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/ 477
SANSKRIT IN INDO!
by
Dr. J, Gonda
Professor of Sanskrit and Indonesian Linguistics,
Terecht (Holland)
International Academy of Indian Culture ij
‘Nagpur (India)
41952 SARASVATI VIHARA SERIES
EDITED BY
RAGHU VIRA, w.4,, vr... p. oie. em pin,
Director, International Academy of
Indian Culture, Nagpur
TN COLLABORATION WITH
OUHER SCHOLARS
Volume 28
SANSKRIT IN INDONESI
Published by
‘Dr. Lokesb Chanda
Secretary
The International Academy of Indian Culture
Negpur
Printed by
W. D. Ojba
Manager, Arya Bharati Mndronalaye, Negpur CONTENTS
Preface, 2 ee
Abbraviations, 66 6 6 ee ee ee
I, Introductory. i
1. On the IN. Languages in Genova. / ee
2. On Lorowords in the IN. Languages in General... 6. 2 1 ee
3. Tho Ancient Connections between India und Indonesia... 2 6 se
IL. Tho Spread of Sanekrit over Indonesia. _
1. How aid Sanskrit Reach Indonesia, © 2 ee
2 Indian Alphabets in Indonesia. - 2 ee ee
8, Tadian Elements in the Minor Languages of Indonesia. 2 2. 2
(i) The Réle of Malay and Javanoro, 6 6 6 ee ee
(i) The Languages of Celeboe, 6 ee ee ee ee
(ii) The Islands Hast of Bali; ee ee
Gv) Bi
(w) Philippine Languages. 6. 0 ee ee
(vi) Languages of Sumatra : Gayo and Achebnese.
(vii) Languages of Sumatra: Batak. 6. ee
(Wii) Nis,
(ix)
4. General Review of e Number of Widespread Wordy, 2. 6 2
5. Borrowing by Way of Dravidian Lan;
6. Borrowing by Two Ways, 6. ee ee ee
7. The Infiltcation of Sauskrit througl the Medium of Learning and
Written Tests. ©. See ee
TEL. Sanskrit Loan-words from the Point of View of the History of Civilization.
1. Goda, Mythological and Legendary Higares, and Hinds Denominations. .
2. Doath aud the Life Heresiter.. 2 2 ee
3, Religion and Mysticiem in Goneval. ©. 2 ee ee
4, Bites, Geremonies and Law. oe
pene re
OB
6. Medicine. 0 ee ee
6. Arehitecture. ee
7 Namorals and Ohronologys ss eel
8. Some Al
9 Botanical Names. 6 6 0 ee ee ee
JO. Names of Persons. 6 ee ee
LL. Geographical Names ee ee ee
mobTerms. - ee ee
32
83
33
38
46
aL
52
ar
100
180
146
165
167
189
196
199
202
205
212
216 TV. Ontwrard Appesrsnes of the Borrowed Words,
1. Phonetic History of the Senskrit Hloment in IN. Languages. . . . . 299
@) Avaptysis or Svarabhalti, 6. eee 888
(i) Dissimiiationn Se 288
(iii) Spovteneous Negalization eto. 2. 6. ee ee wy 288
(iv) Other Consonaxtal Bpentbesis <6 ee. 886
() BaphonioTocertion. ©. oe ee ORF
(wi) Baplology. 6 see eee ee ee ey 28T
(ii) Metathatin ee. O87
(iit) Treatment of Vowel. 6. ee eS 889
(ix) The Vowel of the Penult.. 6 ee. a
{x} Tho Vowel of the Antepenult, 2 6 ee ee ee 243
{ai) Moro Inelieatal Vooalie Change. 6... Ome
(aii) Some Groupa Consisting of Conzonant and Vowel... . . . 945
Gil) Aspieates and 888
(xiv) Contraction, .°- . ee Ly Se ee ek 248
{xx) Trentment of Other Consonants. . 6... 288
Gl) Oust ee ee BBL
Gvii) Teestmont of Ivitial Nesals. ©... ae
(ii) Altermsting Nosals se eS 88
(xix) Diseyltebism ond Aphacresin ©. 253
(sx) “Brothetie’ Vowelb 2 ee 257
Gri Sysco ee ate
(xsil) More Sporadic Ohange, 6 2 ee ong
(xxii) Venison as to the Form of the Words... . , . |)! ggg
QMorpbolosy. oe eee eee
3) Seaskrit Stems as Ropreseated in Indonesia. coo tne
Gi) Sansbtit Flestion io Indonesia, se i
3. Matua! Influenes of Words. 2... om
() Secondary Bases in -i in Indonesia. — : Soo ms
Blending ©. ee ee ee
(ii) Motomiysiss. 2 tt 28h
liv) Popular Etymology and Adeptetion.- 2. | |) SS
(wv) Retrograde Derivation... 2... . Titi Be
(wi) Duplisetion oe 8
4 Morphology ye sooo
| @ate i 8
t fi) Compomds
1 Gi) Hybrid Aggrogutins. «2 2 2. 800
i 5, Differentiation and the Development of Homonyme, . |. | SOP
i (0 Diferontistion, ts me
0 6°45 . 818
. {iv) (i) Homonyins, © ee ee ee BLD
6. Various Etymological Problema. . . . . . e+e ee es BOL
. Ohange of Meaning,
1, General Remarks. © 2) ee ee ee ee 888
2 Semantic Change and Historical Hvolotion, . ©... . . s+ - 380
8. Narrowing and Widening of Meening. . . . . 1... . - - + 887
4, Mobaphors and Other Semantic Ohanges. . . 2. 1 1 1 1 + + 849
5, Tabu, Buphemism ete. 2 1 Ne es BBE
6. Matual Influeneo of Words from the Point of View of Semantics. . . 870
7. Complications and Problems... . . 6 ee ee ee BIT
8. Special Semantic Changes in the Languages of Literature and Courtesy. 383
VI, The Reaction of the IN. Languages to the Influence of Sanskrit.
1 The Structure of Words and Sentences. . - . . .. 2... . 886
9. Loan-Translations, . - ee ee ee ee AON
3.The Reception of Sanskrit-Loans into the Standard Language and
Special Vocabularies, ©. 2 6 ee 408
4, Sanskrit-Loans and Modern Times. - 2... 2... 1... 48
APPENDICES
1, Sanekr
‘Loans in Indonesia, Indian Sanskrity and Sanskrit Lexicography. 498
2, Sanskrit in the West by Way of Indonesia. . 2. 2. 1... AB
INDICES
A Senshi, ee a8
2, Middle and New Indo-Aryan Languages... . 2. 2... 469
3. Indonesian Languages... . 2...
Addenda et Corrigenda, . . .
ee ee LAB
(x) :
1 FOREWORD
“Sanskrit in Indonesia” will speak for itself. It isan
exhaustive study—amazing in these days—done with great ability,
knowledge, care and love. It is fascinating reading, for Indonesians
in particular, the origins and the relations to it of these words,
the bearers of so many ideas, and to imagine the great impact of
one culture upon another, of one language upon the other.
Language is created, exists and is developing to serve the
people, the nation, the society in general. It is a product of
history, of many epochs. The inclusion of so many words of
Sanskrit origin in many Indonesian languages, is the product of the
cra of great development in India in the first centuries A.D. The
languages in the archipelago have taken a certain shape, they have
been enriched by these Sanskrit words, developed and refined,
Since then, Indonesia has been through’ periods of decline and
progress. ‘The languages have served so many cultures, Buddhist
onginally and later on Hindu, but also Muslim, the ‘period of
internal,strife and of foreign domination and now are serving a new
era in Indonesia. A great many of these numerous words will
certainly continue in the process of growth and development of the
hving languages of Indonesia, and certainly will play a very
important role in the further development of Javanese and of the
Bahasa Indonesia, the national language.
So, Sanskrit still forms, and will continue to form a great
hnk between many living languages of this part in Asia, particularly
of the peoples in India and Indonesia.
It is for this reason that Professor Raghu Vira insisted that
being the Representative of Indonesia to India, I should have the
honour of writing this foreword.
With me, a great many, both in India and Indonesia will
be grateful to the author of this book and to the International
Academy of Indian Culture for publishing it. It will stimulate
thought for further studies among linguists in Asia and also create
more interest among others for closer cultsral ties. It is one of
those rare examples that will, substantially and by itself, create
better understanding and goodwill between two nations.
SoEDARSONO:
(Ambassador for the Republic
of Indonesia in India )
New Delhi 11th December 1952 PREFACE
This book is primarily intended to meet the requirements of all
those scholars and other readers who take an interest in the many
aspects of the linguistic and cultural relations between India and
Indonesia, The author, not aiming at anything like completeness, has
given a prominent place to more important topics and established facts
and has focussed the ‘attention not so much on etymological possibilities
and speculations as on the main problems connected with the spread
of Sanskrit in the Indonesian archipelago.
The publication of this work has been made possible by the
activity and generosity of the International Academy of Indian Culture,
Nagpur. The author therefore readily takes the opportunity of expres-
ing his deep obligation to the Academy's director, Prof. Dr. Raghu
Vira for his keen interest in the subject of the book and for his
willingness to publish it in the Sarasvati Vihara Series. If this work
will help in some measure to realise the noble aims and ideals which
the Nagpur Academy has in view, the author’s labour will be amply
repaid.
A special debt of gratitude is also due to the Academy's zealous
secretary, Dr. Lokesh Chandra, who has been indefatigable in correc-
ting the proofs and in drawing the author's attention to Tacunas in the
press-copy. He, moreover, suggested adding many words and meaninge
to those already entered and was unremitting in the care with which he
checked the author’s statements in connection with Hindi and other
Indian words, .
The index which has been added to the volume will be found
incomplete. We did not, indeed, try to make it exhaustive, but sugges-
tiye only of the Sanskrit elements discussed.
J. Genda
(vii) ABBREVIATIONS
A. LANGUAGES
Ardhamigadby Mac. Macassar (Colebex)
Arabic Mad. Madoress
Balinese Mah. Mabdristri
Bare’s (Golebes) Mal. Maly
Batak (Sumatra) Mar. Maright
‘Benga}y MIA. Middle Indo-Aryan
Buginese (Catebes) Mix. Minangkabau
Boglish NIA. New Indo-Aryan
Frenoh OSay. —Ola-Tavanese
Gujarati Pat.
Hindustiai, Hind Sour.
Indo-Huropesn Singh. _Singhalese
Indonesian Sp. Spanish
Italian Sund. Sundanere (Java)
Javanese Tog. Tagalog (Philippines)
Kero-Batak Tom Tamil
Latin TBat. —Toba-Batek
Ybaon
B. BOOKS AND PERIODICATS
(The Ola-Javanose) Adiparwa, edited by H. H. Juynbott, The
Fague 1906.
(Tho Old-Javanese poom) Bhomakawya, edited by RB, Priederich,
‘VEG. EXIV, Batavia 1859,
Bijaragen tot do Taal-, Land- en Volkeukunde van Nederlandech-
Indié, vol,1-104, and Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkuade,
vol. 105— edited by the Koninklijt Inetitaut, The Hague 1853—,
(The O1d-Javanose) Brabmipdaparins, edited by J. Gonda, Ban.
dang 1932,
Bulletin of the School of Oriental (nd African) Studies, London.
(The Ol4-Javanese poom) Bhirata-Yuddha, edited by J.@. H.
Gunning, The Hague 1903,
Harvard Journal of Asintie Studiee, Cambridge Mass.
H. Yaleand A.C, Buell, Hobson-J sbaon, new 0d. by W. Crooke.
Fournsl of ths Acnerican tal Society, New Haven Conn.
Journal of the Royal Asiatio Society of Great Britain and Ireland,
Londor.
Drie booken: H. H. Jayoholl, Drie boeken van heb Oudjavaansohe
Wal. or Woordenlij
‘Mahabharata, Leyden 1898,
H. H, Jaynboll, Oudjsvaauach-Nederlandsche
‘Woordeniijst, Leyden 1928
HN. van der Touk, Kawi-Balinoosoh-Nederlandech Woordeu-
book, & vol., Batavia 1897-1919,
4H, Kern, Vorapreida Geschriften, 15 vol, The Hague 1919-1999,
(ix) ‘bh. The Mahabharata.
MED. A Msay-Enetish Di
ua Is Soeidts de Linguine?
onary, 2 vol. Matilene. Grecee 1952.
fo de Paris, Paris.
pire: de
i We Mosier Wiliame, A Sausiti-Hnglich Dictionary, new edition,
Os'ord 1899.
fold Tuvanave pen) NGgerarbigames ofited hy A Kern, ¥.G- vit
and. VITL
The Old-Tavanete Raviiyays, edited by H. Kern.
Petrograd Distionery, je. O. Bohilingk wad He Both, Sanskrit.
sWarterhveh, 7 rol. Porregrad 1855-1875.
Th, Pigevtl, Javaona-Nederlands Hand woordenbovk, Groningen
1988.
Piachsl, GPS. B.
schel, Grorormtix der Prakrit- Sprachen, Strassbues 1900.
Raw. Ban dyens, Tho O'd-Javano:e Bim. was edited by H. Korn, The
Flogue 1900.
BY. Ragveda-cemmbité.
we. ‘Tijdccbrits vee heb Betaviane Gensotschp, ie. Tijdschrift voor
Jodishe Teal, Land. en Volkonkonte, edited by the Batavians
Gensotschan voor Kunsten oa Wetensshappen, Batavia Jakarta.
yan der Tank, KEW. : s€8 KBW.
VEG. ‘Vorhandelirgen ven bet Betaviass Gonootvehap van Kunstes en
Weteo- chanpaa, Batavin
VEL Vorhandetingen van heb Kontablijk Institunt voor Tasl-, Land-
en Vi onde, Batzvia-Jakarta.
Witlinsons MED : see MED.
Wir. Wi dpparven : The Old-Javanoss text weseditedby H.H. Juynboll,
‘The Hague 1912; pert of ik also by A. A. Fokker, The Hegue
3988,
2DMG. Zoitschsift der destachen morgenléndisohen Goze sebaft,
Laipsic.
C. GuND
coll.
or. :
a? jn the same mesning
if. in fine compoaitl, i.e. ab the end of s compound
xa. Widung : the kidungs are @ oles of ancient Javanese poems dealing
with bistorieal, legendary and otber themes, and writton in a less
igh and artificial style than the kivya poama (kakawins)
we. rama, 4.2, the Javanoes voosbulary of courtesy
wri. crams ingeil, i.e. the limited Javanese vocabulary used in eddrens-
ing, ot speaking of, highly pluce yersonk
ib, literary (style)
mod. modern
ne ngoko, he. the Javanese azote’ i
ae neste LetbeTeran ‘voonbulary of familiarity and inforwal
ree. regional
sx) GENERAL REMARKS:
In instancing Indonesian words thoir orthography has been brought into
harmony with the usual method of transeribing Sanskri
modern orthography of the main languages bi
of Old Javanese books etc. are, however, wril
cares the
» in general, been sdopted. Titles
toa in the Sanskrit wa:
In Moder-Javaneee » final @ is pronounced as the a in Hog!. water, A
written ain s penult precoding such an a likewise represonts that aonods when one
consonant, # consonsnt proceded by ity homorgenie nasal, or sis follow. Thus both
vowels ate pronotinced as the 6 in water ii
i mata, tampa, gaiiea.
(zi) LINGUISTIC MAP OF INDONESIA
Legenda
D_ Indonesian languages
I PHILIPPINE GROUP
1 Formosan 2 Batan 3 Tagalog 4 Moko 5 Tico! 6 Bisaya 7 Ibunag
# Igorot 9 Magindenao 10 Tingyan 1 Dadayay 12 Sulu 18 Palau
14 Sangire-e aud Talaud 14s Bantik Lb Beatenan 15 Bolaang.Mongon-
dow Lf Tambutn Tonsen Tondano sub-group 17 Tontemboun Tonsawang
-geoup (14-17 usually called axb-Philippine languages)
PMATRA GROUP
1 Achebnove 2 Gayo 2 Batak idioms (a Karo b Toba 0 Simalungun @
Mandailing and Angkola) 4 Minangkabau 4° Labu 5 Malay (e Riau Malay
b Jakarta Malay ¢ Kuba @ Moluecan Matay) 6 eo-called Middle-Malay
7 Rejang SLampong 9 Simalar 10 Nias 11 Mentawsy 12 Enggano
13 Lontiong 14 aud 15 other Samatran dialects
Hi JAVA GROUP * 1Sundaneso 2 Javanese 4 Madurese
TV BORN SROUP (so-called Dayak or Dyak languages)
Klemantan languages 2 Iban lanyunges 8 Ob-Danum languages 4 Kenja
group 3 Marni group 6 Milano
BAJO or language of the sea nomads
\LINESE AND LANGUAGES WITCH ARB NEARLY RELATED TO 1T
1 Balinese 2 Saeak 4 Sumbawa
VE GORONTS1.0 GROUP
1.Balanga 2Kaidipan 3 Gorontalo 4 Beool
VIL TOMINE LANGUAGES
VET TORAIA TANGUAGES
Kaiti QKulawi 3 Pipikoro 4 Napa 5 Bada ete. 6 Leboni 7 Bare’e
5 Wobw
IX LOINANG GROUP [Xa BANGGAT IDIOMS.
XS BUNGKU-DAKE GROUP
XML LANGUAGES OF SOUTH CEIRBES
I Mooassar 2 Buginese 8 Lawn idions 4 Sa’dan
Santh G
T other idioms of
NIT TANGUAGES O8 HU! MUN\.BUTON (BUTUNG) GROUP
XML BIMA-SUaMBA GROUP
1 Bima 2 Manggarai (Wlores) 8 Nyad’s (lores) 4 and 5 dialects uf Sumba,
6 Hawn
DBON-LIMOR GROUP
2 Solorese (language of Solor) 5 Timorese (language of Timor)
7 Rotinose (language of Roti) 10 Kisar il Leti 13 Taninbar 18 and
19 Ceram languages 21 Panta 3, 4 ete. other languages
XY SERA LANGUAGE
XVE SOUT UALMABERA MOMS A
I South Halmahera idioms 9 Nnfor
Austro-Asiatic languages
Non-Indonesian languages of North Halmahera
Papua languages
Melanesian languages
wD RELATED TANGUAG
aQtna CHAPTER [
SECTION 1
ON THE INDONESIAN LANGUAGHS IN GENERAL
As is woll known, the IN. tongues may be said to form a linguistic family
of their own, or to belong to she much more extended group of the Austronesian
languages, which has oven bean combined with other groups into the Austne
family. So it would bo impossible to deal with the subject’ proper of this book
before giving a cursory survey of tho most important characteristics of the IN-
languages and showing at whic! ~ the structara of Sanskr:t
which is an Indoeuropean language.
According to the adherents of a method of classifying languages which has
long enjoyed popularity and, at first right, caems to’ afford a good basis for
distinguishing them by saliont features, IN, usad to be considered as agglutinative,
while TH. as inflectional or syathstic. Languages of the aggtutinative type
were held to be marked by agglutination into x single word of various elements
each with @ fixed connotation ond each, while preserving its individuality,
meckanicslly added to the complex constituting a word. The synthetic or inflec-
tional class was, on the other hand, regarded as distinguished from the ageluti-
native type in that the elements composing words have now become soamalgamated
with oach other that, apart from an historical enslysis, they-can no longer bo
separated from the complox as a whole, used as a word.
‘This scheme of classification has, however, proved inappropriate. Ib
leads, for ono thing, to grave misunderstendings to aay that-in agglutinative
languages individual elements are, es a rule, mecbanicaily added to or separated
from the complex constituting a word, and devices supposed to be typical of them
may also o¢our in languages belonging to other classes, and vice versa. Historical
stages or supposed historical stages are, morsover, apt tobe substituted for the
contemporaneous or actual tages of the language.
We shall, therefore, refrain from using the terminology adopted by those
who favoured such systems of chatactorizing languages, aud, for practical reasons,
confine ourselves to presenting, in a comparative way, a general view of IN
languagea as they were and are daring the period in which they. have been in-
fluenced by Sansbrit.'
‘Whoress ia the If, domsin linguistio aflinities ara often veiled by the infu-
ence of intornal factors as well asevonts of economio, religious, and political nature
which have been operative in producing many such divergensies as exist, for exam-
ple, between Hindi and English, between Sanskrit and South African Dutobs or
between Latin and modern Persian, one of the salient feabures in the IN. family,
the territory of which consists almost exclusively of islaads, is, in general and
leaving aside more or less particalar ensea, the homogeneity of their structure and
the comparatively high degree of re:emblenca they have to each other. There exist,
of course, many conspicuous points of difference between Tagalog (Philippines) and
Gayo (Sumatra), betweoa Baréo (Celebes) and Old-Javaness, but various traits of
their grammar, thei phonetics, morphology and syutax, outstanding charactoristios
of which ave essentially of the same pature.
points they differ £ 2 SANSRRYZ TN TNDONBSIA
The vowel ssatems of IN. laoguages exhibit s high degree of andormity,
Sonsiis possesses, tho diphthongs ineluded but not the vowols affected by a nasal,
33 dilfereas vowels. in IN. languages, however» the samber of vowel phonomes is,
in general, esitod. alshoagh there is, of coarse, from the purely phonetical point of
“hee, much roow for nondistinetive variation of eacb Daowemes ‘Tagalog possessé
phocologisally spesking no ze0re thaa a very simple three-vowel systeu ; a high
Front vowal (2 & low indifferent vowrel (a), and a high back vowel (x). Thoro is,
Lowerensa vowel, of frequent IN. oveurtancs whiab isleokingin Sanstci , but though
variously prououneed, fairly rexembles the Hindi a # or the ® (written o) ia Engl.
Grave the? (writkan 6) fo Engl. the dog. In Sanekrit many pairs of words are diatin-
gnishad by the quantity of oe of their vowels : dina- feat ‘day’: dina- WA
‘gud, weal't sula- QW sou’: sia GX ‘chariotecr’. Ia Javanose, Malay snd
ther languages of tho Archipelago which borrowed many Sanskeié words such
Spposites are uakrowo, as thero is, as a rule, no phonologioal gradation of
qnantity.? IN. Iongoages and Sazskrid are in g with each otter in that
Ahpbihougs play o limited pact, Sansteris hes only af and au, in IN. af au us
fare those whieh are most commonly met with, but they only eppear exceptionally
in oyllablos other ter Ue fiaal, aud some Inaguages have modified, monophtbone
‘gued or reduced them to one of their componente.
‘Ths consonant systam of an IN. language is, generally speaking» rather
simple Si-has irate series askh %, ch @ oto, aro lacking except for a very
interesting ease like, the Maduzose gh, ib, di, dh, bb (no corresponding Mh ote.).
Whereas Javanese, lize Suaskris, Praxrits, and modern Isdian languages, possessos
acerie: of socalled retrofiessa side by sido wicn the dentals (thus Jav. ¢
produced by raising the tip of the tongue or curling it beck and apsard beside
tformed by the tongs approximating the tips of the teeth). Metay and other
Ianguages have only one series. Ia general apirants other than s are absent:
Sanskrit likewise has n0 spirants, threo voiceless sibilants j W, ¢@ands a
exeepted, In many of these idioms the gloital stop (9) is,howover, a regular
element.
‘Thug, the sounds of the Javanese language might be srrenged according to
the following eshomo :*
Vows: a eiowé
Consonants: p bm
tdadn lw
td@ sh
cf R Fy
kg ts
g (alottal stop)
__ The ascent iy, a2 vale, uot strongly marked and often difioult to deter.
mine, But the acsentnstion of individual languages may be considerably
varied. Tho nature of the ‘prosodic features’ ia general —L prafer this term to
‘aystom of accentuation’, beoauso, to mention only this, quantity often plays an
important part in the phenomena meant by ‘acoonbuation’ in the grammars—is
often, moreover, still insufficiently known, Yet, it is clear that we often have
to take into account the dominant aocont of the breath.group, by which the
‘prosodic foatotes of its components may be profoundly modified. Another point
of moment is that stress, tone, quantity may very often be entirely disregarded SANSKRIT IN INDONESIA 3
from the phonological point of view.
Passing on to the form of words we must first romark that one of the most
oatatanding charactoristics of the Archipelago consists in their tendency to a dis-
syllabie structure, About 96 per cont of the ‘word-bases’ which are supposed to
have existed already in Original IN. are dissyllabic*, and in modorn Javanese
over 85 per cant of them have two syllables. The same language, like most of
the cognate idioms®, prefers a regular alternation of con-oaznts and vowels to
Groups of phonemes of either class. Initia! consonant clusters (which ere freaueat
1m Sanskrit): ksa T, yea % tra A nya Sh stra ¥F, and finel groups of the
same kind (which are rare) are, as a rile, not admitted; a group of three
and many groups of two consonants are avoided in the middle of @ word
Gn Sanskrit such clusters as pf CA pn H, my % ot =H, ty Re ndr AH ote.
aie far from beleg uncommon). Like Sanskrit, Javanese unquestionably refrains
irom two vowels following each other in the same word. Javanose and other IN.
languages prefer a consonantal beginning of a word to a yooalict in Malay the
proportion is about 10:1, in Sanskrit about 44: 1. Finals are, likewise, pre-
ierably consonants; in Sanskrit, where consonants occurring as nels are limited,
vowels ate, comparatively speaking, frequent in that position. Thus, words
lige the Malay burwi ‘bird’, quai ‘mountain’, mulut ‘mouth’, bébun ‘enclosed
garden’, rumak “bouse’, Javaneso sugih ‘rich’, tipis ‘thin’, waras ‘recovered’
belong, as to their outward form, to the most common type. But the type Mal.
mata ‘eyo’, Jav. kali ‘river’ is far from being infrequent.
As regards the dissyllabic word-form, is must, however, be added that in
practice many words of three or four syllables ara found, beesuse two types of
word-formation, which are tho most ontstending, vis. derivation by means of
affixes, and the formation by means of tnsystematic insertion—both of whick
devices will be deals with later—result in longer worda: Jav. babad an ‘clear-
ang’ beside baad ‘to clear forosta’ and fi.time: ‘found, met with’ beside tému
‘poeeting’ axe instaness of the former process, Gayo (Sumatra) timpapak beside
tapak ‘palm (of the head)’ acase of the latter, And as to clusters, some ara
admitted: in Javanese, for instance, pl, pr, gr, i, ete. are, espeaially at the
beginning of the word, frequently founds but never at the end. In the intonor
of the dissyllabic IN. word-base tho group coolusive and preceding homorganie
nasal is very often met with, the combinations of 7 ov I with an occlusive aro
no’ searce ot only oceasionelly found. Ia modern Javaness, word-bases of the
type represented by simbah ‘the Indonesian abjali’, tombi ‘medicine’, tanda ‘signs
mark’, buikar ‘unpacked’, number over 2300, end worde with medial clusters
like mpl, kr some hundreds, The IN. ‘internal’ neeels and liquids are, however,
generally speaking, ofien rather debile: there are many variants of doublets
(Mal. maikis: matis ‘to defy’) ond some native alpbabess systematically omit
writing the internal nasal before an occlusive or use distinct lottere to indicate
mp ete., in which the occlusive element is often weak or lieble to change.
A fow words must be said about the analysis of words. Monosyllabie ‘roots’,
as @ rule consisting of consonant, vowel, consonant, and usually represented by
the second syllable of the word-base, often cour unchanged—or changed in accor
dance wit more or less definite principles or phonetic laws—through many serios
of words with similar meaning. Thece words or roots repeatedly reour in many 4 SANSRRIT IN INDONESIA
Innguases, ‘Thos, the Malay, Tagalog ete, nipis ‘thin, tenaous! contains the same
‘root pis (to which we nsoribe the general meaning of thinness or sm Hoes) as the
Malay and Old-Javanese tipis ‘thin, delicate’, the OJav. tapis ‘small’ in ma-napis
ce in size’, and so on. These IN. roots must not be regarded as rexewbling
in which the coasonents are held together in different forma by
Is varying in acoordance with the ides which it is desired to
express: in Hebrew, ganad ‘he bas stolen’, ganib ‘stolen’, gondb ‘stealing’, Nor
must the Indoouropean Ablaut be considered a parallel either: this inherited
systematic vows! gradation, which arose under accontual and other conditions of
the parent speech which were widely divergent from conditions in Original Indo-
nosian, has come to perform: important grammatical and semantic functions: Skt.
dena. 2 ‘gol: daiye- 2a ‘divine’; namyate TIA ‘to be bent or bowed passive
beside nomati aafX “to band’: naimyate WFAA passive beside the causative ‘to cause
to bow or sink’. Bat the IN. phenomenon of so-called reot-vatiation does not, as
a rule, convey togular differences ot variations of meaning; ouly a tendeney to
sound-symbolism and other more or less unsystematie devices can be observed,
Although there are xoots that can serra as word-bases, and in coveral
eases, bases may be formed from the doubled or reduplicated root (OTav. laliak ‘to
peel’, Mal. kikir ‘file’), although, moreover, the proses of developing an initial
sound before the root (the so-called prothesis) is ropeatedly instrumental in for:n-
ing dissyllabio ‘bases’, the mos common method of fashioning word-bases eon-
sists fm the indissoluble union of a formative element (which in much the Jargost
puuiber of cases copies the first place) with the root. ‘Thus, ia Maley daln
‘eivoling round a central point’, gilit ‘rolling’, guliis ‘rolling slong’ we di
Hinguish a root lis and the preformative elemonts Ba-, gi-, gu Sanskrit words, on
the other band, are in grost part analysable into roots (eg. man-), suffixes of
derivation (e.g. wus.), and endings of inflection (e.g. -e}: manase; prefixes axe,
moreover, frequently added to words formed in this way: part. lgienort
In IN. lenguages so-called primitive or unsystematic processes of word-
formation bave, like other ‘primitive dovices’, a very wide ecope, Like all men
mhore epecoh is produced to s degree worth mentioning under tha influence of
‘affective’ or ‘smotive’ tendencies (for ingtance, children, the leas oultivated groups
tnd classes of our own sosioty, etotional individuals euch as poots ot young girl.)
members of swall eommanitiee, where the counteracting and rogularising factors
OF school, written Titeratare scientific thought, ee. are almost entirely missing are,
fomporabively speaking, easly diable to eertain devieos of word-formation. Uneya,
fematio intertion of an arbitrary snd often, from the standpoint of those who try
to dofine the objective sonse of words, meaningless element (the so-called ‘Streck-
formen’ device, to uss the German term) is extremely frequent: Malay sérampak
side by side with sampak ‘rubbish’; Gayo Vomparak : tapak ‘palm of the hand’
Jarintions upon familiar o: newly leatat words are lizewise ofton to be met erish
Mal. téabikar: timberek ‘potsherd’; Gayo lambak ; lambut ‘precious’, and an ineli-
zation to twist words into rimes is not only in modern Indian, but alee jn Indo.
nesian languages far from being suppressed: beside Malay tali ‘rope, cord’ we
find tal-timali ‘cordage’, beside sayur ‘green {00d : sayur-mayur “eeible ‘vege
fables ofall Kinds’ ef. Nepali luge suga ‘olothing and necessaries’; pelval sottal
petrol and labricants’. Cases of sound-eymbolism are frequent®. Ix a highly
Gereloped literary language like Sanekrit, which was already early. an instrument
‘to
the Semitic root,
characteristic row SANSKRIT IN DNDONESLA
of expressing profound thought these devices had a very limited scope. The IN
word is, to wind up with and speaking quite generally, toa higher degree subject
to a tendency to variability than the Sanskrit word.”
Turning now to a very suocinet discussion of word-formation we must first
remark that such well-known methods of creating words es abbreviation, metaon-
lysis, retrograde derivation, popular etymology, eto., eto. are not less in use in these
Isngaages than in other linguistic families. ‘Thus Malay rek ‘match’ comes from
korsk api ‘match’ (korék ‘s pin or come object like that for pricking ete.’, api ‘lixe’),
modern Javanere farép-an ‘front veranda’ from farap T Jeavo, of couree, out of consideration
a number of Javanose terms bave been | the writings of fantasts and dilettantes.
added) in Raghu Vire, Our Basie Voca- | Seo, e.g. my remarks in TBG. LXXX
bnlary (Labore 1949), p. 185!f. (1940), p. 183ff. & propos of the opinions
2 G, A.J. Hazon, GajoschNederlandseh of C.N, Maxwell, who holds that 20
Woordenbock, (Batavia, Djaketza,1907); | language is older than Malay, Sanskrit
‘M Joustra, Karo-Bataksch Woordenboek | being very young, bocause it is a literary
(Leyden 1907), language. Malay hae, he seye, spread all
8 Joustra,o ,whilssnotising the origin | over the world, in support whereof the
(Mal. Skt’.) of Kirna ‘because, by, for | words Mal. kamapots and Engl. court are
the sake of' (
