30-09-2023

Basic of Python
• Collections
• List
Python Review • Tuple
A quick refresher • Set
• Dictionary
• NumPy (Matrix)

Collections - List Collections - List

• Concatenate two lists
• Lists are mutable arrays. Let's see how they work. • += operator is a short hand for list1 = list1 + list2 (can also be used
• names = ["Zach", "Jay"] for -, *, / and on other types of variables)
• names += ["Abi", "Kevin"]
• Index into list by index • print(names)
• print(names[0])
• Two ways to create an empty list
• Append to list (appends to end of list) • more_names = []
• names.append("Richard") • more_names = list()
• print(names)
• Create a list that contains different data types, this is allowed in
• Get length of list Python
• print(len(names)) • stuff = [1, ["hi", "bye"], -0.12, None]
• print(stuff)

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Collections - List Collections - List

• List slicing is a useful way to access a slice of elements • : takes the slice of all elements along a dimension, is
in a list. very useful when working with numpy arrays
• numbers = [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]
• print(numbers[:])
• Slices from start index (inclusive) to end index
(exclusive) • # Negative index wraps around, start counting from
• print(numbers[0:3]) the end of list
• When start index is not specified, it is start of list • print(numbers[-1])
• When end index is not specified, it is end of list • print(numbers[-3:])
• print(numbers[:3]) • print(numbers[3:-2])
• print(numbers[5:])

Collections - Tuples Collections - Tuple

• Tuples are immutable arrays. Let's see how they work.
• But unlike lists, tuples do not support item re-assignment
• Use parentheses for tuples, square brackets for lists • names[0] = "Richard"
• names = ("Zach", "Jay") • Create an empty tuple
• Syntax for accessing an element and getting length are • empty = tuple()
the same as lists • print(empty)
• print(names[0]) • Create a tuple with a single item, the comma is important
• print(len(names)) • single = (10,)
• print(single)

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Collections - Dictionaries Collections - Dictionaries

• Check if a key is in the dictionary
Dictionaries are hash maps. Let's see how they work.
• print("Zach" in phonebook)
• Two ways to create an empty dictionary
• phonebook = {}
• print("Kevin" in phonebook)
• phonebook = dict() • Get corresponding value for a key
• Create dictionary with one item • print(phonebook["Jay"])
• phonebook = {"Zach": "12-37"} • Delete an item
• Add another item • del phonebook["Zach"]
• phonebook["Jay"] = "34-23" • print(phonebook)

Loops
• #Basic for loop
Loops
• for i in range(5): • Second Method
print(i) • for i, name in enumerate(names):
• To iterate over a list
• names = ["Zach", "Jay", "Richard"] print(i, name)
• for name in names: • To iterate over a dictionary
print(name) • phonebook = {"Zach": "12-37", "Jay": "34-23"}
• To iterate over indices and values in a list
• # Way 1 • Iterate over keys
• for i in range(len(names)): • for name in phonebook:
• print(i, names[i]) print(name)
• print("---")
print("---")

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Loops NumPy – Numerical computation

• Iterate over values •Import numpy
•for number in phonebook.values(): •import numpy as np
print(number) •Create numpy arrays from lists
print("---") •x = np.array([1,2,3])
• Iterate over keys and values •a = np.array([[1,2,3]])
•for name, number in phonebook.items(): •y = np.array([[3,4,5]])
print(name, number) •z = np.array([[6,7],[8,9]])

Precautions!!
NumPy – Array Dimensions - Shape • Vectors can be represented as 1-D arrays of shape (N,) or 2-D
arrays of shape (N, 1) or (1, N).
•print(x.shape) • (N,), (N, 1), and (1,N) are not the same.
•print(y.shape) • Matrices are generally represented as 2-D arrays of shape (M, N).
• Test the shape before you go further down with the program
•print() • a = np.arange(10)
•print(z) • b = a.reshape((5, 2))
• print(a)
•print(z.shape) • print()
• print(b)

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NP Array Operations NP Matrix Operations

• A = np.array([[1, 2], [3, 4]])
• x = np.array([[1,2],[3,4], [5, 6]]) • B = np.array([[3, 3], [3, 3]])
• print(x) • print(A)
• print() • print(B)
• print("---")
• print(x.shape)
• print(A * B)
• print(np.max(x, axis = 1)) We can do matrix multiplication with np.matmul or @.
• print(np.max(x, axis = 1).shape) • One way to do matrix multiplication
• print(np.matmul(A, B))
• print(np.max(x, axis = 1, keepdims = True))
• Another way to do matrix multiplication
• print(np.max(x, axis = 1, keepdims = • print(A @ B)
True).shape)

NP Matrix Operations NP Matrix Operations

• u = np.array([1, 2, 3]) • This works.
• v = np.array([1, 10, 100]) • print(np.dot(v, W))
• print(np.dot(u, v)) • print(np.dot(v, W).shape)
• Can also call numpy operations on the numpy array, useful for
chaining together multiple operations • This does not. Why?
• print(u.dot(v)) • print(np.dot(W, v))

• W = np.array([[1, 2], [3, 4], [5, 6]]) • We can fix the above issue by transposing W.
• print(v.shape) • print(np.dot(W.T, v))
• print(W.shape) • print(np.dot(W.T, v).shape)

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Indexing in matrix
• x = np.random.random((3, 4))
• Selects all of x
• print(x[:])
• Selects the 0th and 2nd rows
• print(x[np.array([0, 2]), :])
• Selects 1st row as 1-D vector and and 1st through 2nd elements
• print(x[1, 1:3])

• Boolean indexing
• print(x[x > 0.5])
• 3-D vector of shape (3, 4, 1)
• print(x[:, :, np.newaxis])