Access our website for more tests: https://www.crackieltswithrob.com. TEST 1 (This passage was released one time on 4 Sep 2021 in Hong kong, but will be forecast to be released again in the upcoming time in other regions) Passage 2 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14-27, which are based on Reading Passage 2 on the following pages. Saving the British Bitterns A. Breeding bitters became extinct in the UK by 1886 but, following re- colonisation early last century, numbers rose to a peak of about 70 booming (singing) males in the 1950s, falling to fewer than 20 by the 1990s. In the late 1980s, it was clear that the bitten was in trouble, but there was little information. on which to base recovery actions. B. Bitterns have cryptic plumage and shy nature, usually remaining hidden within the cover of reedbed vegetation. Our first challenge was to develop standard methods to monitor their numbers. The boom of the male bittern is its most distinctive feature during the breeding season, and we developed a method to count them using the sound patterns unique to each individual. This not only allows us to be much more cettain of the number of booming males in the UK but also enables us to estimate the local survival of males from one year to the next C. Our first direct understanding of the habitat needs of breeding bitters came from comparisons of reedbed sites that had lost their booming birds with those that retained them. This research showed that bitterns had been retained in reedbeds where the natural process of succession, or drying out, had been slowed through management. Based on this work, broad recommendations on how to manage and rehabilitate reedbeds for bitterns were made, and funding was provided through the EU LIFE Fund to manage 13 sites within the core breeding range. This project, though led by the RSPB, involved many other organisations & Subscribe to our channel for the latest tests: ¢p https://rb.gy/penouw This series of tests is predicted for the upcoming exams.Access our website for more tests: https://www.crackieltswithrob.com. D. To refine these recommendations and provide fine-scale, quantitative habitat prescriptions on the bittems” preferred feeding habitat, we radio-tracked male bitters on the RSPB’s Minsmere and Leighton Moss reserves. This showed clear preferences for feeding in the wetter reedbed margins, particularly within the reedbed next to larger open pools. The average home range sizes of the male bitters we followed (about 20 hectares) provided a good indication of the area of reedbed needed when managing or creating habitat for this species. Female bittems undertake all the incubation and care of the young, so it was important to understand their needs as well. Over the course of our research, we located 87 bitten nests and found that female bitterns preferred to nest in areas of continuous vegetation, well into the reedbed, but where water was still present during the driest part of the breeding season. E, The success of the habitat prescriptions developed from this research has been spectacular. For instance, at Minsmere, booming bittem numbers gradually increased from one to 10 following reedbed lowering, a management technique designed to halt the drying out process. Aftera low point of 11 booming males in 1997, bittem numbers in Britain responded to all the habitat management work and started to increase for the first time since the 1950s. F. The final phase of the research involved understanding the diet, survival and dispersal of bittern chicks. To do this we fitted small radio tags to young bitten chicks in the nest, to determine their fate through to fledge and beyond. Many chicks did not survive to fledging and starvation was found to be the most likely reason for their demise. The fish prey fed to chicks was dominated by those species penetrating into the reed edge. So, an important element of recent studies (including a PhD with the University of Hull) has been the development of recommendations on habitat and water conditions to promote healthy native fish populations. G. Once independent, radio-tagged young bitterns were found to seek out new sites during their first winter; a proportion of these would remain on new sites to breed if the conditions were suitable. A second EU LIFE funded project aims to provide these suitable sites in new areas. A network of 19 sites developed through this partnership project will secure a more sustainable UK bittem population with & Subscribe to our channel for the latest tests: ¢p https://rb.gy/penouw This series of tests is predicted for the upcoming exams.Access our website for more tests: https://www.crackieltswithrob.com. successful breeding outside of the core area, less vulnerable to chance events and sea-level rise, HL By 2004, the number of booming male bitterns in the UK had increased to 55, with almost all of the increase being on those sites undertaking management based on advice derived from our research. Although science has been at the core of the bittern story, success has only been achieved through the trust, hard work and dedication of all the managers, owners and wardens of sites that have implemented, in some cases very drastic, management to secure the future of this wetland species in the UK. The constructed bunds and five major sluices now control the water level over 82 ha, with a further 50 ha coming under control in the winter of 2005/06. Reed establishment has principally used natural regeneration or planted seedlings to provide small core areas that will in time expand to create a bigger reed area. To date, nearly 275,000 seedlings have been planted and reed cover is extensive. Over 3 km of new ditches have been formed, 3.7 km of the existing ditch have been re-profiled and 2.2 km of old meander (former estuarine features) have been cleaned out. L _Bitterns now regularly winter on the site with some indication that they are staying longer into the spring. No breeding has yet occurred but a booming male was present in the spring of 2004. A range of wildfowl breed, as well as a good number of reedbed passerines including reed bunting, reed, sedge and grasshopper warblers. Numbers of wintering shoveler have increased so that the site now holds a UK important wintering population. Malltraeth Reserve now forms part of the UK network of key sites for water vole (a UK priority species) and 12 monitoring transects have been established. Otter and brown-hare occur on the sites as does the rare plant, pillwort. & Subscribe to our channel for the latest tests: ¢p https://rb.gy/penouw This series of tests is predicted for the upcoming exams.Access our website for more tests: https://www.crackieltswithrob.com. Questions 14 - 20 Reading Passage 2 has eight paragraphs, A-H. Choose the correct heading for paragraphs, A-H, from the list below. Write the correct number, i-viti, in boxes 14-20 on your answer sheet. List of Headings i research findings into habitats and decisions made ii fluctuation in bittem number iii protect the young bitter iv international cooperation works v Began in calculation of the number vi importance of food vii Research has been successful viii research into the reedbed ix reserve established holding bittem in winter Example Answer Paragraph E vii 14 Paragraph A 15 Paragraph B 16 Paragraph C 17 Paragraph D 18 Paragraph F 19 Paragraph G 20 Paragraph H Questions 21 - 26 Answer the questions below. Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER from the passage for each answer, Write your answers in boxes 21-26 on your answer sheet. 21° When did the bird of bitten reach its peak of number? 22 > What does the author describe the bittern’s character? & Subscribe to our channel for the latest tests: ¢p https://rb.gy/penouw This series of tests is predicted for the upcoming exams.Access our website for more tests: https://www.crackieltswithrob.com. 23 What is the main cause for the chick bittern’s death? 24 What is the main food for chick bitten? 25. What system does it secure the stability for bittem’s population? 26 Besides bittem and rare vegetation, what mammal does the protection plan benefit? Question 27 Choose the correct leer A, B, C or D. Write your answers in box 27 on your answer sheet. 27 What is the main purpose of this passage? A. Main characteristic of a bird called bitten B_ Cooperation can protect an endangered species. C The difficulty of access information of bittern’s habitat and diet. D_ To save wetland and reedbed in the UK. © Subscribe to our channel for the latest tests: ¢p https://rb.ay/pcnouw This series of tests is predicted for the upcoming exams.Access our website for more tests: https://www.crackieltswithrob.com. TEST 2 (This passage was released one time on 11 Sep 2021 in Canada, but will be forecast to be released again in the upcoming time in other regions) Passage 2 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14-27, which are based on Reading Passage 2 on the following pages. Researcher on the Tree Crown A. The forest canopy ~ the term given to the aggregated crowns of trees in a forest — is thought to host up to 40 per cent of all species, of which ten per cent could be unique to the forest roof. “We're dealing with the richest, least known, most threatened habitat on Earth,” says Andrew Mitebell, the executive director of the Global Canopy Programme (GCP), a collection of groups undertaking research into this lofty world. “The problem with our understanding of forests is that nearly all the information we have has been gleaned from just two meters above the soil, and yet we're dealing with trees that grow to heights of 60 meters, or in the case of the tallest redwood 112 meters. It’s like doctors trying to treat humans by only looking at their feet.” B. Tropical rainforest comprises the richest of ecosystems, rivalled only by coral reel for its diversity and complex interrelationships. And a great deal of that diversity lives up in the canopy — an estimated 70-90 per cent of life in the rainforest exists in the trees: one in ten of all vascular plants are canopy dwellers, and about 20-25 per cent of all invertebrates are thought to be unique to the canopy. C. The first Briton to actually get into the canopy may have been Sir Francis Drake who, in 1573, gained his first glimpse of the Pacific Ocean from a tall tree in Darien, Panama. However, the first serious effort to reach and study the canopy didn’t begin until 1929. The Oxford University Expedition to British Guiana, led by Major RWG Hingston, still ended up help of locals when it came to building an observation platform. It was a successful expedition all the same, despite the & Subscribe to our channel for the latest tests: “p https://rb.gy/pcnouw This series of tests is predicted for the upcoming exams.Access our website for more tests: https://www.crackieltswithrob.com. colony’s acting governor getting stuck high up on a winched seat during a visit. In terms of canopy access, the French have proved themselves to be excellent innovators, taking things further with the development of ‘lighter-than-air platforms -balloons and related equipment, to you and me. Francis Halle; from the Laboratoire de Botanique Tropicale at Montpellier University took to a balloon in the mid-1980s in order to approach the canopy from above. His work in French Guiana was inspired by the use in Gabon of a tethered helium balloon by Marcel and Annette Hladick. Halle went one further by using a small purpose- built airship-a cigar-shaped balloon with propellers to aid manoeuvrability. “We suddenly had a mobile system that could move around the treetops; there were no other means of doing this,” says Mitchell D. From this, two balloon-dependent features have developed: the radeau or ralt, and the luge or sledge. The raft is a ‘floating’ platform, employed by French academics Dany Cleyet-Marrel and Laurent Pyot and is essentially an island in the treetops. Made of kevlar mesh netting and edged with inflated neoprene tubes, it rests on top of the canopy, allowing sampling (mostly of plants and insects) to take place at the edges of the platform, and ean stay in position for several days. ‘The luge, on the other hand, is an inflated hexagon similar to a traditional balloon basket but with a hole in the bottom covered with Kevlar mesh. Such techniques aren’t without their problems, however, “balloons can cover larger areas, especially for collection purposes, but they are extremely expensive- Jibe raft alone cost 122,000 [euro] (86,000 [pounds sterling]) in 2001], nut very effective because you can only reach the tops of the trees, and are highly dependent on the weather, ” says Dr Wilfried Morawetz, director of systematic botany at the University of Leipzig. “Balloons can usually only be used in the early morning for two to four hours. Last time, we could only fly three times during the whole week.” Given these factors, it comes as no surprise that operations involving these balloons numbered just six between 1986 and 2001 E. Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute in Panama. Smith had the idea of using a static crane to get into the treetops. Un-tethered balloons may allow widely distributed sites to be sampled, but cranes allow scientists to study an area of at least a hectare from soil to canopy throughout the year, year after year. “Cranes beat any other access mode. They are cheap, reliable and fast. In two & Subscribe to our channel for the latest tests: ¢p https://rb.gy/penouw This series of tests is predicted for the upcoming exams.Access our website for more tests: https://www.crackieltswithrob.com. minutes I can reach any point in our forest, which is essential for comparative measurements across species,” says Professor Christian Komer of the University of Basel. Korner is using a static crane in a unique carbon dioxide-enrichment experiment in Switzerland, in an attempt to discover how forests might respond to the global increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide (see Swiss canopy-crane carbon experiment, right). For reasons of convenience, cranes are generally situated close to cities or a research center. Leipzig University has a crane not far from the town, the Location allowing scientists to study the effect of city pollutants on forests, In order to increase the amount of canopy a crane can access, some have been mounted on short rail tracks. In “1995, Dr Wilftied Morawetz was the first to use this technique, installing a crane on 150 meters of track in the Venezuelan rainforest. “In my opinion, cranes should be the core of canopy research in the future,” he says. F. It appears that the rest of the scientific community has now come around to Mitchell's way of thinking. “I think most scientists thought him mad to consider such a complex field station at first,” says internationally respected ‘canopist” Meg Lowman, the executive director of the Marie Selby Botanical Gardens. “However, we've all come to realize that a combination of methods, a long-term approach to ecological studies and a collaborative approach are the absolute best ways to advance canopy science. A permanent canopy field station would allow that to happen.” With A dedicated group of canopy scientists working together and a wide range of tools available for them to get into the treetops, we're now finally on our way towards a true understanding of the least-known terrestrial habitat. © Subscribe to our channel for the latest tests: ¢p https://rb.ay/pcnouw This series of tests is predicted for the upcoming exams. 10Access our website for more tests: https://www.crackieltswithrob.com. Questions 14 - 18 Reading Passage 2 has six paragraphs, A-F. Which paragraph contains the following information? Write the correct letter, A-F, in boxes 14-18 on your answer sheet. 14. The Scientific significance for committing canopy study 15 The first academic research attempt mentioned to getting the top canopy. 16 The overview idea of the forest canopy and the problem of understanding the forests. 17 Recognition for a long term effect and cooperation. 18 An innovation accessing to treetop which proved to be an ultimate solution till now. Questions 19 - 22 Complete the summary below. Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer. Write your answers in boxes 19-22 on your answer sheet. Scientists keep trying new methods to access to the canopy of the treetop. Though carly attempt succeeded in building an observation platform yet the help from the 19. was imperative; further innovators made by the French \who built a platiorm with equipment by using 20... . Later, the “floating” platform of 21 is serving as an island in the treetops. Then finally, there came the next major breakthrough in Panama. Scientists applied 22. - . to access to the treetops, which are proved to be the center of canopy research in today and in the future. Questions 23 - 27 Use the information in the passage to match the category (listed A-F) with opinions or deeds below. Write the appropriate letters, A-F, in boxes 23-27 on your answer sheet. NB Youmay use any letter more than once. List of names: © Subscribe to our channel for the latest tests: ¢p https://rb.ay/pcnouw This series of tests is predicted for the upcoming exams. iAccess our website for more tests: https://www.crackieltswithrob.com. A Sir Francis Drake D_ Francis Halle B_ Wilfried Morawetz E Christian Komer C Dany Cleyet-Marrel F Alan Smith 23. Scientist whose work was inspired by the method used by other researchers. 24 Scientist who made a claim that a balloon could only be used in a limited frequency or time. 25. Scientist who initiated a successful access mode which is cheap and stable. 26 Scientist who had committed canopy-crane experiment for a specific scientific project. 27 Scientist who initiated the use of crane on the short rail tracks. © Subscribe to our channel for the latest tests: ¢p https://rb.ay/pcnouw This series of tests is predicted for the upcoming exams. 12Access our website for more tests: https://www.crackieltswithrob.com. TEST 3 Passage 2 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14-27, which are based on Reading Passage 2 on the following pages. Wealth in a Cold Climate A. Dr. William Masters was reading a book about mosquitoes when inspiration struck. “There was this anecdote about the great yellow fever epidemic that hit Philadelphia in 1793,” Masters recalls. “This epidemic decimated the city until the first frost came.” The inclement weather froze out the insects, allowing Philadelphia to recover. B. If the weather could be the key to a city’s fortunes, Masters thought, then why not to the historical fortunes of nations? And could frost lie at the heart of one of the most enduring economic mysteries of all — why are almost all the wealthy, industrialized nations to be found at altitudes above 40 degrees? After two years of research, he thinks that he has found a piece of the puzzle. Masters, an agricultural economist from Purdue University in Indiana, and Margaret McMillan at Tufts University, Boston, show that annual frosts are among the factors that distinguish rich nations from poor ones. Their study is published this month in the Journal of Economic Growth. The pair speculates that cold snaps have two main benefits — they freeze pests that would otherwise destroy crops and also freeze organisms, such as mosquitoes, that carry disease. The result is agricultural abundance and a big workforce. C. The academics took two sets of information. The first was average income for countries, the second climate data from the University of East Anglia, They found a curious tally between the sets. Countries having five or more frosty days a month are uniformly rich; those with fewer than five are impoverished. The authors speculate that the five-day figure is important; it could be the minimum time needed to kill pests in the soil, Masters says: “For example, Finland is a small country that is growing quickly, but Bolivia is a small country that isn’t growing at all. Perhaps climate has something to do with that.” In fact, limited & Subscribe to our channel for the latest tests: “p https://rb.gy/pcnouw This series of tests is predicted for the upcoming exams. 13Access our website for more tests: https://www.crackieltswithrob.com. frosts bring huge benefits to farmers. The chills kill insects or render them inactive; cold weather slows the break-up of plant and animal material in the soil, allowing it to become richer, and frosts ensure a build-up of moisture in the ground for spring, reducing dependence on seasonal rains. There are exceptions to the “cold equals rich” argument. There are well-heeled tropical countries such as Hong Kong and Singapore (both city-states, Masters notes), a result of their superior trading positions. Likewise, not all European countries are moneyed ~ in the former communist colonies, the economic potential was crushed by polities. D. Masters stresses that climate will never be the overriding factor — the wealth of nations is too complicated to be attributable to just one factor. Climate, he feels, somehow combines with other factors — such as the presence of institutions, including goverments, and access to trading routes = to determine whether a country will do well. Traditionally, Masters says, economists thought that institutions had the biggest effect on the economy because they brought order to a country in the form of, for example, laws and property rights. With the order, so the thinking went, came affluence. “But there are some problems that even countries with institutions have not been able to get around,” he says. “My feeling is that, as counties get richer, they get better institutions. And the accumulation of wealth and improvement in goveming institutions are both helped by a favorable environment, including climate.” E. This does not mean, he insists, that tropical countries are beyond economic help and destined to remain penniless. Instead, richer countries should change the way in which foreign aid is given. Instead of aid being geared towards improving governance, it should be spent on technology to improve agriculture and combat disease. Masters cites one example: “There are regions in India that have been provided with irrigation — agricultural productivity has gone up and there has been an improvement in health.” Supplying vaceines against tropical diseases and developing crop varieties that can grow in the tropics would break the poverty cycle. F. Other minds have applied themselves to the split between poor and rich nations, citing anthropological, climatic, and zoological reasons for why temperate nations are the most affluent. In 350BC, Aristotle observed that “those & Subscribe to our channel for the latest tests: ¢p https://rb.gy/penouw This series of tests is predicted for the upcoming exams. 4Access our website for more tests: https://www.crackieltswithrob.com. who live in a cold climate ... are full of spirit”. Jared Diamond, from the University of California at Los Angeles, pointed out in his book Guns, Germs and Steel that Eurasia is broadly aligned east-west, while Africa and the Americas are aligned north-south. So, in Europe, crops can spread quickly across latitudes because climates are similar. One of the first domesticated crops, einkorn wheat, spread quickly from the Middle East into Europe; it took twice as long for comm to spread from Mexico to what is now the eastern United States, This easy movement along similar latitudes in Eurasia would also have meant faster dissemination of other technologies such as the wheel and writing, Diamond speculates. The region also boasted domesticated livestock, which could provide meat, wool, and motive power in the fields, Blessed with such natural advantages, Eurasia was bound to take off economically. G. John Gallup and Jefirey Sachs, two US economists, have also pointed out striking correlations between the geographical location of countries and their wealth. They note that tropical countries between 23.45 degrees north and south of the equator are nearly all poor. In an article for the Harvard Intemational Review, they concluded that “development surely seems to favor the temperate- zone economies, especially those in the northern hemisphere, and those that have managed to avoid both socialism and the ravages of war”. But Masters cautions against geographical determinism, the idea that tropical countries are beyond hope: “Human health and agriculture can be made better through scientific and technological research,” he says, “so we shouldn’t be writing off these countries. Take Singapore: without air conditioning, it wouldn’t be rich.” Questions 14 - 20 Reading Passage 2 has seven paragraphs, A-G Choose the correct heading for paragraphs, A-G, from the list below. Write the correct mumber, i-xi, in boxes 14-20 on your answer sheet ist of headings i the positive correlation between climate and country the wealth influenced by other factors besides climate the inspiration from reading a book iv other researcher results still do not rule out exceptional cases & Subscribe to our channel for the latest tests: ¢p https://rb.gy/penouw This series of tests is predicted for the upcoming exams. 15Access our website for more tests: https://www.crackieltswithrob.com. Vv curasia has different attributes from Africa low temperature may benefit people and crop the traditional view reflects the importance of institutions. the best result to use aid which makes a difference ix the spread of erop in European and other courtiers X confusions and exceptional cases such as Singapore 14. Paragraph A 15. Paragraph B 16. Paragraph C 17. Paragraph D 18. Paragraph E 19. Paragraph F 20. Paragraph G Questions 21 - 26 Complete the summary below. Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from Reading Passage 2 for each answer. Write your answers in boxes 21-26 on your answer sheet. Dr. William Master read a book saying that a(an) (21) pandemic which struck an American city of Philadelphia hundreds of years ago, had been terminated by a cold frost. And academics found that there is a positive contribution of a certain period of cold days to economic success as in the small country of (22). Yet besides excellent surroundings and climate, one country needs to improve both their economy and (23)............... (0 achieve long prosperity. Thanks to resembling weather conditions across latitude, the whole continent of (24) cnjoy faster sprcad of its uniformity in many economic factors. Also crops such as (25). are bound to spread faster than those countries aligned from South America to the North. William Master finally pointed out though geographical factors are important tropical © Subscribe to our channel for the latest tests: ¢p https://rb.ay/pcnouw This series of tests is predicted for the upcoming exams. 16Access our website for more tests: https://www.crackieltswithrob.com. countries such as (26)................. still become rich due to scientific advancement. TEST 4 (This passage was released one time on 4 Sep 2021 in Hong kong, but will be ‘forecast to be released again in the upcoming time in other regions) Passage 3 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 28-40, which are based on Reading Passage 3 on the following pages. The secret of the Yawn A. When a scientist began to study yawning in the 1980s, it was difficult to convinee some of his research students of the merits of “yawning science. Although it may appear quirky, his decision to study yawning was a logical extension to human beings of my research in developmental neuroscience, reported in such papers as “Wing-flapping during Development and Evolution.” As a neurobehavioral problem, there is no much difference between the wing- flapping of birds and the face ~ and body-flapping of human yawners. B, Yawning is an ancient, primitive act. Humans do it even before they are born, opening wide in the womb. Some snakes unhinge their jaws to do it. One species of penguins yawns as part of mating. Only now are researchers beginning to understand why we yawn, when we yawn and why we yawn back. A professor of cognitive neuroscience at Drexel University in Philadelphia, Steven Platek, studies the act of contagious yawning, something done only by people and other primates C._ Inhis first experiment, he used a psychological test to rank people on their empathic feelings. He found that participants who did not score high on compassion did not yawn back. “We literally had people saying, “Why am I looking at people yawning?” Professor Platek said. “It just had no effect.” & Subscribe to our channel for the latest tests: vp https://rb.gy/pcnouw This series of tests is predicted for the upcoming exams. 17Access our website for more tests: https://www.crackieltswithrob.com. D. For his second experiment, he put 10 students in a magnetic resonance imaging machine as they watched video tapes of people yawning. When the students watched the videos, the part of the brain which reacted was the part scientists believe controls empathy — the posterior cingulate, in the brain’s middle rear.” I don’t know if it’s necessarily that nice people yawn more, but I think it’s a good indicator of a state of mind,” said Professor Platek. “It’s also a good indicator if you're empathizing with me and paying attention.” E. His third experiment is studying yawning in those with brain disorders, such as autism and schizophrenia, in which victims have difficulty connecting emotionally with others. A psychology professor at the University of Maryland, Robert Provine, is one of the few other researchers into yawning. He found the basic yawn lasts about six seconds and they come in bouts with an interval of about 68 seconds. Men and women yawn or half-yawn equally often, but men are significantly less likely to cover their mouths which may indicate complex distinction in genders.” A watched yawner never yawns,” Professor Provine said. However, the physical root of yawning remains a mystery. Some researchers say it’s coordinated within the hypothalamus of the brain, the area that also controls breathing F. Yawning and stretching also share properties and may be performed together as parts of a global motor complex. But they do not always co-occur — people usually yawn when we stretch, but we don’t always stretch when we yawn, especially before bedtime. Studies by J.LP, G-HLA. Visser and LF. Prechtl in the early 1980s, charting movement in the developing fetus using ultrasound, observed not just yawning but a link between yawning and stretching as early as the end of the first prenatal trimester. G. The most extraordinary demonstration of the yawn-stretch linkage occurs in many people paralyzed on one side of their body because of brain damage caused by a stroke. The prominent British neurologist Sir Francis Walshe noted in 1923 what when these hemiplegics yawn, they are startled and mystified to observe that their otherwise paralyzed arm rises and flexes automatically in what neurologists term an “associated response.” Yawning apparently activates & Subscribe to our channel for the latest tests: “p https://rb.gy/pcnouw This series of tests is predicted for the upcoming exams. 18Access our website for more tests: https://www.crackieltswithrob.com. undamaged, unconsciously controlled connections between the brain and the cord motor system innervating the paralyzed limb. It is not known whether the associated response is a positive prognosis for recovery, nor whether yawning is therapeutic for reinnervation or prevention of muscular atrophy H. Clinical neurology offers other surprises. Some patients with “locked-in” syndrome, who are almost totally deprived of the ability to move voluntarily, can yawn nonmally. The neural circuits for spontaneous yawning must exist in the brain stem near other respiratory and vasomotor centers, because yawning is performed by anencephalic who possess only the medulla oblongata. The multiplicity of stimuli of contagious yawning, by contrast, implicates many higher brain regions. Questions 28 - 32 Complete the summary below. Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS fiom passage for each answer. Write your correet answers in boxes 28-32 on your answer sheet. A psychology professor drew a conclusion after observation that it takes about six seconds to complete average yawning which needs (28). before the following yawning comes. It is almost at the same frequency that male and female yawn or half, yet behavior accompanied with yawning showing a (29) in genders. Some parts within the brain may affect the movement which also has something to do with (30)... another finding also finds there is a link between a yawn and (31)... Secs before a baby was bom, which two can be automatically co-operating even among people whose (32). is damaged. Questions 33 - 37 Reading Passage 3 has eight paragraphs, A-H. Which paragraph contains the following information? Write the correct letter, A-H, for question 33-37. NB You may use any letter more than once. © Subscribe to our channel for the latest tests: ¢p https://rb.ay/pcnouw This series of tests is predicted for the upcoming exams. 19Access our website for more tests: https://www.crackieltswithrob.com. 33. The rate for yawning shows some regular pattern. 34 Yawning is an inherent ability that appears in both animals and humans. 35. Stretching and yawning is not always going together. 36 Yawning may suggest people are having positive notice or response in communicating, 37 Some superior areas in the brain may deal with the infectious feature of yawning. Questions 38 - 40 Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 32 In boxes 38-40 on your answer sheet, write TRUE if the statement is true FALSE if the statement is false NOT GIVEN _ if the information is not given in the passage 38 Several students in Platek’s experiment did not comprehend why their tutor ask them to yawn back. 39 Some results from the certain experiment indicate the link between yawning and compassion. 40 Yawning can show an affirmative impact on the recovery from brain damage brought by s stroke © Subscribe to our channel for the latest tests: ¢p https://rb.ay/pcnouw This series of tests is predicted for the upcoming exams. 20