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3Q Gen Chem Rev

This document discusses intermolecular and intramolecular forces. It notes that intermolecular forces are forces between molecules or ions and control physical properties, while intramolecular forces are stronger forces within molecules or compounds. Specifically, it examines hydrogen bonding as the strongest intermolecular force of attraction due to the electronegativity of elements like nitrogen, oxygen, and fluorine. It also discusses dipole-dipole interactions, London dispersion forces, and how properties like boiling point, melting point, and vapor pressure are influenced by the intermolecular forces between molecules.

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Elizander Vergara
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33 views2 pages

3Q Gen Chem Rev

This document discusses intermolecular and intramolecular forces. It notes that intermolecular forces are forces between molecules or ions and control physical properties, while intramolecular forces are stronger forces within molecules or compounds. Specifically, it examines hydrogen bonding as the strongest intermolecular force of attraction due to the electronegativity of elements like nitrogen, oxygen, and fluorine. It also discusses dipole-dipole interactions, London dispersion forces, and how properties like boiling point, melting point, and vapor pressure are influenced by the intermolecular forces between molecules.

Uploaded by

Elizander Vergara
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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INTERMOLECULAR FORCES - Larger dipole moments have higher melting

and boiling points


Intramolecular Forces
- Forces within a molecule or ionic compound Hydrogen Bonding
- Stronger than intermolecular forces - Arises in part from the high electronegativity
Intermolecular Forces of nitrogen, oxygen, and fluorine
- Forces between molecules or ions and - There’s hydrogen present connected to
molecules another element
- Strong enough to control physical properties - Strongest intermolecular force of attraction

Ion-Dipole Interactions
- Important in solutions of ions

4 INTERMOLECULAR FORCES
London Dispersion
- Attraction between an instantaneous dipole
and an induced dipole
- Present in all molecules, polar or nonpolar
● Polarizability - the tendency of an electron
cloud to distort in this way
Factors affecting London Forces
● Strength tends to increase with an
increased molecular weight
● Larger atoms have larger electron cloud that
is easier to polarize
● Greater the number of electrons, the greater PROPERTIES OF LIQUIDS
the LD force Viscosity
● LD force molecules have low melting and - Resistance of a liquid to flow
boiling points - Increases with stronger intermolecular
forces and decreases with higher
Dipole-Dipole Interactions temperature
- Molecules have permanent dipoles that are Surface Tension
attracted to each other - Inward force, or pull, that tends to minimize
- Only important when the molecules are the surface area of a liquid
close to each other - Results from the net inward force
- Positive end is attracted to the negative end experienced by the molecules on the
of the other, and vice versa surface of a liquid
- The more polar molecule, the higher its - Amount of energy needed to conquer the
boiling point force between molecules at the liquid’s
surface
● Cohesion - attraction between liquid-liquid
(like molecules)
● Adhesion - attraction between solid-liquid
(unlike molecules)
● Surfactant - any substance that interferes
with hydrogen bonding between water
molecules and thereby reduces surface
tension
Vapor Pressure
- A liquid with high vapor pressure
evaporates rapidly and is volatile CLASSIFICATION OF SOLUTIONS
Saturated
Boiling point - Maximum amount of solute is dissolved in a
- Temperature at which its vapor pressure is given amount of solvent
equal to the external atmospheric pressure - No more solute dissolves
- Liquids with high vapor pressure will have Unsaturated
low molar heat of vaporization and low - Contain less than the maximum amount of
boiling point solute
- 100ºC - More solute dissolves
Boiling or Vaporization Supersaturated
- Liquid becomes gas - If there is more solute than a solvent can
hold in a solution
Melting point - Becomes unstable, crystals form
- 0℃ or 32℉
Freezing point PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF SOLUTIONS
- 0℃ Solubility
- Maximum amount of solute dissolved in a
Water molecules are polar given amount of solvent at a specific temp
● Polar molecules are attracted to one ● Formation of solution depends on the
another by dipole interactions following interactions
○ Solute-solute
Intermolecular attraction among water molecules ○ Solute-solvent
forms hydrogen bonds ○ Solvent-solvent

Water’s surface tension is higher than most In order for the solute to be soluble in a given
solvent, they must have similar intermolecular
MIXTURES forces

Solutions Temperature
- Homogenous mixture of two or more - Allows the solvent to expand,
substances accommodating more solute
- Composed of solute and solvent
- Most common type is a solid solute and
liquid solvent

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