Cement Evaluation
CAST- CBL
UDC / CNOOC
Lamris Pangihutan
FRS-IRQ06021
FERS-Iraq
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CEMENT EVALUATION
Cement Sheath
Primary function of a cement sheath
• to provide support for the casing Centralization of the casing in the hole
• to ensure that all zones of interest are hydraulically isolated
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CEMENT EVALUATION
The factors that create a “good” cement job include:
• Adequate circulation and cleaning of the hole prior to cementing
• Centralization of the casing in the hole
• Casing movement during circulation and cementing
• Use of a cement slurry that exhibits no free water separation or solids segregation
The factors that affect cement quality include:
• Contamination of the cement with mud and/or gas causes decreases in density, velocity, and
strength, which will create a corresponding decrease in acoustic impedance.
• Over-estimation of a well's bottom hole static temperature can cause over retardation of the
cement slurries.
• Neglect of the cooler temperatures and weaker cements (filler cements) uphole with
paralleling slowness to set and develop strength all create the perception of “no cement” in
the annulus
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CEMENT EVALUATION
Ultrasonic
Transducer
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Tool decentering effect in Ultrasonic Tools
TRD
TRD
TRD
TRD
ECCENTRICITY OVALITY
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CEMENT EVALUATION
Chart a 3 ft spacing
Exercise
• Amplitude : 4 mv
• Casing OD: 7 in
• CasingWeight: 26ppf (Thk::0.362”)
• Compressive Strength: 1200 psi
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CEMENT BOND EVALUATION
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CEMENT EVALUATION
The factors that create a pipe amplitude variations (AMP) include:
• Casing size
• Casing Weight
• Borehole fluid Properties
• Cement Bond quality – volumetric percentage
• Cement compressive strength
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CEMENT EVALUATION
WHY micro-annulus ?
▪ Mill Varnish on the casing
▪ Different hydrostatic pressure inside the casing from when the cement cured until the
cement evaluation log is run (i.e. holding pressure on casing during curing time)
▪ Excessive mud cake and general mud system condition
▪ Lack of constraining forces when the cement contracts during curing & without
constraining force will contract from the pipe
▪ Free Fluid loss in cement during curing (double casing)
▪ Heating of the casing due to exothermic reaction during cement setting –Thermal
Micro-annulus (double casing)
© 2018 Halliburton. All rights reserved.
CEMENT EVALUATION
WHY micro-annulus ?
▪ Mill Varnish on the casing
▪ Different hydrostatic pressure inside the casing from when the cement cured until the
cement evaluation log is run (i.e. holding pressure on casing during curing time)
▪ Excessive mud cake and general mud system condition
▪ Lack of constraining forces when the cement contracts during curing & without
constraining force will contract from the pipe
▪ Free Fluid loss in cement during curing (double casing)
▪ Heating of the casing due to exothermic reaction during cement setting –Thermal
Micro-annulus (double casing)
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▪ Saudi Aramco: Company General Use
CEMENT EVALUATION
The factors that improve the quality of ultra-sonic include:
• Casing should be cleaned with a bit and scraper run prior to running the ultrasonic
tools to remove interfering inner deposits
• To provide adequate ultrasonic readings make sure the wellbore fluids are clean
and gas free
• Dissolved and dispersed solids in the mud create more problems than that of mud
weight. A mud sample at the surface provided to the logging company will allow
the tool response to be checked. A tool not reading at the surface will probably
not read at downhole conditions
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CEMENT EVALUATION
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Typical Acoustic Impedance Values
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CEMENT EVALUATION
▪ Low Acoustic impedance (Z) indicates less solid, more fluid and therefore no cement
bond in annulus.
▪ Light color on acoustic impedance map indicates free casing…. Without cement
behind it.
▪ High acoustic impedance (Z) indicates more solid, no fluid in annulus are indicative of
a good cement bond.
▪ Brownish to dark color on the acoustic impedance map indicate bonded pipe
▪ Yellowish color on the acoustic impedance map indicate contamination cement, either
moderate to channeling occurs causing a poor bond.
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CEMENT EVALUATION
The factors that affecting in cement evaluation and intepretation:
▪ Microannulus / Casing Surface Coating
▪ Cement Curing Time / Compressive Strength
▪ Formation considerations
✓ Fast formation
✓ High porosity gas zone
✓ Mudcake and Wash-out
▪ Thin Cement Sheaths (< 0.75”)
▪ Casing centralization
▪ Borehole Fluid Properties
▪ Free Gas in Borehole Fluid
▪ Tools decentralization
▪ Tool Centralizer Positioning and proper for casing size being logged, may need to
change out if more than one casing size in logged interval
▪ Heavy weight casing
▪ Tools limitation
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Qualitative CBL and CAST Cement Evaluation
Description
Condition Amplitude Attenuation Description of VDL of Impedance
(Z)
Free Pipe / No Strong casing arrival, visible
High Low
bond collar, no formation arrivals, Low
straight lines
Good Bond to
casing and No Casing arrivals, Strong
formation Low High High
Formation arrivals, clear lines
Strong casing arrivals and no
Poor Bond To Low to
High Low formation arrivals, straight
Casing moderate
line(weak /no wiggle)
Moderate to strong Formation
Moderate to Variable and casing arrivals, wiggles
Micro-annulus High
high moderate lines, casing arrivals absent
under pressure
Moderate Formation and
Moderate to casing arrivals, wiggle lines,
Channeling Moderate Moderate
high casing arrival exist under
pressure
Variable high to Variable low to Formation arrivals dominated,
Fast Formation High
moderate high wiggle lines
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ADVANCE CEMENT EVALUATION
(Acoustic impedance variance segments analysis)
n −1
ZP (n) − ZP (n + 1)
ZP = 1
n −1
n −1
VAL (n) − VAL (n + 1)
VAR = 1
n −1
Where
VAR is the variance of the input data
ZP is the impedance vector
n is the number of vertical samples
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ADVANCE CEMENT EVALUATION
(Acoustic impedance variance segments analysis)
HIGH SIDE OF HOLE
SECTION SECTION
I A
SECTION
H SECTION
B
SECTION SECTION
G C
SECTION SECTION
F D
SECTION
E
LOW SIDE OF HOLE
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Nearly Free Pipe
ACE Analysis in
Segmented Curves
Nearly Free Pipe
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Bonded Pipe
ACE Analysis in
Segmented Curves
Bonded Pipe
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ACE – Collar response
Free Pipe
AMPLIFIED
GAMMA AMPLITUDE
0 150 0 10 CBL DERIVITIVE OR
ECEN AMPLITUDE CBL WAVEFORM VARIANCE CBL TOTAL
0 1 0 70 -20 20 0 10 0 20
Free to Bonded Pipe
Micro-annulus
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CEMENT EVALUATION LOG EXAMPLES
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CEMENT EVALUATION – Examples 1
Customer - Bond Index Cutoff HAL - ACE
(10 lb-gal)
Double Casing
(13.375” & 9.625”)
Chevron
Pattern (collar)
Halliburton – ACE
High Amplitude & Strong
chevron pattern, weak
traces on VDL indicates
Weak Cement Poor to Free pipe
traces (wiggle)
POOR
Bonding
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2
CEMENT EVALUATION – Examples 1
(10 lb-gal)
HAL - ACE
Customer - Bond Index Cutoff Double Casing &
Single Casing
GOOD No Chevron
Low Amp & No chevron with
Bonding Pattern (collar)
more traces in VDL indicates
Good bond
Bottom 13.375”
Casing @ xx94m
weak Chevron
POOR Pattern (collar) High Amp, weak chevron
pattern and traces, potentially
Bonding micro-annulus (Good Bond)
Strong Cement
POOR traces (wiggle)
Bonding High Amp,& No chevron with
more traces in VDL indicates
Good bond
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CEMENT EVALUATION – Examples 2
7”- 23ppf Casing
Freepipe 62 mV
Cement Bond
Good / Poor
??
17x
Logs Response
Amp: 50-52 mV
Impedance : > 3 Mrays
19x
19x
Bottom 9-5/8” CSG 21x
VDL
Strong casing Arrival
Moderate formation- Wiggling)
23x Zmap: Brownish
25x
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CEMENT EVALUATION – Examples 2
7”- 23ppf Casing
Freepipe 62 mV
Cement Bond
Good / Poor
??
17x
PARTIAL
BONDED
19
x
Bottom 9-5/8” CSG 21x
23 GOOD
x
BOND
25x
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CEMENT EVALUATION – Examples 3 – Under Pressure 7”- 26ppf Casing
CAST-CBL CAST-CBL
0 psi 800 psi
35x
35x
36x 36x
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CEMENT EVALUATION – Examples 4. - Squeeze Job 9.625”- 47ppf Casing
08-May-2018
Before
7xx
7xx
7xx
8xx
8xx 8xx
Sqz length intv = 0.3m
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CEMENT EVALUATION – Examples 4. - Squeeze Job 9.625”- 47ppf Casing
13-May-2018 (SQZ)
After
7xx
7xx
8xx
8xx
Sqz length intv = 0.3m
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CEMENT EVALUATION – Examples 5 – Thin cement Sheaths
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CEMENT EVALUATION – Examples 6
8 - lb/gal Cement
Field Data
CBL indicates cement
traces, but Impedance
shows no cement
(Fluid) ??
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CEMENT EVALUATION – Examples 6
Impedance Image & Curve
Segmentation
The Impedance variables
show activities from segment A
to I (9 segments) indicate for
solid instead of fluid
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CEMENT EVALUATION – Examples 6
8 lb/gal Cement
CBL indicates cement traces,
and ACE shows cement
behind pipe
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CEMENT EVALUATION – Examples 7 – 13-5/8” Casing
9xx
Lead Cmt
10xx
11xx
Tail Cmt
12xx
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© 2018 Halliburton. All rights reserved. 36
▪ Saudi Aramco: Company General Use
