REVIEWER IN TNCT

PLANETARY NETWORKS : The interconnection between radiation are not balanced, it results in global
the different elements and living creatures in the natural warming.
environment on and beyond earth.
SEA LEVEL: is the height or level of the surface of the
ECOSYSTEM: A geographic area where Biotic (Living) earth’s seas and oceans. The measurement of sea level
and abiotic (non-living) Feature coexisting. reflects changes in the shoreline. The sea level is also
used as a standard to measure the elevation of the
Every elements on the system depends on and effects
Earth’s land masses.
each other.
VOLCANIC ERUPTION: happen when magma, a molten
BIODIVERSITY: is the variety of the species in the area.
rock, rises up and is released from a volcano.
It’s Support everything in nature and Provides human in
every means to survive. - One example is the eruption of Mount Pinatubo
in 1991. After the eruption, cooler
SPECIES RICHNESS: the common measure of variety of
Temperatures were recorded worldwide.
life species. The count species in the area.
- The fine ashes and gases from the eruption
THE EARTH AS A SOURCE OF BASIC NEEDS went Up into the atmosphere, forming a large
volcanic cloud that temporarily covered the
- The earth provide us with resources for our sun’s radiation.
physiological needs or biological necessities for
survival . GREENHOUSES EFFECT: is a process by which heat from
the sun’s radiation is redirected and Trapped in the
Earth’s surface, because of greenhouse gases such as
LESSON 1: CLIMATE CHANGE carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, ozone, and
other artificial gases like chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs).
CLIMATE: Is the meteorological condition in a specific These gases wrap around the Earth like a blanket, acting
region or location over a long period of time. For like an actual greenhouse.
example, the Philippines’ climate is tropical and
maritime, which features warm temperatures, abundant GLOBAL WARMING: refers to the long-term increase of
rainfall, and high humidity. the planet’s temperature through the years.

WEATHER: Is the state of atmospheric conditions in a - Global warming has various causes, such as
certain area for a particular time. For instance, the solar radiation, volcanic eruptions, and air
weather can be sunny in the morning and rainy in the pollution.
afternoon. CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION
CLIMATE CHANGE: Is the periodic alteration of the MITIGATION: taking action to reduce the effects of a
Earth’s weather patterns and meteorological conditions. dangerous or harmful environmental condition.
It involves the sharp rise or decline of temperature,
shifting wildlife habitats, and extreme weather - Climate change mitigation programs are
conditions. planned thoroughly by experts and are
Approved by the government. In the Philippines,
CHARACTERISTICS OF CLIMATE CHANGE the National Disaster Risk Reduction and
GLOBAL TEMPERATURE: Is the average temperature Management Council (NDRRMC) is responsible
over the entire surface of the planet. Global for planning how to reduce and avoid the
temperature is dependent on the solar energy received hazards caused by disasters to various
by our planet and the amount of radiation reflecting communities.
back to space. LOCAL ENVIRONMENTAL PROGRAMS IN THE
- Global temperatures or global warming is air PHILIPPINES
pollution, which causes the greenhouse effect - Local environmental laws in the country can
Or the trapping of the heat from the sun near lead to actively saving our environment and
the Earth’s surface. ensuring resource sustainability for future
PRECIPITATION: Is the falling of water from clouds to generations. The Department of Environment
the Earth’s surface in the form of rain, snow, sleet, or and Natural Resources (DENR) has placed
hail. It is one of the main stages of the water cycle. climate change-related projects on the list of
Priority programs of the department.
- The amount of Precipitation is measured using a
rain gauge. SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT PROGRAM (SWMP)

SOLAR ACTIVITY: is defined as the disturbances on the - This program focuses on the implementation of
surface of the sun. Examples are solar flares, sunsets, the solid waste management plans aligned
and prominences. With the objectives of the National Ecology
Center of the Philippines. It manages the
- Solar radiation is related to the average global information dissemination, consultation, and
temperature on Earth. When the incoming education of the local government units about
radiation from the sun and outgoing thermal
 ecological waste management. This program - Initiative: ordinary citizens propose a
also includes the formalization of waste Measure that needs to receive enough
collection and recycling. signatures to be passed as a law.
- Recall: registered voters gather signatures to
ENHANCED NATIONAL GREENING PROGRAM (ENGP)
remove an official from office.
- This program aims to plant more tree seedlings - Referendum: is conducted to allow the people
on the denuded and degraded forestlands to decide whether or not to adopt a new policy.
nationwide. It also provides opportunities for
TYPES OF DEMOCRACY
social enterprises to create a sustainable
livelihood. It encourages local government units CLASSICAL DEMOCRACY: refers to the system of
to mobilize upland communities for the government practiced in ancient Athens. Reviewing this
development of forest plantations. type of democracy is important to trace the roots of the
direct form of democratic rule.
ENHANCED BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION (EBC)
LIBERAL DEMOCRACY: is the type of democracy that
- This program’s priority is to restore and
Western countries, such as the United States and the
rehabilitate biodiversity in the country’s
United Kingdom, promote to the rest of the world. As a
ecosystem. It plans to effectively manage and
political ideology, liberalism emphasizes respect for
maintain ecosystem services to ensure
individual rights, freedom, and reason (Heywood 2013).
sustainable development for the Filipino
For the economy, it supports the adoption of the market
population.
system, which is argued to be the type of economic
system that maximizes individual choice.
LESSON 2: THE CONCEPT OF DEMOCRACY
Tyranny of the Majority- they voted to deprive
DEMOCRACY : comes from the Greek words demos minorities of their freedom of speech.
(people) and kratos (to rule). These two words give the
SOCIAL DEMOCRACY: Aims to create enabling
idea that democracy is a system of government based
environments for real freedoms to be experienced
on the rule of the people. As a political concept, it is
(Kastning 2013). In this sense, the government plays a
contrasted with authoritarianism, a system of
crucial role in delivering social services such as
government of the few characterized by the
education, health care, and transportation. Collective
suppression of individual freedoms.
interests take precedence over individual aims.
- PEOPLE- Citizens who are members of a
RADICAL DEMOCRACY: is built on the idea of
political.
contestation. In the liberal democratic sense of the
- NATION STATE – socio-cultural community.
word, government apparatuses such as courts and
FORMS OF DEMOCRATIC RULE parliaments are sites of deliberation. Radical democracy
extends the idea by asserting that democracy entails
REPRESENTATIVE DEMOCRACY: People are chosen to subjecting everything that exists to contestation.
act on behalf of another group (Keane 2009). Through
elections, eligible citizens decide who will articulate 4 ELEMENTS OF DEMOCRACY
their interests within a given period of time.
Larry Diamond a well-known scholar of democracy.
- The principles of representative democracy are
1. Competition for Power- Holding political office
also applicable in settings outside the
in a democracy is not permanent. Positions are
government—in schools, businesses, churches,
filled through regular elections that should be
families, and other forms of association.
free and fair.
- Trustee model: individuals are chosen based on
Multiparty system must be in place to ensure
qualities that set them apart from the others.
maximum participation in the electoral Process.
- Delegate model: representatives only act based
2. Participation in Civic and Political Life-
on the guidance of the constituents.
Democracy recognizes the right of individuals to
- Mandate model: relies on the platform of a
participate in the decision-making process.
political party. The winning candidate or party
In politics, this means that they have the right to
receives the mandate from the people to
vote and run for office, provided that they are
implement the platforms promised during
not disqualified by any law.
elections (Heywood 2013, 198).
3. Respect for Individual Rights- being adopted by
- Resemblance model: argues that leaders must
the majority or through the consensus of the
originate from the group or sector they claim to
community, must also promote and respect the
represent.
rights of individuals. The united Nations
DIRECT DEMOCRACY: crisis of representative Universal Declaration of Human Rights
democracy is a concept that refers to the failure of summarizes the fundamental rights of every
politicians, political parties, and governments to act individual.
based on the will of the people. 4. Rule of Law- a standard for decision making
based on impartial laws. It is a guarantee from
- Direct democracy recognizes the ability of the irrational or unjust actions of any government,
people to create and implement policies for group, or individual.
Themselves (Keane 2009).
LESSON 3: DEMOCRATIC PRACTICES without due process of law, nor shall any person be
denied the equal protection of the laws.”

CONSTITUTION:
Free Elections and Vote-based Systems
Considered the highest law in a country. All other laws
AS the sovereign, the people in a democracy possess the
are expected to conform to its contents. It outlines the
right to suffrage or the right to Vote. Elections serve as
state policies, the structure of the government, the
the avenue to evaluate the performance of incumbent
functions of different officials, and the priorities of the
officials(Heywood 2013, 206). By casting their vote, the
state (Heywood 2013). It serves as the basis for the
people give their confidence to their representatives.
creation, revision, or amendment of laws.
Article V Section 1 of the 1987 Constitution, “No
Secessionist Group: Aim to gain independence from the
literacy, property, or other substantive requirement
state. Liberation movements based on ethnic, regional,
Shall be imposed on the exercise of suffrage.”
or religious identities
Vote based system: One vote, One person
DEMOCRATIC PRACTICES & SIGNIFICANT
CITIZEN PARTICIPATION:
1. Free elections and Vote-based systems:
Participation in a democracy takes different forms. instituted to ensure that power is distributed
Voting and running for office are two common examples among various groups.
associated with elections. A broader view of 2. Citizen Participation: composed of various
participation would recognize that citizen involvement is practices intended to amplify the
also required during times outside the election season. Demand or grievance of a group or hold public
Democracy, after all, is a way of life. It can only survive officials Accountable.
with the support of the people. 3. Majority Rule: aimed to promote the general
welfare of the people.
POLITICAL PARTICIPATION: 4. Respect for minority: adopted to guarantee the
Refers to the various activities people engage into equal protection of minority groups.
influence political decisions. Campaigning for a 5. Constitutionalism: intended to outline the
candidate, signing petitions, attending consultations, rights and obligations of citizens and Limit the
lobbying, protesting, and joining political and civic powers of those in power.
groups are few examples that fall within the scope of
the concept

WAYS TO PARTICIPATE

1. CAMPAIGNING: promoting a candidate or a

policy
2. SIGNING PETITION: endorsing a proposal
through a signature campaign.
3. ATTENDING CONSULTATIONS: participating in a
meeting or forum about a project or policy that
will be implemented.
4. LOBBYING: meeting with policymakers to
endorse a proposal.
5. PROTESTING: expressing disapproval in public
through creative means.
6. JOINING POLITICAL AND CIVIC GROUP: being a
member of a political party or civil society
Organization.

MAJORITY RULE:

It means that policies are implemented based on the

agreement of a considerable number of people. In its
strict sense, an absolute majority is equivalent to 50% +
1 of the total voting population (Heywood 2013).

RESPECT FOR MINORITY RIGHTS:

It is the basic principle of democracy that the majority

cannot exercise its power at the expense of violating the
rights of those in the minority. Individuals belonging to
the majority and the minority possess equal rights. As
Article III Section I of the 1987 Constitution states, “No
person shall be deprived of life, liberty, or property