge IGCSE Mathematics 0580
Paper 4 Q7 June 2009
9. E F Q

‘--------‘B ~ ~ '- -------」 -n

-+---12 cm ---~ A

Not to scale

A circle, centre 0, touches all the sides of the regular octagon

ABCDEFGH shaded in the diagram.
The sides of the octagon are oflength 12 cm.
BA and GH are extended to meet at P.
HG and EF are extended to meet at Q.
{a) i) Show that angle BAH is 135 。. [2]
ii) Show that angle APH is 90。. [l]
{b) Calculate
i) the length of PH, [2]
ii) the length of PQ, [2]
iii) the area of triangle APH, [2]
iv) the area of the octagon. [3]
{c) Calculate
i) the radius of the circle, [2]
ii) the area of the circle as a percentage of the area of the octagon. [3]
Cambridge !GCSE Mathematics 0580
Paper 4 Qs June 2008

Mensuration
10. Paul and Debbie buy their son a magic set. The box is a prism
with a cross-section that is a trapezium, as shown in the
diagram.

40 cm

a) Calculate the area of the cross-section. [2]

b) Calculate the volume of the box. [2]
c) Calculate the surface area of the box. [3]

Examination-style exercise 3B