nani gelovani, giorgi sanikiZe

islami
(religia, istoria, civilizacia)

redaqtori: goCa jafariZe

Tbilisi
2008

Sesavali
 winamdebare wigni warmoadgens studentebisaTvis gankuTvnil
saxelmZRvanelos. misi mizania studentebsa da dainteresebul mkiTxvels gaaacnos
islamuri religiis safuZvlebi, islamuri samyaros istoriuli ganviTareba, misi
kulturuli tradiciebi Tu ideologiuri Taviseburebebi.

naSromSi arabuli terminebi da sakuTari saxelebi gadmocemulia samecniero

transliteraciiT1. yuranis citirebisas da yuranis aiebis numeraciisas veyrdnobiT
yuranis evropul (g. fliugelis) gamocemas2

1 daSvebulia ramdenime gamonaklisi. mag., mociquli muhamadi (mu®ammadis nacvlad), yurani,

hadisi, yadi.
2 Corani textus ad fidem librorum manuscriptorum et ad praeciporum interpretum
lectiones et auctoritatem recensuit indicesque triganta sectionum et suratarum
adidit Gustavus Fluegel.Lipsiae, 1958.

2
 Tavi I
muhamadi da islamis warmoSoba

1. islamis warmoSobis mizezebi da pirobebi

islamis samSoblo arabeTis naxevarkunZulia (jazãraT al-‘arab). islami Caisaxa

al-Ðijázis qalaq meqaSi, VII saukunis I mesamedSi. al-Ðijázi muslimebisaTvis aris
wminda miwa (al-bilád al-mukaddasa) iseve rogorc palestina _ iudevelebisa da
qristianebisaTvis. wminda qalaqebis meqisa (maqqa) da medinis (al-madãna al-
munavvara) garSemo teritoriaze akrZalulia (Ðarám) aramuslimTa daSveba, xolo
al-Ðijázis danarCen nawilSi SezRudulia.
islamis warmoSoba arabul sazogadoebaSi gamowveuli iyo mTeli rigi
social-ekonomikuri da politikuri mizezebiT. islamis warmoSobis win arabebi
iyvnen patriarqalur-Temuri wyobilebis rRvevisa da klasobrivi sazogadoebis
Camoyalibebis pirobebSi. rogorc yvela tomobriv sazogadoebaSi, toms da masSi
Semaval yvela gvars Tavisi winamZRoli hyavda. Tumca es ar niSnavda erTpirovnul
mmarTvelobas. islamamdel arabeTSi3 koleqtiuri mmarTvelobis principi
moqmedebda, funqciebi ganawilebuli iyo. V saukunis Sua xanebSi kuraÁSis tomma
Tavisi winamZRolis _ kuíaÁÁ b. qilábis meTaurobiT gaaZeva xuzá‘as tomi meqidan.
kuraiSelebma daikaves meqa da misi sanaxebi. meqa iyo hijazis yvelaze msxvili
dasaxlebuli punqti _ savaWro da religiuri centri. aq idga qaabas (qa‘ba) taZari,
romlis aSeneba miewereba bibliur abraamsa (ibráhãm) da mis vaJs ismails (ismá‘ãl).
qaaba uZvelesi droidan warmoadgenda arabi tomebis piligrimobis adgils. amasTan
aq imarTeboda bazroba4, sadac momTabare beduinebi cvlidnen TavianT saqonels
(tyavi, abreSumi, saqoneli) xorbalze, finikze da xelosnobis nawarmze.
kuraiSelebi gansaxldnen qaabas taZris garSemo. Sua saukuneebis arabi avtorebi am
tomSi 25 gvars iTvlian. Tumca kusaÁÁs meqaSi gadasaxlebisas, misi ojaxi
Sedgeboda 16 gvarisagan. kuíaÁÁm Tavis Tanatomelebs Soris gaanawila qaabas
garSemo teritoria. kuíaiÁÉ gaxda qaabas mcveli da meqis mmarTveli. qalaqi meqa
dayofili iyo ubnebad, TiToeul ubanSi TiTo gvari cxovrobda. TviTon kuíaiÁs
saxli, qaabas dasavleTiT, iyo gvaris uxucesTa (mala’) Sekrebis adgili da
miiRo saxelwodeba _ “dár an-nadva” (sakrebulo saxli). es iyo mmarTvelobis
erTgvari organo _ sakrebulo. zogierTi Tanamedrove mkvlevari mas senats,
parlamentsac uwodebs, risTvisac realuri safuZveli ar arsebobs. mas hqonda
saTaTbiros, sakonsultacio organos funqcia. am sakonsultacio organoSi
Sediodnen uxucesebi an mamakacebi 40 wlis da zemoT. politikuri Zalaufleba dár
an-nadva-s ar gaaCnda, kritikul situaciebSi gadawyvetileba ver gamohqonda _ ar
acxadebda oms an ar debda samSvidobo xelSekrulebas. boikotis gamocxadeba
háSimisa da al-muttalibis gvarebisadmi adasturebs, rom SeiZleboda ekonomikuri
da socialuri zemoqmedebis gamoyeneba “mowinaaRmdege umciresobis” mimarT.
sazogadoebis TiToeuli wevris usafrTxoebas uzrunvelyofda ara sajaro kanoni,
aramed gvarovnul-tomobrivi kavSirebi. amas adasturebs islamamdel arabeTSi
socialur urTierTobaTa iseTi institutebis arseboba, rogoric aris ®ilfi

3 es iyo jahiliis (arab. jáhiliÁÁa) periodi _ sibnelis, uvicobis xana islamuri periodis
sapirispirod. am periodis aTvla xdeba samyaros Seqmnidan muhamadamde. zogjer is iyofa or
nawilad: 1. iesomde da 2. iesodan muhamadamde.
4 es iyo cnobili ‘ukáûis bazroba, romelic mdebareobda meqis samxreT-dasavleTiT, naxlas
da tá’ifs Soris. is imarTeboda wminda TveebSi da baJi ar iyo dawesebuli. bazroba
izidavda ara marto meqis siwmindeTa momlocvelT (piligrimebs), aramed sxvadasxva tomis
warmomadgenlebs (mag. Tamãm), romlebic Cndebodnen piligrimebs Soris iaraRiT da xSirad
Cxubisa da areulobis moTaveebi iyvnen. bazrobaze wesrigis damyareba evaleboda Tamãm-is
toms, romlis winamZRoli erTdroulad asrulebda mosamarTlis funqcias. aq vaWrobisa da
tomTa Soris konflitebis ganxilvis garda, imarTeboda poetTa da momReralTa Sejibrebebi.

3
(ficiT ganmtkicebuli kavSiri), jivári (mfarvelobis gamocxadeba oficialurad),
valá’ (ganTavisuflebuli monis, araarabi muslimis mfarveloba).
VI saukunis 30-ian wlebamde, meqis religiur-politikur xelmZRvanelobasTan
dakavSirebuli yvela funqcia kuíaiÁs erT-erTi vaJis _ ‘abd ad-dáris xelSi iyo.
banå ‘abd ad-dár iyo qaabas taZris gasaRebis mcveli (®ijába an sidána) da
sargeblobda privilegiebiT: mlocvelTa wyliT momarageba (sikáÁa), sakrebulo
saxlSi warmomadgenloba (nadva), uqoneli piligrimebisaTvis saarsebo saxsrebis
Segroveba (rifáda)5, kuraiSelTa droSis flobis ufleba (livá’). amas ar SeiZleba
vuwodoT qalaqis administracia, es iyo ufro sapatio valdebulebebi, romelTagan
zogierTs Semosavali mohqonda. mag., sikáÁa gulisxmobda garkveul gadasaxads
zamzamis wyliT sargeblobisaTvis. aris cnobebi, rom piligrimebi da vaWrebi
ibegrebodnen sxvadasxva gadasaxadebiT. aman gamoiwvia kuraiSelTa mzardi da
ekonomikurad Zlieri gvaris — ‘abd manáfis ukmayofileba. maT pretenzia
ganacxades am privilegiebze, romlebic saSualebas aZlevda kuraiSelTa zedafenas
zegavlena moexdinaT sxvebze, maT Soris piligrimebze. swored prioritetuli
mdgomareobis gamo brZolas ukavSirdeba meqelTa gayofa or ZiriTad jgufad: “al-
mutaÁÁbån” (sunamo dapkurebulebi) _ kavSiri, romelic Seikra ‘abd manáfis
iniciativiT da “la‘akaT al-dam” (sisxlis moyvarulebi) — kavSiri, romelic
Seikra ‘abd ad-dáris garSemo . maT Soris kompromisi miRweuli iqna sapatio
6
funqciebis axali gadanawilebiT. aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom TiToeuli adamianis
roli meqis mmarTvelobaSi damokidebuli iyo or faqtze — mis gvarze da sakuTar
SesaZleblobebze. muhamadis moRvaweobis adreul periodSi, abå sufÁánis
gadamwyveti roli meqis Sidapolitikur saqmeebSi ganpirobebuli iyo ara misi
mniSvnelovani TanamdebobiT, aramed im gavleniT da mdgomareobiT, romelic ekava
‘abd Samsis (an umaÁÁa) gvars.
meqis, rogorc savaWro centris zrda ganpirobebuli iyo wminda, akrZaluli
teritoriis7 arsebobiT, sadac xalxi modioda da ar eSinoda Tavdasxmebis.
geografiuli pirobebi aseve xelsayreli iyo. meqaze gadioda didi savaWro-
saqaravno gza, romelic ukavSirdeboda hijazs, sirias, iemens da mewamul zRvas.
Tavdapirvelad meqelebi iyvnen mxolod Suamavlebi da mevaxSeoba iyo maTi ZiriTadi
Semosavali. VI saukunis bolos, meqelebi TiTqmis mTlianad akontrolebdnen
vaWrobas iemenidan siriaSi — mniSvnelovan savaWro gzas, romliTac dasavleTi
iRebda fufunebis sagnebs indoeTidan da keTilsurnelebebs samxreT arabeTidan.
meqa iyo aramarto savaWro, aramed safinanso centric. imdroindel meqaSi mravlad
iyvnen vaWrebi, CarCebi, gadamyidvelebi, romlebic yvelafrisagan cdilobdnen
mogebis miRebas. dasaxelebulia e. w. meqeli finansistebi, romlebsac specialuri
wigni hqondaT Sedgenili, sadac mimdinare angariSebs iwerdnen. maT Cawerili
hqondaT krediti da debeti. mevaxSeobiT vaWrebic yofilan dakavebuli. es iyo maTi
Semosavlis erT-erTi da arcTu umniSvnelo wyaro — isini fuliT vaWrobdnen.
meqeli mevaxSeebi aormagebdnen procentebs, Tu vali droze ar iqneboda gadaxdili.
Tumca meqis monawileobam sagareo da saSinao vaWrobaSi gamoiwvia simdidris
dagroveba qalaqSi da Sesabamisad didi qonebrivi uTanasworoba. kuraiSelebs
Soris iyo mdidari gvarebi, romlebic dakavebuli iyvnen vaWrobiT da mevaxSeobiT.
aseTi iyo umaÁÁas gvari. Raribi gvarebi dakavebuli iyvnen wvrili vaWrobiT,
xelosnobiT da mesaqonleobiT. aseTi iyo haSimis gvari (banå háSim), romelsac
miekuTvneboda islamis fuZemdebeli muhamadi (muÐammad ibn ‘abd al-láhი). qonebrivi
uTanasworoba arsebobda gvarebs Sorisac. meqaSi Camoyalibda ori fena: meqis
gvarovnuli aristokratia da gvarovnuli demokratia.

5 kuraÁSis tomis yvela SeZlebuli gvaris warmomadgeneli Tavis valdebulebad Tvlida

aRmateboda sxvebs mowyalebis gaRebiT da amiT garkveuli avtoriteti moepovebina.
6 es kavSirebi ficiT iqna ganmtkicebuli. pirvel SemTxvevaSi maT xeli Cayves TasSi,
romelic keTilsurnelebiT iyo savse da xelisguliT kvali datoves qaabaze. meore
SemTxvevaSi ki maT xeli ganibanes msxverplad Sewiruli cxovelis sisxlSi. ganxeTqilebis
zusti TariRi ar aris cnobili. es unda momxdariyo daaxloebiT VI saukunis Sua wlebSi.
7 rogorc wesi, taZrebis garSemo gamoiyofoda wminda teritoria, sadac yvela —
adamianebi, cxovelebi da mcenareebi — iTvleboda xelSeuxeblad. aqve iyo taZris
saganZuri da sakurTxeveli, romelic gankuTvnili iyo msxverplSewirvisaTvis.

4
 arabeTis teritoriebis didi nawili, maT Soris meqa iyo ori didi imperiis
— bizantia da irani — dapirispirebis obieqti. aseve Tavisi interesebi hqonda
abisiniis samefos anu eTiopias. am imperiebis interesi arabeTisadmi ZiriTadad
gamowveuli iyo savaWro miznebiT. bizantias sWirdeboda fufunebis sagnebi
aRmosavleTidan, xolo irani akontrolebda praqtikulad yvela savaWro gzas:
orive saxmeleTo gzas indoeTidan da CineTidan, garda imisa, romelic gadioda
CrdiloeTiT kaspiis zRvidan; sazRvao gzebs indoeTidan da ceilonidan sparseTis
yuris gavliT. rCeboda mxolod saxmeleTo gza dasavleT arabeTis da siriis
gavliT da marSruti mewamul zRvaze, romelic naklebad gamoiyeneboda. 525 wels
eTiopiam daipyro iemeni da samxreT arabeTi. 570 an 575 wels iranma daipyro iemeni
da daamyara Tavisi kontroli satranzito vaWrobaze, gadaketa gza iemenidan
hijazis gavliT siriaSi, palestinasa da iranSi. amis Semdeg saqaravno gza gadioda
mxolod iranis gavliT. am garemoebam da mezobeli saxelmwifoebis Tu tomebis
Tavdasxmebma gamoiwvia hijazis ekonomikuri dacema8, mravali arabuli tomis
ganadgureba, uqonelTa ricxvis gazrda, sazogadoebis SigniT dapirispirebebis
gamwvaveba. saWiro gaxda am tomebis gaerTianeba da arabuli saxelmwifoebriobis
Camoyalibeba. es amocana ganaxorciela religiur-politikurma moZraobam islamis
droSiT.
rac Seexeba religiur viTarebas winaislamur meqaSi9, warmarTi arabebi
umaRlesi RmerTis — alahis gverdiT Tayvans cemdnen kerpebs. qaabas taZris ezoSi
idga 360 kerpi, romlebic warmoadgendnen Suamavlebs xalxsa da alahs Soris. III
saukunis meore naxevridan meqis mTavari kerpi iyo hubali, romelic mfarvelobda
kuraiSelebs. hubalis kerpi-simbolo iyo adamianis gamosaxuleba motexili marjvena
xeliT (damzadebuli iyo wiTeli serdolikisagan). kuraiSelebma es kerpi am saxiT
miiRes da bolos maT daamzades xeli oqrosagan. am kerpis win ido 7 samarCielo
isari, romlebic wmindad iTvleboda. erT-erT maTganze ewera “wminda sisxlis”,
meoreze ewera “ucxo”. Tu mama ar iyo darwmunebuli Tavisi bavSvis warmomavlobaSi,
maSin hubals swiravda samsxverplo cxovels, romelsac esrodnen am or isars. Tu
daecemoda isari warweriT — “wminda sisxlis”, bavSvi iTvleboda mis RviZl
Svilad, xolo Tu daecemoda isari warweriT — “ucxo”, bavSvze uars ambobda. am
isrebis gverdiT iyo sxva isrebi, romliTac SeiZleboda marCieloba sikvdilis,
qorwinebis da sxva mniSvnelovani movlenebis Sesaxeb. Tu warmarT arabebs Soris
raime sakamaTo iyo, isini midiodnen hubalTan da isrodnen isrebs. arabeTis
naxevarkunZulze kerps Tayvaniscemisas mZivebs, naWrebs an iaraRs miutandnen xolme,
swiravdnen msxverpls, romlis xorci SemwirvelTa Soris iyofoda. arabebs
Cveulebad hqondaT agreTve alahisa da sxva kerpebis wili gamoeyoT TavianTi
mindvrebidan, an maTTvis mieZRvnaT TavianTi saxnav-saTesebi.
arabeTis RmerTebis panTeonSi mravali RvTaebis saxeli cnobili iyo
uZvelesi droidan. mis saTaveSi idga umaRlesi RvTaeba — alahi (al-láh, al-ilah
— RvTaeba). islamamdel arabeTSi yvelaze saTayvanebeli iyo sami qalRmerTi
(triada) — manáT, al-láT da al-‘uzzá, romlebic tradiciulad iTvlebodnen
,,alahis qaliSvilebad“ (banáT al-láh). manáTis kerpi-simbolo (Savi uformo figura)
idga sazRvao sanapiroze, meqasa da medinas Soris, kudaidaSi. manáTs yvelaze metad
pativs miagebda ori arabuli tomi medinaSi — ausi da xazraji. al-láTis kerpi-
simbolo iyo oTxkuTxa qvis fila, romelic idga taifis (tá’if) maxloblad, vajis
dablobSi mdebare taZarTan. al-láT iyo taifSi mcxovrebi sakifis (sakãf) tomis
mTavari RvTaeba. al-‘uzzás kerpi-simbolo idga meqasTan, naxlas axlos dablobSi.
mas gansakuTrebul pativs miagebda kuraiSis tomi, romelic yovelwliur
dResaswauls marTavda mis sapativsacemod. am sami qalRmerTis Tayvaniscema
gagrZelda 630 wlamde, roca muhamadma akrZala kerpebis kulti. islamamdel
arabeTSi gavrcelebuli iyo agreTve qvebis, kldeebis da xeebis Tayvaniscema.
TiToeul ojaxs Tavisi kerpi-RvTaeba hyavda. Tumca, ar aris cnobili,
ukavSirdeboda Tu ara isini winaparTa kults. qaabas maTavari siwminde iyo Savi qva.

8 savaWro qalaqebis krizisi aisaxa yuranSi [34:18-19].

9 es iyo jahiliis (arab.) periodi — sibnelis, uvicobis xana islamuri periodis
sapirispirod. am periodis aTvla xdeba samyaros Seqmnidan muhamadamde. zogjer is iyofa or
nawilad: 1. iesomde da 2. iesodan muhamadamde.

5
muslimTa rwmeniT, Tavdapirvelad is iyo TeTri feris da Semdeg gaSavda adamianTa
codvebisagan. mogvianebiT, man mniSvnelovani roli iTamaSa islamis istoriaSi.
winaislamur xanaSi asaxeleben misnebs (qáhin), kultis msaxurebs, taZris
qurumebs (rabb al-baiT), winaswarmetyvelebs (nab‹Á). “qáhin" iyo adamiani, romelsac
TiTqosda urTierToba hqonda RvTaebasTan an mis wargzavnilTan (angelozTan,
jinTan) transis mdgomareobaSi. qáhinebs aramarto ZaluZdaT dafarulis codna,
aramed isini TamaSobdnen arbitris (Ðáqim, ®aqam) rols sakamaTo sakiTxebis
ganxilvis dros. xalxi did mniSvnelobas aniWebda maT gadawyvetilebebs — iyo is
swori Tu araswori. amdenad, maT hqondaT TavianTi adgili sazogadoebaSi.
TiToeul toms Tavisi qáhini hyavda. zogierTi sargeblobda didebiT Tavisi tomis
gareTac da masTan midiodnen rCevisaTvis.
tipologiurad qáhinebi arabeTis winaswarmetyvelTa (“cru
winaswarmetyvelTa”) winamorbedebi iyvnen. zogierTi maTgani Tavdapirvelad qáhini
iyo. “cru mociqulebis” qadagebebi garkveuli auditoriisaTvis iyo gankuTvnili.
muíailima mimarTavda iamámas mcxovreblebs; sajáÐi (umm íádir binT ausi) —
Tam‹mis tomis hanifitebs; tulaÁ®a — asadis toms, najdSi; al-asvadi — iemenis
mcxovreblebs; ibn íaÁÁádi — medinel iudevelebs. Cvenamde moRweuli qadagebebis
nawyvetebi miuTiTebs maT kavSirze qáhinebTan.
monoTeisturi religiebidan arabebTan pirvelad gavrcelda iudaizmi.
arabeTSi iudaizmis mTavari centrebi gaxda iemeni10, agreTve hijazis CrdiloeTi
oazisebi, maT Soris iasribi (Áasrib). iudevelebi cxovrobdnen taifis oazisSic.
arabebTan gavrcelda meore monoTeisturi religiac — qristianoba. man SeaRwia
arabeTSi sami gziT: 1. siriidan arabebis saSualebiT hasanianTa samefoSi, romelTac
miiRes qristianoba V s.-is bolos; 2. laxmidianTa dedaqalaqis — Ðãras
saSualebiT; 3. samxreTiT, eTiopiidan, sadac aqsumis samefoSi qristianoba
ganmtkicda ukve IV s-Si. iemenSi iudaizmTan erTad gavrcelda qristianobac. iemenis
qalaqebSi, ®ijázis oazisebSi, CrdiloeT arabeTis qalaqebSi iyo iudevelTa da
qristianTa taZrebi. zoroastrizms pirveli muslimebi SeiZleba gacnobodnen
iudevelTa da qristianTa meSveobiT, romelTac SeiTvises zoroastrizmis zogierTi
elementi da uSualod sparselebisagan.
muhamadis winamorbedebi garkveulwilad aRmoCndnen ®ánifebi —
monoTeistebi, romlebic arc iudevelebi iyvnen da arc qristianebi. winaislamur
arabeTSi hanifebs uwodebdnen maT, vinc uaryofda tomobrivi kerpebis Tayvaniscemas,
asketebs, romlebic icavdnen ritualur siwmindes, swamdaT erTi RmerTi. muhamadi
icnobda hanifebs da ganixilavda maT rogorc “wminda da WeSmariti” religiis
mimdevrebs. swored am mniSvnelobiT arian isini moxseniebuli yuranSi, sadac isini
upirispirdebian kerpTayvanismcemlebs. hanifebSi muhamadi xedavda abraamis uZvelesi
religiis mimdevrebs. muhamadis biografi ibn hiSámi (gard. 833w.) asaxelebs muhamadis
Tanamedrove oTx hanifas meqaSi, romelTa Soris iyo muhamadis pirveli colis —
xadãjas naTesavi varaka b. naufali.

2. muhamadi _ alahis mociquli

muhamadi islamamde. muÐammad ibn ‘abd al-láhi daibada daaxl. 570 wels, e. w.
“spilos wels”11, Tavisi dedis saxlSi, meqis gareubanSi (såk al-laÁlis kvartalSi).
muhamadi ekuTvnoda kuraÁSis toms da háSimis gvars. misi dabadebidan me-7 dRes, ‘abd
al-muttalibma nadimi moawyo, moiwvia cnobili kuraiSelebi da swored am dros
gamoacxada bavSvis saxeli — muhamadi.

10 evropeli vaWrebi samxreT arabeTis mdidar samefoebSi gamoCndnen ara ugvianes II

saukuneSi (Cv. w.). VI saukunis dasawyisSi iemenis mmarTvelma zå-nuvásma iudaizmi miiRo da
Seecada saxelmwifo religiis rangSi aeyvana Tavis samefoSi. mogvianebiT qristianuli
eTiopiis Carevam gamoiwvia qristianobis gamarjveba, magram verc is iqca iemenelTa
saxelmwifo religiad.
11 am wels iemenis eTiopelma gamgebelma ilaSqra meqaze, romlis mosaxleobazec waruSleli
STabeWdileba moaxdina momxdurTa sabrZolo spilom. amis gamo, am wels “spilos wels”
uwodeben. am warumatebeli laSqrobis Sesaxeb moxseniebulia yuranSi [sura 105 - “spilo”].

6
 muhamadis mama — ‘abd al-láhi (arab. alahis mona) gardaicvala iasribSi
muhamadis dabadebidan ori Tvis Semdeg, roca is siriidan brundeboda, an meore
versiiT, muhamadis dabadebamde. ‘abd al-láhis mier datovebuli qoneba Seadgenda 1
aqlems, ramdenime Txas da 1 abisiniel mona-qals — baraqa. muhamadis deda iyo ámina
binT vahb (kuraÁSis tomi, zuhrãs gvari). islamamdel meqaSi arsebobda Cveuleba —
ZiZebisaTvis miebarebinaT gamosakvebad axalSobilebi. weliwadSi orjer —
gazafxulze da Semodgomaze — beduinTa tomis (banå sa‘dis) qalebi Camodiodnen
meqaSi, raTa waeyvanaT mcirewlovani bavSvebi. maTTvis es iyo damatebiTi
Semosavali. muhamadi miabares ®alãmas (sa‘d b. baqris gvari, havázinis tomi). ojaxis
ufrosi iyo al-Ðáris b. ‘abd al-‘uzzá. muhamadis ZuZumteebi iyvnen da-Zma — hizama
binT al-Ðárisi, metsaxeli aS-SaÁmá da ‘abd al-lah b. al-Ðárisi. am dros muhamadi 6
Tvis iyo. es ojaxi karavSi cxovrobda da sxva beduinTa ojaxebis msgavsad maTi
mTavari sakvebi iyo aqlemis da Txis rZe, rZis nawarmi. puris rols asrulebda
finiki. muhamads kargad eqceodnen ojaxSi da iq gaatara 4 weli. muhamadis
biografebi swored am periods ukavSireben legendarul gadmocemas, romlis
mixedviTac angelozebma guli gaupes muhamads da gauwmindes uwmindurobisagan.
6 wlis iyo muhamadi, rodesac gardaecvala deda12. oboli muhamadis meurve
gaxda misi babua − ‘abd al-muttalibi (is iyo zamzamis wylis zedamxedveli). ori
wlis Semdeg babuac gardaicvala. sikvdilis win man ixmo Tavisi ufrosi vaJi —
‘abd manáfi (abå tálibi), rogorc haSimis gvaris momavali winamZRoli da mas
uanderZa muhamadze mzrunveloba, rac man keTilsindisierad Seasrula. rogorc
yvela kuraiSeli, abå tálibic dakavebuli iyo vaWrobiT, Tumca did qonebas ar
flobda. muhamadi siRaribeSi izrdeboda, misTvis wera-kiTxva ar uswavlebiaT.
gadmocemiT, muhamadi mwyemsavda abå tálibis cxvrebsa da Txebs. 12 wlis asakSi ki
biZasTan erTad Seasrula pirveli xangrZlivi saqaravno mogzauroba siriaSi.
swored am mogzaurobis dros, muslimuri gadmocemiT, baÐãrám — qristianma berma
q. bosradan (bu¹ra — samxreT siria) amoicno patara muhamadSi momavali mociquli.
am gadmocemis mixedviT, damaskoSi mimavali da ukan dabrunebuli meqelTa qaravnebi
xSirad Cerdebodnen xolme dasasveneblad baÐãrás saxlTan. baÐãrám Rrublebis,
mzisa da xis Stoebis ganlagebis mixedviT gansazRvra, rom mosulTa Soris iyo
momavali mociquli, romelsac hqonda RvTis rCeulis niSnebi — winaswarmetyvelis
beWedi zurgze. man isargebla qristianul saRvTo wignebSi daculi
winaswarmetyvelebiTac. baÐãrám urCia abå tálibs, gafrTxileboda muhamads da ar
waeyvana is damaskoSi, sadac SeiZleboda moeklaT sirielebs (sxva versiiT
bizantielebs). arabul wyaroebSi bahiras ewodeba agreTve nasturi (nestori) da
sarji (sergiusi).
muhamadi gamoirCeoda Tavisi siwmindiT, man Tanatomelebisagan miiRo sapatio
metsaxeli “al-amãn” (ndobis Rirsi).
25 wlis asakSi muhamadi daqorwinda mdidar meqel qvrivze — xadãjaze
(xadãja binT xuvaÁlidi ekuTvnoda kuraiSis toms, asadis gvars), romelTanac
savaWro mouravad muSaobda. mas hqonda dadgenili anazRaureba (4 axalgazrda
aqlemi) da mogebis gansazRvruli wili. gadmocemiT, TviTon xadãjam SesTavaza
muhamads qorwineba da muhamadic daTanxmda. qorwinebis Semdeg muhamadi tyavebiT
vaWrobda, Tavis kompanionTan — as-sá’ib b. abå sá’ib al-maxzåmãsTan erTad.
rogorc Cans, Soreul mogzaurobebSi is aRar midioda. muhamadisagan xadãjas
SeeZina 2 vaJiSvili da oTxi qaliSvili: zaÁnabi, rukaÁÁa, umm qulsåmi da fátima.
xadãjasTan qorwinebam materialurad uzrunvelyo muhamadi da SesaZlebloba misca
ufro meti dro daeTmo religiuri saqmeebisaTvis.

muhamadis samociqulo misia. gadmocemis Tanaxmad, muhamadma qadageba daiwyo 610

wels. RmerTma mouwoda muhamads mociqulobisaken da daiwyo zeSTagonebebis
gardmovlena. meqis periodSi (610-622) muhamadi gvevlineba rogorc ubralo
mqadagebeli. am etapze is islams ar gamoyofda sxva monoTeisturi religiebidan —
iudaizmisa da qristianobisagan. axali religia mimarTuli iyo
kerpTayvanismcemlobis, warmarTobis winaaRmdeg. amasTan am etapze brZola muhamadis
religiuri misiis cnobisa da islamis miRebisaTvis iZulebas ar gulisxmobda.

12gardaicvala al-abvasTan (al-abvá’) iasribidan ukana gzaze, sadac is wavida Tavis vaJTan
erTad qmris saflavis mosanaxuleblad.

7
muhamadi mxolod “arwmunebda, afrTxilebda” [2:257]. swored amiT daiwyo man Tavisi
pirveli qadageba meqaSi. muhamadis moRvaweobis meqis periodSi religiuri faqtori
sWarbobs. Camoyalibebuli politikuri programa mas jer ara aqvs.
Sua saukuneebis wyaroebSi aris miTiTeba, rom muhamadi xvdeboda qristianebs,
iudevelebs, hanifitebs da maSin gauCnda survili — eqadaga erTRmerTianoba. am
monoTeistebTan saubarSi man gaarkvia, rom RmerTi Tavis Segonebebs gadascems
xalxs mociqulTa saSualebiT. muhamadma daiwyo ganmartoeba gamoqvabulSi. is
arCevda ganmartoebul adgils, saxlSi cariel oTaxs. ®irá’s mTa iyo misTvis
sayvareli adgili, sadac ramdenime dRe rCeboda xolme13. sizmarSi Tu cxadad mis
mexsierebaSi aRwevda raRac xmebi, romelTa gadacema man SeZlo mSobliur enaze.
pirveli xilvisas mas gamoecxada mTavarangelozi jabrá’ãli (gabrieli), romelsac
xelSi eWira farCaSi gaxveuli wigni (an gragnili). man ubrZana muhamads
adamianebisTvis waekiTxa alahis WeSmariti sityva (qalám). muhamadma, romelmac ar
icoda wera-kiTxva, samjer iuara, magram angelozis daJinebuli TxovniT, waikiTxa.
pirveli gamocxadeba aisaxa yuranis 96-e suraSi. “waikiTxe, saxeliTa uflisa Senisa,
romelmac yvelaferi Seqmna. romelmac Seqmna adamiani Sededebuli sisxlisgan.
waikiTxe, ufali Seni xom yovlad uxvia. man aswavla [adamians wera] kalmiT.
aswavla adamians is, rac adre ar icoda”[96:1-5]. rodesac muhamadi gamofxizlda es
aiebi TiTqosda gulze ewera. mTis kalTaze gamosuls xma Semoesma: “o, muÐammad, Sen
xar mociquli alahisa, me ki jabrá’ãli”. im dros mociquli 40 wlis iyo.
muhamadis pirveli gamocxadeba, pirveli transi sxvadasxvagvarad aris
aRwerili biografiul literaturaSi da hadisebSi. am gamocemis mravali detalis
paraleli iZebneba sxva xalxebisa da religiebis mistikur praqtikaSi. Cveulebriv
muhamads gamocxadebebi hqonda RamiT, ganTiadamde [97:5, 53:1]. muhamadi Tavisi
gansakuTrebuli mdgomareobiT grZnobda maT moaxloebas, sizmarSi an cxadSi. es
iyo brZanebebi, xmebi, sityvebi, romelTa gadacema SeeZlo Tavis mSobliur enaze.
zogjer am gamocxadebebs Tan sdevda sinaTle, rac Seesabameboda islamamdel
warmodgenebs RvTaebasTan “kontaqtis” Sesaxeb. muhamads gansakuTrebiT awvalebda
eqstazi — is borgavda, dartymebs grZnobda, TiTqos suli tovebda sxeuls, saxe
ufiTrdeboda, ofli asxavda (es ukanaskneli mdgomareoba ufro xSirad moixsenieba).
morwmune muslimebisaTvis es gamocxadeba aris udavo WeSmariteba, romelic
ar Txoulobs aranair ganmartebas. evropeli mkvlevrebi an iRebdnen amas rogorc
faqts, an cdilobdnen aexsnaT is muhamadis avadmyofuri fsiqikiT, ZiriTadad
epilefsiiT. Tumca es koncefcia dRes uaryofilia islamTmcodneTa didi nawilis
mier. maTi azriT, nervuli daZabuloba, romelSic imyofeboda muhamadi am periodSi,
SimSili, gare samyarosagan gancalkeveba gamoqvabulSi saTanado pirobebs qmnida
sxvadasxva halucinaciebisaTvis. Tumca muhamadis mimdevrebic ver adasturebdnen,
rom muhamads hqonda xilvebi, rac mowmobda samociqulo misiis gadacemas.
gadmocemiT, hadisebis saukeTeso mcodnem ®asan al-baírãm (642-728) hkiTxa muhamadis
erT-erT uaxloes mimdevars: “hqonda Tu ara alahis mociquls, alahimc akurTxebs
mas da miesalmeba, mociqulobis xilva?” man upasuxa: “alahma ukeT icis, magram
raRac sinaTle man dainaxa”.
pirveli gamocxadeba muhamads hqonda 610 wlis ramaÇánis Tvis bolos, RamiT,
rodesac is ganmartovda locvisaTvis ®irá’s mTis gamoqvabulSi. amis Semdeg
gamocxadebebi xSirad meordeboda.
muhamadis qadageba pirvelebma irwmunes xadãjam da misi ojaxis wevrebma —
‘alã b. abã tálibma, zaÁd b. al-Ðárisam (misi Svilobili). xadãjas udides
damsaxurebad iTvleba is, rom man daarwmuna muhamadi Tavisi zmanebebis
WeSmaritebaSi da amoicno muhamadSi samociqulo misiis winaswarmetyveluri niSnebi.
xadija axlda mociquls, roca is wavida wminda qaabaSi, raTa Seesrulebina alahis
moTxovna da xalxSi gamoecxadebina alahis sityva — yurani. swored xadãjas
biZaSvilma — varaka b. navfalma daarwmuna muhamadi, rom mas SeemTxva igive, rac
moses, roca mas RmerTi, mTavarangelozis — jabrá’ãlis piriT, esaubreboda. varaka
ibn naufalma islamamde miiRo qristianoba da icoda iudevelTa damwerloba.

13 meqaSi arsebuli Cveulebis Tanaxmad, ®irá’s mTis (axla ewodeba “jabal an-når” —
“sinaTlis mTa”) maxloblad RvTismosavebi an isini, visac unda mieRo mniSvnelovani
gadawyvetileba, ramdenime dRes marxvaSi atarebdnen, kvebavdnen Raribebs iqamde vidre
ganiwmindebodnen, rom SeesrulebinaT qaabas taZris Semovla.

8
Tumca, varaka ar iyo muhamadisaTvis erTaderTi wyaro monoTeizmis Sesaxeb
qristianul koncefciaze garkveuli codnis misaRebad.
maT, “vinc Tavis misces allahs” ewodaT muslimebi. pirvel muslimTa Soris
dasaxelebuli arian agreTve: abå baqri, ‘abd ar-raÐmán b. aufi, ‘usmán b. ‘affáni, az-
zubaÁr b. al-‘avvámi, sa‘d b. abã vakkáíi, talÐa b. ‘ubaÁd al-láhi, ‘abd al-láh b.
sa‘di, muhamadis biZebi — ja‘far b. abã tálibi da Ðamza b. ‘abd al-muttalibi. arc
erT maTgans maSin ar hqonda maRali socialuri statusi. daaxl. 614 wels, roca
muslimTa ricxvma miaRwia 30-32 adamians, samlocvelo Sekrebebi gadatanil iqna
axalgazrda al-arkam b. al-arkamis (maxzåmis gvari) saxlSi, as-safas (aí-íafá)
borcvze. es movlena gaxda ganmsazRvreli etapi islamis gavrcelebis istoriaSi.
Sesabamisad, arabul wyaroebSi islamis pirveli mimdevrebi dayofilia ase: “isini,
vinc islami miiRo al-arkamis saxlSi Sesvlamde” da “isini, vinc islami miiRo al-
arkamis saxlSi Sesvlis Semdeg”. muhamadis mimdevarTa ricxvi TandaTan izrdeboda.
pirvel mimdevrebTan Tavis qadagebaSi muhamadi xazs usvamda: alahis
yovlisSemZleobas da morCilebas misdami; saSineli samsjavros moaxloebas,
romlis dadgomamdec unda moeswroT codvebisagan ganwmenda da axloblebis
daxmarebas. Tavdapirvelad muhamadis qadageba farulad mimdinareobda. al-arkamis
saxlSi locvebi da qadagebebi ramdenime weli gagrZelda. gadmocemiT, momavali
xalifa ‘umar b. al-xattábi iyo bolo (me-40 an 45-e), romelmac islami miiRo al-
arkamis saxlSi (615 w. oqtomberi). ‘umaris mier islamis miRebas didi mniSvneloba
hqonda, radganac mas ekava kuraiSelTa elCis sazogadoebrivi Tanamdeboba da didi
avtoritetiT sargeblobda meqis sazogadoebaSi.
614 welsve muhamadma miiRo miTiTeba alahisagan daewyo Ria, sajaro qadageba.
man Sekriba kuraiSelebi aí-íafáze da gamoucxada, rom is aris alahis mociquli da
mouwoda yvelas Tayvani ecaT erTi RmerTisaTvis. am qadagebas warmateba ar hqonia.
TandaTanobiT muhamadis qadagebebSi gaCnda axali elementi — apelacia bibliur
siuJetebze. rodesac misma qadagebam intensiuri xasiaTi miiRo, mas daupirispirdnen
meqelebi. muhamadi Tavis mowinaaRmdegeebs aSinebda gankiTxvis dRiT da mouTxrobda
mkvdreTiT aRdgomaze, rac iwvevda meqelTa mxridan dacinvas. pasuxebi am dacinvaze
Seadgens yuranis mniSvnelovan nawils. gadmocemiT, meqelebis gansakuTrebuli
gaRizianeba gamoiwvia im faqtma, rom muhamadis mtkicebiT mravali pativsacemi
meqelis winaprebi (maT Soris muhamadis babua) jojoxeTis cecxlSi daiwvebodnen
urwmunoebis gamo. rogorc Cans, muhamadi iZulebuli gaxda Seewyvita Ria qadagebebi
qaabasTan da locvebi mcire jgufebad sruldeboda meqis axlos. Tumca xSirad
urwmunoebi iqac esxmodnen Tavs muslimebs da daiwyes maTi devna. gvarebis
uxucesebi axalgazrdebs ukrZalavdnen muhamadTan da sxva muslimebTan Sexvedrebs.
es faqti SeiZleba aixsnas maTi SiSiT qalaqis momavalTan dakavSirebiT. muhamadis
qadageba saSiSroebas uqmnida meqis savaWro da politikur interesebs. mis qadagebas
SeiZleba moexdina qaabas kultis dacema Tavisi kerpebiT, rac gamoiwvevda
piligrimobis dacemas14, meqis savaWro kavSirebis Sesustebas da amasTan meqis
politikuri avtoritetis dacemas. rwmena meqelebisaTvis ucxo ar iyo. uCveulo iyo
is, rom maT Tvalwin gazrdilma muhamadma, aqamde sazogadoebis rigiTma wevrma,
moulodnelad alahis mociqulobis pretenzia ganacxada. muhamadis erTpirovnuli
mmarTvelobis idea maTTvis ucxo da miuRebeli aRmoCnda. islamamde arabebi
cxovrobdnen calkeul, erTmaneTis mowinaaRmdege tomebad da maT Soris sakamaTo
sakiTxebis gadawyvetis erTaderTi meTodi iyo sisxliani SurisZieba. muhamadma
sazogadoebis saTaveSi daayena erTi uzenaesi RmerTi — alahi, TviTon ki am
sazogadoebas moevlina rogorc misi mociquli. yoveli misi qmedeba alahis mier
iyo sanqcirebuli. muhamadma Tavis Tavze aiRo mmarTvelobis yvela funqcia. axali
religia Tavisi mimdevrebisagan moiTxovda pirad pasuxismgeblobas erTi RmerTis—
alahis winaSe da erTiani RvTiuri kanonis ganxorcielebas.
muhamadis yvelaze aqtiuri mtrebi gaxdnen mdidari meqeli vaWari abå sufÁáni,
misi coli — hindi binT ‘uTba, ‘amr b. hiSámi, romelsac muhamadis momxreebma
uwodes abå jahl (“umecrebis mama”) da muhamadis biZa — ‘abd al-‘uzzá (qalRmerT
al-‘uzzás mona), romelsac muhamadma uwoda abå lahab (jojoxeTis cecxlis mona)

14muhamadma mouwoda meqelebs, rom piligrimoba yofiliyo maTTvis ufro “wminda saqme” da
ara Semosavlis wyaro. es ki TavisTavad ewinaaRmdegeboda vaWarTa interesebs.

9
da sikvdilis Semdeg jojoxeTis wameba uwinaswarmetyvela15. kuraiSelTa
winamZRolebi cdilobdnen pirveli muslimebis cxovreba autaneli gaexadaT, raTa
aeZulebinaT isini uareyoT islami da dabrunebodnen warmarTuli RmerTebis
Tayvaniscemas. gansakuTrebiT mkacrad eqceodnen monebs, romelTac miiRes islami.
meqis gvarovnuli aristokratiis mtruli damokidebuleba muhamadis mimarT
imdenad gamwvavda, rom man mimdevrebis garkveuli nawili droebiT gaagzavna
eTiopiaSi. samecniero literaturaSi dasaxelebulia gadasaxlebis sxva mizezebic:
1) muhamads surda daecva Tavisi mimdevrebi sarwmunoebis iZulebiTi uaryofisagan.
Tu isini darCebodnen meqaSi, moeqceodnen TavianTi ojaxebis zegavlenis qveS da
advilad SeiZleboda uari eTqvaT axal rwmenaze; 2) savaWro interesebi, radganac
eTiopia Sedioda meqelTa komerciuli interesebis sferoSi; 3) SesaZloa es iyo
muhamadis faruli Canafiqris nawili da mas eTiopelTagan samxedro daxmarebis
miRebis imedi hqonda; 4) SesaZlo dapirispireba TviTon muslimebs Soris.
pirveli eTiopuri hijra iyo daaxloebiT 614 wels. eTiopiis qristianma mefem
— an-najáSãm16 kargad miiRo isini da misca maT TavSesafari. gadmocemiT,
mmarTvelis TxovniT, ja‘far b. abã tálibma (muhamadis biZaSvili) waukiTxa
yuranidan mariamis sura [XIX:16-34 aiebi], ramac aRafrTovana. eTiopiaSi pirveli
hijras dros emigrantTa Soris iyvnen kuraÁSis tomis, umaÁÁa b. ‘abd Samsis gvaris
warmomadgenlebi colebiT: ‘usmáni — rukaÁÁasTan17, abå ÐuzaÁfa b. ‘uTba — sahla
binT suhaÁl b. ‘amrTan da ‘ámir b. rabã‘a — laÁlá binT abå husamasTan erTad.
muhamadi, romelsac hqonda Tavisi gvaris mfarveloba, darCa meqaSi da
agrZelebda qadagebas. muhamadi qadagebebSi xazs usvamda Tavisi samociqulo misiis
WeSmaritebas, saubrobda alahis absolutur xelisuflebaze da kvlav emuqreboda
Tavis mowinaaRmdegeebs “gankiTxvis dRiT”.
eTiopiaSi emigrirebuli muslimebi male dabrundnen ukan, radganac muhamadma
gadawyvita kompromisze wasuliyo meqelebTan da erT-erT qadagebaSi meqis triada
(sami qalRmerTi — al-láT, al-‘uzzá da manáT) “alláhis qaliSvilebad” aRiara.
Tumca male mixvda, rom es sityvebi arRvevda erTRmerTianobis princips da iyo ara
RmerTis, aramed satanis (eSmakis) mier STagonebuli. amitom muhamadma moinania es
kompromisi. aman kidev ufro daZaba morwmuneebsa da warmarTebs Soris urTierToba
da muslimebi male ukan wavidnen eTiopiaSi. meore emigracia eTiopiaSi moewyo 615
wlis bolos. 80 muslimze meti ojaxebTan erTad gaemgzavra eTiopiaSi da maTi
dabruneba TandaTanobiT moxda ukve medinaSi18. emigraciis Semdeg meqaSi darCa 52
muslimi.
daaxloebiT 616 wels muhamadis qadagebisa da moRvaweobis mowinaaRmdege
meqis gvarovnuli aristokratiis warmomadgenlebis iniciativiT háSimis gvars,
romelsac TviTon muhamadi ekuTvnoda, boikoti gamoucxades. meqelma warmarTebma
daifices, rom ar eqnebodaT aranairi saqme háSimianebTan, ar daqorwindebodnen
alahis mociqulis naTesavebze, ar awarmoebdnen vaWrobas maTTan. muslimebi gaaZeves
meqidan unayofo gareubanSi. ficis teqsti, Cveulebis Tanaxmad, Caweres tyavis
naWerze da Camokides qaabaSi. magram muhamadis gvaris warmomadgenlebma ara Tu ar
mokveTes igi tomidan, aramed gaaZlieres kidec misi mfarveloba. islamamdeli
arabeTis wesebis Sesabamisad ki, mfarvelobis qveS myofi pirovneba, ucxo tomelic
rom yofiliyo, xelSeuxebeli iyo. es faqti imaze miuTiTebs, rom sisxliT
naTesaoba da tomobrivi kavSirebi gadamwyvet rols TamaSobda meqaSi. boikoti
gagrZelda 2 an 3 weli.
619 wels muhamadma dakarga Tavisi gvaris mfarveloba. gardaicvala abåå
tálibi, xolo gvaris axalma meTaurma, muhamadis sxva biZam — ‘abd al-‘uzzám (abå

15 mas eZRvneba yuranis 111-e sura. misi Svilebi — ‘uTba da ‘uTaÁba warmarTobis dros
daqorwinebuli (an daniSnuli) iyvnen muhamadis qaliSvilebze — rukaÁÁaze da umm qulsåmze.
16 aSama b. al-abjar, cnobili rogorc negusi an an-najáSã (gard. 632w.). mogviano xanis
gadmocemiT, man miiRo islami. yuranSi is ar ixsenieba, aris muhamadis biografiaSi. aris
cnoba, rom muhamadma jer kidev bavSvobaSi miiRo garkveuli codna abisiniasa da mis
mefeebze Tavis babuisagan — ‘abd al-muttalibisagan. amasTan muhamadis ZiZa iyo eTiopeli
qali — umm iamani.
17 rukaÁÁa — muhamadis qaliSvili, ‘usmánis coli gaxda 610 wels, vidre muhamadi Tavs
gamoacxadebda mociqulad.
18 muhamadis biografi ibn hiSámi (gard. 833w.) asaxelebs mxolod erT hijras.

10
lahab) uari Tqva mis dacva-mfarvelobaze. erTi Tvis Semdeg gardaicvala muhamadis
erTguli meuRle − xadãjac19. muslimTa devna kidev ufro gaZlierda. amis Semdeg
muhamadi iSviaTad gamodioda saxlidan, raTa Seuracxyofa ar mieRo. meqelma
urwmunoebma muhamadis mkvlelobac ki dagegmes. Seqmnil viTarebaSi muhamadi mivida
im daskvnamde, rom meqaSi misi darCena aRar SeiZleboda. Tavdapirvelad muhamadma
Caifiqra tá’ifis oazisSi gadasaxleba da gaemarTa iq zaÁd b. ÐárisasTan erTad,
magram mas qvebiT Sexvdnen. gadmocemiT, man TavSesafari hpova or ZmasTan, romlebic
ekuTvnodnen meqis gvars — ‘abd Sams. muhamadi ukan gabrunda meqaSi, gzad is
gaCerda hiraSi (al-®ãra), saidanac molaparakebas awarmoebda gvarebis
winamZRolebTan mfarvelobis (jivár) misaRebad. bolos, banå navfalis winamZRoli
— al-muT‘im b. ‘adi daTanxmda muhamads mfarvelobaze. SesaZloa vivaraudoT, rom
man muhamads wauyena gansazRvruli pirobebi, magram amis Sesaxeb wyaroebSi
araferia naTqvami.
619 wlis Semdeg, muhamadma mokavSireebis Zebna daiwyo meqis gareT, iasribSi,
sadac saxlobda 2 didi arabuli tomi: ausi da xazraji, romelTa SemadgenlobaSi
mravalricxovani gvarebi Sedioda. iasribSi mosaxleobis ZiriTadi saqmianoba
miwaTmoqmedeba iyo. intensiur saqaravno vaWrobaSi iasribelebi ar monawileobdnen.
aqve cxovrobdnen agreTve iudevelTa tomebi — banå kaÁnuká‘, banå naÇãr da banå
kuraÁûa, romlebic TavianTi simdidriT mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobdnen iasribis
sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi. unda aRiniSnos, rom arabuli da iudevelTa tomebi
mWidro kavSirSi iyvnen erTmaneTTan. magram VII s-is pirveli meoTxedi iasribis
arabul tomebs Soris konfliqtebiT aRiniSna da am konfliqtebSi iudevelTa
tomebic Careuli aRmoCndnen. religiuri TvalsazrisiT iasribis arabebi warmarTebi
iyvnen. Tumca maTze ar SeiZleba gavlena ar hqonoda iudevelebis monoTeistur
Sexedulebebs. amdenad, niadagi muhamadis qadagebisaTvis momzadebuli iyo.
iasribelebma masSi dainaxes religiuri moRvawe, irwmunes misi mociqulobisa,
magram yvelaze mniSvnelovani is iyo, rom muhamads unda moegvarebina socialuri da
politikuri konfliqtebi. mas unda Seesrulebina momrigebeli mosamarTlis roli.
muhamadis gadasvlas meqidan iasribSi win uZRoda Sexvedrebi ‘akabaSi.
iasribis arabul tomebTan molaparakebebSi muhamads daexmara biZa — al-‘abbás b.
‘abd al-muttalibi20. 621 wels piligrimobis dros Sedga pirveli Sexvedra,
romelsac eswreboda 12 adamiani: 10 xazrajis arabuli tomidan da 2 — ausidan.
maT farulad miiRes islami. es Sexvedra muslim avtorebTan cnobilia, rogorc
“pirveli ‘akaba”. SeTanxmeba atarebda wminda religiur, mSvidobian xasiaTs.
iasribelebma muhamadTan dades “qalTa fici” - bai‘a an-nisá’ - igive pirobebiT, rac
aris mocemuli yuranis 60:12 suraSi da am ficis teqsts imeorebs muhamadis
biografi ibn isÐákic (gard. 768w.). “qalTa ficSi” specialuri moxsenieba qalebis
Sesaxeb ar aris. misi analogi muhamadamde ar gvaqvs. mkvlevarTa azriT, es
saxelwodeba miiRo imis gamo, rom masSi saerTod saubari araa muhamadis iaraRiT
dacvaze — saomar valdebulebebze. “qalTa fics” ase xsnis TviTon muhamadi: “me
miviRe Tqveni fici imis gamo, rom Tqven damicavT me iseve, rogorc Tqven icavdiT
Tqvens qalebs da bavSvebs”. amdenad, es iyo arasaomari valdebulebebis formula.
roca alahma misca mociquls omis nebarTva, man miiRo fici muslimTagan
meorejer gardaicvala al-abvasTan (al-abvá’) iasribidan ukana gzaze, sadac is
wavida Tavis vaJTan erTad qmris saflavis mosanaxuleblad. ebrZolaT TavianTi
mtrebis winaaRmdeg da maT erTgulebisaTvis aRuTqva samoTxe. 622 wlis 14 ivliss
Sedga “meore ‘akaba”, romelsac eswreboda 73 mamakaci da 2 qali. maT moeTaTbira
muhamadi iasribSi gadasvlaze da 12 Tavisi rwmunebuli (nak‹b) daniSna Sexvedris

19 xadãjas Semdeg muhamadma ramdenjerme iqorwina. mociqulis ufleba — aRmateboda misi

colebis raodenoba Cveulebrivi muslimebisaTvis dadgenil odenobas (oTxi), ganmtkicebuli
iqna yuranis gamocxadebiT. misi qorwinebebis umravlesoba politikuri motivebiT iyo
ganpirobebuli. muhamads hyavda 11 kanonieri coli, romelTagan 9 cocxali iyo misi
gardacvalebis dros. hadisebi muhamadis usayvarles colad ‘á’iSas — abå baqris qaliSvils
asaxelebs. gamorCeuli adgili daikava koptma mxevalma mariamma. is gaxda deda muhamadis
vaJis ibráhãmis, romelic mcirewlovani gardaicvala.
20 im dros is ar iziarebda Tavisi ZmisSvilis religiur Sexedulebebs, magram mogvianebiT
is gaxda islamis aqtiuri mxardamWeri da ‘abasianTa dinastiis fuZemdebeli.

11
monawileTagan21. es iyo mniSvnelovani politikuri SeTanxmeba ormxrivi
valdebulebebiT. iasribeli muslimebi (aníárebi) aRiarebdnen muhamads alahis
mociqulad da Tavis Tavze iRebdnen mis dacvas da mfarvelobas. muhamadi ki Tavis
Tavze iRebda valdebulebas daecva am tomis interesebi, ise rogorc sakuTari —
“me vibrZoleb imaTTan, visac Tqven ebrZviT da davuzavdebi imas, visTanac Tqven
dazavebuli xarT”. meore Sexvedris dros daido axali fici “bai‘a Ðarb” — “omis
fici”. am Sexvedris Semdeg, muhamadma islamze axladmoqceul iasribelebTan
gaagzavna muí‘ab b. ‘umaÁri, raTa misi Casvlis droisaTvis axali Temi momzadebuli
yofiliyo, gacnoboda islamis ZiriTad miTiTebebs.
mas Semdeg, rac muhamadma mokavSireebi SeiZina, moxda meqeli muslimebis
gadasvla iasribSi TandaTanobiT, mcire jgufebad. muhamadis meqidan gamgzavrebas
win uswrebda cnobili samociqulo xedva — “Ramis mogzauroba da amaRleba” (al-
isrá’ va-l-mi‘ráj). muslim Teologebs Soris azrTa sxvadasxvaobaa, iyo es muhamadis
xedva Tu mogzaurobas wminda adgilebSi da zecaze realurad hqonda adgili.
umravlesoba am ukanasknel Tvalsazriss iziarebs. unda aRiniSnos isic, rom
swored mirajis Semdeg moxda muhamadis Tanatomelebis mier misi aRiareba
mociqulad.
tradiciis Tanaxmad, muhamadis mimdevrebis iasribSi gadasvlis Semdeg, meqaSi
darCa mxolod muhamadi ‘alãsTan da abå baqrTan erTad. kuraiSelTa winamZRolebma
Seityves misi gamgzavrebis Sesaxeb da moiwvies sabWo. isini daeTanxmnen abå jahlis
gegmas muhamadis mkvlelobasTan dakavSirebiT. Semdgomi movlenebi adasturebs, rom
gazviadebulia muslimi istorikosebis cnobebi kuraiSelTa mtrul
damokidebulebaze muslimTa gadasaxlebasTan da maT Soris muhamadTan. cnobilia,
rom muhamadma datova Tavisi qaliSvili fatima ramdenime TviT meqaSi, Tavis meuRle
savdasTan erTad. Tumca, SesaZloa, swored meqelTa mxridan seriozulma safrTxem
daaCqara muhamadis gamgzavreba. meqis datovebis Semdeg muhamadi imaleboda
gamoqvabulSi Ðiráze (tavris mTis mwvervalze) abå baqrTan erTad sami dRis
ganmavlobaSi. amdenad, muhamadi iasribSi Sevida 622 wlis 20 an 24 seqtembers (12
rabi‘ al-avvali).

hijra da muhamadis moRvaweoba medinaSi. muhamadisa da misi mimdevrebis gadasaxleba

iasribSi, aRiniSneba arabuli terminiT — hijra. is safuZvlad daedo muslimur
welTaRricxvas. amasTan, miTiTeba “hijramde” aRniSnavda winamaval periods, xolo
“hijriT” — weli hijras Semdeg22. iasribs muhamadis gadasaxlebis Semdeg ewoda
winaswarmetyvelis qalaqi, madinaT an-nabi, an mokled madina (medina).
hijra iasribSi gansxavdeboda eTiopiaSi hijrasagan imiT, rom muhamadi aq
miiRes ara rogorc mfarvelobaSi myofi, aramed axali Temis sulieri meTauri.
swored amis gamo ewodaT iasribel muslimebs ara “mfarvelebi” (jár), aramed
“damxmareebi” (al-aníár).
hijras Semdeg iwyeba muhamadis moRvaweobis Semdegi etapi — medinis periodi
(622-632). swored medinis periodSi Caeyara safuZveli arabul-islamuri saxelmwifos
Camoyalibebas da medinis oazisis politikuri gaerTianeba gaxda am saxelmwifos
Canasaxi. muhamadi iyo erTdroulad mociquli, kanonmdebeli da mxedarTmTavari.
morwmuneTa axali gaerTianebis Sesaqmnelad mociqulis erT-erTi pirveli
mniSvnelovani aqti iyo muhajirebis da ansarebis dakavSireba daZmobilebis
institutiT (mu’áxá). daZmobileba niSnavda muhajirebis Sesvlas medineli
mimdevrebis qonebriv urTierTobebSi. daZmobilebulebi xdebodnen erTmaneTis
memkvidreebi. amas Tavisi obieqturi mizezebi hqonda. muhajirebi medinaSi Camosvlis
Semdeg Zalian rTul mdgomareobaSi aRmoCndnen, saarsebo saxsrebis gareSe.
muhajirebs TavianTi materialuri mdgomareobis gasaumjobeseblad sWirdebodaT
mfarveli. Tumca es urTierTobebi unda dafuZnebuliyo samarTlianobis principze.
aqve unda mivuTiToT daZmobilebis or gansxvavebul mxareze: Teoriuli Zmoba

21 rodesac pirveli warmomadgeneli gardaicvala muhamadma daikava misi adgili. es faqti

imaze miuTiTebs, rom isini (nukabá’) iyvnen medinis politikuri struqturis Semadgeneli
nawili.
22 amasTan dakavSirebiT arsebobs aSkara paraleli qristianebTan, romlebic iwyeben
welTaRricxvas qristes dabadebidan.

12
sarwmunoebaSi — ixván fã-d-dãn23 da daZmobileba, rogorc praqtikuli socialuri
instituti (mu’áxá), romlis SemoReba ukavSirdeba 622/23 wels. es instituti gaauqma
muhamadma badrTan brZolis (624w.) Semdeg, memkvidreobis axali wesis SemoRebasTan
dakavSirebiT.
muhamadi medinaSi gamoCnda rogorc SorsmWvreteli da Wkviani politikosi.
Tavdapirvelad muhamadis mizani iyo iasribSi politikuri gaerTianebis Seqmna,
romlis saSualebiTac mas unda daeZlia Temis SigniT winaaRmdegoba. iudevelebi,
warmarTebi, muslimi-muhajirebi da ansarebi iyvnen medinis Temis wevrebi. muhamadisa
da misi qadagebisadmi iasribelebis damokidebuleba araerTgvarovani iyo. erTis
mxriv, yvela arabulma tomma formalurad miiRo islami, xolo meores mxriv, ausisa
da xazrajis tomebs Soris iyvnen iseTebic, romelTa erTguleba muhamadisadmi da
religiuri gulmodgineba ar iyo sando (‘abd al-láh b. ubaÁÁ da misi momxreebi).
isini yuranSi moxseniebulia rogorc “pirmoTneebi”, “TvalTmaqcebi” (munáfikån).
isini mxolod garegnulad aRiarebdnen islams, farulad moqmedebdnen mociqulis
winaaRmdeg da surdaT muslimuri Temis daSla Signidan. ufro seriozuli iyo
opozicia iudevelTa mxridan, romelTac ar cnes muhamadis samociqulo misia. amas
daemata ekonomikuri mizezic: iasribis mTavari savaWro centri iyo bazari banå
kainuká‘-s samflobeloebSi. aq vaWrobaze uflebis mosapoveblad saWiro iyo
gadasaxadis gadaxda. muhamadma daupirispira mas axali bazari, romelic ar
saWiroebda gadasaxadis gadaxdas. axali savaWro centris gaCenas, romelic
TandaTan iasribis centralur bazrad gadaiqca, banå kainuká‘ mtrulad Sexvda.
mSvidobiani Tanaarseboba oTxi elementis — muhajirebis, ausitebis,
xazrajitebis da iudevelebis — SeuZlebeli iyo oTxmxrivi SeTanxmebis gareSe.
“medinis xelSekruleba” pirveli dokumentia medinis Temis socialuri, politikuri
da ekonomikuri cxovrebis regulirebis Sesaxeb. ‘akabas SeTanxmeba muhamads aniWebda
tomobrivi arabebisaTvis Cveul mfarvelobis qveS myofi piris statuss. medinis
xelSekrulebaSi ki is gvevlineba muslimuri Temis religiur da politikur
xelmZRvanelad. muhamadi TviTon xdeba mfarveli (saiÁÁd), damcveli, romelis
sTavazobs Tavis mimdevrebs — alahis uzenaesobas. man ucvleli datova yvela
Zveli wes-Cveulebebi medinaSi mcxovrebi tomebisaTvis. mag. tyvis gamosyidva,
sisxlis fasis gadaxda da sxva. Tumca sisxlis SurisZiebam asaxva ar hpova
dokumentSi, SeiZleba aikrZala. konstituciaSi muhamadma mimarTa morwmuneebs
mowodebiT — daecvaT TemSi Tanacxovrebis wesebi, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi mkacrad
daisjeboda yvela, TviT “muslimis Svilic”. xelSekrulebaSi muhamadi
warmodgenilia umaRles arbitrad (®aqam). mis kompetenciaSi Sedis nebismieri davisa
da konfliqtis mogvareba24. muhamadi faqtobrivad xdeba medinis mmarTveli,
TandaTanobiT iRebs xelSi mmarTvelobis yvela funqcias. Tumca misi miTiTebebi
iyo alahis nebis gamovlineba. muhamadi cdilobs arabTa politikur gaerTianebas
islamis saxeliT.
evropel mkvlevarTa naSromebSi es dokumenti iwodeba “medinis
konstituciad”. misi ZiriTadi sakiTxebia: 1. “Temis” gansazRvra. 2. Temis wevrebis
uflebebi da movaleobebi. 3. calkeuli tomebis uflebebi da movaleobebi. 4. Temis
damokidebuleba medinis mcxovreblebTan. 5. saxelmwifos meTauris uflebebi da
funqciebi; muslimTa daZmobilebis ideis da Tanasworobis ganxorcieleba Temis
farglebSi.
am dokumentis mixedviT, medinis yvela mcxovrebi — muslimi, aramuslimi da
urwmuno Tanabari uflebebiT sargeblobda. kanonTa axali krebuli efuZneboda
alahis zeSTagonebebs, muhamadisadmi gardmovlenils, romlebic umeteswilad ar
emTxveoda tomobriv wes-Cveulebebs. rogorc Cans, aikrZala sisxlis aRebis wesi.
amasTan, yvela tomi inarCunebda damoukideblobas, rac TavisTavad gulisxmobda
religiuri aRmsareblobis Tavisuflebas. maT SeeZloT kavSiri daemyarebinaT sxva
tomebTan, meqeli kuraiSelebis garda, romlebic islamis mtrebad iTvlebodnen.

23 islamis da alahis mfarvelobis (jivár) miRebis Semdeg TiToeuli muslimi iRebda Tavis
Tavze valdebulebas daxmareboda Tavis Zmebs rwmenaSi, daecva isini da xdeboda maTi jár
(mfarveli).
24 muhamadis moRvawobis medinis periodis (622-632) bolo wlebSi sxadasxva arabuli tomis
warmomadgenelTa elCobebi mociqulTan adasturebs, rom mravali midioda masTan, rogorc
arbitrTan.

13
unda aRiniSnos isic, rom islamuri samarTali ar gamoiyeneboda aramuslimebTan
mimarTebaSi arc samoqalaqo da arc sisxlis samarTlis saqmeebis ganxilvis dros.
medinis Temi muhamadis xelmZRvanelobiT gaxda muslimuri saxelmwifos
safuZveli, xolo misi kanonebis krebuli medinis TemisaTvis warmoadgenda
islamuri saxelmwifos pirvel “konstitucias”. swored medinis periodSi Caeyara
safuZveli arabeTis naxevarkunZulis tomebis gaerTianebas, romelmac saTave daudo
am saxelmwifos.
medinaSi “morwmuneTa Temma” miiRo ufro organizebuli forma, romelic
mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeboda winamorbedi gvar-tomobrivi organizaciisagan.
aSenebuli iqna 1-li meCeTi. es iyo ubralo saxli ezoTi, romelic ukavSirdeboda
muhamadis saxls. meCeTi iyo ara mxolod locvis, aramed sazogadoebrivi Sekrebebis
da miRebebis (elCebis da sxv.) adgili. imamis movaleobas asrulebda TviTon
muhamadi, abå baqri an ‘umari. locvis mimarTulebad ierusalimis nacvlad
ganisazRvra “alahis saxli” — qaaba, romelmac TandaTanobiT mniSvnelovani
adgili daikava axal monoTeistur religiaSi. daniSnul iqna pirveli mueZinic,
romelic warmoTqvamda mowodebas locvisaken. es iyo yofili mona — bilali.
muhamadi amtkicebda, rom islamis moZRvreba ar ewinaaRmdegeboda ufro adre
gavrcelebul or monoTeistur religias — iudaizms da qristianobas, aramed
mxolod ganamtkicebda da azustebda maT. Tumca medinaSi moxda muslimTa saboloo
gamoyofa “werilis xalxidan” (ahl al-qiTáb) — muhamadma Tavdapirvelad kavSiri
gawyvita iudevelebTan da Semdeg qristianebTan, romelTac ar cnes is mociqulad
da winaswarmetyvelad. muhamadis kavSirebze qristianebTan, romlebic SesaZloa
yofiliyvnen medinaSi, SeiZleba mxolod vivaraudoT yuranis miTiTebebze
dayrdnobiT. Tavis qadagebebSi muhamadi kicxavda iudevelebs da qristianebs
WeSmariti moZRvrebis damaxinjebisaTvis. Seicvala marxvis wesi da yoveldRiuri
locvebis odenoba. paraskevi sazogado locvis dRed gamoacxada da amiT uaryo
iudaizmis da qristianobis wminda dReebi — SabaTi da kvira. dawesda savaldebulo
mowyaleba — zaqaTi, romliTac ivseboda muslimTa saerTo xazina. Seiqmna
ritualuri wesebis kompleqsi, romelic efuZneboda sakuTriv arabul religiur-
kulturul paradigmebs. Camoyalibda muslimuri Temi (umma), romelSic gaerTianeba
xdeboda ara sisxliT naTesaobis safuZvelze, aramed religiisadmi — islamisadmi
kuTvnilebis mixedviT. umma aris muslimTa erToba, romelic uzrunvelyofs
morwmuneTa dacvas. ganisazRvra akrZalvebi da nebadarTuli qmedebebi. islami
gaxda damoukidebeli religia.
muhamadis mier medinaSi Camoyalibebuli muslimuri Temis ganmtkicebisa da
gafarToebis erT-erTi ZiriTadi forma iyo jihádi („saRvTo omi”). is, upirveles
yovlisa, gulisxmobda SeiaraRebul brZolas meqeli urwmunoebis winaaRmdeg.
yuranSi aris mowodeba muhamadisadmi „ebrZolos urwmunoebsa da farisevlebs, iyos
sastiki maT mimarT“ [9:73/74]. mamakacebisaTvis islamisadmi erTgulebis ZiriTadi
gamoxatuleba iyo brZola muhamadis mxareze mis adreul laSqrobebSi “urwmunoTa
winaaRmdeg”25.
muhamadi meqas ganixilavda, rogorc warmarTebis mier dakavebul sakulto
centrs da TandaTan uaxlovdeboda saboloo mizans. hijradan 7 Tvis Semdeg, 623
wels muhamadma ganaxorciela ramdenime Tavdasxma (vaddán, al-buvát, al-‘‹s) meqelTa
savaWro qaravnebze, romlebic ufro dazverviT xasiaTs atarebda. medinis periodSi
muhamadma ganaxorciela daaxl. 70 laSqroba (maRázã). pirvel mcire laSqrobebSi
monawileobdnen mxolod muhajirebi.
pirveli didi brZola warmarTi meqelebis winaaRmdeg moxda 624 wlis 17
marts, badris WebTan (badr — mtknari wylis wyaro, medinis dasavleTiT 150 km-ze).
es dRe islamis istoriaSi Sevida, rogorc “furkán” — WeSmariti da yalbi
(araWeSmariti) rwmenis gansxvavebis dRe26. badrTan brZolas didi mniSvneloba
hqonda ara mxolod politikuri, aramed ekonomikuri TvalsazrisiTac. muslimebma
didi nadavli igdes xelT. muslimi samarTlismcodneebi nadavlis ganawilebis
wesis SemoRebas badrTan brZolas ukavSireben, magram zusti miTiTebebi amis

25 arabi istorikosis al-mas‘ådis Tanaxmad, TviTon mociqulma uxelmZRvanela 26 laSqrobas.

26 am brZolis Semdeg, nadavlis gayofisas muhamadma miiRo islamamdeli arabeTis erT-erTi
saxelganTqmuli or-daniani xmali zu-l-fakar. mogvianebiT is aRmoCnda jer ‘abasianTa,
xolo Semdeg fatimianTa dinastiis xelSi.

14
Sesaxeb ar arsebobs. nadavlis ganawilebas mieZRvna yuranis me-8 sura. winaislamur
xanasTan SedarebiT, erTaderT principul siaxles warmoadgenda brZolaSi
monawileTa wilis gazrda 3/5 da 4/5-mde. xolo muhamadis wili Semcirda 2/5-dan 1/5-
mde (xums).
badrTan brZolaSi brwyinvale gamarjvebis Semdeg, ramac gazarda muhamadis
religiuri da politikuri avtoriteti, jihádma mniSvnelovani adgili daikava
muhamadis politikaSi.
625 w. 23 marts uÐudTan (medinis CrdiloeTiT 5 km-ze) gaimarTa brZola
meqelebTan, romelTac SurisZieba surdaT badrTan damarcxebis gamo. meqelebs
Soris iyvnen “urwmuno” kuraiSelebi, romelTac ar miiRes islami da ar aRiares
muhamadi. maT xelmZRvanelobda abå sufiani. uÐudTan brZolis dros daiWra TviTon
muhamadi da Zlivs gadaurCa tyveobas. muslimTa damarcxebis mizezebi aisaxa yuranis
me-3 suris aiebSi, romlis Tanaxmadac im muslimebs, romlebic gaiqcnen brZolis
velidan, Sewyaleba eboZaT. muslimebma daadanaSaules iudevelTa tomi — banå
naÇãr. meqelebma ver isargebles uÐudTan gamarjvebiT da swrafad gabrudnen ukan.
627 wels maT alya Semoartyes medinas. es brZola istoriaSi Sevida, rogorc
Txrilis an xandakis brZola, radganac muhamadis mimdevaris, yofili sparseli
monis — salmán al-fárisãs27 rCeviT, medinas wyliT gavsebuli Txrili (xandak)
Semoavles. am samuSaos SesrulebaSi, romelic 6 dRe gagrZelda, TviTon muhamadic
monawileobda. am brZolis dros arabebma pirvelad mimarTes safortifikacio
nagebobebis gamoyenebis taqtikas, ramac dadebiTi Sedegi gamoiRo. muslimTaTvis
yvelaze saSiSi meqelTa mravalricxovani cxenosani razmi uZluri aRmoCnda
gadaelaxa daaxl. 6 km. sigrZis Txrili. muhamadma SeZlo banå kuraiûas
winaaRmdegobis daZlevac, romelTac saidumlo kavSiri Sekres warmarT arabebTan
da am brZolaSi samxedro warmateba moipova. aman kidev ufro ganamtkica misi
avtoriteti.
xandakis brZolis Semdeg, 6/628 wels, muhamadma ganizraxa mcire piligrimobis
(‘umra) Sesruleba meqaSi 1 500 mimdevaris TanxlebiT. meqelebs SeeSindaT, rom es
mxolod sababi iyo qalaqze Tavdasasxmelad da muhamads gza gadauRobes
ÐudaÁbiÁasTan xálid b. al-valãdis meTaurobiT. meqelebsa da muslimebs Soris
daiwyo molaparakeba, romelsac muslimTa mxridan awarmoebda ‘usmán b. affáni.
molaparakeba gaxangrZlivda, imata daZabulobam da gavrcelda xmebi ‘usmánis
mkvlelobis Sesaxeb. muslimTaTvis umZimes momentSi, muhamadma muslimTagan miiRo
“alahisaTvis sasurveli” fici (bai‘a ar-riÇván). xe, romlis qveSac ganxorcielda
fici, iqca muslimTa relikviad, xolo monawileni gansakuTrebuli avtoritetiT
sargeblobdnen muslimebs Soris. muslimuri tradiciis Tanaxmad, am laSqrobis
yvela monawiles, muhamadis piriT aReTqvaT samoTxeSi Sesvla “ganukiTxavad”. erT-
erTi gadmocemiT, muhamadma ganmarta: “70 000 kaci Cemi Temidan Seva samoTxeSi
ganurCevlad”. ficis monawileTa Soris gansakuTrebiT gamoiyofoda muhamadis 10
mimdevari. sabolood daido ÐudaÁbiÁas xelSekruleba Semdegi pirobebiT: 1.
xelSekruleba iTvaliswinebda aTwlian dazavebas muslimebsa da meqelebs Soris;
2. is kuraiSeli, romelic gaqceuli iyo muhamadTan Tavisi patronis nebarTvis
gareSe, mas ukan unda daebrunebina, xolo is, vinc muhamadisagan gamoiqceoda
kuraiSelebTan, is meqaSi darCeboda; 3. arabul tomebs, romlebic adre
xelSekrulebiT iyvnen dakavSirebuli meqasTan, ufleba miecaT xelSekruleba
daedoT muhamadTan an meqel kuraiSelebTan; 4. muslimebs ufleba miecaT
piligrimoba SeesrulebinaT meqaSi momaval wels, amasTan Tan SeiZleba hqonodaT
mxolod xmali da sami dRe unda darCeniliyvnen.
ÐudaÁbiÁas xelSekruleba garkveul privilegiebs aniWebda muslimebs da
legalizacias aZlevda muhamadis mdgomareobas, rogorc muslimuri Temis meTaurs.
meqelebma is Tanasworad aRiares, rodesac xeli moaweres am SeTanxmebas. muhamadi
meqelebma aRiares ara rogorc “alahis mociquli”, aramed rogorc politikosi, misi
mimdevrebis winamZRoli — muÐammad b. ‘abd al-láhi.

27 salmáni gaxda legendaruli figura garkveul wreebSi. is aris sufizmis erT-erTi

fuZemdebeli, xolo misi saflavi qtezifonis axlos aris Siitebis molocvis obieqtic,
rogorc ‘alãs erTguli mimdevaris. zogierTi Siituri seqta mas Tvlis alahis erT-erT
emanaciad.

15
 gasaTvaliswinebelia is faqtic, rom medina gaxda mTlianad muslimuri
teritoria, gaqra eWvebi muhamadis gansakuTrebuli misiis Taobaze, ganmtkicda misi
ekonomikuri mdgomareoba da gaumjobesda misi armiis SeiaraReba, ramac saSualeba
misca muhamads dapirispireboda ufro mravalricxovan mters.
muhamadma meqelebTan molaparakebis Semdeg mTeli yuradReba gadaitana Tavis
religiur mowinaaRmdegeebze xaÁbaris oazisSi (medinis CrdiloeTiT 150 km.-ze),
sadac medinidan gadasaxlebuli iudevelebi cxovrobdnen da seriozul
dabrkolebas warmoadgendnen islamis gavrcelebis gzaze medinis CrdiloeTiT. maT
didi winaaRmdegoba gauwies muhamads medinis alyis dros. muhamadis politika
iudevelTa mimarT mkveTrad Seicvala badrTan brZolaSi gamarjvebis Semdeg28. 624
welsve man gaaZeva banå kaÁnuká‘-s tomi oazisidan, banå nadir — 625 wels, xolo 627
wels ki banå kuraÁûas mamakacebi sikvdiliT dasajes, qalebi da bavSvebi
daatyveves. xaÁbaris winaaRmdeg laSqrobaSi (628 w.) monawileobdnen mxolod
ÐudaÁbiÁas ficis monawileebi29. muhamadma Tvenaxevris alyis Semdeg daimorCila
xaÁbaris oazisi. xaÁbaris mosaxleobasTan dadebuli xelSekrulebiT, mociqulma
neba darTo maT darCeniliyvnen xaÁbarSi, daemuSavebinaT miwebi da mosavlis
naxevari muslimebisaTvis gadaecaT. xaÁbaris miwebis 1/5 gadaeca muhamads, rogorc
samxedro eqspediciis xelmZRvanels da mis ojaxs. amis Semdeg fadakis (xaibaridan
aRmosavleTiT, 145km.-ze) oazisi ubrZolvelad danebda muhamads mosavlis naxevris
gadaxdis pirobiT. muhamadisa da misi mimdevrebis simdidre mniSvnelovnad gaizarda.
xaÁbarSi gamarjveba daemTxva sxva warmatebas — swored am dros eTiopiaSi
mravalwliani emigraciidan dabrunda muslimTa jgufi muhamadis biZis — ja‘far b.
abå tálibis xelmZRvanelobiT. isini cnes iseTive muhajirebad, rogorc medinaSi
gadasaxlebuli muslimebi da maT miiRes xaibaris Semosavlebis wili.
yvela adreuli istorikosi da muhamadis biografi Tvlis, rom ÐudaÁbiÁas
Semdeg, muhamadma werilebi gaugzavna da islamis miReba SesTavaza bizantiis
imperator iraklis, iranis Sah xosro II-s, eTiopiis neguss, RasanianTa arab amiras,
egviptis bizantielTa nacvals — al-mukavkiss, omanis, iemenis, bahreinis da Áamamas
mmarTvelebs [at-tabarã, I, 1560-75]. Sua saukuneebis istorikosTa cnobebis sandoobas
skeptikurad uyureben Tanamedrove mkvlevrebi, Tumca muhamadis kontaqti eTiopiis
negusTan da egviptis nacvalTan dasturdeba. al-mukavkisma 628 wels gamougzavna
muhamads saCuqrebi: ori mona-qali (debi), saWurisi, jori da kopturi qsovilisagan
Sekerili tansacmeli. erT-erTi mona-qali (marÁami) muhamadis mxevali gaxda, xolo
meore aCuqa Ðassán b. sábiTs.
629 wels muhamadma Sekriba ÐudaÁbiÁas ficis monawileni da Seasrula mcire
piligrimoba meqaSi30, romelmac didi roli iTamaSa muhamadis poziciebis
ganmtkicebaSi. 629 welsve RassánianTa winaaRmdeg gaigzavna muslimTa laSqari
zaÁd b. Ðárisas meTaurobiT mkvdari zRvis maxloblad, mu’TasTan. muslimebi
damarcxdnen, daiRupa Tavad zaÁdi da muhamadis biZaSvili ja‘far ibn abã tálibi. am
damarcxebis miuxedavad, saidumlod momzadda meqaze laSqroba, 630 wels.
meqis dapyrobaSi monawileoba miiRo sul 10 aTasma muslimma. muhamads Tan
axlda Tavisi qaliSvilebi — fátima da umm qulsåmi. muhamadis mxareze gadavidnen
meqelTa winamZRolebi — ‘amr b. al-‘áíã (egviptis momavali dampyrobeli), cnobili
sardali xálid b. al-valãdi, mociqulis yofili mowinaaRmdege abå sufÁáni,
muhamadis biZa — al-‘abbás b. ‘abd al-muttalibi. meqaSi Sesvlis win muhamadma
brZana, ar daexocaT aravin imaT garda, vinc iaraRiT xelSi gamovidoda maT
winaaRmdeg. eqvsi meqis mcxovrebi gamocxadda kanongareSed: ‘abd al-láh b. sa‘di,

28Tavdapirvelad muhamads kargi urTierToba hqonda medinis iudevelebTan. man gamosca

brZaneba, romelic “aTanabrebda maT uflebebs sxva mcxovreblebTan da aRuTqvamda maT
sarwmunoebrivi aRmsareblobis srul Tavisuflebas da samxedro dacvas im pirobiT, rom
isini monawileobas miiRebdnen qalaqis TavdacvaSi”. muhamadma kiblad ierusalimi daawesa da
ebraelTa “iom qifur” muslimTaTvis wminda dRed gamoacxada.
29 maT, vinc ÐudaÁbiÁas brZolaSi monawileoba ar isurves da karvebSi darCnen TavianT
ojaxebTan erTad, ar miecaT axla xaibaris winaaRmdeg laSqrobaSi monawileobis da
Sesabamisad nadavlis miRebis ufleba. es iyo garkveuli kompensacia ÐudaÁbiÁas ficis
monawileTaTvis, romelTac ver Seasrules 628 wels ‘umra meqaSi.
30 es piligrimoba, romelmac miiRo saxelwodeba “winaswargansazRvruli mcire piligrimoba”
(al-‘umra al-kadiia), dasrulda muhamadis qorwinebiT maÁmåna binT al-Ðárisze.

16
vinc iwerda muhamadis gamocxadebebs, magram Semdeg daeWvda da daubrunda
warmarTobas; ‘abd al-láh b. al-xatali banå Taimidan, romelic muhamadma gaagzavna
íadakas (mowyaleba) Sesakrebad, magram is Sekrebili jogiT meqaSi gaiqca; muhamadis
ori momRerali mona-qali, romlebic damcinav simRerebs mRerodnen mociqulze; al-
ÐuvaÁris b. nukaÁzi, romelic uxeSad moeqca fátimas da umm qulsåms, rodesac gza
gadauRoba maT meqidan medinisaken gzaze; mikÁas b. Çubába, romelic gaiqca meqaSi
imis Semdeg, rac Tavisi Zmis gamo SurisZiebisaTvis mokla ansari; qali — sara,
romelsac waarTves werili. es ukanaskneli amcnobda meqelebs muhamadis laSqrobis
Sesaxeb meqis winaaRmdeg (mogvianebiT, muhamadma Seiwyala sara); ‘ikrima b. abã jahli,
muhamadis mowinaaRmdege, romelic xelmZRvanelobda kuraiSelTa jgufs da gza
gadauRoba xálid b. al-valãds meqaSi Sesvlisas.
630 wlis 12 ianvars muhamadma meqa faqtobrivad ubrZolvelad daimorCila.
es iyo muslimTaTvis mniSvnelovani dRe — meqa gaTavisuflda kerpebisagan.
muhamadis brZanebiT, kerpebis ganadgureba moxda meqis midamoebSic, ramac
sabolood daadastura islamis upiratesoba da muhamadis siZliere. muhamadma brZana
agreTve waeSalaT qaabas kedlebze warmarTi RmerTebis bareliefebi, magram
gadmocemiT, neba darTo droebiT daetovebinaT iesos, mariamis da abraamis
gamosaxulebebi. 630 w. 30 ianvars ganwmendil taZarSi muhamadma Seasrula locva,
emTxvia wminda Sav qvas da 7-jer Semouara qaabas. Semdeg sityviT mimarTa qaabasTan
Sekrebil meqelebs. kuraiSelTa yvela warmarTuli privilegia, qaabas dacvisa da
piligrimTa wyliT momaragebis garda, anulirebulad gamocxadda. meqelebma,
qalebma da mamakacebma cal-calke, erTgulebis fici misces muhamads.
meqis damorCilebis Semdeg muhamads brZola mouxda muslimTa winaaRmdeg
gamosul havázinis da sakãfis tomebTan meqis axlos, ®unaÁnTan (taifis gzaze),
sadac muslimebma xelT igdes didZali nadavli: 6 000 tyve (qalebi da bavSvebi),
24 000 aqlemi, daaxl. 40 000 cxvari da 160 000 dirhami. nadavlidan gamoyofilma
xumsis didma odenobam muhamads saSualeba misca uxvad daejildovebina yofili
mowinaaRmdegeebi — meqis aristokratia da amiT gadaefara maTi sinanuli
damoukideblobis dakargvasTan dakavSirebiT. siaSi iyvnen abå sufÁáni da misi vaJebi
— mu‘áviÁa da Áazãdi, dasavleT arabeTis sxvadasxva tomebis winamZRolebi (maTi
wili Seadgenda 100 an 50 aqlems). yvela dajildovebulma muslimur
istoriografiaSi miiRo saxelwodeba: “al-mu’allafa kulåbuhum” — “isini, visi
gulebic gaxda ukeTesi”. es imaze miuTiTebda, rom absoluturi umravlesobisaTvis
100 aqlemi ufro damajerebeli argumenti iyo axali moZRvrebis sasargeblod, vidre
TviTon moZRvreba. am nadavlidan araferi ar xvdaT wilad ansarebs, ramac maTi
ukmayofileba gamoiwvia, magram muhamadma moagvara konfliqti ansarebTan.
630 welsve taifis (at-tá’if) 20 dRiani alya uSedegod dasrulda. 630 wlis
18 an 19 marts muhamadi Tavis armiasTan erTad dabrunda medinaSi. meqaSi muhamadma
datova nacvali, romelsac daevala sazogado locvis xelmZRvanelobac.
meqis dapyrobasa da islamizacias 630 w. mohyva arabeTis naxevarkunZulze
mcxovrebi arabuli tomebis masobrivi islamizacia da muslimuri saxelmwifos
formirebis procesi. Tumca islamis miRebas da muhamadis aRiarebas mociqulad ar
Seucvlia tomobrivi organizaciis struqtura da ar momxdara Tundac primitiuli
administraciuli aparatis Camoyalibeba. gaCnda mxolod erTi axali elementi, rac
ar iyo damaxasiaTebeli tomobrivi organizaciisaTvis — gadasaxadi. hijriT 9
wlis 1 muharams/630 wlis 20 aprils íadakas amkrefni gaigzavnen yvela tomTan,
romelTac miiRes islami. 630 wlis zafxulSi muhamadma moawyo laSqroba tabåkis
(qalaqi Crdilo-dasavleT arabeTSi, bizantiis sazRvarTan) winaaRmdeg. iq muhamadis
xelisufleba cnes qristianebma da iudevelebma, romlebTanac dado xelSekruleba
mfarvelobis (zimma) Sesaxeb suladobrivi gadasaxadis — jizias gadaxdis
sanacvlod.
631 weli aRiniSna, rogorc “elCobaTa weli”. gadmocemiT, arabeTis beduinTa
tomebi (taifidan, iemenidan, bahrainidan, Áamamadan da sxv.) ugzavnidnen muhamads
warmomadgenlebs, ucxadebdnen mas morCilebas da iRebdnen islams. 631 welsve
muhamadma meqaSi piligrimTa jgufis xelmZRvanelad daniSna abå baqri, raTa
urwmunoebs xeli ar SeeSalaT piligrimebisaTvis. mociqulma ‘alãs daavala
gamoecxadebina akrZalvebi, romlebic exeboda mravalRmerTianobas da aramuslimTa
daSvebas meqis wminda adgilebSi. 632 wlisaTvis islami miiRo yvela tomma, vinc

17
Tayvans cemda qaabas. amave wlis TebervalSi muhamadma Seasrula haji, romelic
cnobilia rogorc “gamosaTxovari” (hajjaT al-vadá‘). swored am piligrimobis
dros alahma mociqulis saSualebiT morwmuneebs gardmouvlina bolo gamocxadeba
[5:5]. muhamadma warmoTqva qadageba, romlis drosac ganacxada, rom alahis mier masze
dakisrebuli samociqulo misia dasrulda. amis Semdeg muhamadi dabrunda medinaSi.
daaxloebiT amave periodSi arabeTis naxevarkunZulis sxvadasxva nawilSi
gamoCndnen “cru mociqulebi” (al-asvadi, tulaÁ®a da musaÁlima), romlebic saTaveSi
Caudgnen gadasaxadebiT ukmayofilo arabuli tomebis ajanyebebs.
muhamadi gardaicvala medinaSi xanmokle avadmyofobis Semdeg, 632 wlis 8
ivniss/hijriT 11 wlis 13 rabã‘ I. abå baqris moTxovniT, is dakrZales medinaSi,
Tavisi colis ‘á’iSas saxlSi. mociqulis saflavi (hujra) gaxda meore wminda
adgili qaabas Semdeg da is muslimTa molocvis obieqtia. muhamadis gardacvaleba
muslimuri TemisaTvis moulodneli iyo. marTalia, alahis mociquli Tavis
mimdevrebs gamudmebiT axsenebda, rom is mxolod adamiania, maT mainc hqondaT
zebunebrivi Carevisa da muhamadis gadarCenis imedi. Tumca maTi imedebi ar
gamarTlda. abå baqrma Tqva: “imaT, vinc emorCilebiT alahs, dae icodeT, rom alahi
cocxalia da mudam cocxali iqneba. xolo maT, vinc Tayvans cemda muhamads, dae
Seityon Cemgan, rom muhamadi gardaicvala”.
muslimuri literatura muhamadze Zalian vrceli da mravalferovania. masSi
Sedis hadisebi (gadmocemebi muhamadis gamonaTqvamebsa da saqcielze), muhamadis
biografiebi, sxvadasxva naSromebi mis Rirsebebze, locvebisa da leqsebis
specialuri krebulebi, romlebic mis Seqebas eZRvneba. swored muslimur religiur
literaturaSi Camoyalibda mociqulis idealuri saxe, romelic misabaZi gaxda
yvela muslimisaTvis.
islami ar cnobs muhamadis RvTaebriobas da yurani mas uwodebs “alahis
mociquls da mociqulTa beWeds” — alahis ukanasknel mociquls samyaros
aRsasrulis win [33:40]. is movida raTa daasrulos samociqulo xazi da daasvas
saboloo beWedi. islamuri moZRvreba muhamadze, rogorc winaswarmetyvelze
miuRebeli iyo qristianebisaTvis, radganac muhamadis movlineba ar ixsenieba Zvelsa
da axal aRTqmaSi. arc erT sxva did religiur moRvawes ar gamouwvevia amdeni
kamaTi da sayveduri Tavisi misamarTiT, gansakuTrebiT qristianebisagan, ramdenic
muhamads. ZiriTadi mizezi aris muhamadis mier tradiciuli iudaizmis da
qristianobis uaryofa da misi pretenziuli gancxadeba, rom man Seqmna ufro
srulyofili religia.
muhamadisadmi pativiscemis gamosaxatavad da misi siwmindis aRiarebis gamo,
RvTismosavi muslimebi misi saxelis warmoTqmis Semdeg Cveulebriv amateben
sityvebs: “alahimc akurTxebs da miesalmeba”.

muhamadis 5 ganZi

muhamadis mimdevaris, jábir b. ‘abd al-láhis gadmocemiT, muhamadma Tqva: “me

meboZa 5 ram, rac ar hqonia arc erT mociquls Cemamde. me gamiwies daxmareba, risi
wyalobiTac SiSma moicva yvela Cemi mtris guli, romlebic cxovroben Cemgan erTi
Tvis saval manZilze; mTeli dedamiwa CemTvis gadaiqca locvis adgilad da gaxda
wminda. amis gamo, sadac ar unda iyos Cemi Temis wevri locvisaTvis dadgenil
dros, dae ilocos im adgilze; me neba damerTo samxedro nadavlis, rac ar yofila
nebadarTuli arcerTi mociqulisaTvis Cemamde; me momeca ufleba adamianTa
mosarCleobis RmerTis winaSe; da kidev, adre yoveli mociquli igzavneboda
mxolod Tavis xalxTan, me ki warmagzavnes yvela xalxTan” [al-buxárã].

muhamadis mimdevrebi. zogadad muhamadis mimdevrebs ewodebodaT ashabebi (al-aíÐáb

an aí-íaÐába, mr. r. sityvisa íáÐib — “Tanamgzavri”, “megobari”, “kompanioni”).
Tavdapirvelad es termini ixmareboda adrindeli muslimebis aRsaniSnavad,
romelTac muhamadis sicocxleSi miiRes islami, Tan axldnen samxedro
laSqrobebis dros da monawileoba miiRes arabul-muslimuri saxelmwifos SeqmnaSi.
mogvianebiT, am terminma SeiZina teqnikuri mniSvneloba. ase uwodebdnen yvelas,
visac sicocxleSi erTxel mainc, Tundac bavSvobaSi, nanaxi hyavda muhamadi.

18
sunituri TvalsazrisiT, brmebic iTvlebodnen muhamadis mimdevrebad. bolo
kompanioni, gadmocemiT, gardaicvala hijris 100/718 wlis Semdeg da ra Tqma unda,
patara bavSvi iqneboda, roca naxa muhamadi.
ashabebs Soris iyvnen sruliad sxvadasxva adamianebi: Raribebi da mdidrebi,
monebi da Tavisuflebi. religiuri TvalsazrisiT, ashabebis yvelaze didi
damsaxureba iyo is, rom maT pirvelebma aRiares muhamadi mociqulad, mis
sicocxleSive miiRes islami da Seviwroeba ganicades islamis rwmenis gamo.
muhamadis mimdevrebis saxelebis Semdeg Cveulebriv moxseniebulia Semdegi
fraza: “raÇia-lláhu-‘anhu” [allahimcaa kmayofili miT, allahimc mouvlinebs mas
sikeTes].
muhamadis mimdevrebs Soris gamoiyofoda ori jgufi: muhajirebi (arab. mx. r.
al-muhájir) — muslimebi, romlebic 622 w. hijris dros gadasaxldnen meqidan
iasribSi (medinaSi) da ansarebi — (arab. mr. r. al-aníár) isini, vinc daxmareba
aRmouCines muhamads da mis Tanmxleb muslimebs medinaSi da miiRes islami.
muhamadis mimdevrebis ierarqia dadginda sxvadasxva religiur-iuridiuli
skolebis mier. sunitebi (yvela mazhabi) saukeTesod aRiareben pirvel oTx xalifas,
romlebic Tavis mxriv arian muhamadis “rCeuli mimdevrebi” (“al-mubaSSarån al-
a’aSara”): abå baqri, ‘umari, ‘usmáni, ‘alã, talÐa b. ‘ubaÁd al-láhi, az-zubaÁr b. al-
‘avvámi, ‘abd ar-raÐmán b. ‘aufi, sa’d b. abã vakkáíi, sa‘ãd b. zaÁdi. SiitebisaTvis
erTaderTi muhamadis mimdevari, romelic imsaxurebs muhamadis memkvidreobas, aris
‘alã b. abã talibi. muhamadis mimdevrebis pativiscema sunituri moZRvrebis erT-erTi
fundamenturi principia. amaze miuTiTebs mravalricxovani arabuli biografiuli
krebulebi, romlebic maT eZRvneba.
ashabTa didi mniSvneloba islamis istoriaSi ganisazRvreba imiT, rom
muhamadis sikvdilis Semdeg isini gaxdnen misi moZRvrebis koleqtiuri gadamcemni.
maTma moTxrobebma muhamadis sityvebsa da saqmeebze (hadisebi) maT pirad magaliTTan
da azrTan erTad Seadgina suna. 640 wlidan maT hqondaT maRali jamagiri da
nadavlis didi wili.

damatebiTi literatura

1. gelovani n. qali islamSi (VII-Xss.). Tb., 2005.

2. vaxtangaZe m. muhamadi rogorc politikuri moRvawe da muslimuri
saxelmwifos Camoyalibebis procesi. kreb. axlo aRmosavleTi da saqarTvelo, II,
Tb., 1999, gv. 42-52.
3. Вахтангадзе М. К. Институт побратимства /Му’ахха/ в Раннем Исламе. Препринт.
Тбилиси,1991.
4. Ибн Хишам. Жизнеописание Пророка Мухаммада. Расказанное со слов аль-Баккаи, со
слов Ибн Исхака аль-Мутталиба (первая половина VII века). Перевод с
арабского Н. А Гайнуллина. М., 2003.
5. Ирвинг В. Жизнь Магомета с изложением его учения, заключащегося в Коране. М., 1990.
6. Хишaм ибн Мухаммад ал-Калби. Книга об идолах (Китаб ал-аснам). Пер. с арабского,
предисловие и примечания Вл. В. Полосина, М., 1984.
7. Колесников А.И. Две редакции письма Мухаммеда сасанидскому шаху Хосрову II-му
Парвизу. – Палестинский сборник, вып. 17(80), М.-Л., 1967, с. 74-83.
8. Колесников А.И. Две версии договора Мухаммеда с христианами Наджрана. –
Палестинский сборник, вып. 28 (91), с. 24-34.
9. Лундин А. Г. «Дочери бога » в южно-арабских надписях и в Коране. − Вестник
древней истории, II, 1975, #2, c.124-131.
10. Негря Л.В. Общественный строй Северной и Центральной Аравии в V-VII вв. М.,
1981.
11. Пиотровский М. Б. О природе власти Мухаммада. − Государственная власть и
общественно-политические структуры в Арабских странах. История и современность,
М., 1984, c.6-11.
12. Пиотровский М.Б. Мухаммад, пророки, лжепророки, кахины. – Ислам в истории
народов Востока, М., 1981, с. 9-18.

19
13. Пиотровский М.Б. Пророческое движение в Аравии VII в. – Ислам в истории народов
Востока М., 1981, с. 19-27.
14. Пиотровский М.Б. «Поход слона» на Мекку (Коран и историческая действительность).
– Ислам в истории народов Востока. М., 1981, с. 28-35.
15. Пиотровский М. Б. Об эфиопской хиджре. Эфиопские исследования. М., 1981.
16. Пиотровский М. Б. Южная Аравия в раннее средневековье: становление средневекового
общества. М., 1985.
17. Резван Е. А. Коран и его мир. Санкт-Петербург, 2001.
18. Резван Е. А. Побратимство в Коране (от кровнородственного коллектива к религиозно-
политическому сообществу). − История культуры народов Востока, I, Москва, 1983, сс.
194-200.
19. Роллин Армур. Христианство и ислам: непростая история. / Пер. с англ./ М., 2004.
20. Уотт У. М. Мухаммад в Мекке. Пер. с англ. Москва-Санкт-Петербург, 2006.
21. Юрчук В. В. Мухаммад. Минск, 2003.
22. Rizwi, S. Faizer. Muhammad and the Medinan Jews. A Comparison of the Texts of
Ibn Ishaq’s Kitab Sirat Rasul Allah with al-Waqidi’s Kitab al-Maghazi. _
International Journal of Middle East Studies. Vol.28. No 4,1996, 463-489.
23. Watt, W. Montgomery. Muhammad: Prophet and Statesman. Oxford University Press,
1961.

20
 Tavi II

arabTa saxalifo da islamis gavrceleba

1. pirveli “marTlmorwmune” xalifebi

da umaRlesi xelisuflebis sakiTxi adreul islamSi

632 wels, muhamadis gardacvalebis Semdeg, safuZveli Caeyara arabTa

Teokratiul saxelmwifos (saxalifos), romlis safuZvels warmoadgenda mociqulis
mier dasavleT arabeTSi Seqmnili muslimuri Temi (umma).
muhamads ar dautovebia miTiTebebi Tavisi sikvdilis SemTxvevaSi, mas ar
hyavda arc pirdapiri memkvidre mamrobiTi xaziT. muhamadi Tavis TavSi aerTianebda
3 ZiriTad funqcias: is iyo saerTo locvis xelmZRvaneli — imami (imám), Temis
politikuri xelmZRvaneli — amira (amãr) da umaRlesi msajuli. saerTo locvis
xelmZRvanelis funqcia muhamadma sikvdilis win gadasca abå baqrs. muhamadma Tavis
mimdevrebs dautova dasrulebuli religiuri sistema, magram muslimuri Temis
Semdgomi ganviTareba SeiZleba sxvadasxvagvarad warmarTuliyo: an islami
gamxdariyo arabeTis naxevarkunZulis mcxovrebTa religia, an rogorc es moxda,
gasuliyo mis farglebs gareT da gamxdariyo erT-erTi sam msoflio religias
Soris. mociqulis gardacvalebis Semdeg, sazogadoebis winaSe dadga 2 mwvave
sakiTxi: vin gaxdeboda misi memkvidre da rogor unda emarTaT mzardi islamuri
sazogadoeba? muhamadi iyo alahis mociquli da misma mimdevrebma icodnen, rom
Tavis politikur da socialur gadawyvetilebebSi xelmZRvanelobda RvTiuri
miTiTebebiT. misi gardacvalebiT Sewyda RmerTis uSualo Careva morwmuneTa Temis
cxovrebaSi. aranairi miTiTeba muslimuri Temis marTvasTan dakavSirebiT ar
arsebobda. amdenad, mociqulis mimdevrebs SeeZloT mxolod dayrdnobodnen
sakuTar intuicias da codnas.
muslimuri Temis axali xelmZRvaneli unda aerCiaT muhamadis mimdevrebis
wridan — eseni iyvnen muhajirebi da ansarebi. muhamadis gardacvalebis dResve
Seikribnen ansarebi banå sa‘dis fardulSi (sakãfa) da pretenzia ganacxades maTi
wridan aerCiaT muslimuri Temis meTauri. rodesac muhajirebma Seityes ansarTa
ganzraxvis Sesaxeb, ‘umari, abå baqri, abå ‘ubaÁda da kidev ramdenime muhajiri
mividnen am Sekrebaze. ansarTa umravlesobas surda xazrajiti — sa‘d b. ‘ubádas
arCeva, romelmac sityviT mimarTa ansarebs, aRniSna maTi damsaxurebebi islamis
winaSe da mianiWa maT upiratesoba kuraiSelebTan SedarebiT. erT-erTma ansarma
SesTavaza muhajirebs waredginaT ori kandidati — erTi muhajirebis wridan, erTi
ansarebis. es winadadeba miuRebeli iyo muhajirebisaTvis, radganac gamoiwvevda
muslimuri Temis or nawilad gayofas. abå baqrma warmoTqva sityva da xazi gausva,
rom yuraniT upiratesoba eniWebodaT muhajirebs da xalifa unda aerCiaT
mociqulis tomidan. dasaxelda sami kandidati: ‘umari, abå ‘ubaÁda da abå baqri.
ansarTa mxardaWeram ganapiroba abå baqris arCeva muslimuri Temis meTaurad.

21
 abå baqrma miiRo xalifas (xalãfa, mr. xulafá’)31 tituli, rac niSnavs
moadgiles. es termini xSirad gvxvdeba yuranSi. mag., am terminiT ixsenieba adami da
daudi [2:28; 38:25], rogorc alahis nacvlebi dedamiwaze. magram yuranSi ar Cans, rom
xalifa SeiZleboda yofiliyo muhamadis memkvidris tituli. es mniSvneloba man
miiRo 632 wlidan, roca abå baqri airCies muslimuri Temis meTaurad, alahis
mociqulis moadgiled.
pirveli xalifebi iyvnen alahis mociqulis — muhamadis moadgileebi (xalãfaT
rasål al-láh). islamis istoriis adreul etapze ar iyo naTeli warmodgena
xalifas valdebulebebze. saxelmwifo xelisuflebis Teoria damuSavda
TandaTanobiT muslimi fakihebis mier X s-is bolos da XI s-is dasawyisSi, roca
xalifas xelisufleba daeca da gamocxadebul principebs araferi saerTo ar
hqonda realur cxovrebasTan. fakihebma es Teoria daukavSires yuranis miTiTebebs.
am Teorias safuZvlad daedo yuranis aia: “morwmuneno! daemorCileT alahs, mis
mociqulsa da mbrZanebelT (xelisuflebis mflobelT)32 Tqvens Soris”.
xalifebi warmoadgendnen muslimuri Temisa da muslimuri Teokratiuli
saxelmwifos sasuliero da saero meTaurebs. Sesabamisad, xalifas unda
ganexorcielebina samoqalaqo da religiuri xelisuflebis ganuyofloba. adreuli
muslimebis TvalSi xalifa ar iyo RvTaebrivi gamocxadebis matarebeli, aramed
mxolod “morwmuneTa mbrZanebeli”, romelic mowodebulia daicvas yuranis
dadgenilebebi da muhamadis aRTqmebi. xalifas movaleobas Seadgenda saRvTo omis
xelmZRvaneloba da dapyrobili teritoriebis marTva.
muslimuri Temis nebiT arCeul pirvel oTx xalifas, romelTa cxovrebis wesi
da qceva warmoadgenda samagaliTos da sunas Semadgenel nawils, sunitebi Tvlian
“marTlmorwmune xalifebad” (“al-xulaf‰’ ar-ráSidån”). maTi mmarTvelobis periodi
Sefasebulia rogorc “islamis oqros saukune”.
pirveli “marTlmorwmune“ xalifa gaxda abå baqri (632-634). misi metsaxeli
iyo “aí-íiddãk“ (simarTlis moyvaruli)33. is iyo mdidari meqeli vaWari (Tájir),
eqsperti arabuli tomebis genealogiaSi, muhamadis uaxloesi mimdevari da mrCeveli.
zogierTi tradiciiT, abå baqri iyo pirveli mamakaci muhamadis Semdeg, vinc miiRo
islami (ibn sa‘di). is Tan axlda muhamads yvela laSqrobis dros, mxars uWerda mas
da uSualo monawileobas iRebda islamis adreul brZolebSi urwmunoTa
winaaRmdeg. abå baqris gansakuTrebul mdgomareobas muslimur TemSi xeli Seuwyo
muhamadis qorwinebam mis qaliSvilze — ‘á’iSa binT abã baqrze.
abå baqris mmarTvelobis wlebi kritikuli iyo axalgazrda islamuri
saxelmwifosaTvis. 632-33 wels moxda sxvadasxva arabuli tomebis gamosvla xalifas
xelisuflebis winaaRmdeg, romelsac islamuri tradicia islamidan gandgomas da
warmarTobaze dabrunebas uwodebs (ar-ridda - “sarwmunoebisagan gandgoma“).
beduinTa garkveulma tomebma, romelTaTvisac islami asocirdeboda muhamadis
pirovnebasTan, misi sikvdilis Semdeg uari Tqves ecnoT xalifas xelisufleba da
gadaexadaT zaqaTi. ajanyebulebs xelmZRvanelobdnen e.w. “cru mociqulebi”. maT
Soris iyvnen al-asvad al-‘ansã — iemenSi, talha (tulaÁ®a) b. xalidi — najdSi
(asadis da Ratafánis tomebi), sajá®i (qali, romelic xelmZRvanelobda Tamãm-is
toms) da maslama (musaÁlima, xelmZRvanelobda Ðanãfas toms) — ÁamámaSi. “cru
mociqulebi” Tavs acxadebdnen RmerTis mociqulad, baZavdnen muhamads da arabuli
tomebis garkveuli nawili aiZules uari eTqvaT axal religiaze. am pirobebSi abå
baqrs mouxda gamoeCina Seupovroba da simtkice, raTa SeenarCunebina islamuri
saxelmwifos erTianoba. zaqaTi iyo da aris erT-erTi mniSvnelovani RvTiuri
miTiTeba, romlis gadaxda yuraniT aris gansazRvruli da nebismieri kompromisi am
sakiTxze niSnavda islamis safuZvlebidan gadaxvevas. xalifam ajanyebulTa
winaaRmdeg gaagzavna 11 SeairaRebuli razmi da iaraRis ZaliT daimorCila

31 es termini xSirad gvxvdeba yuranSi. mag., am terminiT ixsenieba adami da daudi [2:28; 38:25],
rogorc alahis nacvlebi dedamiwaze. magram yuranSi ar Cans, rom xalifa SeiZleboda
yofiliyo muhamadis memkvidris tituli. es mniSvneloba man miiRo 632 wlidan, roca abå
baqri airCies muslimuri Temis meTaurad, alahis mociqulis moadgiled.
32 yuranis komentatorebs (mag., al-baÁÇávã) am gamoTqmis qveS esmiT imam-xalifa, fakihebs —
Sari‘aTis mcodneni, yadiebi da mxedarTmTavrebi “alahis gzaze” e. i. “wminda omSi”.
33 es metsaxeli ganmtkicebulia hadisiT, romlis Tanaxmadac mxolod man daijera maSinve
muhamadis moTxroba misi Ramis mogzaurobasa da zecad aRmasvlasTan dakavSirebiT.

22
gamdgari tomebi. riddas yvelaze mniSvnelovani brZola iyo ÁamámaSi, ‘akrabá’-Tan
633 wlis maisSi, romlis drosac moklul iqna TviTon musailima da daiRupa 30
hafizi (yuranis mcodne). amis gamo islamur tradiciaSi am brZolis adgils ewoda
“sikvdilis baRi”. ajanyebis CaxSobas mohyva islamis saboloo gamarjveba arabeTSi,
ramac xalifa abå baqrs dapyrobiTi omebis dawyebis SesaZlebloba misca.
xalifa abå baqri gardaicvala 634 wlis 23 agvistos. sikvdilis win man Tavis
memkvidred daasaxela muhamadis uaxloesi mimdevari, misi erT-erTi colis Ðafías
mama —‘umari, romelsac muslimurma Temma misca erTgulebis fici.
‘umar I b. al-xattábi, meqis kuraiSis tomis, al-‘adã b. qa‘bis gvaridan, gaxda
me-2 “marTlmorwmune” xalifa (634-644). man daaxl. 613 w. miiRo islami, manamde
mtrulad iyo mis mimarT ganwyobili. muhamadTan erTad Seasrula hijra da
monawileobda yvela mis laSqrobaSi.
‘umaris dros swrafad gafarTovda muslimTa samflobelo arabeTis
naxevarkunZulis garglebs gareT (das. irani, erayi, siria, egvipte, kirenaika,
SeiWrnen amierkavkasiaSi). erTmorwmune arabTa Temi gadaiqca mravalerovnul
saxelmwifod, gaCnda sxva sarwmunoebis mosaxleoba. aman moiTxova ‘umarisagan
garkveuli RonisZiebebis gatareba administraciuli aparatis organizaciisaTvis da
uzarmazari Semosavlebis gasanawileblad. ‘umarma ganaviTara muhamadis mier
Camoyalibebuli socialuri Tanasworobisa da sazogadoebrivi samarTlianobis
islamuri safuZvlebi. miwas da mtknar wyals sazogadoebriv monapovrad Tvlida da
man aukrZala arabebs uZravi qonebis (dapyrobili miwebis) dasakuTreba-danawileba.
amis sanacvlod, daaxl. 640 wels man samxedro jamagiri (‘ata’) da sasursaTo
ulufa (rizk) dauwesa yvela ashabsa da dapyrobiTi omis monawiles, romelTa
saxelebic Seitanes sagangebo siebSi — divani (dãván) anu reestri. masSi Sediodnen
calkeuli pirebi da tomebi, romelTac ufleba hqondaT mieRoT fuladi saxsrebi
Sekrebili damorCilebuli mosaxleobidan. Tu xalifa abå baqri amjobinebda
gaTanabrebis princips, rac damaxasiaTebeli iyo Tavdapirveli TemisaTvis, ‘umaris
mier SemoRebuli sistema gansxvavebuli iyo: jamagiris odenoba ganisazRvreboda
ara muslimis mier dakavebuli TanamdebobiT, aramed alahis mociqulTan siaxloviT
(karába), islamis miRebis droiT, hijrasa da brZolebSi monawileobiT. amis
safuZvelze yvelaze met jamagirs Rebulobdnen ara muslimuri Temis meTauri an
misi nacvlebi, aramed muhamadis qvrivebi. jamagiris daniSvnisas gaiTvaliswineboda
maTi damsaxureba islamis winaSe da mociqulTan siaxlove. divanSi meore adgilas
iyvnen — muhajirebi da ansarebi; amasTan, rac ufro adre hqondaT miRebuli
islami, miT ufro met xelfass iRebdnen isini. divanSi mesame adgili daikaves im
tomebma, romelTac monawileoba miiRes laSqrobebSi da imyofebodnen dapyrobil
teritoriebze. Semosavlebis nawili ixarjeboda saxelmwifos saWiroebisaTvis.
ukanaskneli pensioneri am siidan gardaicvala 850 wels.
xalifa ‘umarma SemoiRo yadis (káÇã) instituti, hijris welTaRricxva (638 w.),
romelic emyareba mTvaris moZrav kalendars da daawesa mravali religiuri da
samoqalaqo miTiTebebi: yovelwliuri piligrimoba, romelsac TviTon
xelmZRvanelobda; maTraxiT dasja, diÁa-s (sisxlis safasuri: kompensacia
mkvlelobis, daWrisa da dasaxiCrebisaTvis) zomis fiqsacia, mruSobisaTvis qvebiT
Caqolva, dadginda xarajas da jizias zoma, Semoitana sigrZis da moculobis
erTiani saxelmwifo zomebi, da sxv. ‘umars didi wvlili miuZRvis yuranis teqstebis
SegrovebaSi. man brZana qristianTa da iudevelTa Temebis gaZeveba najranidan da
xaÁbaridan, aukrZala aramuslimebs hijazSi gaCereba sam dReze meti drois
manZilze. ‘umaris gadawyvetilebebi precedentad iqca misi memkvidreebisaTvis.
‘umaris aTwliani mmarTvelobis periodSi arabebma SemoierTes palestina,
siria, egvipte da sasanianTa iranis didi nawili. ‘umarma SemoiRo agreTve samxedro
da samoqalaqo nacvlebis34 instituti da daarsa qseli samxedro banakebisa,
romelTaganac warmoiSvnen qalaqebi — fustati (al-fustát) egvipteSi, qufa (al-
qåfa) da basra (al-baíra) eraySi, al-jábiÁa siriaSi. ‘umarma aukrZala muhamadis
mimdevrebs medinas datoveba da sxva qalaqebSi dasaxleba, radganac is endoboda
maT da avalebda yvela mniSvnelovan saqmes. ‘umari istoriaSi Sevida rogorc
“xalifa-mSenebeli”. mis dros gafarTovda mociqulis meCeTi medinaSi, xelaxla

34 nacvlebis mTavari amocana iyo dapyrobili mosaxleobidan gadasaxadebis akrefa.

23
aSenda qaabas taZari. xalifas brZanebiT 643 wels gaiwminda “traianes arxi”, ris
Sedegadac gaixsna sazRvao gza xmelTaSua zRvidan mewamul zRvamde35 da daiwyo
egviptidan xorblis Semotana meqisa da medinisaTvis.
daaxl. 640 wels ‘umarma xalifas titulTan erTad miiRo “amãr al-mu‘min‹n”-
is (morwmuneTa mbrZaneblis) titulic, rac miuTiTebda misi xelisuflebis rogorc
sasuliero, ise wminda politikur xasiaTze. am tituls atarebdnen misi Semdgomi
xalifebi, umaianebi, abasianebi da maTi mowinaaRmdegeebi, romlebsac taxtze
pretenzia hqondaT (alidebi, karmatebi, fatimianebi).
‘umari didi avtoritetiT sargeblobda ashabebTan. istorikosebs ar
daufiqsirebiaT nacvlebis daumorCileblobis arc erTi faqti. amasTan Tavis
TanamebrZolebs Tavisuflebas aniWebda qmedebebSi. is eweoda TavSekavebul, TiTqmis
asketur cxovrebas da gamoirCeoda didi samarTlianobiT.
644 wlis 3 noembers, medinis meCeTSi paraskevis locvis dros ‘umari
moklaфsparselma monam — abå lu’lu’am, romlis Txovna ar Seasrula xalifam.
arabuli wyaroebis cnobebiT, ‘umars surda memkvidred gamoecxadebina ‘abd ar-
ra®mán b. ‘aufi, magram man uari ganacxada, iseve rogorc ‘abd alláh b. ‘umarma.
amitom daasaxela sabWos — (Sårá) wevrebi, romelTac sruli ufleba mieniWaT —
aerCiaT momavali xalifa sami dRis ganmavlobaSi. eseni iyvnen muhamadis yvelaze
uaxloesi meqeli mimdevrebi: ‘abd ar-ra®mán b. ‘aufi, ‘ali b. abã tálibi, ‘usmán b.
‘affáni, az-zubair b. al-‘avámmi, sa‘d b. abã vakkáíi da tal®a b. ‘ubaÁd al-láhi36.
‘umari daikrZala medinaSi, mociqulis meCeTSi muhamadisa da abå baqris
gverdiT. mis mier daniSnulma sabWom momaval xalifad airCia ‘usmáni mociqulTan
misi siaxlovis, misi gvaris da gamocdilebis gamo.
‘usmán b. ‘affáni gaxda me-3 marTlmorwmune xalifa 644-656ww. is iyo mdidari
meqeli vaWari, kuraiSis tomis, umaÁÁas gvaridan. muhamadis erT-erTi pirveli
mimdevari, iqorwina muhamadis or qaliSvilze — jer rukaÁÁaze da misi
gardacvalebis Semdeg, umm qulsåmze. is xelmZRvanelobda muslimTa emigracias
eTiopiaSi, xolo 623 w. is Cavida medinaSi.
‘usmánis mmarTvelobis periodSi saxalifom gaafarTova Tavisi sazRvrebi
CrdiloeT afrikaSi Tunisamde, sabolood gaanadgura sasanianTa saxelmwifo da
ganmtkicda amierkavkasiaSi. swored ‘usmánis dros Camoyalibda arabuli floti,
riTac bolo moeRo bizantiis sazRvao upiratesobas.
xalifa ‘usmánis iniciaticiT momzadda yuranis sruli teqsti, romlis
Sedgena daevala muhamadis mdivans — zaÁd b. sábiTs (iasribeli, xazrajis tomidan)
sam meqelTan erTad. es teqsti gamocxadda kanonikurad da yvela muslimisaTvis
savaldebulod. ‘usmánis xalifobis periodSi zaidi iyo medinis yadi da xalifas
xazinis mcveli. xalifam Secvala agreTve locvis rituali — daamata mesame
mowodeba locvisaken da daawesa oris nacvlad oTxi miwieri Tayvaniscema hajis
dros ‘arafáTis mTasTan da minás dablobze.
‘usmánis mmarTvelobis bolos xalifas pirvelad daupirispirda opozicia,
daiwyo mRelvarebebi da ajanyebebi provinciebSi. ukmayofilebas ganapirobebda is,
rom ‘usmáni provinciebis, olqebis gamgeblebad da mxedarTmTavrebad niSnavda Tavis
naTesavebs, romelTac asaCuqrebda miwebiT da didZali fuladi TanxiT saxalifos
xazinidan37. ‘usmáni iyo pirveli xalifa islamSi, romelmac garkveuli SeRavaTebi
dauwesa ZiriTadad umaÁÁanebs da gamoiyena divani personaluri da politikuri
interesebisaTvis. magaliTad, marván b. al-Ðaqami, Tavisi biZaSvili da mrCeveli,
SemdgomSi meoTxe umaÁÁani xalifa, man daajildova nadavlis 1/5-iT — 2 500 000
dinariT ifrikiis Semosavlebidan. gadmocemiT, ‘usmánis sikvdilis dRes mis pirad
xazinaSi iyo 150 000 dinari da 1 mln. dirhami. misi simdidriT sargeblobda
muhamadis ramdenime uaxloesi mimdevaric da xdeboda muslimTa qonebis (mál al-
muslimãn) Zarcva, rogorc es aRwerilia wyaroebSi. ashabebi Tvlidnen, rom

35 Tavdapirvelad, ‘umar I-is sapativsacemod mas ewoda “xalãj amãr al-mu’min‹n”, Semdeg ki
“al-xalãj al-háqimi”, egviptis fatimianTa xalifa al-háqimis (gard. 1021 w.) saxeli.
36 rogorc wyaroebi miuTiTeben, talÐa ar daswrebia am sxdomas, radganac medinaSi ar
imyofeboda.
37 es faqti samecniero literaturaSi axsnilia axali administraciuli centrebis
mniSvnelobis gazrdiT, ramac ubiZga xalifas gaeZlierebina kontroli am provinciebze da
gaegzavna iq Tavisi erTguli adamianebi.

24
simdidre da fufuneba arRvvevda islamis faseulobebs da moiTxovdnen muhamadisa
da pirveli ori xalifas droindeli wesebis dacvas, saxelmwifo cxovrebis yvela
sferos daqvemdebarebas muslimuri Temisadmi, nadavlis Tanabar ganawilebas,
mowyalebisaTvis gankuTvnili Tanxebis gazrdas.
zemoaRniSnulma politikurma, socialurma, ekonomikurma da religiurma
faqtorebma ganapiroba ukmayofileba qveynis mosaxleobaSi ‘usmánis mmarTvelobis
bolo periodSi (650-656)38. es movlenebi istoriaSi Sevida rogorc “fiTna”
(areuloba). xalifas winaaRmdeg gamosvlebi daiwyo saxalifos sxvadasxva
provinciebSi, gansakuTrebiT eraysa da egvipteSi. 656 w. maisis dasawyisSi, mcire
piligrimobis sababiT, ukmayofilo muslimTa jgufebi egviptidan, basridan da
qufidan Cavida medinaSi. maT politikuri moTxovnebi wauyenes xalifas, romelmac
aRuTqva, rom Seiswavlida maT problemebs da gamoasworebda Seqmnil viTarebas.
ajanyebulebTan incidenti amiT ar damTavrda. gadmocemiT, ‘usmánma TiTqos werili
gaugzavna olqebis nacvlebs da ubrZana daepatimrebina isini CasvlisTanave. werili
xelSi CauvardaT egviptel arabebs, romlebic ukan dabrundnen da sxva ukmayofilo
muslimebTan erTad, alya Semoartyes xalifas sasaxles da mosTxoves uari eTqva
xalifas taxtze. sasaxlis alya daaxl. 40 dRes gagrZelda da 656 wlis 17 ivniss,
ajanyebulebi muÐammad b. abã baqris (abå baqris vaJi) xelmZRvanelobiT SeiWrnen mis
saxlSi da mokles xalifa. ‘usmánis mkvlelis saxeli zustad araa cnobili.
gadmocemiT, mokluli xalifas sisxliT SeiReba yurani, romelic mas gverdiT edo.
aseTi “usmaniseuli” yuranebi inaxeboda mraval meCeTSi. am mkvlelobis erTaderTi
mowme aRmoCnda misi coli — ná’ila binT al-furáfisa, romelmac imave Rames
saidumlod dakrZala xalifa.
‘usmánis sikvdilma gamoiwvia mravalwliani samoqalaqo omi saxalifoSi da
saTave daudo ganxeTqilebas muslimur TemSi.
‘usmánis Semdeg meoTxe marTlmorwmune xalifad arCeuli iqna ‘alã b. abã
tálibi (656-661) — mociqul muhamadis biZaSvili da siZe, erT-erTi pirveli, vinc
miiRo islami. iyo muhamadis yvela laSqrobis monawile, yuranisa da sunas
saukeTeso mcodne, SesaniSnavi oratori. ‘alã gaxalifebisTanave aRmoCnda arCevanis
winaSe: an unda daewyo ‘usmánis mkvlelebis devna, rogorc amas moiTxovda mravali
cnobili muslimi; an daedanaSaulebina am krizisSi TviTon ‘usmáni, rogorc amaze
miuTiTebdnen radikaluri wreebis warmomadgenlebi. ‘alãm uari Tqva mkvlelebis
dasjazec da ‘usmánis misamarTiT braldebis gamoxatvazec. man gadado saqmis
ganxilva iqamde, vidre ar gaZlierdeboda misi xelisufleba. Tumca zogierTma
muhamadis mimdevarma Seafasa ‘alãs es qmedeba mkvlelebis dafarvad da daiwyo
gamosvla ‘alãs winaaRmdeg.
Tavdapirvelad ‘alãs mxari dauWires egviptem, erayma da wminda qalaqebma —
meqam da medinam, magram mere aujanydnen muhamadis mimdevrebi: talÐa da az-zubaÁri,
romelTac miemxro muhamadis qvrivi ‘á’iSa. es dajgufeba ‘alãs xelisuflebisaTvis
ebrZoda. 36/656w. e.w. “aqlemis brZolaSi“39 (basrasTan axlos) ‘alãm moaxerxa talÐas
da az-zubaÁris mcirericxovani razmis ganadgureba, xolo ‘á’iSas aukrZala
politikur saqmeebSi Careva. muslimi istorikosebis Tanaxmad, am brZolaSi ‘alis
mxareze ibrZoda 20 000, xolo mowinaaRmdege mxares — 30 000 da orive mxridan
daiRupa 15 000 meomari. ‘alã eyrdnoboda erayis arabul tomebs. amis gamo “aqlemis
brZolis” Semdeg Tavisi rezidencia gadaitana medinidan qufaSi.
‘alãm Secvala ‘usmánis mier daniSnuli gamgeblebi, ramac kidev ufro
gaarTula axali xalifas urTierToba umaÁÁas gvarTan. siriis gamgebelma, mu‘áviÁa
b. abã sufÁanma, ar cno ‘alã xalifad. 657 wlis ivlisSi siffinTan (íiffãn) — md.
evfratis marjvena napirze (Tanamedrove rakka — siria) erayel Siitebsa (maT
xelmZRvanelobda ‘alã) da siriel umaÁÁanebs (xelmZRvanelobda mu‘áviÁa) Soris
gaimarTa brZola, romelic sami dRe gagrZelda. Tavdapirvelad upiratesoba ‘alãs
mxareze iyo, magram mu‘áviÁas momxreebma mowinaaRmdegeebs mouwodes saRvTo wignis
miTiTebebis safuZvelze gadaewyvitaT sadavo sakiTxi. ‘alãm Sewyvita brZola da

38sababi gaxda mociqulis Zveli meCeTis dangreva medinaSi da axali, ufro didi meCeTis
aSeneba.
39 aqlemis brZola ewoda imitom, rom muslimebs Soris pirvel brZolaSi erT-erTi
gadamwyveti epizodi iyo aqlemis sikvdili, romelzedac ijda ‘á’iSa da amxnevebda ‘alãs
mowinaaRmdegeebs.

25
daTanxmda samediatoro sasamarTloze, rac mis banakSi ganxeTqilebis mizezi gaxda.
‘alã miatova Tormetma aTasma meomarma, romlebmac samediatoro sasamarTlo
“alahis sityvis” darRvevad miiCnies. maT wamoayenes lozungi: “gansja, gadawyveta
SeuZlia mxolod alahs“ (lá ®uqm illá li-lláhi). xarijitebis religiur-
politikurma dajgufebam maTgan aiRo saTave. xarijitebma aqtiuri brZola daiwyes
ara marto mu‘áviÁas, aramed ‘alãs winaaRmdegac.
samediatoro sasamarTlo (al-Ta®qãm) Sedga 658 an 659 wels, siffinTan
brZolis 7 Tvis Semdeg azru®Si (an dumáT al-jandalSi), daaxl. 16 km.-ze q. ma‘ánis
(iordania) Crdilo-dasavleTiT. magram mu‘áviÁas warmomadgeneli — ‘amr b. al-‘áíi
da xalifa ‘alãs warmomadgeneli — abå måsá al-aS‘arã ver SeTanxmdnen da
daiSalnen. aris cnoba, rom sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebiT, mu‘áviÁas da ‘alãs uari
unda eTqvaT TavianT Tanamdebobebze da Semdeg momxdariyo axali xalifas arCeva
muslimuri Temis mier. ‘alãm uari Tqva ecno verdiqti im safuZvelze, rom is ar
Seesatyviseboda yurans. amasTan, man daarRvia Tavisi aRTqma — daTanxmeboda
sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebas. am warumatebeli Sexvedris Semdeg ‘alã Seecada
ganeaxlebina samxedro moqmedeba mu‘áviÁas winaaRmdeg, magram axla mas hqonda
uTanxmoeba ajanyebul xarijitebTan, romlebmac miatoves is siffinTan brZolis
Semdeg. ‘alãm gaanadgura isini 38/658 wels nahravanis brZolaSi, iranis dasavleTiT.
‘alãm gaimarjva am brZolaSi, mowinaaRmdegeTagan ki mxolod aTi adamiani gadarCa
cocxali. Tumca, am gamarjvebam ‘alãs damatebiTi problemebi moutana. xarijitebi
popularuli gaxdnen saxalifos mosaxleobis garkveul nawilSi. xarijitebis
warmomadgenlebi iyvnen sazogadoebrivi da politikuri cxovrebis yvela sferoSi,
maT Soris xalifa ‘alãs armiaSic. TandaTanobiT maT daiwyes partizanuli brZolis
taqtikis gamoyeneba da seriozul destabilizacias qmnidnen saxalifoSi. amasTan
‘alãs xalifobis bolo periodi aRiniSna centraluri xelisuflebis dasustebiT,
daeca misi piradi avtoritetic. ‘alãm dakarga kontroli provinciebze da Tavis
uaxloes mimdevrebzec. gaaqtiurdnen saxalifos sagareo mtrebic (bizantia Seecada
daebrunebina adre dakarguli teritoriebi). gauaresda ekonomikuri mdgomareobac.
aseT viTarebaSi mu‘áviÁam gadawyvita iniciativis sakuTar xelSi aReba da Tavisi
gavlenis sferoebis gafarToeba. pirvel seriozul warmatebas man miaRwia egvipteSi
‘amr b. al-‘aíãs meSveobiT, romelmac isargebla egviptis opoziciurad ganwyobili
mosaxleobiT da 658 wels Tavisi kontroli daamyara am provinciaze. mu‘áviÁa Tavisi
moqmedebebiT xazs usvamda, rom is iyo ara ubralod daumorCilebeli provinciis
mmarTveli, aramed ‘alãs seriozuli politikuri mowinaaRmdege. 39/659 wels
mu‘áviÁam gaagzavna samxedro razmebi erayis provinciasi, romelic xalifas
kontrolqveS iyo. faqtobrivad saxalifo daiSala. 660 wels mu‘áviÁa Tavs daesxa
hijazs. Tavdapirvelad misma armiam daikava medina. Semdeg daiZra iemenisaken, sadac
warmatebas miaRwia, magram male xalifa ‘alãs armiam daibruna meqa, medina da iemeni.
am operaciis dros miiRes cnoba ‘alãs mkvlelobis Sesaxeb.
661 w. 22 ianvars xarijitma — ‘abd ar-ra®mán b. muljam al-murádãm (ibn
muljami) mowamluli xmliT sasikvdilod daWra ‘alã qufis sakrebulo meCeTis
karTan. xarijitebi Tvlidnen, rom bolo wlebis movlenebSi damnaSaveebi iyvnen
mu‘áviÁa b. abå sufÁani da ‘amr b. al-‘aíã da darwmunebuli iyvnen, rom am xalxis
sikvdiliT saxelmwifoSi stabiluroba aRdgeboda. am mizniT, maT daavales sam
xarijits maTi mkvleloba: ibn muljams unda moekla xalifa ‘alã qufaSi, al-burak
b. ‘abd al-láhs — mu‘áviÁa damaskoSi, xolo ‘amr b. baqr aT-Tamãmãs — ‘amr b. al-
‘aíã egvipteSi. isini unda moeklaT dilis locvis dros hijriT 40 wlis 15 ramadans
/661 wlis 22 ianvars. xalifa ‘alãm sasikvdilo Wriloba miiRo da ramdenime dReSi
gardaicvala (hijriT 40 wlis 17 ramadans/661 wlis 24 ianvars). mu‘avia daiWra fexSi,
magram Wriloba ar aRmoCnda sasikvdilo. mu‘áviÁas nacvali egvipteSi — ‘amr b. al-
‘aíã ar mivida dilis locvaze da gaagzavna dacvis ufrosi — xárija b. Ðuzáfa,
romelic mokles ‘amris nacvlad.
xalifa ‘alã dakrZales qufasTan axlos, sadac Semdeg aSenda SiitTa wminda
qalaqi an-najafi (qufidan 10 km.-ze), SiitTa piligrimobis erT-erTi udidesi centri.
umaiÁanTa periodSi ‘alãs saflavis adgilmdebareobas malavdnen, amis gamo qufaSi
sxvadasxva adgils miiCnevdnen ‘alãs dakrZalvis adgilad (al-iítaxrã, ibn Ðaukali).
erT-erTi cnobiT, ‘alã dakrZalulia medinaSi, fatimas saflavis axlos (al-mas‘ådã).
zogierTi mkvlevari (o. bolSakovi) Tvlis, rom ‘alãs mavzoleumi an-najafSi

26
SeiZleba iyos kenotafi (carieli, simboluri saflavi). gadmocemiT, mis saflavze
akldama aSenda xalifa hárån ar-raSãdis (786-809) brZanebiT.
‘alãs xanmokle mmarTveloba kraxiT dasrulda da hqonda islamisaTvis
seriozuli Sedegebi: ‘alãs momxreebma Camoayalibes “alãs partia” (Sã‘aT ‘alã),
romelmac saTave daudo Siizmis Camoyalibebas.
sw swored pirveli samoqalaqo omis (656-661) msvlelobis periodSi,
xelisuflebisTvis brZolaSi Caeyara safuZveli islamis ZiriTad mimdinareobebs:
xarijizmi, Siizmi da sunizmi. pirvel etapze maT Soris gansxvaveba iyo mxolod
xelisuflebis sakiTxSi. xarijitebis azriT, xalifad SeiZleba gamxdariyo yvela,
socialuri mdgomareobisa da erovnuli kuTvnilebis miuxedavad, TviT monac ki, Tu
mas muslimuri Temi airCevda. am principidan gamomdinare, isini aRiarebdnen abå
baqrs da ‘umars. ‘usmáni maTi azriT samarTlianad iyo mokluli, xolo ‘alãm
dakarga Tavisi uflebebi xalifas taxtze mas Semdeg, rac daTanxmda mu‘áviÁas
samediatoro sasamarTloze. sunitebis azriT, yvela SeiZleba gamxdariyo xalifa,
visac muslimuri Temi airCevda, magram is unda yofiliyo kuraiSis tomis
warmomadgeneli. Sesabamisad, isini aRiareben pirveli oTxi xalifas kanonierebas.
Siitebis azriT ki, mxolod ‘alãsa da fátimas STamomavlebs hqondaT kanonieri
ufleba xelisulebaze da pirvel sam xalifas uzurpatorebad miiCnevdnen.
‘alãs mmarTvelobiT dasrulda pirveli oTxi “marTlmorwmune” xalifas
mmarTvelobis periodi, romlis drosac saxalifom garkveuli evolucia ganicada:
abå baqris xalifoba aRiniSna arabTa saxelmwifos stabilizaciiT da dapyrobiTi
omebis momzadebiT; ‘umaris xalifoba — warmatebuli eqspansiiT; ‘usmánis xalifoba
— dapyrobebidan miRebuli uzarmazari SemosavlebiT da xalifas xelisuflebis
dasustebiT; ‘alãs xalifoba — xelisuflebis Semdgomi dasustebiT, samoqalaqo
omiT, religiuri ganxeTqilebiT da sagareo eqspansiis SewyvetiT.
“marTlmorwmune” xalifebma mniSvnelovnad gaafarToves islamuri
saxelmwifos teritoria (palestina, siria, zemo mesopotamia, egvipte da sxva). es
dapyrobebi gagrZelda umaÁÁani xalifebis mmarTvelobis (661-750) periodSi. arabebma
daipyres uzarmazari teritoriebi — axlo aRmosavleTi, Sua azia, amierkavkasia,
CrdiloeT afrika da espaneTi. arabTa armia frankTa saxelmwifoSic SeiWra, magram
karlos martelma 732 wels puatiesTan brZolaSi daamarcxa muslimebi.
arabTa dapyrobiTi omebis Sedegad Camoyalibda uzarmazari imperia, romlis
safuZvelic gaxda islami da axali administraciuli, sagadasaxado, samxedro da
sasamarTlo sistema. arabTa saxalifos istoriaSi pirobiTad gamoiyofa sami
periodi: 1. pirveli oTxi “marTlmorwmune” xalifas mmarTvelobis periodi (632-661);
2. umaÁÁanTa dinastiis mmarTvelobis periodi (661-750) anu damaskos saxalifo; 3.
‘abasianTa dinastiis mmarTvelobis periodi (750-1258) anu baRdadis saxalifo. samive
qronologiur periods Seesabameba Sua saukuneebis arabuli sazogadoebis da
saxelmwifos ganviTarebis ZiriTadi periodebi.

2. umaÁÁanTa saxalifo `661-750`

umaÁÁanTa dinastiis [banå umaÁÁa] xalifebi arian kuraiSis tomis umaÁÁa b.

‘abd Samsis STamomavlebi, magram isini or Stod iyofian: sufianebi — pirveli sami
xalifa, romlebic arian abå sufÁán b. ®arbis STamomavlebi da marvanianebi —
danarCeni TerTmeti xalifa, romlebic arian marván b. al-®aqamis STamomavlebi.
‘alãs mkvlelobis (661w.) Semdeg siriis nacvalma mu‘áviÁam (661-680) daafuZna
umaÁÁanTa saxalifo, romlis sataxto qalaqic gaxda damasko. mu‘áviÁam xalifas
Tanamdeboba memkvidreobiTi gaxada mravali muslimis ukmayofilebis miuxedavad,
romelTaTvisac memkvidreobiTi mmarTvelobis idea axali iyo.
umaÁÁanTa dinastiis dasayrdens warmoadgenda samxreT arabeTidan
gadmosaxlebuli siriul-arabuli tomebi — qalbitebi (banå qalb) da kaisitebi
(banå kais). xalifas swori orientacia qalbit an kaisit tomebze TiTqmis
gadamwyveti faqtori iyo ara marto xalifaTa mtkice saSinao da sagareo
politikis gatarebisaTvis, aramed dinastiis sicocxlisunarianobis
SesanarCuneblad. umaiÁanebi warmoSobiT kaisitebi iyvnen, magram maTi aRzevebis
droidan dinastiis orientacia qalbitebze ganpirobebuli iyo imiT, rom isini

27
kargad iyvnen Seguebuli adgilobriv siriul tradiciebs da socialuri
TvalsazrisiTac ufro saimedo dasayrdens qmnidnen meqis yofili gvarovnuli
aristokratiisaTvis.
sami yvelaze gamoCenili umaÁÁani xalifas — mu‘áviÁa, ‘abd al-maliqi (685-
705) da hiSám b. ‘abd al-maliqi (724-743) — mmarTvelobis dros didma muslimurma
imperiam Tavisi ganviTarebis apogeas miaRwia. ganxorcielda saxalifos arabizacia
da islamizacia: arabuli ena saxelmwifo enad gamocxadda, daiwyes unificirebuli
tipis monetebis moWra mxolod arabuli zedwerilebiT, islami aqcies sayovelTao
religiad da dapyrobaTa (gansakuTrebiT al-valãd I-is dros) gziT gaafarToves
Tavisi samflobeloebi. arabebi gamudmebiT Tavs esxmodnen bizantiis sasazRvro
raionebs, daipyres Crd. afrika da espaneTi, SeiWrnen sindSi, xolo kavkasiaSi isini
Seejaxnen Turq xazarebs. umaÁÁanTa dros moxda arabTa batonobis ganmtkiceba
qarTlSi. Seiqmna saxalifos samxedro floti da arabebma daikaves xmelTaSuazRvis
mravali kunZuli. administraciuli, ekonomikuri da politikuri miRwevebis
miuxedavad, umaÁÁanebi mainc damarcxdnen. maT winaaRmdeg ajanydnen arabuli tomebi
eraySi, agreTve religiuri opozicionerebi meqasa (683 wels ibn zubaÁrma Tavi
antixalifad gamoacxada) da eraySi (‘alãs momxreebis, Siitebis gamosvla). meore
samoqalaqo omi saxalifoSi (680-692) mxolod 692 wels dasrulda umaÁÁanTa
gamarjvebiT. saxalifos erTianoba aRdga da 73/692 weli zogjer ixsenieba rogorc
“gaerTianebis weli”(‘ám al-jamá‘). Tumca erayis provincia kvlav Siitebis da
xarijitebis gavlenis qveS rCeboda, sadac axal gamgeblad dainiSna al-hajjáj b.
Áåsufi (694-714), romelic ukiduresi sisastikiT gamoirCeoda da ganamtkica
xalifas xelisufleba eraySic. mexuTe “marTlmorwmune” xalifad wodebuli ‘umar
II b. ‘abd ‘azãzis (720-724) reformebi da Semwynarebluri politika mowinaaRmdegeTa
mimarT dagvianebuli aRmoCnda. saxalifoSi arsebuli problemebi (dapyrobil
xalxTa ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraoba, mavalebis sakiTxi, dapirispireba qalbitebs
da kaisitebs Soris, mZime gadasaxadebi) gaRrmavda religiuri ajanyebebiT, rogorc
Siitebis ise xarijitebis mxridan. religiuri gamosvlebis ukan imaleboda
gansazRvruli politikuri da “nacionaluri” interesebi, gansakuTrebiT sparsuli
garemodan. es opoziciuri moZraoba, romelic xorasanSi (Crdilo-aRmosavleT irani)
warmoiSva, kargad gamoiyena propagandistma abå muslimma da dasabami misca
“abasianTa revolucias” (747-749). 750 wels ‘abasianebma gaanadgures umaÁÁanTa
sagvareulo, maT Soris umaÁÁanTa ukanaskneli xalifa marván II b. muÐammadi (744-750).
gadarCa mxolod ‘abd ar-raÐmáni, xalifa hiSámis SviliSvili. is gaiqca maRribSi da
756 wels espaneTSi daarsa umaÁÁanTa saamiro (756-929), romlis dedaqalaqi iyo
kordova. 929 wels kordovas amiram ‘abd ar-raÐmán III an-náíirma xalifas da
“marTlmorwmuneTa mbrZaneblis” (“amãr al-mu‘min‹n”) titulebi miiRo. X saukuneSi
kordova iyo msoflios erT-erTi udidesi qalaqi. 1031 wlidan kordovas umaÁÁanTa
saxalifo mraval damoukidebel saamirod daiSala.

umaÁÁanTa dinastiis xalifebi

1. mu‘áviÁaÉáI ibn abã sufÁáni -------------------------------- 41-60/661-680
2. Éazãd I ibn mu‘áviÁa ---------------------------------------- 60-64/680-683
3. mu‘áviÁa II ibn Éazãdi --------------------------------------- 64/683
4. marván I ibn al-haqami -------------------------------------- 64-65/684-685
5. ‘abd al-maliq ibn marváni --------------------------------- 65-86/685-705
6. al-valãd I ibn ‘abd al-maliqi ---------------------------- 86-96/705-715
7. sulaÉmán ibn ‘abd al-maliqi ------------------------------ 96-99/715-717
8. ‘umar II ibn ‘abd al-‘az‹zi -------------------------------- 99-101/717-720
9. Éazãd II ibn ‘abd al-maliqi -------------------------------- 101-105/720-724
10. hiSám ibn ‘abd al-maliqi -----------------------------------105-125/724-743
11. al-valãd II ibn Éazãd II ------------------------------------ 125-126/743-744
12. Éazãd III ibn al-valãd I ------------------------------------ 126/744
13. ibráhãm ibn al-valãd I ------------------------------------- 126/744
14. marván II ibn muÐammadi -------------------------------------- 127-132/744-750

28
 3. ‘abasianTa saxalifo `750-1258`

‘abasianTa dinastiis [al-‘abbásãÁån; banå-l-‘abbás] xalifebi iyvnen muhamadis

biZis — al-‘abbás b. ‘abd al-muttalib b. háSimis pirdapiri STamomavlebi.
RvTismosavi muslimebis azriT, mxolod mas hqonda ufleba exelmZRvanela
saxalifosaTvis. ‘abasianTa saxalifo warmoiSva 750 wels da misi centri 762 wels
gaxda baRdadi. ‘abasianTa mmarTvelobis dros saxalifo gadaiqca centralizebul,
Teokratiul, mravaleTnikur saxelmwifod, romelSic gaZlierda iranuli
elementi.
‘abasianTa dinastiis mmarTvelobis ukve pirvel saukuneSi Camoyalibda
sazogadoebis religiuri da ekonomikuri erToba. gaformda ‘abasianTa imperiis
saxelmwifo, iuridiuli, administraciuli da samxedro institutebi. ‘abasianTa
dinastiis xalifebma pirvelebma miiRes sapatio metsaxelebi (lakab), romliTac
xazs usvamdnen TavinT damokidebulebas uzenaes alahze (“al-maníår bi-lláh” — is,
visac daexmara alahi gamarjvebaSi an “al-vásik bi-lláh” — is, vin endoba alahs).
amiT maT surdaT ‘ulamTa “orTodoqsaluri” elitis keTilganwyobis mopoveba.
xalifa IX s.-mde asrulebda rogorc sasuliero, ise saero funqciebs, xolo Semdeg
ukanaskneli umaÁÁanebi da ‘abasiani xalifebi atarebdnen tituls: xalãfaT alláh
(alahis moadgile). ‘abasian xalifebs ar SeeZloT cvlileba SeetanaT SariaTSi da
arc misi ganmartebis gansakuTrebuli ufleba hqondaT (es SeeZloT mxolod
fakihebs). maT sakanonmdeblo aqtebs aRiarebdnen, rogorc administraciul
gankargulebebs. magram xalifebs SeeZloT sanqcionireba ama Tu im moZRvrebisa
(mag., al-ma’månma muTaziloba saxelmwifo religiad gamoacxada). ‘abasianTa
mdidruli sasaxlis kari, romlis ZiriTadi ceremoniali gadaRebuli iyo sparseli
sasanianebisagan, sul ufro Sordeboda Tavis qveSevrdomebs.
politikuri garTulebebis, socialuri afeTqebebis (zinjebis ajanyeba) da
ajanyebebis miuxedavad, romlebic atarebda religiur an nacionalur (iranelTa
ajanyeba) xasiaTs, ‘abasianTa mmarTvelobis sami saukune (VIII-XIss.) iyo Sua
saukuneebis klasikuri muslimuri civilizaciis ganviTarebis apogea da ayvavebis
xana. axali dinastiis mier aSenda q. baRdadi (762w.), romelic konstantinopolTan
erTad gaxda umsxvilesi qalaqi msoflioSi da iTvlida milion mcxovrebs.
momavalSic mravali muslimi mmarTvelis mier Sendeboda qalaqebi. mag., fatimianebma
daarses kairo. rac Seexeba klasikur qalaqebs (damasko, alepo da sxva), iq aSenda
sakulto da saero Zeglebi da kvlav SeiZines ekonomikuri da kulturuli
centrebis mniSvneloba. ayvavda literatura, samarTali da Teologia, romelic
pasuxobda islamis religiis moTxovnebs. ganviTarebis maRal dones miaRwia soflis
meurneobam, vaWroba-xelosnobam, saqalaqo cxovrebam. saerTaSoriso urTierTobebi
mogvarda Soreul aRmosavleTTan, indoeTTan, CrdiloeT afrikasTan, bizantiasTan,
xmelTaSuazRvispireTTan. progresma, romelic miRweul iqna materialur,
sasuliero Tu kulturul sferoebSi, saSualeba misca mecnierebs ewodebinaT am
epoqisaTvis Taviseburi saxis “islamuri aRorZineba” (muslimuri renesansi).
saxalifos teritoriis gafarToveba ZiriTadad dasrulda umaÁÁanTa dros.
‘abasianTa mxolod calkeuli xalifebi (al-ma’måni, al-mu‘Taíimi) ibrZodnen
warmatebiT bizantiis winaaRmdeg, vidre X da XI ss.-Si konstantinopolis
makedonurma dinastiam ar aiZula muslimebi gadasuliyvnen Tavdacvaze. ukve hárån
ar-raSãdis brwyinvale xalifobis (786-809) Semdeg, IX da X ss.-Si daiwyo saxalifos
erTianobis rRveva: umaÁÁanebi mmarTvelobdnen espaneTSi baRdadisagan sruliad
damoukideblad da 929 wels kordovas saamiro gadaiqca saxalifod; rac Seexeba
maRribs, is sakmaod mocilebuli iyo baRdadidan, rom ‘abasianebs saTanadod
ekontrolebinaT is; Turqi tulunianebi (868-905) egvipteSi avtonomiiT
sargeblobdnen; damoukidebeli iyvnen saxalifos daSlis Sedegad warmoqmnili
poolitikuri erTeulebi _ samanianebi (819-1005), safarianebi (861-1003); tahirianebi
(821-891) Raznavianebi (X s. damlevi — 1186 w.) da sxv. 836 wels xalifa al-
mu‘Taíimma (833-842) aaSena qalaqi samara, ‘abasianTa axali rezidencia (892 w.-mde) da
Camoayaliba Turquli gvardia, magram TviTon xalifac da misi memkvidreebic
marionetebad iqcnen Turqi mxedarTmTavrebis xelSi. 861 wels xalifa al-
muTavaqilis mkvlelobas mohyva anarqiis periodi — 9 wlis ganmavlobaSi oTxi
xalifa Seicvala. X saukunidan ‘abasianTa politikuri xelisufleba vrceldeboda

29
mxolod erayze, roca politikurma Siizma gaimarjva muslimuri samyaros
mniSvnelovani nawilSi: fatimianebma daikaves Tavdapirvelad maRribi, Semdeg siria,
egvipte da kairoSi Tavi xalifebad gamoacxades; eraySi da iranSi xelisuflebaSi
movida buveianTa Siituri dinastia, romelic 945 wels daeufla baRdads da
‘abasianTa saxalifos istoriaSi daiwyo meore periodi (945-1258), roca xalifebi
aRar sargeblobdnen realuri ZalauflebiT da mxolod sunituri islamis
simbolur meTaurebad iTvlebodnen. ‘abasianTa xalifa agrZelebda mmarTvelobas
baRdadSi da mas, rogorc sasuliero meTaurs, aRiarebda faqtobrivad yvela
muslimi gamgebeli (xutbaSi da monetebze). Tumca realuri xelisufleba
ekuTvnodaT sxvadasxva dinastiis mxedarTmTavrebs da nacvlebs.
1055 wels sunitma selCukebis dinastiam gaaTavisufla xalifebi buveianTa
Zaladobisagan, Tavis xelSi moaqcia mTeli politikuri Zalaufleba da pirvelad
oficialurad Semoitana sultnis tituli (sultán - “Zalauflebis mflobeli”).
Turqi mxedarTmTavrebi faqtobrivad marTavdnen erays, irans da Sua azias.
‘abasianebma mxolod XII s. Sua xanebidan SesZles saero xelisuflebis dabruneba
da erayze politikuri kontrolis aRdgena.
1258 wels monRolebma, hulagu-xanis meTaurobiT aiRes baRdadi da
sikvdiliT dasajes ‘abasiani xalifa al-musTa‘íimi. 1261 w. egviptis mamluqma
sultanma baibarsma, mamluqTa mmarTvelobisaTvis kanonieri saxis micemis mizniT,
kairoSi miiwvia al-musTa‘íimis biZa da aRadgina ‘abasianTa saxalifo. magram
mamluqTa saxelmwifoSi xalifebs araviTari realuri politikuri Zalaufleba ar
gaaCndaT. 1517 w. osmaleTis sultanma selim I-ma daipyro egvipte da ukanaskneli
xalifa al-muTavaqil III stambulSi gadaiyvana. mogvianebiT, ara uadres XIX s-isa,
osmaleTSi Seiqmna yalbi versia imis Taobaze, rom muTavaqilma selims gadasca
Tavisi ufleba saxalifoze.

baRdadis ‘abasianTa dinastiis xalifebi

1. abu-l-‘abbás as-saff‰Ði --------------------------------------------- 132-136/750-754

2. al-maníåri ------------------------------------------------------------ 136-158/754-775
3. al-mahd‹ --------------------------------------------------------------- 158-169/775-785
4. al-hádã ----------------------------------------------------------------- 169170/785-786
5. hárån ar-raSãdi ------------------------------------------------------- 170-193/786-809
6. al-amãni -----------------------------------------------------------------193-198/809-813
7. al-ma’måni ---------------------------------------------------------------198-218/813-833
8. al-mu‘Taíimi ------------------------------------------------------------ 218-227/833-842
9. al-vásiki ---------------------------------------------------------------- 227-232/842-847
10. al-muTavaqqili -------------------------------------------------------- 232-247/847-861
11. al-munTaíiri ----------------------------------------------------------- 247-248/861-862
12. al-musTa‘‹ni ------------------------------------------------------------ 248-252/862-866
13. al-mu‘Tazzi ------------------------------------------------------------- 252-255/866-869
14. al-muhTad‹ ------------------------------------------------------------ 255-256/869-870
15. al-mu‘Tamidi (‘alá-lláh) ----------------------------------------------256-279/870-892
16. al-mu‘TaÇidi (bi-lláh)------------------------------------------------ 279-289/892-902
17. al-muqTafã -------------------------------------------------------------- 289-295/902-908
18. al-mukTadiri ----------------------------------------------------------- 295-320/908-932
19. al-káhiri ---------------------------------------------------------------- 320-322/932-934
20. ar-ráÇã (bi-lláh) -------------------------------------------------------322-329/934-940
21. al-muTTakã (li-lláh)--------------------------------------------------329-333/940-944
22. al-musTaqfã -------------------------------------------------------------333-334/944-946
23. al-mutã‘ (li-lláh) -----------------------------------------------------344-363/946-974
24. at-t‰i‘ (li-amr alláh)------------------------------------------------ 363-381/974-991
25. al-kádiri (bi-lláh) -------------------------------------------------- 381-422/991-1031
26. al-k‰’imi (bi-amr alláh)---------------------------------------------- 422-467/1031-1075
27. al-mukTad‹ ----------------------------------------------------------- 467-487/1075-1094
28. al-musTaûhiri (bi-lláh) ------------------------------------------- 487-512/1094-1118
29. al-musTarSidi -------------------------------------------------------- 512-529/1118-1135

30
 30. ar-raSãdi --------------------------------------------------------------- 529-530/1135-1136
31. al-mukTafã ------------------------------------------------------------ 530-555/1136-1160
32. al-musTanjidi -------------------------------------------------------- 555-566/1160-1170
33. al-musTaÇã’ ------------------------------------------------------------ 566-575/1170-1180
34. an-náíiri -----------------------------------------------------------------575-622/1180-1225
35. aû-û‰hiri (bi-amr alláh)----------------------------------------------- 622-623/1225-1226
36. al-musTaníiri --------------------------------------------------------- 623/1226
37. al-musTa‘íimi (bi-lláh) ----------------------------------------------- 640-656/1242-1258

4. islamis eqspansia

610-632 wlebSi arabeTis naxevarkunZulze aRmocenda axali monoTeisturi

religia islami. muhamadma axal sarwmunoebaze moaqcia arabeTis tomebis didi
nawili. “marTlmorwmune” xalifebma, romlebic muhamadis gardacvalebis (632)
Semdeg saTaveSi Caudgnen islamur saxelmwifos, wamoiwyes dapyrobiTo omebi.
islamis eqspansias axorcielebdnen beduinebi, gamoucdeli meomrebi. irani da
bizantia ki, romlebsac isini Tavdapirvelad Seejaxnen, regionSi yvelaze Zlieri
saxelmwifoebi iyvnen, Tumca erTmaneTs Soris xangrZlivi omebiT dasustebuli.
islamis eqspansiis pirveli etapi moicavs 633-651 wlebs, romlis drosac arabebma
brwyinvale gamarjveba moipoves mowinaaRmdgeebze. am gamarjvevebSi didi wvlili
miuZRviT gamocdil mxedarTmTavrebs — xálid b. al-valãds (is cnobilia rogorc
“saÁf alláh” — “alahis maxvili”), mu‘áviÁa b. abã sufÁáns, ‘amr ibn al-‘aíãs, sa‘d b.
abã vakkáís, romlebmac arabTa calkeuli razmebi religiur disciplinas
daumorCiles. iranis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi pirveli seriozuli warmateba iyo
kadisiasTan (al-kádisiÁÁa) gamarjveba (636w), ris Sedegadac sasanianebma dakarges
erayi. am damarcxebis Semdeg SahinSahma iezdigerd III-m (632-651) samefo karTan erTad
datova sasanianTa dedaqalaqi ktesifoni (arab. al-madá’in), romelic 637 wels
arabebma daikaves. arab meomrebs wilad xvdaT nadavlis da samefo saganZuris
mniSvnelovani nawili. gadamwyveti brZola moxda 642 wels nehavendTan (nihávand),
romelic iranelTa damarcxebiT dasrulda. amas mohyva arabTa Semdgomi warmatebebi
da 651 wels q. marvTan iezdigerd III-is mkvlelobiT dasrulda iranis dapyroba. 635-
640 wlebSi bizantielebma dakarges siria (aS-Sám) da palestina. muslimTa xelSi
aRmoCnda qalaqebi: damasko, alepo (®alab), ierusalimi (al-kuds), antioqia (antáqiÁa)
da keisaria (kaÁíariÁÁa). 639-642 wlebSi bizantielebma dakarges umdidresi provincia
egvipte (miír). VII s-is 40-ian wlebSi arabTa pirveli razmebi gamoigzavna
amierkavkasiaSi. habib b. maslamas saxelTan aris dakavSirebuli somxeTis,
azerbaijanis albaneTis da qarTlis dapyroba (644-645 an 654-655 ww.). Tbilisis
mosaxleobas man misca “dacvis sigeli” — zavisa da Seuvalobis wigni (qiTáb íulÐ
va aman), xelSekruleba (‘ahd), romelic islamis eqspansiis dros VII-VIII ss-Si
ideboda gamarjvebul, dampyrobel arab muslimebsa da damarcxebul, dapyrobil
sxva rjulis aRmsarebel xalxebs Soris. amasTan, arabebi “dacvis sigels” udebdnen
mxolod mSvidobiani gziT, uiaraRod damorCilebul mosaxleobas.
dapyrobili teritoriebis SenarCunebis mizniT, axal provinciebSi daarsda
samxedro banakebi eraySi (qufa, basra) da egvipteSi (fustati — Zveli kairo).
samxedro warmatebebis paralelurad arabi xalifebis winaSe gaCnda problema:
rogor unda ganesazRvraT dapyrobili aramuslimi mosaxleobis (iudevelebi,
qristianebi, iraneli zoroastrelebi) da islamze axladmoqceulTa e.w. mavalebis
statusi. Tavdapirvelad gansxvaveba moxda warmarTebs, romelTac an islami unda
mieRoT an fizikuri ganadgurebis safrTxis winaSe iyvnen da “saRvTo werilis”
xalxs Soris, romelTac jizias gadaxdis safasurad SeeZloT SeenarCunebinaT
TavianTi religia. gasaTvaliswinebelia is faqtic, rom mravali qristiani, maT
Soris monofiziti-qristianebi da koptebi idevnebodnen bizantielebis mier
religiuri motivebiT da amitom isini aSkara mtrobas ar gamoxatavdnen arab
dampyrobelTa mimarT. ufro rTuli aRmoCnda araarabi gamuslimebuli pirebis —

31
mavalebis sakiTxis gadaWra, romlebic iRebdnen romelime arabuli Temis (tomis)
mfarvelobis qveS myofi xalxis statuss. Tumca maTTan mimarTebaSi ar moqmedebda
muhamadis mier gamocxadebuli yvela muslimis Tanasworobis principi warmoSobis
miuxedavad. es problema ‘abasianTa xelisuflebis saTaveSi mosvlamde ver mogvarda
da gamudmebiT iwvevda politikur-religiur ajanyebebs, romelebic atarebda
eretikul elfers.
islamuri eqspansiis meore etapi daiwyo umaÁÁanTa dinastiis mmarTvelobis
dros, romlis drosac arabul-muslimuri imperiis teritoria mniSvnelovnad
gaizarda. mcire azia mudmivi Tavdasxmebis qveS iyo. bizantiis dedaqalaqze —
konstantinopolze — samjer ganxorcielda alya, rogorc saxmeleTo, ise sazRvao
(668-669; 674-680; 715-717). 699-700 wels muslimebma daipyres dRevandeli avRaneTis
teritoria, xolo Semdeg iranul bazebze dayrdnobiT daimorCiles maveranahri (m‰
vará’ an-nahr — “is, rac aris mdinaris iqiT”, igulisxmeba amudarias iqiT) da 706-712
wlebSi ganalages TavianTi garnizonebi buxaraSi, samaryandsa da xorezmSi (xãva).
751 wels arabebma (mxedarTmTavari — ziãád b. íáli®i) daamarcxes Cinelebic
mdinare TalasTan (taráz), taSkentis axlos. amis Semdeg Camoyalibda sazRvari
CineTsa da muslimur imperias Soris, magram ver SeaCera islamis gavrceleba
CineTSi (qaSgari). 712 wels ki arabebi SeiWrnen indoeTSi da ganmtkicdnen sindSi
(dRevandeli pakistani). 670-681 wlebis (mxedarTmTavari — ‘ukba b. náfi‘) da 705-710
wlebis (mxedarTmTavari — måsá ibn nusaÁri) eqspediciebs mohyva maRribis
mniSvnelovani nawilis islamizacia da arabizacia. amis Semdeg arabul-berberulma
armiam, tárik b. ziÁádis xelmZRvanelobiT, 711 wels gadalaxa dRevandeli
gibraltari (jabal tárik). 732 wlisaTvis muslimebma daipyres mTeli espaneTi,
romelic arabTa saxalifos erT-erTi provincia gaxda saxelwodebiT andalusia
(al-andalus). amis Semdeg muslimebi espaneTis mmarTvelis — ‘abd ar-ra®mán al-
Ráfikãs meTaurobiT frankebis saxelmwifoSi SeiWrnen. 732 wlis oqtomberSi
muslimebsa da frankebs (maT xelmZRvanelobda karlos marteli) Soris moxda
gadamwyveti brZola q. puatiesa da turs Soris, romelic muslimTa damarcxebiT
dasrulda. Sua saukuneebis arabuli wyaroebi am brZolas saerTod ar ixsenieben,
mxolod andalusieli istorikosebi XI saukunidan gadmogvcemen am brZolis
istorias da iyeneben gamoTqmas: balát al-Suhadá’— “wamebulTa sasaxle”. ori
wlis Semdeg ganaxlda arabTa Tavdasxmebi da maT daikaves ramdenime qalaqi. 737
wels karlos martelma kvlav daamarcxa isini da alya Semoartya arabTa mier adre
mitacebul qalaqs — narbonas (arab. arbuna), magram warumateblad. mxolod 759
wels daibrunes es qalaqi frankebma. IX-XI saukuneebSi muslimTa xelSi iyo
siciliac.
XI saukunidan islamis gavrcelebaSi monawileobdnen ara marto arabebi,
aramed axlad moqceuli muslimebic: Turqebi, romlebic icavdnen sunitur
orTodoqsias, gaemarTnen indoeTisa da anatoliisaken; monRolebi — aRmosavleTiT,
yirimSi; berberebi — dasavleTiT, CrdiloeT afrikaSi; arabebi — nilosis gavliT
sudanSi. arabma, sparselma da indoelma vaWrebma islami Seitanes aRmosavleT
afrikaSi, malaiziasa da indoneziaSi.
XII saukunidan islami ganmtkicda aRmosavleT afrikis sanapiroze, sadac
Camoyalibda suahilis civilizacia. 1206 wels Raznevianebis (977-1186) Turqulma
dinastiam da maTma memkvidreebma Ruridebma, romlebic movidnen indoeTSi
avRaneTidan da penjabidan, daarses delis sasultno. amis Sedegad, indoeTis
naxevarkunZulis nawili aRmoCnda islamizirebuli, xolo monRolTa dros TiTqmis
mTeli indoeTi (hindåsTán) muslimTa mflobelobis qveS moeqca. sxva Turquli
tomebi, Tavdapirvelad selCukebi, Semdeg Turqmenebi, gaZevebuli monRolebis mier,
gadaadgildnen anatoliaSi osmaleTis imperiis Camoyalibebamde da gaavrceles iq
islami. berberebma islamis religia gaavrceles maRribidan dasavleT afrikaSi.
amas akeTebdnen an mSvidobiani gziT (saqaravno gzebiT saharis gavliT) an “saRvTo
omis” gziT. monRolebma, romelTac ver gaanadgures islami Sua aRmosavleTSi,
aaRorZines savaWro gzebi, romlebic xels uwyobda islamuri civilizaciis
gavrcelebas da TviTonac miiRes islami. XIII s.-Si maT mier yirimSi daarsebulma
saxelmwifom (XIII-XVIss.) xeli Seuwyo islamis gavrcelebas SavizRvispireTsa da
kavkasiaSi. imave epoqaSi egviptelma mamluqebma gaamuslimes nubiis (nåba)
qristianebi, xolo Semdeg CrdiloeT sudanis mniSvnelovani nawili. TandaTanobiT

32
CrdiloeT afrikis muslimebs savaWro gzebi gahyavdaT kontinentis aRmosavleTidan
dasavleTiT, rac xels uwyobda mis Semdgom islamizacias. samxreT-aRmosavleT
aziaSi arabma vaWrebma islami Seitanes TavianT saqonelTan erTad jer kidev X
saukuneSi, magram mxolod XVI saukuneSi moipova islamma didi warmateba
malaiziasa da indoneziaSi misionerebis wyalobiT.
XIV-XV ss.-Si osmalebis mier ganxorcielda balkaneTis islamizacia.
espaneTisagan gansxvavebiT, sadac XVII saukunis dasawyisSi sabolood aRmoifxvra
islami, balkaneTSi dRemde aris daaxl. 7 mln. muslimi.
dRes islami warmodgenilia yvela kontinentze. islami, qristianobis da
iudaizmis msgavsad, aris msoflio religia da agrZelebs gavrcelebas
prozelitizmis daxmarebiT, Tumca bolo 20 wlis ganmavlobaSi es procesi Senelda.

damatebiTi literatura

1. Али-заде А. Хроники мусульманских государств I-VII веков хиджры. М., 2004.

2. Большаков О. Г. История Халифата. Т.2. Эпоха великих завоеваний (633-656).
М.,1993.
3. Большаков О. Г. История Халифата. Т.3. Между двух гражданских войн (656-
696).М.,1998.
4. Вилар П. История Испании. Пер. с франц. И. Борисовой. М., 2006.
5. ‘Абд ар-Рахман ибн ‘Абд ал-Хакам. Завоевание Египта, ал-Магриба и ал-Андалуса.
Пер. с арабского, предисловие и примечания С.Б. Певзнера, М., 1985.
6. Иванов Н. А. Османское завоевание арабских стран. 1516-1574. Изд. 2-е, дополненное.
М., 2001.
7. История Востока. I-II, М., 1995-1997.
8. Колесников А. И., Завоевание Ирана Арабами (Иран при “праведных” халифах).
М.,1982.
9. [Надирадзе Л. И.] Хрестоматия по истории Халифата. Составил и перевел Л. И
Надирадзе. М., 1968.
10. Николле Д. Армии мусульманского Востока. VII-X века. Пер. с англ. Н. А. Феногенова.
М., 2003.
11. Рыжов К. В. Все монархи мира. Мусульманский Восток VII-XVвв. М., 2005.
12. Сычев Н. В. Книга Династий. М., 2006.
13. Уотт У. М ., Какия П. Мусульманская Испания. М., 1976.
14. Чистякова Т. А. Арабский халифат. М.,1962.
15. Dixon A. The Umayyad Caliphate 65-86/684-705 (A Political Study). L., 1971.
16. Glubb, J. B. The Great Arab Conquests. L., 1966.
17. Hinds Martin. The Murderer of the Caliph ‘Uthman. − International Journal of
Middle East Studies, vol. 3. No 4 (October, 1972), p. 450-469.
18. Kennedy Hugh. Central Government and Provincial Elites in the early ‘Abbasid
caliphate. − Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies,
vol.44. No 1(1981), p.26-38.

Tavi III

islamis moZRvreba

1. islamis 5 burji

sityva islám niSnavs morCilebas (RmerTisadmi). is, vinc daemorCila RmerTs,

aris muslimi. yuranSi termini islami damowmebulia 8-jer. islamis religiuri

33
struqtura ori nawilisagan Sedgeba: al-‹mán (rwmena), islamis WeSmariteba da ad-d‹n
(religiuri praqtika, religiuri wes-Cveulebebis, valdebulebebis, moralis,
tradiciebisa da sxvaTa erToblioba).
al-‹mán gulisxmobs sarwmunoebis WeSmarit Sinagan rwmenas (i‘Tikád), mis
aRiarebas sityviT (ikrár) da keTil saqmeebs (a‘mál). ad-d‹n warmoadgens islamis
(e. i. rwmenis xuTi safuZvlis — arqán), rwmenis (ãmán) da zneobrivi saTnoebis
(iÐíán) erTobliobas.
islamSi adreve Camoyalibda moZRvreba rwmenis 5 safuZvlis (arqán —
sayrdeni, burji, safuZveli) Sesaxeb. esenia:

islamis pirveli burji aris aS-Saháda — muslimuri rwmenis sityvieri

aRiareba (damowmeba), rac gamoixateba formuliT: lá ila®a illa lla®u va
mu®ammadun rasålu lla®i (ar aris RvTaeba garda alahisa da muhamadi moviqulia
allahisa). es formula zustad aseTi redaqciiT ar aris yuranSi, magram mTel rig
aiebSi aris miTiTebebi morwmuneTa valdebulebaze — aRiaros RmerTis
erTaderToba [3:18, 6:19] da muhamadis mociquloba [63:1]. Sahada aerTianebs islamis or
ZiriTad dogmats: erTRmerTianobis aRiarebas (aT-Tauhid) da muhamadis samociqulo
misiis cnobas (an-nubuvva). amis gamo xSirad miuTiTeben or damowmebaze — aS-
SahádaTán.
ibrahimi iyo pirveli, romelmac gamoacxada erTRmerTianoba, alahis rwmena.
is ar iyo arc iudeveli da arc qristiani. muhamadma swored misi religia
aaRorZina WeSmariti saxiT.
qristianuli naTlobis msgavsi ceremoniebi islamSi ar arsebobs. Sahadas
samjer warmoTqma sasuliero pirisa da ori mowme-mamakacis TandaswrebiT Seadgens
islamze moqcevis rituals.
Sahadas warmoTqma yvela muslimis valdebulebaa. mas ramdenjerme imeoreben
locvis dros, warmoTqvamen agreTve azanis dros, bavSvis dabadebisas, gaRviZebisas
da Zilis win. is aris gardacvlilis ukanaskneli sityvebi. islamis mtrebTan
saRvTo omis dros Sahada gamoiyeneboda sabrZolo mowodebad. aqedan gaCnda
termini Sahãdi (mowame) — mowamebrivi sikvdiliT daRupuli meomari.

islamis meore burji aris a¹-¹aláT — locva. yvela monoTeistur religiaSi

locva iTvleba morwmunis erT-erT yvelaze mniSvnelovan valdebulebad da mas
didi yuradReba eTmoba. locva RmerTisadmi Tayvaniscemis gamoxatva da adamianis
rwmenis simboloa. mociquli muhamadi locvas did mniSvnelobas aniWebda adamianTa
islamze mosaqcevad. yuranSi locvis wesi zustad ar aris gansazRvruli.
samlocvelo ritualis detalebi dadgenil iqna muhamadisa da pirveli mimdevrebis
mier.
ganasxvaveben sami saxis locvas: savaldebulo, kanonikuri locvebi (farÇ);
damatebiTi arasavaldebulo locvebi — rekomendebuli mociqulis sunaTi;
nebayoflobiTi locva-Txovna (du‘á’). RmerTis nebayoflobiTi moxsenieba (ziqr) ar
ganekuTvneba TviTon locvas, magram Cveulebriv sruldeba mis Semdeg.
kanonikuri locvebi. yoveli mowifuli, Tavisufali, saR azrze myofi muslimi
vadldebulia yoveldRiurad Seasrulos 5 ritualuri locva. TiToeuli
kanonikuri locva Sedgeba gansazRvruli raodenobis raqaTebisagan (raq‘aT) —
salocavi pozebisa da moZraobebis cikli, romelsac Tan axlavs Sesabamisi
formulebis warmoTqma da erTmaneTs misdevs mkacri TanamimdevrobiT. locvebis
raodenobasTan dakavSirebiT axsna aris hadisebSi. muslims, vinc pirvelad iwyebs
locvebis Sesrulebas, erTi Tvis ganmavlobaSi SeuZlia ilocos mxolod samjer
dReSi: 1. ganTiadisas — 2 raqaTi; 2. saRamos — 3 raqaTi (iwyeba mzis Casvlidan
ramdenime wuTis Semdeg); 3. RamiT — 2 raqaTi (es aris nebismieri dro saRamos
locvis Semdeg ganTiadamde). aucileblobis SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba gaerTiandes
pirveli ori da bolo ori kanonikuri locva. is, vinc Tavisi nebiT uars ambobs
locvaze, iTvleba urwmunod.
locva sruldeba yuranis miTiTebebis safuZvelze gansazRvrul saaTebSi,
romelic hadisebis Tanaxmad, dadgenil iqna muhamadis “Ramis mogzaurobis” Semdeg.

34
1. ganTiadis locva (¹aláT al-fajr an ¹aláT a¹-¹ub®) — sruldeba mzis
amosvlamde40, dabali xmiT (jahr) da Sedgeba 2 raqaTisagan.
2. SuadRis locva (¹aláT az-zuhr) — sruldeba SuadRisas, roca mze gadis
meridians, CurCuliT (isrár) da Sedgeba 4 raqaTisagan.
3. locva naSuadRevs an saRamos win (¹aláT al-‘a¹r) — sruldeba dRis meore
naxevarSi, SuadRis Semdeg mzis Casvlamde periodSi (daaxl. 15sT.-dan 17 sT.-mde)
CurCuliT da Sedgeba oTxi raqaTisagan.
4. locva saRamos, mzis Casvlisas (¹aláT al-maRrib) — sruldeba mzis
CasvlisTanave, dabindebamde, dabali xmiT da Sedgeba sami raqaTisagan.
5. locva RamiT, Zilis win (¹aláT al-‘iSá’) — sruldeba dabindebis Semdeg,
mwuxris Jams (Safak), dabali xmiT da Sedgeba oTxi raqaTisagan.
erTi raqaTis Sesrulebis wesi aseTia:

 morwmune mamakaci xelebs aRapyrobs yurebamde41 (qalebi mxrebamde), warmoTqvams

Taqb‹rs (locvis formula: “alláhu aqbar” — alahi didia).
 mlocveli marcxena xels marjvenaSi Cadebs, mamakaci WipTan miidebs, qali
mkerdTan (kiÁám) da warmoTqvams yuranis pirvel suras — fáTi®as42, agreTve
romelime mokle suras an yuranis aiebs.
 mlocveli asrulebs muxlmoyras (ruqu‘), romelsac mosdevs welSi moxra,
xelisgulebi muxlebze da samjer adidebs RmerTs: “dideba ufalsa Cemsa
didebuls”(sub®ána rabbi l-‘a½‹m).
 mlocveli welSi swordeba (i‘Tidál) da ambobs: “alahi usmens, vinc mas adidebs”
(sami‘a llahu li-man ®amidahu).
 mlocveli eSveba muxlebze, asrulebs miwier Tayvaniscemas (sujåd),
xelisgulebiT (qalebi idayvebiTac), SubliT, cxviriT, muxlebiT da fexis
TiTebiT exeba xaliCas da samjer adidebs RmerTs: “dideba ufalsa Cemsa uzenaess”
(sub®ána rabbi l-a‘lá). Siitebi miwieri Tayvaniscemis dros SubliT exebian Tixis
filas (Turba), romelSic gadmocemiT aris wamebuli ÐusaÁnis sisxlis wveTi. es
fila damzadebulia Tixisagan, romelic mopovebulia im adgilas, sadac moxda
qაrbაlas tragedia da mokluli iqna ÐusaÁn b. ‘alã.
 mlocveli jdeba quslebze fexmorTxmiT (julås an ku‘åd), xelisgulebs muxlebze
idebs, Tavi daxrili aqvs da ambobs: “alahi didia” (alláhu aqbar).
 mlocveli xelmeored emxoba pirqve da samjer adidebs RmerTs (sub®ána rabbi l-
a‘lá). amiT sruldeba salocavi pozebis da formulebis pirveli wre, rac
Seadgens pirvel raqaTs. mlocveli fexze dgeba da igive TanamimdevrobiT
asrulebs meore raqaTs.
locvis dasasruls morwmune rCeba fexmorTxmiT mjdomare poziciaSi,
xelisgulebi muxlebze aqvs dadebuli, miatrialebs Tavs jer marjvniv, mere
marcxniv da orjer warmoTqvams misalmebas (Tasl‹m): “mSvidoba Tqvenda, wyaloba
alahisa da kurTxeva” (as-salámu ‘alaiqum va ra®maTu lláhi va baraqáTu). amiT
xdeba angelozebis misalmeba, romlebic arian locvis mowmeni. moZraobebis cikli
umniSvnelod gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisagan sxvadasxva religiur-iuridiuli skolebis
mixedviT, romlebic am Jestebs Soris gamoyofen savaldebulos (far«) da
rekomendebuls (sunna).
muslimma samarTlismcodneebma detalurad daamuSaves sxvadasxva
saSualebebi, romliTac morwmuneebs SeuZliaT locvis Sesrulebis dros uneburad
Cadenili Secdomebis gamosworeba.

40 ganTiadis locva iwyeba 1,5-2 sT.-iT adre mzis amosvlamde da mTavrdeba ramdenime wuTiT
adre mzis amosvlamde. mzis amosvlis dro miTiTebulia kalendarSi.
41 xelebis apyroba [raf‘ al-iadain] sruldeba locvis win Taqbiris warmoTqmis dros. xelebi
aweulia, xelisgulebi win da cera TiTebi exeba yuris bibiloebs.
42 fáTi®a — gamxsneli (wignisa), yuranis pirveli suris saxelwodeba. gadmocemiT, is aris
erT-erTi yvelaze adreuli sura, romelic orjer gardmoevlina muhamads — meqasa da
medinaSi. fáTi®a meordeba yoveli raqaTis dasawyisSi. am suraSi gadmocemulia yvelaferi is,
ris Sesaxebac saubaria yuranSi alahis yovlisSemZleobasa da erTaderTobaze, saSinel
samsjavroze, RvTiur madlze, alahis samarTlianobaze. Tavisi mniSvnelobiT fáTi®a axlos
aris qristianul locvasTan — “mamao Cveno”.

35
 savaldebulo locva unda warmoiTqvas arabul enaze, radganac arabuli
ena aris islamis ena, yurani dawerilia arabul enaze, xolo locvis dros xSirad
ikiTxeba esa Tu is aia yuranidan. locvis Semadgenel nawilad iTvleba alahis
saxelebis (“al-asma al-husna” — lamazi saxeli) gameoreba.
locvas win uswrebs ganbanva, romelic aris ori saxis: mcire (vuÇå’) da
sruli (Rusl). vuÇå’ sruldeba samjer gansazRvruli TanamimdevrobiT. cnobili
Teologis da samarTlismcodnis al-Razálãs Tanaxmad, vuÇå’-s dros aucilebelia 6
aqtis Sesruleba: 1. ganzraxvis gamoxatva (mzadyofna locvisaTvis); 2. saxis dabana
(Rusl al-vajh); 3. ori xelis dabana (Rusl al-aidain); 4. Tmis dasveleba; 5. ori
fexis dabana (Rusl al-rijlain). locvis win fexebis dabanas cvlis fexsacmlis
gawmenda [mas® ‘ala-l-xuffain]. is daSvebulia yvela sunituri mazhabis mier, magram
es Tema aris polemikis sagani SiitebTan da xarijitebTan, romlebic kicxaven
locvas fexsacmelSi. 6. am procedurebis Sesrulebis Tanmimdevrobis dacva. amis
garda moixseniebs 18 miTiTebas, romelTa Sesruleba rekomendebulia. mag. piris
gamorecxva, kbilebis gawmenda43, Tvalebis dabanva.
vuÇå’ sruldeba yoveli kanonikuri locvis win im SemTxvevaSi Tu “srul
ganbanvas” ar daukargavs Tavisi Zala. amasTan Tu mlocvels ar daurRvevia erTi
locvidan meore locvamde Tavisi ritualurad wminda mdgomareoba, maSin SeuZlia
Seasrulos locva vuÇå’-s gareSe.
Rusl aris sruli ganwmendis aqti, romelic aucilebelia sxvadasxva saxis
wabilwvis (janába) Semdeg, paraskevis locvis, dResaswaulebis, qorwinebis da
marxvis win. is aucilebelia agreTve wminda yuranis (arabul enaze) Sexebisas.
Tavdapirvelad ibanen xelebs, Semdeg marcxena xeliT44 da gamdinare wyliT ibanen
sxeulis dafarul nawilebs, Semdeg samjer xelebs. Semdeg vuÇå’-s Tanamimdevroba:
samjer ibanen Tavs da sxeuls, marjvena da mere marcxena mxars, mTel sxeuls da
bolos fexebs. es moqmedeba sruldeba orjer.
Tu wyali ar aris, ganwmenda xdeba qviSiT, miwiT an specialuri qviT.
locvis Sesrulebis dros muslimma unda daicvas kibla (pirdapir mdebare
mxare) _ mimarTuleba meqisaken, qaabas taZrisaken. Tavdapirvelad kibla iyo
ierusalimi, magram 2:144 aias gardmovlenis Semdeg kiblad gamocxadda meqa, qaabas
taZari. Tumca muslimebisaTvis ierusalimi rCeba wminda qalaqad. kiblas dacva
aucilebelia locvis Sesrulebis dros, azanis gamocxadebisas, piligrimobasTan
dakavSirebuli ritualebis Sesrulebis dros, muslimis dasaflavebis dros da sxv.
meCeTSi kibla aRiniSneba specialuri niSiT — mihrabi an xazebiT iatakze45.
muslimur saxelmwifoebSi locvis dawyebas morwmuneebs amcnobs mueZini
[mu’azzin — momwodebeli]. is meCeTis minareTidan acxadebs azáns [arab. mowodeba,
gamocxadeba, Setyobineba] — xmamaRla mowodeba locvisaken. azanis gamocxadeba
daawesa muhamadma medinaSi gadasvlis Semdeg 622/23 wels, radganac muslimebi
sxvadasxva dros ikribebodnen meCeTSi. muslimebma zepiri mowodeba locvisaken
daisesxes warmarTi arabebisagan. amasTan maT surdaT iudevelTa da qristianTa
Cveulebis (zarebis rekva) sawinaaRmdego tradicia daemkvidrebinaT. azanis dros
mueZini saxiT meqisaken aris mimarTuli da ceriTa da saCvenebeli TiTebiT uWiravs
yuris bibiloebi. azani warmoiTqmis mxolod arabul enaze da dadgenili
formulebiT. sunituri azani 7 formulisagan Sedgeba: 1. alahi didia [allahu
aqbar]. 2. vmowmob, rom ar aris RvTaeba, garda alahisa [aShadu anna lá ila®a illa

43 kbilebis gawmenda [akaciis] joxiT (misvák) rekomendebulia 5 SemTxvevaSi: locvis win,

mcire ganbanvis dros, yuranis kiTxvis win, Zilis Semdeg da didi xnis siCumis Semdeg.
hadisebis mixedviT, muhamadi Tvlida kbilebis gawmendas ritualuri siwmindis erT-erT
mTavar elementad.
44 marjvena xeli iTvleba sufTad, xolo marcxena — uwmindurad; ‘á’Sas gadmocemiT: “alahis
mociquli marjvena xeliT sargeblobda saWmlisaTvis da yvela wminda saqmisaTvis, xolo
marcxena xels — tualetisa da sxva amdagvarisaTvis”. samjeradi ganbanvis Sesaxeb saubaria
sunaSi. savaldebulod iTvleba erTjeradi ganbanva.
45 es mimarTuleba icvleba calkeul qveyanasTan mimarTebaSi. mas gansazRvravdnen mecnierebi
arqiteqtorebisaTvis, romlebic agebdnen meCeTebs da samlocveloebs. zogjer Secdomebs
uSvebdnen kiblas orientaciis gansazRvrisas, rac moiTxovda nagebobis gadakeTebas. ase
moxda q. maraqeSSi quTubiÁas meCeTTan dakavSirebiT. 2006 wlis aprilSi malaiziis
kosmosuri saagentos dafinansebiT gaimarTa mecnierTa da religiur liderTa konferencia,
romlis ZiriTadi Tema iyo kiblas gansazRvra orbitaze yofnis dros.

36
lla®u]. 3. vmowmob, rom muhamadi mociqulia alahisa [aShadu anna mu®ammadan rasål
alláh]. 4. modiT salocavad [haiÁa ‘ala ¹-¹aláT]. 5. modiT gadasarCenad [haiÁa ‘ala
l-falá®]. 6. alahi didia [alláhu aqbar]. 7. ar aris RvTaeba, garda alahisa [lá
iláha illa llahu]. TiToeuli formula meordeba 2-4-jer. azanis mosmenisas
muslimi unda gaCerdes da gaimeoros misi formulebi. Siitebis azani rva
formulisagan Sedgeba. azans mosdevs ganmeorebiTi mowodeba locvisaken — ikáma46,
romlis drosac hanbalitebi hanafitebisagan gansxvavebiT imeoreben azanis sityvebs
mxolod erTxel (Siitebi orjer warmoTqvamen).
locva sruldeba individualurad an koleqtiurad. adgili, sadac sruldeba
locva, unda iyos ritualurad wminda. mlocveli Slis momcro zomis xaliCas —
sajada47. locvis win muslimma unda daadasturos Tavisi ganzraxva (niÁÁa), rom es
aris moqmedeba mxolod “alahis kmayofilebisaTvis”. locvis dros muslims Tavi
dafaruli unda hqondes.
koleqtiuri locva, sazogado RvTismsaxureba sruldeba meCeTSi
paraskevobiT, romelic aris sadResaswaulo dRe muslimebisaTvis. am dRes
Teoriulad aucilebelia mowiful (hadisebis Tanaxmad, es aris 14 weli, roca
adamiani pasuxismgebelia Tavis saqcielze), janmrTel da Tavisufal muslimTa
Sekreba meCeTSi paraskevis locvaze da xutbis mosmena. muslimTa Sesakrebad
gansakuTrebuli dRis daweseba miekuTvneba muhamadis moRvaweobis medinis periods.
iudevelTa bazrobebi medinis oazisSi, sadac mravlad cxovrobdnen ebraelebi,
imarTeboda wminda SabaTisaTvis mosamzadeblad swored paraskevobiT. locvisaTvis
am dRes meCeTSi Sekreba saSualebas aZlevda muslimebs SeeTanxmebinaT savaWro da
religiuri interesebi. amasTan es xels uwyobda islamis propagandas, radgan
mniSvnelovnad zrdida auditorias, romelsac mimarTavda mociquli muhamadi.
muslimi qalebisaTvis ar aris savaldebulo, magram maT SeuZliaT paraskevs meCeTSi
misvla da sazogado locvaSi monawileobis miReba.
islamuri samarTlis mixedviT aucilebelia morwmune mamakacebis garkveuli
raodenobis daswreba. hanafitebis azriT, aucilebelia aranakleb 4 mamakaci (imamis
CaTvliT), maliqitebis Tanaxmad — 12. xolo hanbalitebisa da Safitebis azriT —
39-40. meCeTSi misvlisas morwmune individualurad asrulebs or raqaTs, Semdeg ki
usmens xutbas — qadagebas. paraskevis SuadRis locva (¹aláT al-jamá‘a an ¹aláT
al-jum‘a)48 cvlis ¹aláT az-zuhr-s, Sedgeba ara 4, aramed 2 raqaTisagan da mosdevs
qadagebas. is sruldeba specialur meCeTSi, romelsac paraskevis meCeTi (masjid al-
jum‘a) an sakrebulo meCeTi (masjid al-jami‘) ewodeba. erToblivi locva,
gadmocemiT, 27-jer aRemateba Tavisi ZaliT individualur locvas. morwmuneni
ganlagdebian rigebad (¹ufåf), romelTa Soris manZili ar aRemateba erT nabijs.
qalebi mamakacebisagan gancalkevebiT loculoben. Tu amis saSualeba ar aris, isini
dgebian rigSi mamakacebis ukan. aris miTiTebac, rom mamakacebma locva unda
Seasrulon xmamaRla (ikrZaleba mTeli xmiT), xolo qalebma (gansakuTrebiT
mamakacebis sazogadoebaSi) CurCuliT. amasTan qalebma sxeulis moZraobebi unda
Seasrulon ufro nela, vidre mamakacebma.
sazogado locvas xelmZRvanelobs imami (imám). morwmuneni imeoreben mis
yvela pozas, sityvebs da moZraobebs. ar SeiZleba CamorCena an gaswreba.
samlocvelo formulebi warmoiTqmis xmamaRla. xutbas meCeTis minbaridan (mimbar)
warmoTqvams xatibi. muslimTa umravlesoba Tvlis, rom xutba unda warmoiTqvas
yvelasaTvis gasageb enaze, nawili miiCnevs, rom mxolod arabul enaze unda iqnes
wakiTxuli, nawili ki amtkicebs, rom xutbis teqsti unda iyos mociqulis sityvebis

46 ikáma imeorebs azanis sityvebs. emateba mxolod: “locvis dro dadga”. Safiitebis azriT,
aucileblobis SemTxvevaSi ikáma SeiZleba warmoiTqvas qalis mier, magram yvela
kanonTmcodnis SeTanxmebuli azriT es dauSvebelia azanis dros.
47 arab. sajjáda (Turqulad namazlik) — specialur samlocvelo xaliCa, romelzedac
xSirad gamoxatulia qaabas taZari meqaSi, mociqulis meCeTi medinaSi, an al-aksa
ierusalimSi an mihrabi - samlocvelo niSi. sajadas nacvlad SeiZleba foTlebis, tyavis,
tansacmlis da a.S. gamoyeneba. adrindeli muslimebi ar xmarobdnen. misi gamoyeneba daiwyes
daaxl. X-XIss.-Si. iTvleba, rom samlocvelo xaliCa gamoyofs muslims gare samyarosagan.
48 paraskevi dRe islamamde iyo bazrobis dRe (Áavm al-‘aråba). muhamadis winaparma — qa‘b b.
lu’aÁÁm misca es saxeli. samoTxeSi paraskevi iwodeba rogorc Áavm al-mazãd — alahis
specialuri saCuqris dRe [L:35].

37
zusti gameoreba. xutbis Sinaarsi, rogorc wesi, ar meordeba: imami iyenebs
sxvadasxva locvebs, yuranis aiebs da miTiTebebs. paraskeobiT xutba ori
nawilisagan Sedgeba, xolo sadResaswaulo _ erTi nawilisagan da ufro grZelia,
vidre paraskevis. xutbas aqvs ara mxolod religiuri, aramed politikuri
mniSvnelobac, radganac xutbis dros xdeba saxelmwifos meTauris saxelis
moxsenieba. es aqti aRniSnavda umaRlesi xelisufalis suverenitetis aRiarebas,
xolo misi Seusrulebloba daumorCileblobis demonstraciad iTvleboda. amis
paralelurad fatimianTa dros aucilebeli iyo misalmebodnen mmarTvels
minareTidan azán al-fajris Semdeg. amas adgili hqonda mamluqTa drosac.
anTologiebma da qronikebma Semogvinaxa qadagebaTa ramdenime teqsti.

damatebiTi locvebi [naváfil]:

¹aláT al-laÁl (aT-Tahajjad) — Ramis locva an yuranis kiTxva RamiT. am locvis
dros ufro xSirad sruldeba sami raqaTi. muhamadis moRvaweobis meqis periodSi es
locva iTvleboda savaldebulod da muslimuri Temis wevrebi Ramis did dros
locvebs uTmobdnen. medinaSi is gaxda nebayoflobiTi. warmoiTqmis Ramis locvis
Semdeg. gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas es locva iZens ramaÇánis TveSi, marxvis dros.
gansakuTrebul Seqebas imsaxurebs erTi an ramdenime kenti raodenobis (13-mde)
raqaTebis damateba Zilis win locvaze (¹aláT al-‘iSá’) an ¹aláT aT-Tahajjad-ze.
aseTi locvebi aRiniSneba terminiT — ¹aláT al-vitr. hanafitebis azriT, ¹aláT
al-vitr aris savaldebulo. sruldeba agreTve kunut al-vitr — Txovna, romelic
warmoiTqmis ¹aláT al-vitris an dilis locvis Semdeg.
¹aláT al-‘‹daÁn — sruldeba ori didi dResaswaulis dros ganTiadis da SuadRis
locvas Soris periodSi. is Sedgeba ori raqaTisagan da TiToeuli raqaTis win 7-
jer warmoiTqmis Taqb‹r. xutba sadResaswaulo locvebis Semadgeneli nawilia.
¹aláT al-janáza (¹aláT al-‘alá l-maÁÁiT) — micvalebulze locva, raqaTebi ar
sruldeba.
¹aláT al-musáfir — mogzauris locva. 80 km.-ze met manZilze (3 dRis savali
manZili) mogzaurobisas SesaZlebelia ¹aláT az-zuhr, ¹aláT al-‘a¹r da ¹aláT al-
‘iSá’ Semokldes 2 raqaTamde. ¹aláT a¹-¹ub® da ¹aláT al-maRrib rCeba ucvleli.
¹aláT al-isTiská’ — wvimis Txovna. sruldeba haerze, xelebi cisken aris
apyrobili da Sedgeba 2 raqaTisagan.
¹aláT al-qusåf — mzis dabnelebis locva.
amis garda sruldeba locva dRis nebismier dros. ar SeiZleba locva zustad
SuadRisas, mzis amosvlisa da Casvlis momentSi, radganac warmarTebi mzisadmi
Tayvaniscemas asrulebdnen swored am dros.
du‘á’ — locva-Txovna, pirdapiri mimarTva uSualod RmerTisadmi. is warmoiTqmis
nebismier enaze. vuÇå’ da raqaTebi ar sruldeba. mlocvels xelebi apyrobili aqvs
zecisaken da warmoTqvams alahis da muhamadis qebas. individualuri locva-Txovna
Sedis ritualuri locvis SemadgenlobaSic, magram SeiZleba misi wakiTxva yvela
SemTvevaSi.
ziqr — alahis ritualuri moxsenieba, rac sruldeba gansakuTrebuli formulis
wamoTqmiT da sxeulis gansazRvruli moZraobis TanxlebiT. ziqr ufro xSirad
gamoixateba alahis gandidebaSi _ warmoiTqmeba alahis 99 lamazi saxeli (al-asmá’
al-®usná) an 33-jer wamoiTqmis: “alah aqbar” (alahi didia), “al-hamdu li-
llah”(dideba alahs). am dros muslimebi xSirad iyeneben krialosans (sub®a),
romelic Sedgeba 99 mZivisagan da TiToeuli maTgani Seesabameba alahis 99 saxels.
gadmocemiT, alahis mociqulma Tqva: “yvelaze saukeTeso ziqr aris — lá ila®a
illa lla®u” (ar aris RvTaeba garda alahisa).

islamis mesame burji aris savmi [a¹-¹aum, spars. ruze, Turq. uraza] —
savaldebulo marxva, romlis dacva aucilebelia morwmuneTaTvis muslimuri
mTvaris kalendriT ramaÇánis TveSi, 30 dRis manZilze. muslimi Teologebis azriT,
adamiani midrekilia swori, WeSmariti gzidan gadaxvevis vnebisaken. amdenad, marxvis
mizania adamiani simtkicesa da sulier disciplinas SeaCvios. adamianma xeli unda
aiRos amqveyniuri cxovrebisaTvis zrunvaze da sulis saqmeebs, saimqveyno sazrunavs
mixedos. yuranis komentatorTa ganmartebiT, marxva aris saSualeba imisaTvis, rom
adamiani gaxdes RvTismoSiSi.

38
 muhamadma hijris Semdeg medineli iudevelebis mibaZviT daawesa ‘áSårá’ —
erTdRiani marxva mu®arramis 10 ricxvSi49. Tumca, 624 wels iudevelTa TemTan
muslimebis ganxeTqilebis Semdeg marxvis Tved gamocxadda ramaÇáni, xolo ‘áSårá’
gaxda arasavaldebulo marxva.
muslimuri marxvis ZiriTadi wesebi gadmocemulia yuranSi [2:179-183]. sxva
religiebisagan gansxvavebiT, am dros aucilebelia ara saWmlis romelime saxeze
uaris Tqma, aramed saWmel-sasmelze saerTod. ramaÇánis TveSi alionidan mzis
Casvlamde ikrZaleba sma-Wama da yvelaferi, rac arRveves RvTismosaobas (Tambaqos
moweva, narkotikebis miReba, col-qmruli kavSiri, musikis mosmena da sxv.)50. yuranis
Tanaxmad: “WameT da sviT, vidre SesaZlebeli ar iqneba TeTri Zafis Savi Zafisagan
garCeva ganTiadisas, Semdeg daicaviT marxva dabindebamde” [2:183]. amdenad, marxvis
dawyebas da damTavrebas gansazRvravdnen Zafis daxmarebiT. dRes muslimebi
sargebloben zusti astrologiuri kalendriT. marxvasTan dakavSirebuli
akrZalvebi ixsneba dabindebisTanave, saRamos locvis Semdeg da iwyeba xsnili —
iftár. am dros msubuqad vaxSmoben (fatår) da diliT, marxvis dawyebamde iReben
ufro noyier sakvebs (sa®år).
ramaÇánis marxvis dawyeba oficialurad cxaddeba axali mTvaris
gamoCenisTanave, rac unda daamowmos orma ndobiT aRWurvilma muslimma.
Rrublianma cam SeiZleba gadawios marxvis dawyeba an dasruleba. marxva mTavrdeba
Savvalis Tvis dasawyisSi axali mTvaris gamoCenisTanave. islamur samarTalSi
erTaderTi SemTxveva, roca miiReba erTi mamakacis mowmeoba, aris ramaÇánis da
Savvalis TveSi axali mTvaris gamoCena. marxvis dawyeba SeiZleba gamoacxados
agreTve yadim an aseTive xelisuflebiT aRWurvilma pirma. dRes muslimur
qveynebSi marxvis dasawyisi da dasasruli dadgenilia geografiuli koordinatebis
gaTvaliswinebiT TiToeuli qalaqisa da raionisaTvis, ris Sesaxebac cxaddeba
radioTi da televiziiT, qveyndeba presaSi. marxva savaldebuloa yvela
srulwlovani muslimisaTvis. is, vinc uaryofs marxvis valdebulebas, iTvleba
urwmunod. marxvis yovel dRes, ganTiadis dadgomamde, morwmunem unda warmoTqvas
specialuri formula — niÁa, riTac gamoxatavs marxulobis survils da sTxovs
alahs dalocvas. ramaÇánis marxvis mTeli Tvis ganmavlobaSi, yoveldRiur 5
kanonikur locvas kidev emateba erTi — Ramis locva (¹aláT aT-Taráv‹®), romelic
8, 20 an 36 raqaTisagan Sedgeba. es wesi SemoRebul iqna xalifa ‘umaris (634-644) mier.
yoveli oTxi raqaTis Semdeg dadgenilia Sesveneba (Tarv‹®a), swored aqedan
warmodgeba am locvis saxelwodeba. Siitebi am locvas ar asruleben da Tvlian
mas siaxled (bida‘) islamSi. meCeTebSi dilas da saRamos ikiTxeba qadageba.
islamuri samarTliT, marxvisagan Tavisufldebian: mogzaurebi, meomrebi,
tyveebi, avadmyofebi, uZlurebi, fexmZime da meZuZuri qalebi, bavSvebi51. marxvaze ar
daiSvebian ritualurad uwmindurni — qalebi menstruaciis dros, damnaSaveebi,
romelTac ar mouxdiaT sasjeli. marxvisagan sapatio mizeziT ganTavisuflebulebma
unda imarxulon ramaÇánis dasrulebis Semdeg, nebismieri erTi Tvis ganmavlobaSi.
Rrma moxucebulebs da avadmyofebs SeuZliaT marxva Secvalon mowyalebis gacemiT
Raribebze. marxvis darRvevis SemTxvevaSi misi anazRaureba SeiZleba moxdes 60
dRiani marxviT an mowyalebis gacemiT. iTvleba, rom marxva, gansakuTrebiT
ramaÇánis TveSi, aris saukeTeso saSualeba codvebis mosananieblad.
qristianobisagan gansxvaevbiT, islamSi ar aris Suamavali RmerTsa da adamians
Soris, ar aris qristianuli gagebiT samRvdeloeba, romelsac SeuZlia codvebis
Sendoba morwmuneTaTvis RmerTis saxeliT. amdenad, muslimi TviTon agebs pasuxs
Tavis codvebze.
marxvis dacva TiToeuli muslimis Sinagani sindisis saqmea, magram misi
darRveva sajarod isjeba calkeuli qveynis kanonmdeblobis Sesabamisad. saudis
arabeTSi, iemenSi, sparseTis yuris qveynebSi, sudanSi, iranSi arsebobs specialuri
inspeqcia, romelic akontrolebs muslimTa mier marxvis dacvas.

49 Tavdapirvelad am dRes ebraelebi aRniSnavdnen gamosyidvis, monaniebis dRes — ebr. iom

qifur.
50 ikrZaleba agreTve wamlebis miReba da iseTi samedicino procedurebi, rac iTvaliswinebs
samkurnalo preparatebis Seyvanas adamianis organizmSi.
51 bavSvebi marxvis dacvas TandaTan eCvevian. Tavdapirvelad marxuloben naxevari dRe, mere
erTi dRe, erTi kvira iqamde, vidre ar SeZleben erTTviani marxvis dacvas.

39
 marxvis damTavrebis win ojaxis yvela wevrma unda gadaixados zaqáT al-
fitri. amaze miuTiTebs Semdegi hadisi: “ramaÇánis marxva Camokidebulia casa da
dedamiwas Soris, vidre alahis mona ar gascems dadgenil mowyalebas”. marxva
sruldeba Savvalis Tvis pirvel dRes da aRiniSneba gaxsnilebis dResaswauli —
‘‹d al-fitr.
savaldebulo marxvis garda islamSi rekomendebulia nebayoflobiTi marxva
(¹avm aT-Tatavvu‘) aRTqmis SemTxvevaSi, codvebis mosananieblad, gansacdelis
dReebSi (omebi, epidemiebi, stiqiuri ubedurebebi, mzis dabneleba) an RvTismosaobis
gamo. aseTi arasavaldebulo marxvisaTvis airCeva savse mTvaris dReebi, orSabaTi
da xuTSabaTi. rekomendebulia nebayoflobiTi marxva ‘áSårá’-s (SiitebisaTvis is
aris imam ÐusaÁnis da misi mimdevrebis glovis dRe) da ‘arafa-s (hajis dros, zå l-
®ijjas 9 ricxvSi, roca piligrimebi dgebian wminda ‘arafaTis win) dRes da “TeTri
Rameebis” (aiamu-l-b‹Ç) ganmavlobaSi (yoveli Tvis 13, 14 da 15 ricxvi). yuranis
Tanaxmad, samdRiani marxviT SeiZleba ficis darRvevis gamosyidva [5:89], xolo
orTviani marxviT _ morwmunis uneblie mkvlelobis [4:92]. damatebiTi marxva
ikrZaleba (®arám) ori didi dResaswaulis (‘‹d al-aÇ®a da ‘‹d al-fitr) dros da
ikicxeba (maqråh) sami religiis sadResaswaulo dReebSi _ paraskevs52, SabaTs da
kviras.

islamis meoTxe burji aris zaqaTi [zaqáT] — aucilebeli mowyaleba,

savaldebulo gadasaxadi. sityvasityviT niSnavs “ganwmendas”, gazrdas. e. i. zaqaTiT
unda ganiwmindos is, visac didi simdidre daugrovda. man Tavisi qoneba unda
gaunawilos Raribebs, amiT misi damsaxureba gaizrdeba alahis winaSe saiqio
cxovrebaSi, rogorc es morwmuneebs miaCniaT.
yuranSi es termini gvxvdeba Tvramet suraSi. yuranis masalidan gamomdinare,
zaqaTi aSkarad savaldebulo gadasaxadia yvela muslimisaTvis. aRsaniSnavia, rom im
31 aiadan, sadac zaqaTia naxsenebi, umravles SemTvevaSi is ixmareba salaTTan,
locvasTan erTad. locva ki islamis pirveli praqtikuli savaldebulo moTxovnaa.
amasTanave, dokumentebSi, romlebSic mocemulia sxvadasxva tomis mimarT muhamadis
moTxovnaTa nusxa maTi gamuslimebis SemTxvevaSi, yvelgan naxsenebia swored zaqaTi.
Tavdapirvelad zaqaTi ganixileboda rogorc savaldebulo mowyaleba,
romelic unda ganawilebuliyo Raribebs, qvrivebs, martoxela qalebs, oblebsa da
uZlurebs Soris. zaqaTis mkacr moTxovnaze saubari muslimebis mimarT ufro
realuria 623 wlidan, medinaSi muslimuri Temis daarsebis Semdeg. zaqaTis, rogorc
moqmedi fiskaluri institutis formirebis procesi swored am dros unda
dasrulebuliyo. Tumca, yuranSi ar aris dadgenili am gadasaxadis dabegvris
norma. misi reglamentacia miekuTvneba xalifa ‘umar I-is mmarTvelobis dasawyiss.
specialuri saxelmwifo dawesebuleba, d‹ván a¹-¹adaka, zaqaTis misaRebad dafuZnda
mxolod umaiani xalifa hiSamis dros (724-743).
zaqaTs ixdis yvela zrdasruli muslimi mamakaci. is aiReba: 1) naTesebidan, 2)
venaxebidan da finikis palmebidan 3) pirutyvidan 4) oqrodan da vercxlidan, 5)
savaWro saqonlidan. sakanonmdeblo krebulebSi zustad aris gansazRvruli qoneba,
romelic ibegreba zaqaTiT da misi zoma. dasabegri minimumi (ni¹áb)53:
miwaTmoqmedebis produqtebze — 5 vaski54 (975kg.); saqonelze — 5 aqlemi, 20 Zroxa an
40 Txa (cxenebi da monebi ibegreboda mxolod gayidvisas); oqroze da vercxlze —
20 miskali55 (dinari) an 200 dirhami; savaWro saqonelze — Sesabamisi fasidan
gamomdinare. zaqaTi Seadgens soflis meurneobis produqciidan 1/10 nawils
mosavlis aRebisTanave, xolo sxva saxeobebidan 1/40 anu 2,5%-s odenobiT
kalendaruli wlis dasrulebamde; produqcia im miwebidan, romelTa damuSaveba
xdeba xelovnuri morwviT, ibegreba 1/20-T; 1/5-iT ibegreba Zvirfasi metalebis da
qvebis, zRvis produqtebis mopoveba. Tu romelime produqtis mosavali orjer modis
weliwadSi, muslimi orivejer ixdis zaqaTs. islamuri samarTliT, zaqaTiT ar

52 es ar exeba paraskev dReebs ramaÇánis TveSi.

53 dReisaTvis qonebis minimumi Seadgens 3 uncias (87,48 gr. oqro an 612,36 gr. vercxli an maTi
fuladi eqvivalenti). 2005 w. noembris monacemebiT, es aris saSualod 1,400$ an misi
ekvivalenti.
54 vask — wonis sazomi erTeuli, tvirTi, romelic SeiZleba zidos aqlemma.
55 arabuli wonis sazomi erTeuli, romelic tolia daaxl. 4,5 gr.

40
ibegreba brinji da lobio, magram ar aris dasaxelebuli mizezi. SesaZlebelia imis
gamo, rom yvelaze gavrcelebuli produqtebi iyo axlo aRmosavleTSi. islamuri
samarTali aseve mkacrad gansazRvravs sxvadasxva saxis produqtebidan zaqaTis
akrefis vadebs: xorblidan da qeridan zaqaTi aiReba kaloobis dros; yurZnidan —
isvrimobis periodSi, radganac mwife yurZeni SeiZleba SeWamos mflobelma an
gayidos zaqaTis gadaxdamde; finikidan — simwifis periodSi.
zaqaTis gadaxda SeiZleba rogorc naturiT, ise fuliT. islamuri samarTliT
am daxmarebis miRebis ufleba aqvT: Raribebs da arafrismqoneebs, zaqaTis amkrefT
da xalxs, vinc mas inaxavs da angariSs awarmoebs; muqaTibebs (garkveuli
kategoriis monebi, romelTac dades xelSekruleba gamosyidvis Taobaze); xalxs,
romelic imsaxurebs Seqebas; arafrismqone mevaleebs (SariaTis sasamarTlos
nebarTviT), Raziebs56 da mogzaurebs, romelTac ara aqvT ukan dasabrunebeli Tanxa.
zogierTi mazhabis mixedviT zaqaTidan miRebul Semosavlebs ar iRebdnen Semdegi
pirebi (im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu isini ekuTvnodnen zemoT CamoTvlil romelime
kategorias): a) mociqulis axloblebi da maTi STamomavlebi, radganac isini
saCuqrad iRebdnen saRvTo omis dros mopovebuli nadavlis wils; b) zaqaTis
amkrefTa kmayofaze myofi pirebi — misi coli, bavSvebi da monebi; g) urwmunoebi.
dRes zaqaTiT Sekrebili Tanxa inaxeba saxelmwifo xazinaSi da gaicema upiratesad
sazogadoebrivi da socialuri daxmarebis saxiT. es Tanxa xmardeba meCeTebis da
medreseebis mSeneblobas. is SeiZleba mieces studentebs ganaTlebis misaRebad;
uqonelma muslimma SeiZleba gamoiyenos es Tanxa meqaSi piligrimobis
Sesasruleblad.
arsebobs zaqaTis ori ZiriTadi tipi: zaqáT al-fitr da zaqáT al-mál. zaqáT
al-fitr [zaqáT ramaÇán; zaqáT a¹-¹avm] aris yvela muslimisaTvis savaldebulo
gadasaxadi weliwadSi erTxel da ukavSirdeba marxvas ramaÇánis TveSi. zaqáT al-
mál — aris gadasaxadi yovelgvar qonebaze 2,5%-s odenobiT. Tanamedrove muslimur
samyaroSi zaqaTi ar vrceldeba sacxovrebel saxlebze, tansacmelze, saojaxo
nivTebze, avtomobilebze, cxovelebze, romlebic satransporto saSualebad
gamoiyeneba, pirad sakuTrebaSi arsebul iaraRze, wignebze, Sromis iaraRebze da
manqanebze, romlebic sawarmoo mizniT gamoiyeneba, Zvirfas qvebze, avejze da sxva.
zaqaTiT ar ibegreba qarxnebi da aRWurviloba, nagebobebi, romlebic gadacemulia
arendiT.
dReisaTvis zaqaTi saxelmwifo gadasaxadis rangSia ayvanili 6 qveyanaSi:
saudis arabeTi, libia, iemeni, malaizia, pakistani da sudani. am qveynebSi zaqaTi
aiReba sabanko depozitebidan da fasiani qaRaldebidanac57. am gadawyvetilebis
winaaRmdeg gamovida mosaxleobis mdidari fena. isini imowmebdnen yurans, romlis
Tanaxmad, muslimis mTeli qoneba iyofa or nawilad: qoneba, romelic eqvemdebareba
iZulebiT dabegvras da qoneba, romelic eqvemdebareba nebayoflobiT dabegvras.
Sesabamisad saxelmwifom ar SeiZleba aiRos gadasaxadi qonebis im nawilidan,
romelic eqvemdebareba nebayoflobiT dabegvras.
savaldebulo zaqaTis gverdiT islamSi rekomendebulia ¹adaka —
nebayoflobiTi mowyaleba. misi gacema evalebaT SeZlebul muslimebs Temis
gaWirvebuli wevrebis sasargeblod. es termini yuranis mxolod oTx suraSi
gvxvdeba [2:192,265,273,277; 4:114; 9:58,60,80,105;58:13,14]. yuranis mixedviT, es iyo
arasavaldebulo mowyaleba gankuTvnili rva kategoriis xalxisaTvis. eseni arian
mociqulis axloblebi, oblebi, Raribebi, mgzavrebi, maTxovrebi, monebi, mevaleebi
(gansakuTrebiT isini, vinc vali aiRo muslimTa saerTo sargeblobisaTvis, an
keTili saqmis gamo), alahis gzaze mebrZolni da bolos, islamis axali mimdevrebi58.
yuranis LVIII:13-14 aiebze dayrdnobiT sadaka iyo arasavaldebulo mowyaleba,

56 Rázã — “sarwmunoebisaTvis omSi” (RazavaTSi) monawile. yuraniT am kategorias ar

ganekuTvnebian is pirebi, romlebic monawileoben saRvTo omSi, rogorc valdebuleba
(igulisxmeba mudmiv armiaSi mosamsaxure jariskacebi).
57 mu‘áviÁa b. abå sufÁani (661-680) iyo pirveli xalifa, romelmac miuTiTa zaqaTis aReba
saxelmwifo Semosavlebidan.
58 “al-mu’alafa kulåbuhum” — sityva-sityviT “isini, visi gulebic moiges“. eseni iyvnen
islamis axali mimdevrebi, romelTac muhamadma upiratesoba mianiWa nadavlis gayofis dros,
raTa Tavis mxareze gadaeyvana isini. hadisebiT muhamadis es moqmedeba gamarTlebulia, Tumca
aman ukmayofileba gamoiwvia TviTon morwmuneebs Soris.

41
romelsac ixdida muslimi mociqulisagan garkveuli konsultaciis miRebisaTvis.
amasTan, yoveli aseTi konsultaciisaTvis calke Sesawiravi iyo saWiro. es
Seexeboda mxolod im pirebs, romelTac amis SesaZlebloba hqondaT.
muslimi kanonmdeblebi ganasxvaveben sadakas ramdenime saxes: qvelmoqmedebis
calkeuli aqti; gamosasyidi qmedeba, monanieba (kaffára) jarimis saxiT, romelic
ixarjeba saqvelmoqmedo saqmeebze; SeZlebul adamianTa mier TavianTi Semosavlebis
nawilis gadaricxva RaribTa sasargeblod59. pirvel or SemTxvevaSi mowyalebis
gacema SeiZleba fuliT, produqtebiT, tanisamosiT, valis patiebiT, sacxovreblis
micemiT. mesame SemTxvevaSi sadaka gaicema mxolod fuliT.
Tu zaqaTis gadaxda xdeba gansazRvrul dros da gansazRvruli odenobiT,
sadakas gadaxda SeiZleba nebismier dros, nebismieri odenobiT da nebismieri
formiT. rekomendebulia zaqaTis gadaxda Riad, xolo sadakasi farulad, raTa
uxerxul mdgomareobaSi ar aRmoCndes mowyalebis mimRebi adamiani.
zaqaTisa da sadakas Sinaarsobrivi daaxloebis procesi, romelic yuranSic
aisaxa, dasrulda maTi gaigivebiT jer kidev muhamadis sicocxleSi. muhamadis
gardacvalebis Semdeg zaqaTis argadaxda gaxda ar-riddas (arabuli tomebis
ajanyeba 633w.) erT-erTi mizezi.

islamis mexuTe burji aris haji [al-hajj] — piligrimoba meqaSi

sarwmunoebrivi wesebis Sesrulebis mizniT. haji, cxovrebaSi erTxel mainc,
savaldebuloa yvela muslimisaTvis, ZiriTadad mdidrebisa da damoukidebeli
adamianebisaTvis. .RaribebisTvis, uZlurTaTvis, qalebisaTvis60, monebisaTvis da
damokidebuli xalxisaTvis haji aucilebeli araa. bavSvi, romelic iyo wminda
adgilebSi mSoblebTan erTad, an mona Tavis patronTan erTad, valdebulia
Seasruloa haji damoukideblad (srulwlovanebis miRwevis an monobidan
ganTavisuflebis Semdeg). islamSi daSvebulia hajis Sesruleba daqiravebiT —
muslims SeuZlia meqaSi gaagzavnos Tavisi warmomadgeneli, ndobiT aRWurvili piri
(vaqil al-hajj), magram am ukanasknels ar eTvleba. is iRebs piligrimis mowmobas
im imamisagan, romeli skolis warmomadgenelic TviTon aris da gadascems
damqiravebels. Safiitebi ar iwoneben amgvar qmedebas da uSveben mxolod im
SemTxvevaSi, roca muslims invalidobis an asakis gamo, ar SeuZlia piradad
Seasrulos Tavisi religiuri valdebuleba.
“wminda adgilebis” moxilva uZvelesi tradiciaa, romelic semituri modgmis
xalxebisaTvis iyo damaxasiaTebeli da uSualod islamTan araa dakavSirebuli.
axali monoTeisturi religiis warmoSobamde gacilebiT adre arabeTis
naxevarkunZulze warmarTuli tomebi qaabas taZarSi piligrimobas warmatebiT
uTavsebdnen yovelwliur bazrobas, rac qalaq meqas ara marto religiur, aramed
savaWro-ekonomikur mniSvnelobasac aniWebda. islamma piligrimobis uZveles
tradicias axali mniSvneloba mianiWa.
muhamadma hijris meore wels qaaba kiblad gamoacxada [2:136-145] da haji
muslimTa erT-erT sasurvel da sapatio movaleobad daadgina [3:91]. yuranSi haji
moxseniebulia, rogorc alahisaTvis metad sasurveli saqme da muslimTa sapatio
movaleoba. yuranSi miniSnebulia agreTve meqaSi Sesasrulebeli zogierTi
ritualic. Tumca piligrimobis ZiriTadi wesebi dadginda muhamadis mier
“gamosaTxovari hajis” (hajjaT al-vadá‘) Sesrulebis dros. es haji muhamadma
Seasrula alahis nebiT, raTa warmarTuli xanis uwmindurobisagan
gaeTavisuflebina uZvelesi siwmindeebi. 630 wels, meqis aRebis Semdeg,
kerpTayvaniscemlebs aekrZalaT qaabasTan miaxloeba [9:8] da momdevno wels

59 SeZlebuli adamianebi fuls, miwas da uZrav qonebas swiravdnen vakfis saxiT. vakfi es
aris qoneba, romelic saerTo sargeblobisaTvis aris gankuTvnili (mag. meCeTebi, medreseebi,
saavadmyofoebi, TavSesafrebi). XI saukunidan vakfi gaxda sakulto dawesebulebebis
arsebobis ZiriTadi wyaro.
60 RvTismetyvelTa erTi nawilis azriT piligrimoba daSvebulia qalebisaTvis, magram mas
hajis dros Tan unda axldes qmari, mama, Zma an srulwlovani vaJiSvili; sxvebi Tvlian, rom
qals ar sWirdeba aseTi dacva. saudis arabeTis mTavroba nebas rTavs qals Seasrulos
piligrimoba damoukideblad, Tu is mogzaurobs qalTa jgufTan erTad da aqvs mamrobiTi
sqesis naTesavis nebarTva (aq ZiriTadad gaTvaliswinebulia iseTi SemTxveva, roca naTesavi
mamakaci ar aris muslimi an masze umcrosia).

42
piligrimobis dros muhamadma daavala ‘alã b. abã tálibs waekiTxa bará’T (mowmoba)
im warmarTebisaTvis, romlebic maT Soris iqnebodnen. am mowmobiT piligrimobis
Sesruleba ekrZalebodaT urwmunoebs, romlebTanac mociquls dadebuli hqonda
specialuri xelSekrulebebi. amdenad, ukve 631 wlidan urwmunoebi aRar
daiSvebodnen hajize.
Sua saukuneebSi sapiligrimo mogzauroba did siZneleebTan iyo
dakavSirebuli da xSirad sicocxlis fasad ujdeboda aTasobiT muslims.
piligrimebi Cveulebriv erTiandebodnen qaravnebSi. arsebobda ramdenime saqaravno
gza: saxmeleTo gza— egviptidan, siriidan, erayidan da sazRvao gza —
maRribidan da iranidan. piligrimTa qaravnis usafrTxoebas da hajis warmatebiT
Catarebas uzrunvelyofda am‹r al-®ajj— hajis meTauri, xelmZRvaneli. es
tradicia SemoiRo muhamadma, romelmac 631 wels muslimTa pirveli hajis dros
medinidan meqaSi, momlocvelTa qaravnis xelmZRvanelad daniSna abå baqri. muhamadis
gardacvalebis Semdeg, amir al-hajis daniSvnis ufleba xalifas prerogativa iyo.
XIII saukuneSi es ufleba mamluqi sultnebis xelSi gadavida. amir al-haji zogjer
ewodeboda meqaSi mimaval sxvadasxva qveynis (siria, erayi) qaravnebis
xelmZRvanelebsac. Sua saukuneebSi es Tanamdeboba imdenad sapatio iyo, rom
osmaleTis imperiaSi ikrZaleboda amir al-hajis sikvdiliT dasja. amas
ganapirobebda hajis didi religiuri, ekonomikuri, politikuri da kulturuli
mniSvneloba muslimuri samyarosaTvis61. axla amir al-haji mxolod diplomatiur
rols asrulebs. arsebobs mravalricxovani saagentoebi (mukavvim), romlebic Tavis
Tavze iReben hajis organizacias: piligrimebis bileTebiT uzrunvelyofa,
sastumroSi adgilebis dajavSna, kveba da sxv. saudis arabeTis mTavroba gascems
specialur vizebs ucxoelebze piligrimobis Sesasruleblad. dRes, piligrimTa
umravlesoba sahaero an sazRvao gziT Cadis jiddaSi62. iqidan ki saavtomobilo
gziT miemarTeba meqaSi63.
muhamadis sicocxleSi piligrimobas asrulebdnen mxolod arabeTis
naxevarkunZulis mkvidrni, dRes msoflios yvela muslimi. yovel wels daaxloebiT
3 mln. muslimi asrulebs piligrimobas meqaSi. aramuslimebs mkacrad ekrZalebaT
wminda qalaqebSi — meqasa da medinaSi Sesvla64. aq sapiligrimod dadian
sunitebic da Siitebic. Tumca SiitebisaTvis gamoyofilia calke adgili, raTa ar
moxdes maT Soris dapirispireba65.
haji aRniSnavs sam mniSvnelovan movlenas islamis istoriaSi: 1. adamis da
evas patieba da Sexvedra; 2. mociqul ibrahimis mzadyofna msxverplad Seewira
Tavisi vaJi ismaili; 3. mociqul muhamadisadmi morCileba.
ganasxvaveben ori saxis piligrimobas: mcire (‘umra) da didi (haji). pirveli
win uswrebs meores da iTvleba mis Semadgenel nawilad. daSvebulia Sesruldes
mxolod ‘umra — rekomendebuli religiuri praqtika. magram WeSmarit hajid
iTvleba mxolod is, vinc srulad Seasrulebs wesebs. mcire piligrimoba ar cvlis
did piligrimobas. amasTan, ‘umra SeiZleba Sesruldes nebismier dros, haji ki
sruldeba gansazRvrul dros, muslimuri mTvaris kalendriT meTormete TveSi —
zå l-®ijjas 7-12 ricxvSi.
hajis dros sruldeba specialuri rituali (nasaka): muslimi gadadis
ritualurad wminda mdgomareobaSi — “iÐrám”, roca akrZalulia vaWroba,
sqesobrivi kavSiri, sisxlisRvra, Tmis SeWra, gaparsva, nelsacxeblebis gamoyeneba,

61 Sua saukuneebSi hajim xeli Seuwyo samogzauro literaturis Sedgenas da astronomiis

ganviTarebas. TiToeul qaravanSi TiTo varskvlavTmricxveli iyo.
62 jiddas aeroporti (‘abd al-‘azãzis saxelobis) yvelaze didia msoflioSi da SeuZlia
erTdroulad miiRos aTamde uzarmazari TviTmfrinavi.
63 2001 wlis aprilSi 60 wlis kanesbek saidimbetovi yazaxeTidan meqaSi Cavida velosipediT,
yazaxeTis damoukideblobis 10 wlisTavis aRsaniSnavad. man gaiara 6,5 aTasi km. meqamde 73
dReSi.
64 XVI saukuneSi (1503-1505) evropel mogzaurTagan pirveli Cavida meqaSi ludoviko di
vartema. man dagvitova hijazis aRwera. ulrih iasper zeetceni (XIX s. dasawyisi) iyo pirveli
evropelTagan, vinc moinaxula mociqulis saflavi medinaSi, risთvisac is specialurad
moeqca islamze. .XIX saukunis dasawyisSive meqa haji ibrahimis saxeliT moinaxula
germanelma mecnierma — iohan ludvig burkhardtma. rogorc aRniSnaven, burkhardtamde
evropas ar miuRia aseTi dawvrilebiTi cnobebi hijazis wminda adgilebis Sesaxeb.
65 Siitebs aqvT TavianTi sapiligrimo adgilebic: qarbala, najafi, yumi, samara, maShadi.

43
qalebisaTvis samkaulebis tareba (mxolod qorwinebis beWedi). Tu muslimma es
moTxovna daarRvia, piligrimoba Zalas kargavs [yurani, 2:193]. ihrami
piligrimebisaTvis iwyeba iqamde, vidre isini Sevlen meqis wminda teritoriaze.
medinis mcxovreblebisaTvis is iwyeba zå l-®ulaifSi (dRes abar ‘al‹, medinidan
daaxl. 10 km.); palestinelebis, sirielebis, egviptelebisaTvis — al-ju®faSi (axla
rábili, meqidan Crd.-das. 200 km.-ze); najdis mcxovreblebisaTvis — karn al-
manázilSi; erayelebisaTvis — záT al-‘irkSi (meqis Crd.-aRm. 94 km.-ze);
iemenelebisaTvis — ialamlamSi (mTa, meqis samxr. 54 km.-ze). ihramis mdgomareobaSi
gadasvlis win piligrimebi warmoTqvamen alahisadmi mimarTvas — Talbi‹a. amis
Semdeg piligrimi asrulebis mTel rig ganwmendis wesebs (sruli ganbanva, Tmis da
frCxilebis moWra) da icvams specialur samoss — i®rám, romelic ganamtkicebs
yvela muslimis Tanasworobas alahis winaSe. is Sedgeba TeTri, unakero qsovilis
ori naWrisagan. erTi maTgani (izár) unda Semoixvios TeZoebze, meore (rida’) ki —
moisxas marcxena mxarze, daifaros kiseri, mkerdi da Seikras is marjvena gverdze.
qalebs acviaT Cveulebrivi TeTri kaba, romelic faravs mTel sxeuls, saxis da
xelis mtevanis garda. mamakacebi Tavs ar ifaraven66, qalebisaTvis aucilebelia
Tavsaburavi, romelic mTlianad faravs Tmebs. qalebi saxes ar ifaraven imis
dasadastureblad, rom irgvliv aris urTierTndobisa da siwmindis atmosfero.
mamakacebs fexze sandlebi acviaT. amis Semdeg piligrimi asrulebs 2 tradiciul
raqaTs da Semdeg mravaljer warmoTqvams alahisadmi mimarTvas (Talbi‹a) —
“labbaiqa alláhumma! labbaiqa! labbaiqa lá Sar‹qa laqa, inna l-®amda va n-ni‘maTa
laqa va l-mulqa, la Sar‹qa laqa” — “Sen winaSe var, ufalo! Sen winaSe var, Sen
winaSe var, Sen ar gyavs moziare, WeSmaritad Sen gekuTvnis dideba, wyaloba,
meufeba, Sen ar gyavs moziare”. am formulis warmoTqma aucilebelia yvela mTavari
salocavis monaxulebisas. á

7 zå l-®ijja — piligrimebi Sedian meqaSi da miemarTebian qaabas taZarSi. qaabas

gadafarebuli aqvs qisva — gadasafarebeli, romelic faravs taZris oTxsave
kedels. qisva ikereba Savi feris bambanarevi abreSumis qsovilis rva naWrisagan.
mas xsnian 25 zu l-ka‘das, nawilebad Wrian da piligrimebze yidian. Senoba
daufaravi rCeba 15 dRe. zå l-®ijjas 10 ricxvSi qaabas mosaven axali TeTri feris
saburveliT. qaabas SigniTac afareben gadasafarebels. gareTa gadasafareblis
gamocvla aucilebelia yovel wels. muhamadis dros qisva mzaddeboda iemenSi.
xalifa ‘umar I-is droidan is mzaddeba egvipteSi da es tradicia dRemde SemorCa.
piligrimebi asruleben taváfs (qaabas taZris Semovla)67: piligrimi marjvena
fexiT (fexSiSveli) Sedis al-masjid al-®arám-Si “mSvidobis karibWidan” (bab as-
salam), midis Sav qvasTan (al-hajar al-asvad)68, eamboreba (Takbãl) an exeba mas
xeliT da tuCebTan miaqvs (isTilám). mxolod amis Semdeg iwyebs qaabas Svidgzis
Semovlas — taváf aT-Ta®iÁa (an taváf al-kudåm). Semovla xdeba kedlis axlos
saaTis isris mimarTulebiT. amasTan, pirveli sami wre unda gaiaros swrafi
nabijebiT an gairbinos (qalebs es ar exeba), Semdegi oTxi — Cveulebrivi
nabijebiT. taváfis dasrulebis Semdeg piligrimi unda mivides qaabas SesavlelTan,
mieyrdnos mas sxeuliT, warmoTqvas alahisa da muhamadis qebaTaqeba, SesTxovos
Sewyaleba da codvebis Sendoba. ritualis bolos piligrimi unda mibrundes saxiT
makám ibráh‹misa69 da qaabasaken da Seasrulos ori raqaTisagan Semdgari locva.

66 maT SeuZliaT qolgebis gamoyeneba mzisagan dasacavad.

67 qaabas garSemo aris Ria adgili — al-matáf, sadac sruldeba es rituali. uSualod
qaabas taZarSi Sesvla xdeba mxolod weliwadSi orjer im ceremoniisaTvis, romelsac hqvia
“qaabas gawmenda”. am ceremonials adgili aqvs 15 dRiT adre ramaÇánis Tvis da yovelwliuri
piligrimobis dawyebamde. qaabas taZris gasaRebi aqvs banã SaÁbas toms. am tomis wevrebi
esalmebian da iReben stumrebs meCeTis SigniT ceremonialze dasaswrebad. sapatio stumrebs
da ucxoel diplomatebs epatiJebian ceremonialSi monawileobis misaRebad. qaabas gawmenda
xdeba zamzamis wylisa da vardis wylis nareviT.
68 Savi qva — mTavari siwminde islamamdeli da muslimuri qaabasi. gadmocemiT, es qva cidan
gamoegzavna adams, rogorc alahis Zlierebis simbolo. damontaJebulia taZris aRmosavleT
kuTxeSi da aqvs meteorituli warmoSoba. is aris muslimTa Tayvaniscemis obieqti.
69 qvis siwminde ganpirobebulia im faqtiT, rom masze SemorCenilia ibrahimis fexis terfis
nakvalevi. am adgilidan xelmZRvanelobda ibrahimi samSeneblo samuSaoebs qaabas aRmarTvis
dros. Tumca arsebobs sxva gadmocemebic.

44
taváfis dasrulebis Semdeg, piligrimebi kiTxuloben locvas makám ibráh‹mze da
orjer iReben wyals zamzamidan70. Tavdapirvelad svamen am wyals, Semdeg ivleben
Tavze (Tavidan fexebamde) da asruleben sa‘i-s — garbena a¹-¹afása da al-marvas
borcvebs Soris. muslimuri tradiciis Tanaxmad arsebobs ramdenime versia am
ritualis warmoSobasTan dakavSirebiT. erTi versiis Tanaxmad, es borcvebi iyo
adamisa da evas dasvenebis adgili, romlis samaxsovrodac sruldeba sa‘i. meore
versiis Tanaxmad, sa‘i Seasrula ibrahimma alahisadmi Tayvaniscemis dros. mas gzaze
gadaeRoba eSmaki (ibl‹s) da ibrahimi iZulebuli gaxda gaqceuliyo. yvelaze ufro
gavrcelebuli versiis Tanaxmad ki, es rituali ukavSirdeba hajars (agari) da mis
vaJs ismails. swored am borcvebs Soris darboda hajari Tavisi CvilisaTvis wylis
saZieblad. taváfis Sesrulebis Semdeg piligrimi gamodis al-masjid al-®arám-idan,
adis aí-¹afáze, saxiT brundeba al-qaabasaken da mimarTavs alahs mowyalebis
TxovniT. Semdeg eSveba boZTan, romelic damagrebulia borcvis ZirSi da garbis
al-marvas boZamde, ris Semdegac adis am borcvze. is brundeba saxiT al-qaabasaken,
warmoTqvams locvas da brundeba aí-íafáze. sa‘i sruldeba 7-jer. moxucebulebisa
da uZlurTaTvis gamoyofilia specialuri derefani, romelzedac SeiZleba gaiaros
invalidis etlma. am ritualis SesrulebiT mTavrdeba mcire piligrimoba. amis
Semdeg iWrian Tmis kululs, piligrimi gamodis ihramis mdgomareobidan da
ubrundeba yoveldRiur cxovrebas. piligrimi, visac surs Seasrulos ‘umra da haji
erTad (kirán)71, rCeba ihramSi da eswreba qadagebas qaabas meCeTSi, sadac saubaria
piligrimobis mniSvnelobaze da piligrimTa valdebulebebze. qadagebas asrulebs
meqis yadi an imami SuadRis locvis Semdeg.
8 zå l-®ijja (Áavm aT-TarviÉa - wyliT momaragebis dRe) — piligrimebi wyals
imarageben da miemarTebian minás72 da muzdalifas dablobebis gavliT ‘arafáTisaken.
piligrimTa nawili 8-dan 9-mde Rames atarebs minás dablobSi, nawili ki ‘arafáTis
dablobze. hajis dros ‘arafáTis velze, ori kilometris manZilze, gadaWimulia
karvebis qalaqi.
9 zå l-®ijja (Áavm al-‘arafáT — ‘arafáTis dRe) — SuadRisas iwyeba hajis mTavari
rituali - ‘arafáTis mTasTan [jabal al-ra®ma] dgoma (vukåf), rac grZeldeba
SuadRidan mzis Casvlamde [2:194-195]. Tu piligrimi Tavis droze ver mivida
‘arafáTis mTasTan, piligrimoba Zalas kargavs. piligrimebi aq ismenen xutbas73,
loculoben, gamudmebiT kiTxuloben Talbi‹a-s da yuranis aiebs. mzis Casvlis
Semdeg piligrimebi sirbiliT brundebian (ifáÇa) muzdalifas dablobSi74, sadac
kargad ganaTebul meCeTSi sruldeba saRamos da Ramis locvebi. piligrimebi
(qalebis da avadmyofebis garda, romlebic miemarTebian RamiT ‘akabasaken) Rames aq
atareben.
10 zå l-®ijja )iavm an-na®r - cxovelebis dakvlis dRe) — dilis locvis Semdeg
ikiTxeba mokle qadageba, piligrimebi miemarTebian sirbiliT minás dablobisaken,
sadac sruldeba eSmakis qvebiT cemis rituali. aq aris qvebis sami didi grova anu
sami boZi: al-jamra al-ålá (pirveli an umciresi), al-jamra al-vustá (saSualo) da
al-jamra al-qubrá an jamraT al-‘akaba (udidesi). pirvel al-jamrasa da saSualo

70 zamzamã (mr. r. zamázima) — wminda Wa meqaSi, romelic mdebareobs qaabas aRmosavleTiT.

muslimuri gadmocemiT, zamzami alahis miTiTebiT gaWra angelozma jabrailma, roca Cvili
ismaili da dedamisi hajari (agari), ibrahimis mier udabnoSi datovebulni, wyurviliT
itanjebodnen. muslimebi xSirad i®rám-s (piligrimis specialuri samosi) asveleben Sig, raTa
Seinaxon is rogorc sudara-savane. hajis dros zamzamis wyaros wylis daleva
rekomendebulia da ara savaldebulo.
71 arsebobs did hajis Sesrulebis sami saSualeba: calke, an ukeTesia gaerTianebuli mcire
hajisTan, an ufro umjobesia winaswari mcire piligrimoba da desakralizacia am or
proceduras Soris. RvTismetyvelebi davobdnen hajisTan dakavSirebuli sxvadasxva
ritualebis auvileblobaze, romelTagan zogierTi aris ZiriTadi (mag. ‘arafáTis mTis win
dgoma), zogi — savaldebulo, xolo zogi — mxolod rekomendebuli.
72 meqasa da minás Soris aris specialuri miwisqveSa gasasvlelebi. 1990 wlis 2 ivliss, erT-
erT aseT miwisqveSa gasasavlelSi, moxda tragedia da Wyletis Sedegad daiRupa 1426
piligrimi.
73 xutba iwyeba daaxloebiT sam saaTze. am dros meqis imami, romelic zis aqlemze, adis
‘arafáTis mTaze da iwyebs qadagebas.
74 muzdalifi yuranSi moxseniebulia saxeliT — al-maS‘ar al-®arám. is aris meore wminda
adgili, romelsac moinaxuleben piligrimebi meqis gareT.

45
al-jamras Soris manZili 150 metria, xolo saSualosa da udidess Soris _ 225
metri75. qvis boZebi ganasaxiereben ibliss (eSmaki), romelic araerTxel Seecada
xeli SeeSala ibrahimisa da muhamadis misiisaTvis. gadmocemiT, ibrahims, romlsac
msxverplad unda Seewira Tavisi Svili ismaili, gzad gadaeRoba eSmaki. es
ukanaskneli arwmunebda ibrahims ar Seesrulebina RvTis neba. ibrahimma gaagdo is
qvebis sroliT. amis gamo am boZebs eSmakis boZebsac uwodeben. kenWebs TiToeuli
piligrimi tradiciulad agrovebs winadRiT muzdalifSi. zå l-®ijjas 10 ricxvSi
piligrimebi 7 kenWs esvrian mxolod al-jamra al-qubrás (mdebareobs minas
dablobis SesasvlelSi). momdevno or dRes 7 kenWs esvrian samive boZs cal-calke.
amdenad, sul mcire 49 kenWi aris saWiro am ritualisaTvis. qvebis srola iwyeba im
dros, roca mze gadakveTs meridians. es rituali xSirad tragikulad sruldeba
Wyletis gamo76.
amave dRes sruldeba msxverplSewirvis rituali (Áavm al-aÇᮋ) da
faqtobrivad iwyeba msxverplSewirvis dResaswauli (‘‹d al-aÇ®a). piligrimebi
msxverplad swiraven aqlems, cxvars an Txas. islamuri samarTlis mixedviT, aqlemi
ar unda iyos 5 welze naklebi asakis, Txa da xari 1 welze naklebi, xolo cxvari
— 7 Tveze naklebi asakis. winaislamur xanaSi samsxverplo cxovels
gansakuTrebul niSans (Takl‹d) ukeTebdnen. islamma gadmoiRo es wesi.
11-13 zå l-®ijja (aÁÁám aT-TaSr‹k) — msxverplSewirvis dResaswaulis momdevno sami
dRe. piligrimebi rCebian minás velze da agrZeleben eSmakis simbolo sami
boZisaTvis qvebis srolas. piligrimi ubrundeba Cveulebriv, nebadarTul
mdgomareobas [®ill]: iWrian Tmas an iparsaven Tavs77 da iWrian frCxilebs.
rekomendebulia isini daimarxos miwaSi minás velze. 12 ricxvSi daSvebulia minás
datoveba qvebiT cemis ritualis Semdeg. piligrimebi meqaSi brundebian, raTa
Seasrulon qaabas Svidgzis Semovlis rituali (taváf al-vadá‘). amiT piligrimoba
sruldeba.
piligrimTa nawili miemgzavreba medinaSi, raTa moinaxulos mociqulis meCeTi
da Tayvani sces muhamadis saflavs (®ujra). TviTon saflavis naxva ar SeuZliaT
piligrimebs, radganac mas gars artyia masiuri metalis Robe, morTuli bronzeTi
da vercxlis qufuri wnuliT. mociqulis saflavi moTavsebulia qvis, kuburi
formis Senobis SigniT. aqve aris xalifebis — abå baqris da ‘umaris saflavi.
piligrimebi moinaxuleben agreTve al-bakã‘ al-Rarkad-s (an jannaT al-bakã‘ an
ubralod bakã‘) — pirvel muslimur sasaflaos medinaSi, romelic mociqulis
saflavTan axlos mdebareobs. pirveli, vinc daikrZala aq muhajirTagan, aris
‘usmán b. maû‘åni (gard. 626/27 w.). aq arian dakrZaluli muhamadis qaliSvilebi
(fátimas dakrZalvis adgili sakamaToa), misi bavSvi ibráhãmi, misi colebi da misi
memkvidreebi, al-ÐusaÁnis garda. sxva cnobil muslimebs Soris unda davasaxeloT
xalifa ‘usmáni, máliq b. anasi, Ðalãma — muhamadis ZiZa da al-‘abbási — muhamadis
biZa78. marTalia, ziÁára (wmindanTa saflavebis moxilva) ar aris dadgenili
yuraniT da vahabitebi krZalaven mas, muhamadis saflavis monaxulebas gansxvavebuli

75 am boZebTan advilad misasvlelad boZebis irgvliv agebul iqna xidi (jisr al-jamaráT;
1963 wels aigo erTsarTuliani xidi, xolo 2006 wels dasrulda 9 sarTuliani xidis
mSenebloba, romelsac SeuZlia erT dReSi gadaiyvanos 9 mln. piligrimi) da piligrimebs
SeuZliaT qvebis srola xididanac da miwis zedapiridanac. 2004 wlidan qvis boZebs
Semovlebuli aqvs 26 metris simaRlis kedlebi.
76 2004 wels am ritualis dros 244 muslimi daiRupa da 200 daSavda. 2006 wels ki 362
momlocveli daiRupa. saudis arabeTis mmarTveli wreebi gansakuTrebul yuradRebas aqceven
ritualis organizebas, magram es sakmaod rTuli procesia. momlocvelTa jgufebma unda
daicvan qvis boZebisaken gadaadgilebis grafiki da arc xelSemSleli zedmeti nivTebi unda
iqonion, magram amis dacva yovelTvis ver xerxdeba.
77 muhamadma akrZala adamianTa msxverplSewirva, magram moxda misi simboluri Secvla Tavis
gadaparsvisa Tu gakreWis saxiT. ritualur Tmis moWras aqvs sakulto mniSvneloba. is
gvxvdeba sxva kulturebSic, dakavSirebulia piligrimobasTan da aris axlis dawyebis
simbolo. ramdenime hadisSi saubaria imaze, rom am dRes moWril Tmebs da frCxilebs alahi
iRebs msxverplis saxiT.
78 aq aris dasaflavebuli agreTve qarTveli, erayis ukanaskneli mamluqi mmarTveli — daud
faSa (dávåd faSa — 1767-1851). mamluqTa ganadgurebis Semdeg (1831w.), 1261/1845 wels daudi
dainiSna muhamadis akldamis zedamxedvelad. aris cnoba, rom is dasaflavebulia xalifa
‘usmánis saflavis pirdapir.

46
datvirTva aqvs. piligrimebs SeuZliaT agreTve avidnen mTaze — jabal at-taur,
sadac muhamadi emaleboda meqelebs.
piligrimi, hajis ritualis Sesrulebis Semdeg, iRebs sapatio tituls —
®ajji (®ajja — qali-piligrimi) da ufleba aqvs ataros TeTri Calma (mwvane
Calmas atareben mxolod saidebi — mociquli STamomavlebi).

2. jihadi — saRvTo omi

jihadi [jihád, “gulmodgineba”, “mondomeba”] anu jihád фi sabil alláh

[brZola alahis gzaze] — muslimis erT-erTi religiuri movaleobaa. is
Tavdapirvelad gulisxmobda brZolas urwmunoTa winaaRmdeg islamis saxeliT da
islamis gamarjvebis mizniT. yuranSi aris araerTmniSvnelovani miTiTebebi,
romlebic asaxaven am brZolis pirobebs muhamadis moRvaweobis meqis da medinis
periodSi: 1. ar Sevidnen konfrontaciaSi “mravalRmerTianebTan” da gadaiyvanon
isini WeSmarit sarwmunoebaze “brZnuli, keTili darigebebiT”; 2. ewarmoebinaT
islamis mtrebTan TavdacviTi omebi; 3. Tavs daesxnen urwmunoebs ise, rom ar
daemTxves es periodi wminda Tveebs; 4. Tavs daesxnen maT nebismier dros da
adgilas. sityva jihadi da amave Ziridan nawarmoebi sxva terminebi yuranis
daaxloebiT 20 suraSi 40-jer ixsenieba.
iuridiul-Teologiuri mniSvnelobiT, “jihadi aRniSnavs gansakuTrebul
Zalisxmevas alahis gzaze, rac niSnavs alahis rwmenis gavrcelebas da misi sityvis
gadaqcevas “umaRles sityvad” am samyaroze. jihadi aris alahis pirdapiri gza
samoTxeSi”. Tumca Zalisxmeva alahis gzaze ar niSnavs aucileblad oms an brZolas,
radganac misi ganxorcieleba SeiZleba rogorc mSvidobiani gziT, ise Zalis
gamoyenebiT. meqis periodis surebSi jihadi ganixileba, rogorc ufro Zalisxmeva
sulis gadasarCenad, vidre brZola axal sarwmunoebaze mosaqcevad. meores mxriv,
jihadi xSirad gamoiyeneba brZolis mniSvnelobiT yuranis Semdeg aiebSi: 2:212; 2:190-
194; 9:73; 9:29; 9:36; 47:4 da sxva.
jihadis ideam axali mniSvneloba SeiZina arabTa dapyrobebis epoqaSi. is
gaxda saxalifos dapyrobiTi politikis iaraRi. saRvTo omis mniSvneloba hqonda
agreTve termin RazavaTs (arab. Razva, mr. r. RazaváT — laSqroba, Tavdasxma,
dapyroba, brZola), romlis monawileebs — Raziebs (mr. RuzáT) uwodebdnen.
jihadi faqtobrivad warmoadgenda omis erTaderT formas, romelic
daSvebuli iyo islamSi. islamuri samarTali ar uSvebs muslimTa Soris omis
SesaZleblobas, ramdenadac Teokratiuli Teoria principSi uSvebs mxolod erTiani
muslimuri saxelmwifos arsebobas. magram praqtikaSi aseTi omebi ukve IX-X
saukuneebidan ar iyo iSviaTi. miuxedavad imisa, rom ar arsebobda mtkiced
damuSavebuli samarTlebrivi normebi aseTi omebis sawarmoeblad, mxareebi
cdilobdnen daecvaT ori wesi: 1. Tavi SeekavebinaT im teritoriis Zarcvisa da
ganadgurebisagan, sadac mimdinareobda samxedro moqmedebebi; 2. ar gadaeqciaT
monebad samxedro tyveebi da ar aeyvanaT tyved mSvidobiani mosaxleoba (Tu isini
iyvnen muslimebi). Siitebi “saRvTo omad” miiCnevdnen oms ara marto aramuslimebTan,
aramed imaTTanac, vinc ar cnobda imamebis avtoritets (rogorsac cnobdnen
Siitebi), kerZod sunitebTan. imamitebis moZRvrebiT jihadis gamosacxadeblad
aucilebelia “drois imamis”, anda mujTahidebis gadawyvetileba79. zaiditebis seqta
ar iziarebs am dogmas da mxars uWers sunitur doqtrinas jihadze.
erT-erTi hadisis Tanaxmad, muhamads miewereba sityvebi: “Cven davbrundiT
mcire jihadidan, raTa SevudgeT did jihads. sulier srulyofilebad iTvleba
didi jihadi, xolo brZola urwmunoebTan — mcire jihadad”. Tumca am hadisis
sandooba eWvqveS aris dayenebuli mkvlevarTa mier. “sulis jihads” gansakuTrebul
mniSvnelobas aniWebdnen sufiebi. magram muslimuri samyaros politikur cxovrebaSi
yvelaze aSkara gamoxatuleba hpova jihadis moZRvrebis samxedro aspeqtebma.
miuxedavad imisa, rom omebs saerTod ganapirobebda politikuri da ekonomikuri

79 Tormetianebi anu imamitebi wminda oms dauSveblad Tvlian “faruli imamis” dabrunebamde.

47
mizezebi, islamis eqspansiis dros, mis dasasabuTeblad mudmivad gamoiyeneboda
jihadis doqtrina.
islamuri eqstremizmis sulieri lideris — saÁÁd kutbis (1906-1966)
ganmartebiT, yuranis aiebis gardmovlenis qronologiuri Tanamimdevrobis
safuZvelze, jihadis koncefciam evoluciis procesSi ganvlo 4 stadia: 1.
muslimebis Sekaveba jihadisagan; 2. jihadis daSveba; 3. jihadi, rogorc
valdebuleba yvela morwmunisaTvis ebrZolos islamis mowinaaRmdegeebs; 4. jihadi
yvela urwmunos winaaRmdeg islamisadmi maTi damokidebulebis miuxedavad.
jihadi savaldebuloa yvela muslimisaTvis, visac praqtikulad SeuZlia
iomos. jihadis valdebuleba ar aris gaTvaliswinebuli islamis 5 burjis mixedviT.
Sua saukuneebSi mxolod xarijitebma gamoacxades is muslimis meeqvse
valdebulebad. islamis eqspansiis pirobebSi, umaÁÁanTa da ‘abasianTa dinastiis
suniti samarTlismcodneebis mier, “saRvTo omis” koncefcia iuridiulad
damkvidrda samarTlebrivi kategoriis saxiT. islamuri samarTlis mixedviT, jihadi
aris muslimTa koleqtiuri valdebuleba (far« qifáÁa) mTeli TemisaTvis. jihadSi
monawileobisagan (Tu ar aris garedan Tavdasxma) Tavisufldebian Semdegi pirebi:
arasrulwlovanebi; Wkuasustebi; msaxurebi; qalebi; avadmyofebi da uZlurebi;
saTanado SeiaraRebis armqoneni; qalaqis saukeTeso fakihebi; is, vinc ver miiRo
mSoblebis Tanxmoba jihadSi monawileobaze; mevaleebi, romelTac ver miiRes
nebarTva TavianTi kreditorebisagan. bolo ori kategoria Tavisufldeba im wesis
Sesabamisad, rom muslimis individualur valdebulebas (far« ‘aÁn) aqvs prioriteti
sazogadoebriv, koleqtiur valdebulebasTan mimarTebaSi. Tumca urwmunoTa
Tavdasxmis SemTxvevaSi an mebrZolTa arasakmarisi odenobis SemTxvevaSi, yvela es
kategoria valdebulia monawileoba miiRos TavdacvaSi. jihadis valdebuleba
sakamaTo iyo jer kidev islamis gavrcelebis pirvel wlebSi. muslimi
samarTlismcodne da yuranis komentatori sufÁán as-saurã (gard.778w.) amtkicebda,
rom jihadi muslimebisaTvis mxolod rekomendebuli aqtia, romelic savaldebulo
xdeba mxolod muslimebze Tavdasxmis SemTxvevaSi. mogvianebiT analogiur
mosazrebas mxari dauWires babidebma da ahmadias moZRvrebis mimdevrebma.
fakihTa SromebSi, SeiaraRebuli brZolis obieqtebis gansazRvris
TvalsazrisiT, ganasxvaveben jihadis 6 tips. esenia: 1. brZola alahis mtrebTan
(romlebic emuqrebian muslimuri Temis, ummas arsebobas), warmarTebTan da maTTan,
vinc aviwroebs muslimebs; 2. sazRvrebis xelSeuxeblobis damrRvevebTan (sagareo
agresiasTan); 3. sarwmunoebidan gandgomilebTan; 4. ZalmomreebTan; 5. yaCaRebTan; 6.
aramuslim monoTeistebTan, romlebic uars amboben gadaixadon jizia.
jihadis Sesaxeb moZRvrebis mixedviT, romelic SeimuSava islamurma
samarTalma, mTeli samyaro iyofa 3 nawilad: 1. dár al-islám (islamis mxare,
teritoria) — is qveynebi, romlebsac marTaven muslimi gamgeblebi islamuri
samarTlis safuZvelze, Tundac am qveynebis mosaxleobis umetesoba ar iyos
muslimi. Tavdapirvelad “dár al-islám” emTxveoda arabTa saxalifos sazRvrebs,
xolo mogvianebiT ase iwodeboda yvela muslimuri saxelmwifo; 2. dár al-®arb
(omis mxare, teritoria) — is qveynebi, romelTac marTaven aramuslimi, “urwmuno”,
gamgeblebi. am qveynebSi ar moqmedebs islamuri samarTali, romelsac cvlis
“urwmunoTa” kanonebi. 3. dár aí-íul® (zavis, xelSekrulebis mxare, teritoria) an
dár al-‘ahd (xelSekrulebis mxare, teritoria) - is aramuslimuri qveynebi, romelTa
aramuslimma gamgeblebma Tavi aRiares muslimTa vasalebad da moxarkeebad. maTi
valdebulebebi (maT Soris xarkis odenoba) da movaleobebi gansazRvrulia im
sazavo xelSekrulebaSi, romelic daido muslimTa mier maTi dapyrobis dros.
jihadis doqtriniT, muslimTa movaleobaa “dár al-®arbis”, da qafirebis, e.
i. urwmunoebis teritoriebis xarjze, dár al-islámis sazRvrebis gafarToveba.
TeoriaSi iTvleboda, rom muslimebi aramuslimur saxelmwifoebTan imyofebian
mudmivi omis pirobebSi da maTTan nebadarTulia mxolod 10-wliani dazaveba. Tu
urwmunoebi oms ganaaxleben TavianTi surviliT an daarRveven xelSekrulebiT
gaTvaliswinebul valdebulebebs, maSin es SeTanxmeba iuridiul Zalas kargavs.
jihadi SeiZleba gamocxaddes rogorc SeteviTi, ise TavdacviTi omebis dros.
jihadi ganixileboda xalifas erT-erT ZiriTad valdebulebad. VIII saukunis Sua
wlebidan, didi dapyrobebis Sewyvetis Semdeg omebma aramuslimebTan (bizantia,
frankebi, CrdiloeT espaneTis qristianuli saxelmwifoebi, xazarebi da sxva)

48
dakarga dampyrobluri xasiaTi da gadaiqca Tavdasxmebad — samxedro nadavlis
mopovebis mizniT. ukve ‘abasianTa dros Camoyalibda Sexeduleba, rom xalifam
yovelwliurad unda ganaxorcielos sul mcire erTi aseTi Tavdasxma “urwmunoTa”
teritoriaze. islamuri samarTlis mixedviT, wminda omSi winamZRoli aris TviTon
saxelmwifos meTauri, an sasazRvro provinciis mmarTveli an specialurad
daniSnuli piri. aseTi mxedarTmTavari SeiZleba aRWurvili iyos gansazRvruli an
ganusazRvreli uflebebiT. pirvel SemTxvevaSi misi uflebamosileba Semoifargleba
armiis marTviT da omis winamZRolobiT. meore SemTxvevaSi am uflebamosilebis
garda mas SeuZlia gaanawilos omis dros mopovebuli nadavli (Ranãma), dados
xelSekrulebebi urwmunoebTan, visac surs damorCileba da daTanxmdes maTTan
dazavebas. is unda iyo mamacobis magaliTi Tavisi meomrebisaTvis, daexmaros maT
rCeviT da saqmiT, moagvaros konfliqtebi armiaSi, dasajos damnaSaveebi da sxva.
omis dawyebis win muslimuri Temis meTauri valdebulia SesTavazos
“urwmunoebs” islamze moqceva. Tu urwmunoebs ara aqvT warmodgena islamze,
Tavdapirvelad unda gaacnon am religiis WeSmariti arsi. Tuki “urwmunoebi” am
moTxovnas daemorCilebian da aRiareben islams, maSin maT miiReben muslimur TemSi
(umma) da mianiWeben imave uflebebs, romlebic aqvT sxva muslimebs. arCevans
“xmalsa” (sikvdilsa) da islamis miRebas Soris sTavazobdnen mxolod “urwmunoebs”.
“saRvTo werilis” xalxebs (iudevelebi, qristianebi da sabaelebi) sTavazobdnen sam
arCevans: islamis miReba, jizias gadaxda an omi. islamis armiRebis SemTxvevaSi maT
SeuZliaT Tavidan aicilon omi da miiRon pirovnebis, qonebis, sarwmunoebrivi
aRmsareblobis xelSeuxeblobis garantia im pirobiT, Tu Tavs gamoacxadeben
muslimi gamgeblebis qveSevrdomad da ikisreben jizias gadaxdas. am SemTxvevaSi
isini xdebian zimiebi - mfarvelobis qveS myofi xalxi. maT SeuZliaT agreTve ar
damorCildnen, gaagrZelon omi, magram Tu muslimebma Zalis gamoyenebiT (‘anvaTan)
gaimarjves, sruli ufleba aqvT gaZarcvon da moaoxron dapyrobili mxare, xelT
igdon nadavli, waiyvanon tyveebi da daxocon mamrobiTi sqesis mosaxleoba.
jihadis moZRvrebiT mowinaaRmdegis teritoriaze akrZaluli iyo qalebis,
avadmyofebis, moxucebulebis, arasrulwlovanebis da berebis daxocva, Tu isini ar
ebrZodnen muslimebs. Tumca am sakiTxis irgvliv azrTa sxvadasxvaobaa. mag.,
Safitebi dasaSvebad miiCneven mamrobiTi sqesis avadmyofebis da moxucebis
daxocvas. mozardebs muslimebi aqcevdnen samxedro tyveebad. imams SeeZlo samxedro
tyve sikvdiliT daesaja, gaeTavisuflebina gamosasyidis safuZvelze, gaecvala is
muslim samxedro tyveebze, an eqcia monad. zogierTi adreuli RvTismetyveli
samxedro tyveebis mkvlelobas krZalavda da kicxavda. ismailitebi krZalavdnen
mowinaaRmdegis teritoriaze naTesebis da baRebis ganadgurebas, rac hanafitebs
dasaSvebad miaCndaT. yvela mazhabi moiTxovda ganadgurebuliyo mowinaaRmdegis
mTeli is qoneba, romlis gadatanac ar SeiZleboda islamis teritoriaze (sadavo
iyo jogis sakiTxi). ganadgurebas eqvemdebareboda agreTve muslimTaTvis akrZaluli
qoneba (Rorebi, musikaluri instrumentebi, biblia da sxv.).
yuranis VIII sura exeba jihadis dros mopovebuli nadavlis ganawilebis
wess. amitom muslimi mxedarTmTavrebi xSirad ukiTxavdnen am suras brZolis win
meomrebs, raTa waexalisebinaT isini. samxedro nadavlSi (arab. Ran‹ma)
igulisxmeboda samxedro tyveebi (asrá), tyveebi (sabáiá) da moZravi qoneba (amvál).
Teoriulad, mas ekuTvnoda uZravi qonebac. Ran‹ma aris yvelaferi is, rac
mopovebulia muslimTa mier iaraRis ZaliT (‘anvaTan). nadavlis gayofamde 1/5
(xums) gamoiyofoda muhamadis STamomavlebis, Raribebis, oblebis da sxv.
sasargeblod [8:41]. Tumca praqtikulad is gadadioda imamis gankargulebaSi. Semdeg
is gadaecemoda xalifebs. mociqulis dros mas yofdnen 5 nawilad: 1 wili — alahs
da mis mociquls; 1 wili — mis naTesavebs80, 3 wili — Raribebs, oblebs,
mogzaurebs. Semdgom abå baqri, ‘umari, ‘usmáni da ‘alã mas yofda samad. nadavlis 4/5
nawildeboda brZolis uSualo monawileebs Soris. amasTan cxenosnebi ufro met
nadavlis wils iRebdnen, vidre qveiTi mebrZolebi. XI-XII ss. fakihebi miiCnevdnen,
rom xumsTan erTad Tavidanve unda gamoyofiliyo im meomarTa wilic, romelTac
brZolaSi ar miuRiaT monawileoba (anfál), agreTve saCuqari (raÇx) qalebis,

80 mis naTesavebSi igulisxmeboda yvela, vinc ekuTvnoda banå háSims da banå ‘abd al-
muttalibs, romelTaTvisac “zaqáT” ar iyo gankuTvnili.

49
bavSvebis da monebisaTvis, romelic meomarTa wilze ufro mcire unda yofiliyo.
nadavlis saerTo RirebulebaSi Sedioda tyveTa gamosasyidi Tanxac.
ganasxvaveben saRvTo omSi mebrZolTa or kategorias: mudmivi armia, e. i.
jariskacebi valdebulebiT (murTazikaT — daqiravebuli) da moxaliseebi
(muTatavvi‘aT). TiToeul am kategorias hyavs Tavisi winamZRoli. muhamadis mier
warmoebuli omebis dros TiToeuli muslimi unda dapirispireboda aT urwmunos.
mogvianebiT, es odenoba oramde iqna dayvanili [8:66-67]. dRes es miTiTeba aRar aris
savaldebulo. Safitebis azriT, Seupovar muslim mebrZols SeuZlia orTabrZolaSi
gamoiwvios mowinaaRmdege, magram ar unda daarRvios dadebuli SeTanxmeba.
mxedarTmTavars ekrZaleba orTabrZolaSi monawileoba. omis dros dasaSvebia yvela
saxis iaraRis da samxedro xerxebis gamoyeneba, rac daaCqarebs mtris damorCilebas.
omSi daRupuli urwmuno unda daikrZalos, magram ara muslimuri wesis Sesabamisad.
jihadis dros daRupuli muslimi xdeba Sahidi [Sahãd — mowame]. aqve unda
aRiniSnos, rom ganasxvaveben mowamis or tips: 1. Suhadá’ al-ma‘raka (brZolis velis
wamebulebi)81 _ “wamebulebi amqveyniur da imqveyniur cxovrebaSic” (Suhadá’ ad-dunÁá
va-l-áxira). es niSnavs, rom maT eqcevian rogorc wamebulebs orivegan — amqveyniur
samyaroSi da imqveynadac. samarTlismcodneebi eTanxmebian erTmaneTs imaSi, rom
aseTi wamebulis gvami ar ganibaneba da mas imave tansacmelSi marxaven, raSic
gardaicvala82. mas garantirebuli aqvs samoTxe, maRal adgils daikavebs alahis
taxtis gverdiT da epatieba yvela miwieri codva; 2. Suhadá’ al-áxira — mxolod
“imqveyniuri cxovrebis wamebulebi”. maTze ar vrceldeba dakrZalvis
gansakuTrebuli wesebi. wamebulebis am tips ganekuTvneba Semdegi kategoria:
meomari, romelic moikla sakuTari iaraRis gasrolis Sedegad; is, vinc moikla
meamboxeTa (buRáT) mier; is, vinc moikla (muslimi) yaCaRebis winaaRmdeg brZolis
dros Tavisi Tavis, Tavisi ojaxis da Tavisi qonebis dacvis mizniT.
TandaTan jihadi gascda samxedro da geopolitikur CarCoebs da moicva
sakiTxebis sakmaod farTo wre. gaCnda iseTi cnebebi, rogorebicaa “gulis jihadi”
(gulSi islamis mtris, anda religiuri moralis sawinaaRmdego qcevebis dagmoba),
“kalmis jihadi” (islamis dacva werilobiT, codniT), “xelis jihadi”
(disciplinaruli zomebis miReba damnaSaveTa da zneobrivi normebis damrRvevTa
mimarT), “enis jihadi” (islamis faseulobaTa sityvieri dasabuTeba, gabeduli
gamonaTqvamebi da mimarTvebi usamarTlo gamgeblebisadmi) da “maxvilis jihadi”
(urwmunoebTan SeiaraRebuli brZola, romelSic dacemulebs aRTqmuli hqondaT
samudamo netareba samoTxeSi), romelic yvelaze xSirad gamoiyeneba salafitebis
mier.
Tanamedrove pirobebSi jihadi, muslim RvTismetyvelTa ganmartebiT,
SeiZleba gamoixatos Semdegi formebiT: 1. msoflmxedvelobis, ideologiis da
kulturis boikoti. agreTve im ideebis, romlebic ewinaaRmdegeba islams, eWvqveS
ayenebs islamis religias da islamuri civilizaciis faseulobebs; 2. islamis
religiis propaganda, romelic unda moxdes islamuri modelis safuZvelze; 3.
islamis propaganda sityviT, sibrZniT, zemoqmedebis yvela Tanamedrove
saSualebebiT.
jihadis instituti, rogorc politikuri lozungi da samxedro-politikuri
praqtika farTod gamoiyeneba islamuri eqstremistuli organizaciebis mier islamis
gavrcelebis zonaSi. maTi saerTo odenoba 150 organizacias aRemateba. zogierTi am
organizaciis saxelwodebaSi CarTulia sityva — jihadi. islamis konferenciis
organizaciis dokumentebSi termini “jihadi” gamoiyeneboda ierusalimis
ganTavisuflebis da avRaneTSi sabWoTa jarebis SeWris problemasTan dakavSirebiT.
Siiti-isnaaSaritebi wminda oms dauSveblad Tvlian “faruli imamis” dabrunebamde.
farTo gagebiT jihads ganmartaven, rogorc maqsimalur Zalisxmevas
ekonomikuri da samxedro Zlierebis misaRwevad da romelsac ZaluZs

81 azrTa sxvadasxvaobaa imasTan dakavSirebiT, Tu vin Sedis am kategoriaSi.

samarTlismcodneebis nawili miuTiTebs, rom isini daRupuli unda iyvnen urwmunoTa
winaaRmdeg omSi. meore nawilis azriT, misi gardacvalebis mizezi brZolis velze unda
iyos raime usamarTlo aqti. yvela eTanxmeba erTmaneTs, rom Sahidis sikvdili unda iyos
brZolis velze miRebuli Wrilobebis pirdapiri an arapirdapiri Sedegi.
82 es faqti aixsneba imiT, sisxliani samosi saSinel samsjavroze misi maRali statusis
damadasturebeli iqneba.

50
daupirispirdes agresias; rogorc brZolas erovnuli damoukideblobis
gasamtkiceblad, socialur-ekonomikuri ganviTarebis programis da konkretuli
amocanebis (brZola mosavlis aRebisaTvis, niadagis eroziasTan, wera-kiTxvis
ucodinrobis likvidaciis mizniT da sxv.) gansaxorcieleblad.

3. islamis dogmatika

yuranisa [2:177] da sunas Tanaxmad, muslimma unda irwmunos erTi RmerTis

(al-Tav®ãd), angelozebis (malá’iqa), saRvTo wignebis (al-quTub), mociqulebis da
winaswarmetyvelebis (al-anbiÁá’ va-l-rusul), gankiTxvis dRis (Áam ad-dãn). isini
iwodeba rwmenis simboloebad (‘aká’id) islamSi.

1. erTi RmerTis rwmena. islamSi rwmenis ZiriTadi safuZveli aris erTiani (vá®id)
da erTaderTi RmerTis (a®ad) rwmena. islami gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas aniWebs
alahis yovlisSemZleobas83, romelic aris erTaderTi (112-14), yovlismcodne,
maradiuli, absoluturi WeSmariteba, sicocxlisa da sikvdilis momniWebeli. is
aris ufali samyaroTa (rabb al-‘alamãna). yuranis mixedviT, alahi ramdenime
samyaros ufalia. tradiciulad asaxeleben xolme oTx samyaros: angelozTa,
jinTa, adamianTa da cxovelTa. Tumca, aseTi dayofa pirobiTia.
muhamadma uaryo samebis dogmati (mama RmerTi, Ze RmerTi da suliwminda),
radganac masSi xedavda alahis moziareobas, mravalRmerTianobas (Sirq). alahi
erTaderTia, “allahi maradiulia, arc uSobia da arc Sobila” [112:3]. yvela is, vinc
amtkicebs sawinaaRmdegos, aris muSriqi, poliTeisti, mravalRmerTianobis
amRiarebeli, urwmuno. amdenad, samebis mimdevrebi (ahl aT-Taslis) arian
urwmunoebi. muslimisaTvis yvelaze mZime codva aris swored mravalRmerTianoba.
alahma adamianebs mociqulad gamougzavna muhamadi da islamis rwmenis
simbolos Tanaxmad: “ar aris RvTaeba, garda alahisa da muhamadi mociqulia
alahisa” (lá ila®a illa lla®u va mu®ammadun rasålu lla®i). yurani alahis
sityvaa, romelic man muhamads gadasca uSualod, anda angelozTa meSveobiT.
yuranSi alahi samyaros Semoqmedia da misgan modis yvelaferi. alahis
siZliere, samarTlianoba da sxva Tvisebebi gamoxatulia 99 epiTetiT (al-asmá’ al-
®usná).
muslimma RvTismetyvelebma SeimuSaves moZRvreba RvTaebriv atributebze (aí-
íifáT). sxvadasxva saRvTismetyvelo skolebs Soris mimdinareobda dava RvTaebrivi
arsisa da misi atributebis Sesaxeb. ZiriTadad ganasxvaveben arsismier (az-záT) da
moqmedebis (al-fi‘l) atributebs.

2. angelozebi. erTRmerTianobis ideis garda, islami aRiarebs angelozebis

(malá’iqa) arsebobas. adamianis gverdiT, alahma Seqmna sxva gonieri arsebebic —
angelozebi da jinebi. yuransa da hadisebSi Riad rCeba sakiTxi — ekuTvnian Tu ara
Saitanebi gonier arsebaTa calke kategorias. angelozebi RmerTis Seqmnili, misi
erTguli msaxurni arian da Suamavloben RmerTsa da adamians Soris. isini
moqmedeben rogorc istoriul, ise esqatologiur droSi. isini mowodebuli arian
daicvan adamianebi, Tvalyuri adevnon maT saqmeebs da Caiweron maTi qmedebebi. maT
SeuZliaT miiRon adamianis saxe da warsdgnen adamianTa winaSe. yuranis mixedviT
ikveTeba angelozTa ramdenime kategoria: a) umaRles rangs ganekuTvnebian alahTan
“daaxloebulebi” (al-mukarrabån) angelozebi, romlebic imyofebian uSualod
alahis taxtTan. eseni arian jabraili (jibrãl) — mTavari Suamavali alahsa da
muhamads, iesosa da mariams Soris; is samjer ixsenieba saxeliT [2:97,98; 66:4]. swored
man gadasca muhamads RvTiuri gamocxadeba. muslimur gadmocemebSi is aris
muhamadis mcveli urwmunoTa devnisagan, misi damxmare saRvTismetyvelo kamaTebisa
da samxedro laSqrobebis dros; mãqá’ãli _ samyaros meTvalyure, romelic dasjis

83arab. al-láh aris RvTis saxeli. islamamdel arabeTSi mravali RvTaebis rwmenasTan
erTad arsebobda warmodgena umaRles RvTaebaze, romelsac alahs (al-illáh) uwodebdnen.
islamis gabatonebis Semdeg alahi erTaderT RmerTad iqca.

51
yvelas, vinc mtrobs alahs, mis angelozebs da mociqulebs. yuranSi mxolod
erTxel ixsenieba. is iyo im angelozTa Soris, romlebmac guli gaupes muhamads da
gauwmindes; isráfãli — samyaros dasasrulis mauwyebeli, romelic arasodes ar
icilebs sayvirs, raTa alahis miTiTebiT droulad gamoacxados aRdgomis dRis
Sesaxeb. yuranSi saxeliT ar ixsenieba. israfili kiTxulobs RvTiur
gadawyvetilebebs xalxisa da samyaros bedze da gadascems maT Sesasruleblad sxva
angelozebs; ‘izrá’ãli — yuraniT [32:11] sikvdilis angelozi (malaq al-mavT),
romelic saxelis gareSe ixsenieba. Tavdapirvelad is iyo ubralod erT-erTi
angelozi. rodesac alahma ganizraxa adamis Seqmna, man gaagzavna angelozebi
dedamiwaze Tixis mosapoveblad, romlis Sesrulebac mxolod izrailma SeZlo. man
miutana alahs sami feris Tixa — TeTri, wiTeli da Savi. gadmocemiT, swored amis
Sedegad gaCnda mogvianebiT dedamiwaze sxvadaxva rasa. izraili Tavisi siZlierisa
da simamacis gamo dainiSna sikvdilis mTavar angelozad. adamianis sikvdilis Jamis
dadgomisas, im xidan, romelic alahis taxtTan izrdeba, vardeba foToli misi
saxeliT. izrailma TiToeuli adamianis gardacvalebidan ormoci dRis
ganmavlobaSi suli unda ganaSoros sxeuls. adamiani urCobs xolme da izraili
xSirad mimarTavs alahs daxmarebisaTvis. izrailis saxeli da misTvis
damaxasiaTebeli niSnebis mniSvnelovani nawili momdinareobs bibliuri da bibliis
Semdgomdroindeli miTologiidan. b) samoTxis da jojoxeTis (jahannam) mcvelebi
(al-zabániÁÁa). jojoxeTs icavs 19 angelozi, romelTa saTaveSi aris maliqi [43:77].
gadmocemiT, samoTxis angelozTa saTaveSi aris angelozi, saxelad riÇván. g)
“dacemuli” angelozebi — iblãsi (eSmaki, Saitani) aris znedacemuli angelozi84. is
alahma daswyevla da moiSora, radgan man uari Tqva Tayvani eca adamianisaTvis,
romelic yvelaze srulyofili qmnilebaa, rac alahs Seuqmnia. amis Semdeg mas
ewoda satana, demoni da gaxda borotebis sawyisi samyaroSi. adamianis pirveli
Sejaxeba satanasTan moxda maSin, roca satanam acduna adami da misi coli eva
(havva) miaxlovebodnen akrZalul xes. alahma ibliss ganusazRvra jojoxeTSi wameba
saSineli samsjavros Semdeg. xolo amqveyniur cxovrebaSi, samsjavromde wameba
ganusazRvra or sxva angelozs — haruTs (háråT) da maruTs (máråT). gadmocemiT,
alahi sayvedurobda angelozebs, romlebic gansjidnen adamianebs maTi sisustis
gamo. eubneboda, rom isinic ver gauZlebdnen miwier cdunebebs da misi zegavlenis
qveS moeqceodnen. sami angelozi gaemarTa dedamiwaze, raTa eCvenebinaT TavianTi
simtkice. erTi maSinve mixvda, rom ver SeZlebda amis Sesrulebas da ukan dabrunda.
haruTi da maruTi darCnen, moeqcnen lamazi qalis gavlenis qveS da Caidines yvela
codva — kerpTayvanismcemlobidan mkvlelobamde. maT miecaT SesaZlebloba aerCiaT
sasjelis dro — imqveyniur cxovrebaSi an axla. maT airCies ukanaskneli da
ufalma isini babilonis erT dilegSi Caketa, sadac saSineli wyurviliT elian
meored mosvlas. yuranSi isini daxasiaTebuli arian rogorc magiis mcodneni. Tumca
“dacemuli” angelozebis arseboba erT-erTi mTavari Teologiuri problema gaxda,
radganac is ewinaaRmdegeba angelozebis “ucodvelobas”, romlebic yvelaferSi
RmerTs emorCilebian da asruleben mis gadawyvetilebebs.
yuranis zogierT aiebSi moxseniebulia usaxelo angelozebi, romlebic
scemen micvalebulebs “saxesa da zurgSi” [8:50; 47:27]. esqatologiur literaturaSi
isini cnobili arian, rogorc munkar da nakãr, romlebic dakiTxvas uwyoben
gardacvlilebs saflavSi (‘azáb al-kabr — saflavis msajulebi) rwmenis Taobaze.
TandaTanobiT SemuSavda angelozTa ierarqia, romlis mixedviTac isini
ganTavsebuli arian sxvadasxva caze.
jinebi (jinn), yuranis Tanaxmad, Seqmnili arian ukvamlo cecxlisagan [15:27;
55:15]. TavianTi daxasiaTebiT isini ufro axlos arian adamianebTan, vidre

84 RvTismetyvelTa nawili miiCnevs, rom TviTon alahma aqcia iblisi borotebis matareblad
imisaTvis, rom gamoecada adamianebi; yuranis ganmartebebi gansxvavebulia: 18:48/50 aias
Tanaxmad, is iyo ara angelozi, aramed jini. 2:32 aias Tanaxmad ki is aris angelozi;
zogierTi sufi (al-®alláj, gard. 922w.) iblisis uars, daemorCilos adamians, paradoqsul
axsnas uZebnis: Tayvaniscemas imsaxurebs mxolod RmerTi da am daumorCileblobiT iblisma
RvTis nebis sawinaaRmdegod SeinarCuna erTRmerTianobisadmi erTguleba. yuranSi naTlad
aris naTqvami, rom satana Tvlida Tavs saukeTesod alahis mier Seqmnil arsebaTa Soris,
magram alahma mxolod adamians TviTon STabera suli. iblisi xelmZRvanelobs borot
sulebs — Saitanebs da jinebs.

52
angelozebTan. angelozebisagan gansxvavebiT, jinebs, iseve rogorc adamianebs,
SeuZliaT TviTon miiRon gadawyvetileba da gaakeTon arCevani sxvadasxva
situaciebSi. adamianebis msgavsad isini Seqmnili arian RmerTis TayvaniscemisaTvis
[51:56]. jinebi arian sulebi, romelTac ara aqvT gansazRvruli forma da saxe,
magram aqvT haerovani an cecxlovani sxeuli. isini arian ara gardacvlili
adamianis sulebi, aramed damoukidebeli, moazrovne arsebebi. maT SeuZliaT miiRon
sxvadasxva saxe da Seasrulon nebismieri saqme. jinebs Soris ar aris gansxvaveba
sqesis mixedviT. isini binadroben yvelgan - mTebSi, tyeebSi, udabnoebSi da zogjer
maT Saitnebsac miakuTvneben [6:112, 128-130; 15:27; 37:158; 41:29 da sxv.]. yuranis
Tanaxmad, alahma muhamadi gamogzavna adamianebTan da jinebTan, romelTa nawilma
irwmuna misi qadageba da daiwyo islamis gavrceleba, danarCenebi ki borotebas
Cadiodnen iblisis msgavsad. isini, urwmunoTa msgavsad, ganwiruli arian
jojoxeTSi (jahannam) wamebisaTvis [7:36/38, 178/179; 11:120/119]. jinebs Tayvans scemen
warmarTebi [34:41/40]. iTvleba, rom jinebis nawils aqvs pozitiuri, xolo nawils
negatiuri Tvisebebi. yuranis mixedviT, alahis brZanebiT jinebi da Saitanebi
emorCilebodnen da emsaxurebodnen mefe solomons (sulaÁmans), romlis Semdegac
arc erT adamians ar hqonia Zalaufleba maTze.
jinebis Sesaxeb saubaria muslimur literaturaSi, aRwerilia isini yuransa
da hadisebSi. isini popularuli personaJebi arian Sua saukuneebis muslimur
folklorsa da literaturaSi, maT Soris “aTas erTi Ramis” zRaprebSi. yvelaferi,
rac exeba jinebis arsebobas ganekuTvneba mistikis sferos da tradiciuli
mecnierebebis kvlevis sagani ar gamxdara.

3. saRvTo wignebis rwmena: yurani; al-injãl (axali aRTqma); az-zabår — daviTis

fsalmunebi; aT-Tavrá — Tora; íu®uf ibráhãm — abraamis gragnilebi.
RmerTma adamianebs gansazRvrul istoriul epoqaSi gardmouvlina
gamocxadeba _ gragnilebi (aí-íu®uf) an wignebi (al-quTub), romlebSic ganumarta
xalxs Tavisi miTiTebebi, dadgenilebebi da akrZalvebi. yuranSi saubaria “pirvel
gragnilebze” [20:133], “kurTxeul gragnilebze” adresatis dazustebis gareSe da
orjer ixsenieba “ibrahimisa da musas gragnilebze” [53:36-37; 87:18-19]. misi
dakonkreteba moxda gadmocemebSi. gragnilebis garda alahma gardmouvlina maT 4
wigni: Tora (aT-Tavrá) — musas, an musas da aarons, fsalmuni (az-zabår) — daviTs,
saxareba (al-injãl) — iesos da yurani — muhamads. am wignebSi mocemulia gza
WeSmariti da sinaTle xalxisaTvis, keTilisa da borotis garCeva, ganCineba alahisa.
yvela es wminda wigni identuria Tavisi SinaarsiT. yoveli Semdegi adasturebs
winamavalis WeSmaritebas. Tumca yuranSi miTiTebulia, rom iudevelebma da
qristianebma nawilobriv daamaxinjes an daiviwyes TavianTi wignebi [2:75]. yuranis
teqstidan Cans, rom iudevelebma gaaRmerTes ‘uzairi (SesaZlebelia es aris
bibliur ezdra), xolo qristianebma ‘isá (ieso). iudevelebma aseve Tavs moaxvies
mariams “sastiki ciliswameba”[4:156], xolo qristianebma aRiares samebis dogmati
[5:73]. amis garda qristianebmac da iudevelebmac ar scnes muhamadi mociqulad.
injilSi, iseve rogorc ToraSi, aris winaswarmetyveleba [7:156], rom mova mociquli
uswavleli — nabã al-ummi, e. i. muhamadi.
yuranSi gvxvdeba gamoTqmebi, motivebi da saxeebi, romlebic saTaves iReben
kanonikuri da apokrifuli saxarebebidan (kerZod, mariamis, iahias, iesos dabadebisa
da misi saswaulebis Sesaxeb da sxv.). masSi qristianuli moZRvrebis viTomdac
zogierTi damaxinjeba sinamdvileSi asaxavs sxvadasxva iudeur-qristanuli seqtis
warmodgenebs. yuranis Seqmnis adreul etapze aSkarad igrZnoba simpaTia iesosa da
qristianebisadmi. magram sabolood islami gaemijna qristianobas. yuraniT ieso
alahis mociquli da muhamadamde udidesi winaswarmetyvelia. alahma mas
gardmouvlina saxareba (injil). is aris mona alahisa, alahis sityva (qalima) da
misi suli (råÐ), magram yurani uaryofs iesos RvTaebriobas [5:116]. ieso adamiania,
magram araCveulebrivi, alahTan daaxloebuli - umaRlesi angelozebis msgavsad. is
alahma sxva mociqulebiviT ki ar airCia, aramed Tavad Seqmna Semqmneli sityvis
“iqmen” (qun) brZanebiT.

4 mociqulebi da winaswarmetyvelebi. islamis moZRvrebiT, mociqulebi (rasål, mr.r.

rusul) umaRlesi rangis winaswarmetyvelebi (nabã) arian. ubralo (Cveulebrivi)

53
winaswarmetyveli iyo mravali da isini agrZelebdnen mociqulis mier dawyebul
qadagebas. winaswarmetyvelebi igzavnebian TavianTi Temis — ummas damrigeblad
(nazãr), magram mociqulTa msgavsad ar warmoadgenen am Temis meTaurebs. yuranSi
muhamadi xan mociqulad (rasål), xan winaswarmetyvelad (nabã) aris moxseniebuli.
yuranis mixedviT, ar arsebobs xalxi, romlisTvisac alahs Tavisi mociquli
ar gaegzavnos [10:48]. islami aRiarebs mociqulebs muhamadamde: bibliur adams (ádam),
noes (nå®), abraams (ibráhãm), moses (måsá), ieso qristes (‘isá al-masã® — mesia).
muhamadi iTvleba ukanasknel da udides mociqulad da winaswarmetyvelad,
“winaswarmetyvelebis karebad” da “winaswarmetyvelebis beWdad” (xáTim an-nabiÁn),
romlis Semdegac aRar moxdeba mociqulis movlineba. sul aris 313 mociquli.
muhamadamde yvelaze did mociqulad iTvleboda ieso qriste. yuranSi mas
ewodeba ‘isá al-masã® (mesia), nabã (winaswarmetyveli) ibn mariÁam (mariamis Ze), ‘abd
al-láh (alahis mona), rasål al-láh (alahis mociquli), íáli® (keTilmsaxuri), kavl
al-®akk (WeSmaritebis metyveleba), qalima (alahis sityva) da sxv.
hadisebis mixedviT, adamsa da muhamads Soris iyo 124 aTasi
winaswarmetyveli, yuranSi ki dasaxelebulia - 28. gansakuTrebiT sapatioa cxra, e. w.
Seupovarni (ålå al-‘azm) [46:34/35]: noe, abraami, daviTi (dávåd), iakubi (Áa‘kåb),
iusufi, aiubi (aÁÁåb), mose, ieso da muhamadi. yuranSi ixsenieba oTxi arabi (an
sagangebod arabebTan wargzavnili) winaswarmetyveli: salihi (íáli®), hudi (håd),
Suaibi (Su‘aÁb) da muhamadi. maT emateba ibrahimi, romelic rogorc ebraelTa, ise
arabTa winaswarmetyvelia.
winaswarmetyveloba muslimuri dogmatikisa da RvTismetyvelebis erT-erTi
mTavari problema iyo. ganasxvavebdnen nabã-s, romelic ubralod iRebda
zeSTagonebas, da rasål-s, romelsac angelozebi gadascemdnen saRvTo werils da
romelsac evaleboda misi aqtiuri qadageba. aseT mociqulebs miekuTvnebodnen musa,
daudi, isa da muhamadi, romelTac gardmoevlinaT Sesabamisad Tora (aT-TavráT),
fsalmunebi (zabår), saxareba (injãl) da yurani (al-kur’án). Cveulebriv
winaswarmetyvelTa Soris ixseniebian aleqsandre makedoneli (al-isqandar zu-l-
karnaÁn), qristianTa wminda giorgi (jurjis) da sxv. winaswarmetyveli Cveulebrivi
adamiania, magram alahTan siaxlovis gamo igi erTgvarad waagavs angelozebs, Tumca
ki, Tavisi misiis gamo, is angelozebze ufro Rirseuli da mniSvnelovania.
winaswarmetyveli miekuTvneba adamianTa umaRles kategorias, maT, visac ZaluZs
icodes is, rac sxvisagan dafarulia. isini saTaveSi udganan religiuri
avtoritetebis ierarqias. maT mosdeven imamebi da “wmindanebi” (avliÁa’).
winaswarmetyvelTa niSnebia: zeSTagonebis miReba transSi, RvTismosaoba,
moTminebisa da TavSekavebis qadageba, avtoriteti xalxSi, Rirseuli warmomavloba
da saswaulqmedebis unari.

5. saSineli samsjavros rwmena. saSineli samsjavros dRe, romelsac yuranSi

xSirad ewodeba saaTi (as-sá‘a), “aucileblad dadgeba”[15:85], magram rodis dadgeba es
dRe, icis mxolod alahma.
gankiTxvis dRis sinonimad yuranSi vxvdebiT Semdeg sintagmebs: al-Áavm al-
áxir — dRe ukanaskneli; Áavm al-faíl — dRe gamijvnisa (codvil-ucodvelTa); Áavm
al-kiÁáma — dRe (mkdreTiT) aRdgomisa; sasamarTlos dRe (Áavm ad-dãn), angariSis
dRe (Áavm al-®isáb). amis garda kidev ramdenime termini ixmareba am dResTan
mimarTebaSi.
mkvdreTiT aRdgoma da samsjavro iyo muhamadis qadagebis mTavari Temebi. maT
aRweras eZRvneba yuranis mravali yvelaze emociuri sura [65,75, 81-84, 94-101 da sxva].
muhamadi, upirveles yovlisa, cdilobda daerwmunebina Tavisi Tanatomelebi, rom
maTi realuri yofis (ad-dunÁá) garda, arsebobs sxva (al-áxira) samyaro, romelSic
maT mouwevT pasuxis gacema amqveyniur cxovrebaSi Cadenil qmedebebze. amis
paralelurad es iyo imqveyniuri cxovrebis upiratesobis ganmtkiceba, rac
absoluturad ucxo iyo warmarTi arabebisaTvis. alahis nebiT mkvdrebis aRdgomis
idea iwvevda muhamadis msmenelTa yvelaze did winaaRmdegobas. Tumca meqelebTan
damkvidrebuli iyo Zveli semituri warmodgena cxovrebis gagrZelebaze saflavSi,
ramac Semdgom gavlena moaxdina muslimur warmodgenaze sikvdilis Sesaxeb.

54
 muslimur TeologiaSi esqatologiuri warmodgenebis mTeli kompleqsi
gaerTianebulia terminSi — al-ma‘ád (dabruneba)85, romelic Tavis TavSi moicavs:
samyaros aRsasruls (as-sá‘a), micvalebulTa aRdgomas (al-kiÁáma), alahis
sasamarTlos adamianebze (iaum ad-dãn), adamianTa dasaxlebas jojoxeTSi (jahannam)
da samoTxeSi (al-janna).
esqatologiuri detalebis umravlesoba aris ukve yuranSi, Tumca
arasistemuri saxiT. yuranis Tanaxmad [47:18], saaTis dadgomis Sesaxeb daamowmebs
misi niSnebi (aSrát): yuranSi dasaxelebulia xuTi niSani: dedamiwidan gamova
molaparake cxoveli (dábba) [27:82], zeca gamoscems kvamls, romelic dafaravs
adamianebs [44:10-11], mTvare gaipoba [54:1], Tavisuflebas moipoveben iajujis (Áájåj)
da majujis (májåj) xalxi, romlebic gaavrceleben dedamiwaze biwierebas [18:94;
21:96-97], ieso dabrundeba [43:61]. es warmodgenebi Seivso gadmocemebiT VIII-IX
saukuneebSi, xolo mogvianebiT sistematizirebul iqna RvTismetyvelTa SromebSi
(IX-XIIss.). hadisebSi dasaxelebulia axali niSnebi. magaliTad, dajalis (al-
dajjál) — antiqristes analogis gamoCena, dedamiwaze boroti Zalebis droebiTi
gamarjveba (adamianebi yuransac ki daiviwyeben), mzis amosvla dasavleTidan. isa
(ieso) da mahdi sZleven dajals, dedamiwaze gamefdeba samarTlianoba da dadgeba
samyaros aRsasruli, saaTi.
alahTan Seikribeba yvela adamiani da cxoveli, jinebi, Saitanebi, RvTaebebi,
romelTac Tayvans scemdnen adamianebi RmerTis gverdiT. israfili Caberavs buks,
varskvlavebi Camocvivdebian zecidan, zRvebi aRivseba, mTebi adgilidan daiZvreba,
yvela adamiani mokvdeba. bukis meored Cabervisas, yvela, vinc ki dedamiwaze odesme
cxovrobda, gacocxldeba da erT adgilze Seikribeba (al-maShar). Semdeg isini
didxans dadgebian alahis winaSe (al-mavkif), oflSi gaxviTqulni (al-‘ark).
gamoCndeba TviTon alahi angelozTa garemocvaSi [25:25-27 da dakiTxavs adamianebs
(as-su‘al). xolo angelozebi moitanen wignebs, romlebSic Cawerilia adamianTa
yvela keTili da boroti saqmeebi. Semdeg isini aiwoneba sasworze (al-mizan, mr.
r. al-mavazin).
yvela adamianma unda gaiaros jojoxeTze gadebul TmasaviT wvril xidze
(íirát al-ja®ãm [37:22-23]. codvilebi Cacvivdebian, xolo wmindanebi daubrkolebliv
miaRweven samoTxis baRebs. marTalia yuranSi pirdapir ar aris saubari muhamadis
mosarCleobaze gankiTxvis dRes, garkveuli aiebi sruliad gansazRvrulad
gulisxmobs mis SesaZleblobas [4:64; 10:47; 17:15]. adamianebs did wyalsacavTan (al-
havd) Sexvdeba muhamadi. is alahTan uSuamdgomlebs (aS-Safá‘a) im morwmuneebs,
romelTa danaSaulic umniSvneloa. amitom zogierTi codvilisaTvis jojoxeTi ar
iqneba maradiuli, zogierTs ki, samoTxeSi Sesvlamde, mis karebTan mocda mouwevs.
yuranSi jojoxeTi aris is adgili, sadac moxvdebian urwmunoebi, codvilebi
da jinebi. is aRiniSneba ufro xSirad sityvebiT: cecxli (an-nár) da geena (al-
jahannam, an al-ja®ãm). muslimTa warmodgenaSi jojoxeTi Sedgeba Svidi karibWisagan
an iarusisagan [15:44], romelTagan TiToeuli codvilTa gansakuTrebuli
kategoriisTvisaa gankuTvnili. jojoxeTSi moxvedrilebi daiwvebian cecxlSi, maTi
xvedria moTqma da godeba. codvilebi jojoxeTSi gadabmuli arian jaWviT, kiserze
borkilebi aqvT, samoseli fisisaa, saxeze ki ali edebaT [14:49-50]. maTi sakvebi asxia
xes — zakkåm, romlis nayofic eSmakis Tavebis msgavsia. sasmeli ki - mduRare wyali
da Cirqia.
yuranis aiebis Tanaxmad jojoxeTSi sasjeli droebiTi da maradiulia
[23:105/103; 11:109/107]. iq samudamod darCebian mxolod urwmunoni. tanjva muslimisa,
rac ar unda codvili iyos, droebiTia. codvis muslimuri koncefcia mkveTrad
gansxvavdeba qristianulisagan. yuranSi ar aris pirveli codvis (adamianis bunebis
ontologiuri damaxinjebis) cneba. codvas ufro moraluri safuZveli aqvs, vidre
ontologiuri. islamur samarTalSi codva ganxilulia rogorc moraluri, ise
samarTlebrivi kategoria. codva, upirveles yovlisa, aris adamianis mier RmerTis
winaSe Tavisi valdebulebebis darRveva. ZiriTadi yuraniseuli terminebi,
romliTac gadmocemulia codvis (zanb) romelime aspeqti, ukavSirdeba
kanondarRvevas (ism, jurm), Secdomebs (xatãa’), gzidan gadaxvevas («alál),
daumorCileblobas (ma‘íiÁa).

85 garkveulwilad is aris al-áxiras sinonimi. dabruneba gulisxmobs sawyisTan, Seqmnis

aqtTan dabrunebas.

55
 samoTxe yuranSi warmodgenilia rogorc baRebi (al-janna an mr.r. al-
jannáT). erT-erTs hqvia “jannáT al-firdavs”, sadac aris alahis taxti. es aris
usafrTxo adgili, sadac miedineba wylis, rZis, Rvinis da Taflis mdinareebi [47:15].
samoTxis wyaroTagan gansakuTrebiT aRiniSneba qavsar, romelSic Caedineba
samoTxis yvela wyali. is sagangebod muhamadisaTvis aris gankuTvnili. erT-erTi
mTavari wyaroa salsabãli. samoTxis mkvidrTa mTavari siamovnebaa sigrile,
mosveneba, saucxoo tanisamosi, sasiamovno saWmel-sasmeli. maT emsaxurebian marad
Wabukebi, xolo wmindanebs meuRleebad miecemaT SavTvaleba qalwulebi (huriebi —
®avrá’, mr.r. ®år), romelTac arasdros mikarebia mamakaci an jini [47:16/15-17; 55:46-78;
56:11-38/37; 76:11-21]. samoTxes icaven angelozebi (ri«ván). samoTxis saxem yuranSi
ganicada garkveuli cvlileba. samoTxis siamovnebaTa yuraniseuli aRwera xSirad
gamoiyeneboda qadagebis mizniT islamis mTeli istoriis manZilze.

6. bedisweris rwmena. es dogmati gadmocemulia yuranis mraval aiaSi. muslimur,

gansakuTrebiT sunitur, literaturaSi gamoTqma _ kadar va-l-ka«á’ aRniSnavs
samyaroSi momxdari movlenebs, adamianTa qmedebebis CaTvliT. islamis moZRvrebiT,
yvelaferi dedamiwaze, adamianis nebismieri saqcieli damokidebulia alahis nebaze.
muslimebi xSirad imeoreben “in Sá’a alláh” (“Tu alahi isurvebs”), raSic
gamoxatulia maTi imedi, rom yvelaferi kargad iqneba, radganac adamiani mTlianad
dayrdnobilia alahis nebaze. bedisweris cnebasTan mWidrod aris dakavSirebuli
adamianis nebis Tavisuflebis, sakuTar qcevebze misi piradi pasuxismgeblobis,
rwmenisa da urwmunoebis sakiTxi. RmerTma Seqmna adamianebi mTeli TavianTi
zraxvebiTa da saqcieliT. amave dros, yurani morwmuneebs akisrebs
pasuxismgeblobas maT codvebze, cud saqcielze, emuqreba sasjeliT saiqioSi.
yurani ar ganmartavs, Tu rogor SeuZlia adamians iyos Tavisufali Tavis
saqcielSi da Tanac pasuxi agos masze. dava bedisweraze da nebis Tavisuflebaze
muslimur wreebSi gamwvavda VIII-IX ss-Si (kadaritebi, jabritebi).

damatebiTi literatura

1. vaxtangaZe, m. adreuli arabul-muslimuri saxelmwifos sagadasaxado politikis

istoriidan. — jevanmardi, IV, Tb., 1990, gv. 77-87.
2. znamenski b. warmarT arabTa zogierTi sakulto rituali da maTi gavlena
islamze. — kr. “jevanmardi”, IV, Tb., 1990, gv. 88-95.
3. tikaZe m. amir al-hajis instituti siriis administraciul sistemaSi osmalTa
batonobis periodSi (XVI-XVIIIss.). — Tsu Sromebi, 309, Tb., 1992, gv. 102-117.
4. jafariZe g. saqarTvelo da maxlobeli aRmosavleTis islamuri samyaro XII-XIII
ss.-is pirvel mesamedSi. Tb., 1995.
5. Бёртон Джон. Мусульманское Предание: Введение в хадисоведение / Пер. с англ. СПб.,
2006.
6. Вендель Таня ал-Харири. Симболы ислама. Пер. с нем. СПб., 2005.
7. Кепель Ж. Джихад. Экспансия и закат исламизма. Пер. с французского В. Ф. Денисова.
М., 2004.
8. [Надирадзе Л. И.] Хрестоматия по истории Халифата. Составил и перевел Л. И
Надирадзе. М., 1968.
9. Основы веры в свете Корана и Сунны. Под ред. А. Н. Факихи и А. аль-Гамиди. Пер. с
араб. Кулиева Э. Р., Москва, 2005.
10. Фрэйджер Р. Мудрость ислама: Знакомство с жизненным опытом исламской веры
практики. Пер. с англ. М., 2005.
11. Шифман И. И. Исторические корни коранического образа Аллаха. − Проблемы
арабской культуры, М., 1987, с. 232-237.
12. Levy, Reuben. The Social Structure of Islam. Cambridge.1957.
13. Parvin M., Sommer M. Dar al-Islam: The Evolution of Muslim Territoriality
and Its Implications for Conflict Resolution in the Middle East. −
International Journal of Middle East Studies, Vol.11, No 1 (Feb., 1980), p.1-21.
14. Peters Rudolph. Jihad in Classical and Modern Islam: a reader. Princeton. 2005.

56
 Tavi IV

muslimTa sakulto nagebobebi

1. meCeTi

muslimTa ZiriTadi sakulto nageboba aris meCeTi [arab. “masjid” —

“adgili, sadac sruldeba miwieri Tayvaniscema”]. yuranSi masjid aRniSnavs qaabas
taZars meqaSi [17:1] da agreTve sxva religiebis RvTismsaxurebis adgils [22:40].
Tavdapirvelad meqaSi muslimebs ar hqondaT specialuri adgili
RvTismsaxurebisaTvis. alahis mociquli Tavis mimdevrebTan erTad locvas
asrulebda malulad meqis gareubanSi, banå salimas teritoriaze. wyaroebSi
aRniSnulia agreTve, rom muhamadi asrulebda locvas qaabas taZris ukan, an Tavis
saxlSi (dár). meqis kuraiSis tomi, romelsac hqonda qaabas dacvis funqcia, xels
uSlida muhamadis mimdevrebs locva SeesrulebinaT qaabas taZarSi86. muhamadi xazs
usvamda, rom mTeli dedamiwa misTvis iyo masjidi, maSin roca adreul mociqulebs
SeeZloT locva mxolod eklesiebsa da sinagogebSi.
pirveli meCeTi, rogorc saerTo locvis adgili, aSenda maleve muhamadis
gadasvlis Semdeg medinaSi, kubá’-s dasaxlebaSi. erTi tradiciis Tanaxmad, muhamads
aq ukve daxvda pirveli emigrantebis da ansarebis mier aSenebuli meCeTi. sxva
gadmocemiT, muhamadma TviTon aaSena aq pirveli meCeTi. amis Semdeg yovel SabaTs
mociquli moinaxulebda kubá’s87, romelic orientirebuli iyo aRmosavleTiT,
rogorc qristianuli taZrebi, xolo pirveli meCeTi iasribSi — CrdiloeTiT,
ierusalimisaken.
623 wels mociqulis saxlis gverdiT medinaSi aSenda kidev erTi meCeTi
(masjid an-nabã’), sadac dakrZalulia mociquli muhamadi da dRes piligrimTa
molocvis obieqtia. erTi tradiciis Tanaxmad, medinaSi Casvlisas muhamadi iyo abå
baqrTan erTad. misi aqlemi gaCerda abå aÁÁåbis ezosTan, sadac Seasrula locva da
brZana iq meCeTis aSeneba. meore tradiciis Tanaxmad, mociquli dabinavda abå
aÁÁåbis saxlSi, magram Tavdapirvelad is locvas asrulebda abå umáma as‘adis
saxlSi, romelsac hqonda specialuri locvis adgili (masjid). mogvianebiT
mociqulma gamoTqva survili am adgilis SeZenis da iq meCeTis aSenebis. mogviano
tradiciiT ki, gabrielma ubrZana mas alahis saxeliT aego “RmerTis saxli”.
calkeul tomebs aseve hqondaT TavianTi locvis adgilebi (muíallá), rac
garkveulwilad maTi damoukideblobis ganmsazRvreli niSani iyo. Zalian bevri
aseTi meCeTia dasaxelebuli medinis garSemo. mag., banå zuraÁkis meCeTi (es aris
pirveli meCeTi, sadac yurani sajarod iqna wakiTxuli), romelic mociqulma
piradad moinaxula da banå salimas meCeTi, sadac locvis dros muhamads
gardmoevlina yuranis meore suris 139-e aia, romliTac ganisazRvra axali kibla.

86 abå baqrs sakuTari locvis adgili (masjid) hqonda meqaSi, Tavisi saxlis ezoSi, WiSkris
ukan.
87 yurani mkacrad gansjis “sawinaaRmdego meCeTis” (masjid a«-«irár) aSenebas. 9:108 aia
miuTiTebs: “arasodes dadge (salocavad) aq. ufro umjobesia dadge im meCeTSi, romelic
pirvelive dRidan RvTismoSiSebazea dafuZnebuli”. gadmocemis Tanaxmad, 630/31 wels, tabukis
winaaRmdeg laSqrobis dros, banå salimis tomma uTxra muhamads, rom aaSenes axali meCeTi
da sTxoves locvis Sesruleba. magram am dros mas gardmoevlina es aia, radganac es meCeTi
agebuli iyo munafikebis mier muhamadis mowinaaRmdegis — abå ‘ámir ar-ráhibis miTiTebiT
swored kubas meCeTis sawinaaRmdegod.

57
amis Semdeg am meCeTs ewoda “masjid al-kiblaTaÁn”. es meCeTebi zogan masjid-ad
aris moxseniebuli, zogan muíallá-d. sakrebulo meCeTSic tomebs TavianTi locvis
adgili hqondaT gamoyofili. muhamadis gardacvalebis Semdeg meCeTebi Sendeboda im
adgilebSi, sadac misi mimdevrebis damowmebiT, mociquls Sesrulebuli hqonda
locva. meCeTebis didi nawili asocirdeba muhamadis mimdevrebTan.
meCeTebis calke jgufs Seadgenda gardacvlilTa saflavebze aRmarTuli
meCeTebi (kubba, maShad). TviTon mociquli regularulad moinaxulebda al-bakã‘-as
sasaflaos, sadac dakrZaluli iyvnen uhudis mTasTan (625w.) daRupuli muslimebi.
Tumca hadisebis Tanaxmad, locva saflavebze akrZalulia da ar SeiZleba
saflavebis gamoyeneba meCeTebad88. aRniSnulia, rom es aris iudevelTa praqtika:
“roca RvTismosavi adamiani gardaicvleba, isini aSeneben masjids mis saflavze”.
Tavdapirvelad meCeTis Senobas ar uyenebdnen raime gansakuTrebul
moTxovnebs, ar SeiZleboda mxolod cocxali arsebebis gamosaxulebani, raTa isini
Tayvaniscemis obieqtebi ar gamxdariyvnen. meCeTebis gaformeba xdeba specialuri
warwerebiT, rogorc wesi yuranis aiebiT da sxvadasxva ornamentebiT. muslimTa
mier dapyrobil teritoriebze meCeTad aqcevdnen nebismier Sesabamis Senobas, sadac
SeiZleboda dateuliyo paraskevis locvis dros am olqSi mcxovrebi yvela
muslimi. am mizniT zogjer iyenebdnen qristianul da zoroastrul taZrebs.
VIII saukunis dasawyisSi yalibdeba meCeTis Taviseburi saxe, romelic
yovelmxriv pasuxobda muslimuri ritualis moTxovnebs. xalifa al-valãd I-ma (705-
715) “arabuli” gegmiT damaskoSi aaSena umaÁÁanTa cnobili meCeTi.

damaskos umaÁÁanTa meCeTi. umaÁÁanTa meCeTi mdebareobs Zveli qalaqis centrSi, im

adgilas, sadac saukuneebis manZilze idga jer arameelTa sakulto nageboba,
Semdgom iupiteris romauli taZari. misi dangrevis Semdeg, Cv. w. IV saukuneSi
bizantielebma aaSenes ioane naTlismcemlis qristianuli bazilika. arabma
mxedarTmTavarma xálid b. valãdma, damaskos aRebis Semdeg, 636 wels eklesiis
aRmosavleT nawili qristianebs waarTva da iq muslimTa salocavi moawyo.
gadmocemis Tanaxmad, swored am periods ganekuTvneba islamis istoriaSi pirveli
mihrabi, romelic muhamadis mimdevrebs— sahibebs gamoukveTiaT salocavis kedelSi.
am faqtis gamo mas “sahibebis mihrabi” Seerqva. mogvianebiT xalifa mu‘áviÁas (661-680)
samlocvelo SeukeTebia da iq droebiTi meCeTi mouwyvia, romelic uSualod
xalifas “mwvane sasaxles” (mas mwvane gumbaTis gamo ewoda es saxeli)
ukavSirdeboda. xálid b. valãdis mier Suaze gayofil taZarSi 70 wlis manZilze
erTmaneTis gverdiT loculobdnen qristianebic da muslimebic. 705 wels xalifa
valãd I-ma (705-715) eklesiis dasavleTi nawilic CamoarTva qristianebs, ris
sanacvlodac axali eklesia auSena isev ioane naTlismcemlis saxelze da meCeTis
mSenebloba daiwyo. validma moiwvia saxelganTqmuli xuroTmoZRvrebi, mxatvrebi da
xelosnebi msoflio kulturis maSindeli centrebidan (aTeni, romi,
konstantinopoli da sxv.). 10 wlis ganmavlobaSi mimdinareobda meCeTis mSenebloba
da 11 milioni dinari dajda. “did meCeTs” valãdma oqro-vercxliTa da Zvirfasi
qvebiT morTuli gumbaTi daadga, romelsac “kubbaT an-naír” (gamarjvebis gumbaTi)
uwoda. iataki moapirkeTes marmariloTi, kedlebi — oniqsiT, xolo Weri — oqros
Txeli firfitebiT dafares. Sida ezo aris sworkuTxa formis, 125 m. sigrZis da 50
m. siganis. SuaSi aris fantani da baseini. ezos samxreT nawilSi aris samlocvelo
darbazi, romlis sigrZe 137 m., xolo sigane 38 m.-ia da erTdroulad 6 aTas muslims
SeuZlia ilocos. aq aris 4 mihrabi. meCeTs aqvs sami minareTi: aRmosavleTiT —
iesos minareTi (aSenda 1247 w.), dasavleTiT — muhamadis (aSenda XII s-Si) da
CrdiloeTiT — patarZlis (yvelaze uZvelesi, xalifa valãdis dros aSenda da
islamis istoriaSi pirvel minareTad iTvleba).
umaÁÁanTa meCeTSi inaxeba 2 relikvia — winaswarmetyvelis wverebi da ÐusaÁn
b. ‘alãs mokveTili Tavi, romelic erT-erT maShadSi asvenia da Siitebis
sapiligrimo adgils warmoadgens. aseve sapiligrimo adgilia wm. ioane
naTlismcemlis (ÁaÐÁá b. zaqariÁÁá’) maShadic, romelic samlocvelo darbazSi jer
kidev xalifa valãds auSenebia da aq daukrZalavT meCeTis mSeneblobis dros

88 al-navavã da al-‘askalánã ganmartaven, rom mxolod micvalebulis gadaWarbebuli glova

(datireba — Ta‘zãm) ikrZaleba da saflavebi ar SeiZleba gamoyenebuli iqnes kiblad.

58
napovni wmindanis mokveTili Tavi. am adgilas sapiligrimod modian, rogorc
muslimebi, ise qristianebi. 2001 wlis 6 maiss papma ioane pavle II-m moinaxula ioane
naTlismcemlis relikvia. es iyo pirveli SemTxveva, roca papi Sevida meCeTSi da iq
Seasrula locva. meCeTis teritoriaze dakrZalulia agreTve siriisa da egviptis
sultani, aiubianTa dinastiis fuZemdebeli, jvarosanTa winaaRmdeg saxelganTqmuli
mebrZoli, warmoSobiT qurTi — íaláÐ ad-dãn aÁÁåbi (1171-1193).
meCeTis samxreTis kedelSi gaWrilia “mcire kari”, romelic adre
xalifebisaTvis iyo gankuTvnili. danarCeni sami kari meCeTSi ezos mxridan Sedis.
CrdiloeTis karebi (“báb al-faradis”) dRes aramuslimi turistebisaTvis aris
gankuTvnili. morwmuneebi meCeTSi dasavleTis mxridan (“báb al-barid”) Sedian. es
meCeTi “axlo aRmosavleTis margalitad” iwodeba.

umaÁÁanTa meCeTs ukve hqonda yvela aucilebeli atributi: minareTi, maksura

da mihrabi.
minareTi [arab. manara] aris koSki, saidanac locvisaken mouwodebs mueZini.
pirveli minareTi (qvis) agebul iqna 665 wels erayis gamgeblis — ziÁád ibn abãhis
mier basraSi. amis Semdeg xalifa mu‘áviÁam ubrZana egviptis mmarTvels daematebinaT
minareTebi egviptis meCeTebisaTvis. meCeTs SeiZleba hqondes ramdenime minareTi.
tradiciis Tanaxmad, ar SeiZleba iyos imaze meti, ramdenic meqaSia. XX saukunemde
meqaSi iyo 8 minareTi. minareTi SeiZleba iyos meCeTTan arsebuli an calke mdgomi.
am ukanasknel SemTxvevaSi minareTs aZlevdnen saxels, raTa ganesxvavebinaT is
meCeTis saxelwodebisagan. arsebobs ori tipi minareTebis: mrgvali, rvawaxnagiani,
spiraliseburi da sworkuTxa, centralur darbazze TaRiT. meCeTis gumbaTis an
minareTis Tavze aris damagrebuli islamis simbolo − naxevarmTvare varskvlaviT.
naxevarmTvares meCeTebze ar hqonda iseTive religiuri mniSvneloba, rogorc jvars
- eklesiebze. naxevarmTvare morwmuneebs Seaxsenebs mTvaris kalendars, romlis
mixedviTac gamoiTvleba islamuri dResaswaulebi, xuTqimiani varskvlavi ki
muslimebs Seaxsenebs 5 ZiriTad valdebulebas.
mihrabi (mi®ráb) aris specialuri niSi kedelze, romelic aCvenebs meqisaken
mimarTulebas. yuranSi [34:13/12; 38:21/20] is ixmareba sakurTxevlis mniSvnelobiT.
meCeTSi is gaCnda umaÁÁanTa dros. mihrabis specifikuri religiuri Rirebuleba
TandaTan izrdeboda, rasac mohyva mdidrulad gaformebuli, Zvirfasi qvebiT
inkrustirebuli mihrabebis gaCena. zogierT meCeTSi aris ramdenime mihrabi. imami
dgas mihrabis win. mihrabis marjvniv aris minbari (mimbar) — kaTedra
mqadageblisaTvis, romelic aucilebelia sakrebulo meCeTisaTvis. pirveli minbari,
romelzedac ijda mociquli qadagebis dros 628-629 ww. iyo maRali dasajdomi
adgili 2 kibiT. umaÁÁanTa mmarTvelobis bolomde minbarma SeinarCuna
xelisuflebis simbolos mniSvneloba da iyo taxtis analogiuri. xalifa mu‘áviÁam
moisurva misi waReba siriaSi, magram neba ar darTes. man aamaRla is 6 safexuramde.
mogvianebiT axali minbarebi gaCnda meCeTebSi. pirveli minbari, romelic iyo
kaTedra fexze mdgomi mqadageblisaTvis, gaCnda 748w. mervSi, abå muslimis
gamarjvebis Semdeg. am momentidan is ukve aRar aris politikuri xelisuflebis
simbolo. arsebobs cnoba, rom ‘abasiani xalifebi minbarze mdgomi iRebdnen
erTgulebis fics. IXs.-dan minbari iZens maRali tribunis formas, romelic
mimarTuli iyo mlocvelTa mxares. minbari iyo is adgili, saidanac xutbis dros
oficialuri gancxadebebi keTdeboda mmarTvelTa mier, ikiTxeboda brZanebebi yvela
mniSvnelovani moxelis daniSvnisa da ganTavisuflebis Sesaxeb, cxaddeboda omis
Sedegebi da sxva89. sadResaswaulo RvTismsaxurebis dros specialur amaRlebul
adgilas dgebian yuranis wamkiTxvelebi. mihrabis sawinaaRmdego mxares aris meCeTis
karebi.
maksura (makíåra) aris SemosazRvruli adgili (pavilionis msgavsi), romelic
gamoyofilia sakrebulo meCeTis samlocvelo darbazSi umaRlesi
xelisufalisaTvis. maksuras praqtika damkvidrda pirveli xalifebis dros da misi
mizani iyo daecvaT xelisufali SesaZlo Tavdasxmisagan. gadmocemiT, xalifa
‘usmanma aago maksura gamoumwvari agurisagan, romelsac hqonda fanjrebi, raTa
xalxs SeZleboda misi danaxva. maksura zogjer ganixileba, rogorc umaianTa mier

89 mag., mokluli xalifa ‘usmánis sisxliani perangi minbarze Camokides [at-tabarã, I, 3255].

59
Semotanili “siaxle”. aris cnoba, rom 161/778 wels xalifa al-mahdãm (775-785)
akrZala maksurebis ageba provinciebSi, radganac es iyo xalifa mu‘áviÁas mier
Semotanili siaxle. Tumca am RonisZiebas warmateba ar mohyolia. piriqiT, maTi
raodenoba gaizarda da TandaTan evolucia ganicada. maksura iyo sxvadasxva
formis. X saukunidan gaCnda xis gadasatani maksurebic, romlebic SesaZloa adre
gamoiyeneboda. isini sxva daniSnulebiTac gamoiyeneboda. magaliTad, meCeTSi iyo
patara oTaxebi, romlebic izolirebuli iyo xis gisosebiT, romelsac aseve
ewodeboda makíåra da zogjer záviÁa. isini gankuTvnili iyo yuranis
wamkiTxvelTaTvis, studentebisaTvis, samarTlismcodneebisaTvis, saswavlo
procesisaTvis. daaxloebiT 912-13 wels al-akías meCeTSi sami maksura iyo
qalebisaTvis. dRes, axlad agebul meCeTebSi maksura aRar aris.
meCeTisaTvis aucilebelia agreTve wignTsacavi, wyalsacavi ganbanvisaTvis
(®av«, fiskiÁÁa) da saTavsoebi. meCeTebSi aris agreTve xis sadgami dasajdomiT,
romelic gankuTvnilia mTxrobelebis (káíí) an mkiTxvelTaTvis (kári’) da magidiT,
romelzec devs yurani. mas eamborebian morwmuneni locvis dros. meCeTebSi yuranis
garda inaxeba sxva relikviebic, Cveulebriv wmindanTa naSTebi: wminda nawilebi,
tansacmeli, fexsacmeli da sxva. magaliTad, imam ÐusaÁnis Tavi inaxeba misive
saxelobis kairos meCeTis skivrSi (íundåk, TábåT). tradiciebis Tanaxmad, islamma
qristianuli taZrebidan aiRo sakmevelis (buxår) gamoyeneba. muhamadi wvavda
sakmevels meCeTSi. sakmeveli, iseve rogorc sanTlebi gamoiyeneboda dakrZalvis
ceremonialis dros. mu‘áviÁa iyo pirveli, romelmac surneli daapkura qaabas.
mogvianebiT, xdeboda qaabas gawmenda vardis wyliT.
islamis moZRvrebiT, sami meCeTi iTvleba wmindad: “akrZaluli meCeTi”
(masjid al-®arám) meqaSi, mociqulis meCeTi medinaSi, da al-ak¹ás meCeTi
ierusalimSi90.

al-masjid al-Ðarám [“akrZaluli meCeTi”] - meqis mTavari meCeTi. saxelwodeba

gvxvdeba winaislamur xanaSi da xSiradaa damowmebul yuranSi, mequri periodis
surebSi (2:144/149, 8:34 da sxv.). am aiebSi masjid Ðarám ar gulisxmobs meCeTs, aramed
ubralod meqas, rogorc wminda adgils. meCeTis kompleqsSi Sedis qaaba (qa‘ba),
zamzamã da makám ibráhãm-i (ibrahimis sadgomi). es adgili meCeTad aqcia muhamadma
hijris 8/630 wels. saboloo saxe meCeTma miiRo osmalo sultnis selim II-is dros,
1572-1577 ww. al-masjid al-Ðarám-i saukuneebis manZilze iyo islamis
inteleqtualuri centri. aq aris medreseebi (mag., ká’iT beis) studentebisaTvis. al-
masjid al-Ðaráms hyavs Tavisi administracia da momsaxure personali. mis saTaveSi
dgas mmarTveli — ná’ib al-Ðarám, romelsac eqvemdebareba sami wevrisagan Semdgari
sabWo (majlis idáraT al-Ðarám aS-Sarãf). Semdeg modis “alahis saxlis” karis
gamRebi (sádin) aris SaÁbas gvari, romlis wevrsac ar SeuZlia gaxdes ná’ib al-
Ðarám-i. meCeTs hyavs daaxl. 100 imami, 100 mqadagebeli, 100 maswavlebeli, 50 mueZini,
asze meti kariskaci, damlageblebi, zamzamis wylis mimtanebi. qaabas garSemo
teritorias (matáf) icavs policia. isini arian afrikelebi an afrikuli warmoSobis
saWurisebi (50). maT ewodebaT aRá an taváSã (mr. taváSiÁa, saWurisebi)91. mefe ‘abd
al- ‘azizis droidan masjid al-Ðarám-i finansdeba saxelmwifo xazinidan.

masjid al-ak¹áá — mTavari siwminde islamSi, romelic mdebareobs ierusalimSi,

al-Ðaram aS-Sarãfis samxreT nawilSi. es aris yuranSi [17:1] moxseniebuli “uSoresi
meCeTi”, sadac TiTqosda gadayvanili iqna muhamadi meqis wminda meCeTidan (al-
masjid al-Ðarám), “Ramis mogzaurobis” Semdeg. pirveli mcire zomis meCeTi am
adgilze aago xalifa ‘umar I-ma. xalifa al-valãd b. ‘abd al-maliqma Secvala is
kapitaluri nagebobiT 705-714 ww.-Si. meCeTi orjer dazianda miwisZvris (746 da 1033
wels) Sedegad da xelaxla iqna aSenebuli jer abasianTa mmarTvelobis dros,
xolo mogvianebiT fatimiani xalifa aû-ûáhiris mier (1034 da 1036 wlebs Soris) da

90 140/757-8 wels, abå ja‘far al-maníårma hajis Sesrulebis dros moinaxula samive siwminde
[at-tabarã, III, 129] da es Cveulebad iqca. Tumca meqas da medinas dRemde aqvs upiratesoba
ierusalimTan SedarebiT.
91 saWurisebis aucilebloba ganapiroba im faqtma, rom Tu meCeTis teritoriaze raime
incidenti moxda qalebTan dakavSirebiT, maT SeuZliaT fizikurad Seexon maT.

60
es samuSao daasrula xalifa al-musTaníirma 1065 wels. jvarosnebi 88 wlis
ganmavlobaSi iyenebdnen am adgils garnizonad. muslimma mmarTvelma íaláÐ ad-dãnma
daibruna meCeTi 1187 wels da aRadgina. dRes meCeTi Riaa aramuslimebisTvisac
gansakuTrebul SemTxvevebSi. 2000 wels am meCeTs uwodes “al-akíá inTifáÇa”,
rogorc al-akíás wamebulTa brigadebs.

meCeTebi zogadad iyofa or nawilad: didi sakrebulo da mcire zomis

kvartaluri (sasaxleebSi da mdidarTa saxlebSi, medresesTan, sastumroebSi,
aeroportebSi, sadgurebSi da sxv.) meCeTebi. Tavdapirvelad TiToeul qalaqSi TiTo
sakrebulo meCeTi iyo. qalaqis zrdasTan erTad Sesabamisad Cndeboda axali
meCeTebi. X saukunis baRdadSi 4 sakrebulo meCeTi iyo, rac im dros iSviaTi iyo.
mxolod selCukTa batonobis Semdgom periodSi gaizarda sakrebulo meCeTebis
raodenoba islamur qalaqebSi. XII saukunis Sua xanebSi damaskoSi iyo 240-ze meti
meCeTi, xolo gareubnebSi — 148. islamSi ZiriTadi mimarTulebebis da seqtebis
warmoSobis Semdeg gaCnda sunituri da Siituri meCeTebi. aris cnoba agreTve, rom
hanafitebs, Safitebs da hanbalitebs calke meCeTebi hqondaT.
meCeTs gansakuTrebuli adgili ukavia muslimis cxovrebaSi. sakrebulo
meCeTebi Sendeboda mmarTvelis rezidenciis (dár al-imára) gverdiT. adreul
islamSi meCeTi iyo ara marto locvisa da morwmuneTa Sekrebis adgili, aramed
sacxovrebeli, sapatimro, TavSesafari, da saavadmyofo. iq ganixileboda savaWro
saqmeebi, mimdinareobda mzadeba laSqrobisaTvis, inaxeboda xazina da mniSvnelovani
dokumentebi, cxaddeboda brZanebebi, ganixileboda sasamarTlo saqmeebi, mociquli
iRebda sxvadasxva tomebis warmomadgenlebs da X-XI saukuneebamde meCeTebSi
iswavleboda sxvadasxva religiuri disciplinebi. TandaTanobiT meCeTma dakarga
samoqalaqo funqciebi.
islamSi ar arsebobs warmodgena sakulto taZris siwmindis Sesaxeb, ar aris
agreTve misi kurTxevis tradicia. amitom mitovebuli meCeTis gamoyeneba samoqalaqo
saqmeebisaTvis ar iTvleba mkrexelobad. umaÁÁanTa dros daSvebuli iyo
qristianebis Sesvla meCeTebSi SezRudvebis gareSe. aris cnoba, rom xalifa mu‘áviÁa
ijda xolme meCeTSi Tavis qristian eqimTan — ibn usálTan damaskos meCeTSi. a®mad
ibn ®anbalis Tanaxmad, medinis meCeTSi daSvebuli iyvnen mxolod “ahl al-qiTáb”
(“wignis xalxi”) an “ahl al-‘ahd” (xelSekrulebis xalxi) da ara urwmunoebi.
mogvianebiT, qristianebisaTvis meCeTSi Sesvlaze akrZalva miewereba umaÁÁan xalifa
‘umar II-s (717-720).
muslims ekrZaleba meCeTSi Sesvla ritualurad uwmindur mdgomareobaSi.
Tumca specialurad aris moxseniebuli, rom ar SeiZleba ganbanvis ritualis (vu«å‘)
Sesruleba uSualod meCeTSi. meCeTis iataki mofenilia xaliCebiT da VIII
saukunidan dawesda meCeTSi Sesvlisas fexze gaxda. morwmune meCeTSi Sedis
marjvena fexiT da gamodis marcxeniT. qalebi loculoben an calke galereaSi, an
meCeTSi fardiT gamoyofil adgilze.
meCeTis saqmeebs warmarTavs názir an valã. meCeTis StatSia imami, xatibi,
mueZini, yuranis wamkiTxavebi (kurrá’) da msaxurebi (xuddám): mekare (bavváb), wylis
momtani da sxv.
imami (imám) — sazogado locvis xelmZRvaneli meCeTSi. kvartalur da soflis
meCeTebSi imami Cveulebriv aris piri, romelsac aqvs elementaruli religiuri
ganaTleba da SeuZlia yuranis kiTxva. umTavresi moTxovnaa zneobrivi da
RvTismosavi adamianis reputacia. sakrebulo meCeTis imams ki unda hqondes
specialuri saRvTismetyvelo ganaTleba da sargeblobdes avtoritetiT morwmuneebs
Soris. medinis muslimur TemSi (622-632) am funqcias asrulebda TviTon muhamadi,
zogjer abå baqri da ‘umari. oTxi “marTlmorwmune” xalifasa da umaÁÁanTa dros
saparaskevo locvas xelmZRvanelobda xalifa. olqebSi am funqcias asrulebdnen
nacvlebi, xolo omSi — mxedarTmTavrebi. am periodSi ar iyo gansakuTrebuli
religiuri fena da saxelmwifo xelisuflebis warmomadgenlebi xelmZRvanelobdnen
muslimuri kultis warmarTvasac. abasianTa droidan meCeTSi imamis funqcias
asrulebda specialuri piri. ‘anbasa b. is®áki, egviptis ukanaskneli arabi mmarTveli
(852-856) iyo bolo, romelic warmarTavda locvas meCeTSi. amis Semdeg imami
iniSneboda da mas hqonda regularuli xelfasi saxelmwifo xazinidan.

61
 xatibi (xatãb) — oratori, mqadagebeli. Cveulebriv is aris imami, magram
zogjer locvas da qadagebas sxvadasxva adamiani xelmZRvanelobs. muhamadis
biografiaSi naTqvamia, rom meqis aRebis Semdeg (630w.) “mociquli gamovida rogorc
xatibi”. muslimebs oficialuri sityviT mimarTavdnen pirveli xalifebi, maTi
mxedarTmTavrebi da nacvlebi. am gamosvlebSi iyo qadagebis elementebi. xatibis
funqciam TandaTanobiT religiuri elferi SeiZina, ramdenadac xutbis warmoTqma
xdeboda meCeTSi da dakavSirebuli iyo RvTismsaxurebasTan. VIII saukunis meore
naxevarSi ‘abasianma xalifebma (hárån ar-raSãdi) xutbiT gamosvla yadis dauTmes,
TviTon ki eswrebodnen rogorc msmenelebi92. Sesabamisad meCeTmac dakarga Tavisi
politikuri mniSvneloba. Tumca Teoriulad did meCeTebSi xatibi iyo xalifas
warmomadgeneli. X saukunis baRdadSi xatibis Tanamdeboba imdenad sapatio iyo, rom
am Tanamdebobaze iniSnebodnen mxolod haSimis gvaris warmomadgenlebi. zogierTi
fatimiani xalifa egvipteSi TviTon gamodioda qadagebiT RResaswaulebis dros,
magram yvelgan damkvidrda xatibis daniSvnis tradicia saparaskeo meCeTebSi. iyvnen
e. w. saxalxo mqadageblebi, romlebsac ar hqondaT oficialuri rangi. maT Soris
iyvnen RvTismosavebi, asketebi, mociqulis cxovrebis mTxrobelebi. maT ar hqondaT
saTanado ganaTleba da kompetencia, magram did gavlenas axdendnen sazogadoebriv
azrze. amitom xalifebi krZalavdnen Sekrebebs aseTi mqadageblebis garSemo
meCeTebsa Tu quCebSi.
xutbis dros imam-xatibi esalmeba meCeTSi Sekrebil morwmuneebs, uZRvnis
didebas alahs, iTxovs dalocvas mociqulis, kiTxulobs nawyvetebs yuranidan,
loculobs morwmuneTaTvis da mouwodebs maT RvTismosaobisaken. imam-xatibs unda
ecvas wesisamebr (TeTri samosi)93, idges minbarTan an raime amaRlebul adgilas,
ijdes azanamde da pirveli xutbis Semdeg, isaubros fexze mdgomma, eyrdnobodes
xis xmals an kverTxs. Semdeg is gamodis meore xutbiT, romelic igive
elementebisagan Sedgeba. Tanamedrove muslimur qveyanebSi (pakistani, saudis
arabeTi, sparseTis yuris qveynebi) yvela imamma xutba (qadageba) unda warmoTqvas
standartuli teqstis Sesabamisad, romelsac yovelTviurad amuSavebs vukufis da
islamur saqmeTa saministro. meCeTebSi aris monitoringis samsaxuri, raTa imamebma
ar ganixilon politikuri sakiTxebi.
mueZini — “momwodebeli”, adamiani, romelic acxadebs azans. VIII s.-is Sua
xanebamde mueZini asrulebda sam ZiriTad funqcias: krebda morwmuneebs, uxmobda
imams da acxadebda RvTismsaxurebis dawyebis Sesaxeb. TandaTan am valdebulebebma
evolucia ganicada. ukve VII saukunis bolos egvipteSi mueZinis movaleobas
Seadgenda damatebiTi Ramis locvebis kiTxvac. IX s. II naxevridan specialur
oTaxSi mueZinebs unda waekiTxaT RamiT religiuri teqstebi, XII s. meore naxevarSi,
íaláÐ ad-dãnis dros, mueZinebma Ramis locvis dros daiwyes ‘akãdas (rwmenis
simbolo) kiTxva; mxolod XIII saukuneSi gaCnda astronomis (muvakkiT) Stati
meCeTSi, manamde ki am funqciasac mueZini asrulebda. XIV s. dasawyisidan paraskevs
diliT is minareTidan asrulebda ziqrs. Tumca did meCeTebSi mueZinis funqciebs
nawilobriv asrulebda da asrulebs TviTon imami. muhamads hyavda ori mueZini —
bilál b. ribá®i (mona abisiniidan, gard. 20/641w.) da ibn umm maqTåmi (abå baqris
mavla). mueZini ar aris kultis msaxuri, magram iricxeba meCeTis StatSi. mueZinis
funqcia ar SeiZleba Seasrulos ritualurad arawmindam, giJma an qalma. zogjer es
Tanamdeboba memkvidreobiT gadadioda. Sua saukuneebSi Camoyalibda mueZinTa
gildia, romelsac saTaveSi edga ra’ãs al-mu’azzinãn. dRes, zogierT qveyanaSi
mueZinis Tanamdeboba aRar arsebobs, ZiriTadad iyeneben radiogamaZlierebel
aparaturas. indoneziaSi, morwmuneebs locvisaken mouwodeben gongis dakvriT.
SesaZloa, es Cveuleba gadmoiRes budistebisagan. Tumca specialuri aparaturis
gamoyeneba iwvevs e.w. tradicionalistTa ukmayofilebas.

qaabas meCeTi. qaaba [qa‘ba, “kubi”] aris “alahis saxli” (baÁT al-láh) dedamiwaze,
romelic mdebareobs meqis mTavari meCeTis (masjid al-®arám — wminda,
xelSeuxebeli taZari) ezos centrSi. is warmoadgens kubis formis Senobas da

92 ‘abasianTa dros gamonaklisi iyo xalifa al-muhTadã, romelic 869 wels, Zveli tradiciis
Sesabamisad, yovel paraskevs kiTxulobda xutbas.
93 ‘abasianTa mmarTvelobis dros maT unda cmodaT Savi samosi.

62
agebulia nacrisferi qvisgan. locvis dros yvela muslimi saxiT qaabasaken
brundeba.
yuranSi qaaba ixsenieba orjer [5:96,98]. is “wminda saxlia”, magram swored
qaaba igulisxmeba sxva saxelwodebebSic: “saxli” — al-baÁT; “saxli, romelsac
estumrebian” — al-baÁT al-ma‘mår [52:4]; “Zveli saxli” — al-baÁT al-‘aTãk [22:29,33].
Tavdapirvelad qaaba iyo pirveli monoTeisturi taZari. muslimuri
gadmocemiT, pirveli nageboba Sav qvaze aRmarTa adamma. warRvnis dros qaabas
taZari daingra. alahis miTiTebiT ibráhãmma [2:119] Tavis SvilTan (ismá‘ãli) erTad
aRadgina qaaba. Savi qva, romelic taZris dangrevis Semdeg caSi aitana jabrá’ãlma,
dabrunebul iqna. ibrahimma uanderZa yvela morwmunes, visac swamda erTi RmerTi,
SeesrulebinaT iq piligrimoba. islamamde am taZarSi idga 360 kerpi, romelsac
Tayvans scemdnen warmarTi arabuli tomebi. aq mohyavdaT samsxverplo cxovelebi,
sruldeboda magiuri rituali. qaabas movla-patronoba rig-rigobiT evalebodaT
jurhumis, xuza‘ás da kuraiSis arabul tomebs. qaabas taZari araerTxel dazianda
stiqiuri movlenebis gamo. daaxloebiT 603-605 wels kuraiSelebma ganaxorcieles
qaabas morigi remonti, romelsac xelmZRvanelobda bizantieli ostati (saxelad
bákåm). man datova qaabas kedlebze mariamisa da iesos gamosaxuleba. gadmocemiT
saremonto samuSaoebSi monawileobda muhamadic. qaabas kedelze Savi qvis damagrebam
kamaTi gamoiwvia tomis uxecesebs Soris. TiToeuli maTgani pretenzias acxadebda am
sapatio movaleobaze. muhamadma es sadavo sakiTxi ase gadawyvita: man daafina miwaze
TeTri qsovili, romlis centrSic moaTavsa Savi qva, yvela tomis winamZRolebs
miuTiTa mis kideze moekidebinaT xeli da aetanaT amgvarad qva qaabas kedlamde.
muslimuri tradicia muhamads miawers sakuTriv Savi qvis damagrebas da iTvleba,
rom muhamadma swored am momentSi SeigrZno RvTaebasTan gansakuTrebuli siaxlove.
630 wels muhamadma daikava meqa da gaaTavisufla qaabas taZari kerpebisagan,
ramac sabolood ganamtkica islamis upiratesoba da muhamadis avtoriteti.
muhamadma qaabas taZris dacvasa da mmarTvelobasTan dakavSirebuli funqciebi ase
gaanawila: mlocvelTa wyliT momarageba (sikáÁa) daavala Tavis biZas — al-
‘abbáss; qaabas taZris dacva (®ijába) — ‘usmán b. tal®as, romelmac TanaSemwed
daniSna Tavisi biZaSvili — SaÁba b. abã tal®a da SaÁbas gvari dRemde aris qaabas
mcveli; piligrimebis sakvebiT momarageba (rifáda) — abå baqrs, xolo misi
gardacvalebis Semdeg es xalifebis funqciad iqca. 631 wlidan urwmunoebs
aekrZalaT piligrimobaSi monawileoba. qaaba gadaiqca mxolod muslimTa siwminded.
VII s. 30-ian wlebSi, xalifa ‘umaris mmarTvelobis (634-644) dros, qaabas
mimdebare saxlebi daangries da aSenda masjid al-®arámi. 683 xalifa ÁazÁdma (680-
683) samxedro razmebi gaagzavna meqaSi anti-xalifa ‘abd al-láh ibn az-zubaÁris
winaaRmdeg da gaCenili xanZris Sedegad qaabas taZari mniSvnelovnad dazianda,
xolo Savi qva samad gaipo. umaÁÁanTa armiis wasvlis Semdeg ‘abd al-láhma xelaxla
aaSena qaaba da gaafarTova is. 693 wels ‘abd al-láh ibn az-zubaÁris ganadgurebis
Semdeg, qaabas Tavdapirveli saxe daubrunes, romelsac faqtobrivad dRemde
inarCunebs. 929 wels meqa daikaves karmatebma, romelTac gaitaces Savi qva da
mxolod 20 wlis Semdeg daabrunes. 1630 wels ganxorcielda qaabas sruli
restavracia. TandaTan qaabas garSemo aigo mravali Senoba, maT Soris muslimTa
mazhabebis kaTedrebi, romlebic daangries 1924 wlis oqtomberSi, roca ‘abd al-
‘azãz ibn sa‘ådma Tavisi armiiT daipyro meqa. man gaaerTiana yvela mlocveli erTi
imamis xelmZRvanelobis qveS sxvadasxva mazhabebisadmi maTi kuTvnilebis miuxedavad.
1979 wlis 20 noembers masjid al-Ðarámi da qaaba xelT igdo muslimi
eqstremistebis jgufma (“axali ixvanebi”), romelTac xelmZRvanelobda juhaiman b.
muhamad al-‘uTaibi. man mahdid gamoacxada am moZraobis religiuri lideri —
muhamad b. ‘abd al-lah al-kahtani. 1979 wlis 3 dekembers saudis arabeTis mTavrobis
jarebma ieriSiT aiRes meCeTi da gaanadgures meamboxeebi.
al-qaaba zeciuri qaabas miwier gamovlinebad miiCneva. dRes qaabas simaRle
15 da safuZveli 12X10 m-a. misi kuTxeebi ganlagebulia daaxloebiT qveynis oTxi
mxaris mimarTulebiT. aRmosavleTis kuTxes ewodeba “Savi kuTxe” (ruqn al-asvad, an
ubralod ar-ruqn). aq 1,5 m. simaRleze Cadgmulia Savi qva (arab. al-hajar al-asvad)
— alahis Zlierebis simbolo da am adgilidan marmarilos qvafenilze (matáf),
romelic gars artyia qaabas, piligrimebi iwyeben ritualur Semovlas - taváfs.
aRmosavleTis kuTxeSi Cadgmulia kidev erTi qva, romelsac “ubednieresi” (al-hajar

63
al-as‘ad) ewodeba da piligrimebi mas mxolod xeliT exebian, ar kocnian.
CrdiloeTis kuTxes ewodeba “erayisa” (ruqn al-‘irákã); dasavleTisas - “siriisa”
(ruqn aS-Sámã), xolo samxreTisas - “iemenisa” (ruqn al-Áamanã). taZris oTxive
kedelze aris Savi gadasafarebeli (qisva)94, romlis kalTebic miwazea damagrebuli
spilenZis rgolebiT. Riaa mxolod CrdiloeTis mxare, sadac wylis Casadinaria da
Crd.-dasavleTis, sadac aris qaabas karebi miwis zedapiridan daaxl. 2 m-is
simaRleze. roca taZarSi Sedian, karebs kibes adgamen. Crd.-dasavleTis kedelTan
aris naxevradwriuli TeTri marmarilos kedeli (al-®atãm), romliTac
gadatixrulia al-hijri, igive hijr al-ismá‘ãli - adgili, sadac piligrimebi ar
Sedian tavafis dros. gadmocemiT, aq dakrZalulia arabTa mamamTavari ismaili da
dedamisi hajari (agari). Savi qvis mopirdapire mxaresaa zamzamis wminda wyaro
qaabas SigniT aris sami xis sveti, romlebsac eyrdnoba saxuravi.
Camokidebulia oqrosa da vercxlis farnebi. iataki da kedlebi sxvadasxva feris
marmariloTia mopirkeTebuli. aq inaxeba yuranis mravali nusxac, romelTagan erT-
erTi ganekuTvneba VII saukunes.
qaabaSi Sesvla SeuZlia saudis arabeTis mefes an mis warmomadgenels,
sxvadasxva muslimuri qveynebis diplomatiuri misiis xelmZRvanelebs da umaRles
religiur avtoritetebs. me-20 saukunidan damkvidrda qaabas Sida nawilis gawmenda.
hajis dasrulebis Semdeg, zu-l-hijas Tvis bolos, qaabas ganwmendis rituali
sruldeba, romelSic monawileobs meqis didi Sarifi, mmarTveli da sxva
avtoritetebi, maT Soris ramdenime piligrimi. Tavdapirvelad iwmindeba zamzamis
wyliT, Semdeg vardis wyliT da bolos apkureben keTilsurnelebebs.
qaaba iyo da dRemde rCeba mniSvnelovan centrad da msoflios muslimTa
erTianobis simbolod. mis siwmindes da gansakuTrebul rols aRiarebs islamis
yvela mimdinareoba.

2. muslim wmindanTa saflavebi /mazari, maShadi/

mazari. sakulto nagebobebs ganekuTvneba mavzoleumi [mazár — adgili, romelsac

moinaxuleben] — piligrimobis obieqti, muslimi wmindanis saflavi (kabr, mr.r.
kubår). arab. sityva makraba (an makbura, makbira, mikbira, makbar da makbur) niSnavs
sasaflaos. es sityva yuranSi damowmebulia mxolod mravlobiTis formiT – makábir
[CII :2]. misi sinonimebi jabbána, madfan da turba ar aris moxseniebi wminda wignSi.
termini ziÁára aRniSnavs mociqulebis, wmindanebis (avliÁá’), Siit imamTa da sxva
wmindanTa (valã) saflavebisa da relikviebis molocvas. ziÁáras praqtika
SedarebiT gvian Camoyalibda islamSi “wmindanTa kultis” warmoSobasa da
ganviTarebasTan kavSirSi. Tavdapirveli islami uaryofda yovelgvar Tayvaniscemas
(Savi qvis garda), radganac kerpTayvanismcemlobad Tvlida. Tumca ukve adreul
islamSi pativs miagebdnen RvTismosav adamianebs, WeSmarit morwmuneebs, romelTac
ewodebodaT valã (mr. r. avliÁá’ — “axloblebi” ; aqedan warmodgeba agreTve “ahl
al-vilaÁa” — “[RmerTTan] axlos myofni”, “wminda adamianebi”). TandaTanobiT,
muslimTa warmodgenebSi valã ubralo RvTismosavi adamianidan gadaiqca wmindanad,
romelic aris Suamavali RmerTsa da xalxs Soris, aris RvTaebrivi madlis
matarebeli da RmerTis (alahis) winaSe morwmuneTa qomagia. islamSi wmindanebs ukve
adreuli xanidan miawerdnen saocrebaTa niWs. muslimi hagiografebi asaxeleben
wmindanTa “saocrebebis” 20 saxes, maT Soris “Tatavvur” (arab. “cvlileba”) —
sxvadasxva saxisa da formis miRebis SesaZlebloba, agreTve “iÐÁá’ al-mavT” —
micvalebulTa gacocxleba, saSiSroebisagan daxsna, avadmyofobisagan gankurneba da
sxv. wmindanTa Soris mamakacebis gverdiT Tayvans scemdnen RvTismosav qalebsac,
magram islamSi (iseve rogorc qristianobaSi) wminda qalebi gacilebiT naklebi iyo,
vidre mamakacebi. Tumca wmindanTa kulti viTardeboda rogorc xalxuri rwmena da

94 yovel wels piligrimobis dros, roca Zvel gadasafarebels xsnian qaabas banå SaÁbas
movaleobaa misi daWra patara nawilebad, romelsac yidian piligrimebze rogorc relikvias.

64
ar iyo aRiarebuli da dakanonebuli religiuri avtoritetebis mier. Tavdapirvelad
Camoyalibda mociquli muhamadis kulti, romelsac miaweres mravali saocreba,
zebunebrivi Zliereba. “wmindanTa” Soris Semdeg moixseniebdnen: sxva mociqulebs;
“ahl al-baÁT”-s — ‘alãs, fátimas, Ðusains da hasans; muhamadis mimdevrebs; cnobil
RvTismetyvelebs; zogierT qristian wmindans, romelTac islami gansakuTrebul
pativs miagebda) wminda giorgi, RvTismSobeli mariami da sxv. arabTa dapyrobebma
saTave daudo “wamebulTa” (“sarwmunoebisaTvis omSi” daRupil meomarTa) kults.
gansakuTrebiT SiitebTan da xarijitebTan.
sunitma ‘ulamebma, romlebic islamis siwmindis damcvelebad gamovidnen,
ziÁára “siaxled” (bid‘a) gamoacxades, radganac amis Sesaxeb ar aris moxsenieba arc
yuranSi da arc sunaSi. hadisTa kanonikur krebulebSi (IX s.) gakicxulia
micvalebulTa datireba, saflavebis monaxuleba (ziÁáraT al-kubår) da saflavebze
locvis aRvlena. mag., ibn Ðanbalma (gard. 855 w.) Tavdapirvelad akrZala yuranis
deklamireba samgloviaro ceremoniis dros, magram Semdeg azri Seicvala. Tumca
ziÁára dagmobilia hanbalitur ‘akãdebSi (dogmatur krebulebSi), ibn TaÁmiÁÁas
(gard. 1328w.) TxzulebebSi, religiur praqtikaSi, da vahabitTa naSromebSi. X
saukunis Sua wlebamde mociqulis saflavi ar iyo molocvis obieqti, xolo ‘alãs
dakrZalvis adgili ar iyo cnobili. amis paralelurad, ukve IX s.-is bolos
dafiqsirebulia mavzoleumebis (kubba) da meCeTebis mSenebloba ashabTa da cnobil
muslim mecnierTa saflavebze. ibn TaÁmiÁÁa ganasxvavebda mwvaleblur ziaras (az-
ziÁára al-bid‘iÁÁa), romelic dakavSirebulia warmarTebTan, qristianebTan da
iudevelebTan da kanonieri ziaras (az-ziÁára aS-Sar‘iÁÁa), romelic mowonebuli iyo
mociqulis mier. is agreTve miuTiTebda, rom qristianta da iudevelTa sasaflao ar
SeiZleba mdebareobdes morwmuneTa sasaflaos axlos. cnobili Teologi al-
Razálã (gard. 1111w.) Siitur tradiciebze da mociqulis sunaze dayrdnobiT (man
moinaxula Tavisi dedis saflavi), dasaSvebad miiCnevda saflavebis molocvas da
micvalebulTa moxseniebas.
Teologebi Seecadnen wmindanTa kultisaTvis iseTi forma miecaT, rac ar
iqneboda yuranisa da islamis moZRvrebis sawinaaRmdego. maT mohyavdaT aseTi hadisi:
“is, vinc aris wmindanis (valã) winaaRmdegi, is Riad ucxadebs oms alahs”.
Teologebi xazs usvamdnen, rom wmindanebs TviTon ar SeuZliaT saocrebebis Cadena,
magram maTi saSualebiT moqmedebs alahi, romelsac saocrebis Casadenad SeuZlia
airCios ara mxolod sulieri arseba (adamiani), aramed usulo sagani. mag., saflavi,
relikvia da sxv. amasTan saocrebebi, Cadenili alahis mier mociqulebis
saSualebiT (radganac alahma daakisraT maT es udidesi misia), aRemateba wmindanTa
saSualebiT ganxorcielebul saocrebebs. samociqulo saocrebebi aRiniSneba
terminiT — aÁa (“niSani”, “saswauli”), xolo wmindanTa saswaulebi terminiT —
qaramáT (“wyaloba”; zmna “qaruma” niSnavs “iyo keTilSobili, guluxvi”; aqedan
“sahib al-qaramaT” − “saswaulTmoqmedi”). Sesabamisad, fakihebi mkacrad
ganasxvavebdnen “wmindanTa” saswaulebs misnobis, jadoqrobisagan (siÐr) da
saflavebis molocvas kerpTayvanismcemlobisagan.
“wmindanTa” kulti swrafad ganviTarda X s-is bolodan, raSic
gansakuTrebuli roli iTamaSa sufizmma da masTan dakavSirebulma sufiurma
saZmoebma. ziÁára Cveulebriv xorcieldeba gansvenebulTa dabadebis dRes (mavlid)
da mimdinareobs rogorc religiuri dResaswauli. iTvleba, rom muslimi wmindanis
saflavTan (mazár) locviTa (ori raqaTi sruldeba) da misTvis xelis SexebiT
piligrimi RvTis locva-kurTxevas iRebs. ziÁáras dros kiTxuloben yuranis
sxvadasxva surebs (gansakuTrebiT fáTiÐa-s), gars uvlian saflavs, rTaven mas xis
totebiTa da feradi naWrebiT, gacemen mowyalebas, wiraven msxverpls da a.S.
zogierT sasaflaoze, mag. karáfaze kairoSi, marxvis dReebSi yuranis kiTxvas Tan
axlavs ziqri − alahis ritualuri moxsenieba, romelsac sufiebis msgavsad
simRerisa da dolebis cemis TanxlebiT asruleben. muslims, romelsac ar SeuZlia
imamTa saflavebis mosalocad wasvla, unda wavides udabur adgilas, an avides
maRali saxlis saxuravze, mibrundes saxiT meqisaken (kibla) da warmoTqvas
specialuri misalmeba — ziÁára-náma.
wmindanTa saflavebze Cveulebriv iyo mavzoleulebi, meCeTebi, derviSTa
sadgomebi (záviÁa), romelTac didi Semosavali hqondaT piligrimebisa da
RvTismlocvelebisagan.

65
 islamSi (sunizmSic da SiizmSic) gaCnda vrceli hagiografiuli
literatura — mociqulTa, imamTa da wmindanTa cxovreba da sapiligromo
literatura (quTub az-ziÁáráT) — erTgvari “gzis maCvenebeli” wminda adgilebSi.
amgvari literaturis nimuSi gaxda sirieli asketis da piligrimis ‘alã b. abã baqr
al-haravãs (gard. 1215 w.) — “qiTáb al-iSáráT ilá ma‘rifa-z-ziÁáráT” (“megzuri
cnobili molocvis adgilebze”). es naSromi SemdgomSi safuZvlad daedo SemdgomSi
Sua saukuneebis sapiligrimo literaturas da regionalur istorias. Seiqmna calke
sapiligrimo literatura qalaqebisaTvis —kairo, damasko, alepo, qufa, najafi da
sxv. es naSromebi ZiriTadad Sedgeba ori nawilisagan: pirveli nawili eZRvneba am
qalaqebis Rirsebebs (faÇá’il), xolo meore — sapiligrimo adgilebis (mazáráT),
wmindanTa saflavebis aRweras.

maShadi. arab. maShad, spars. meShed aris adgili, sadac dakrZalulia Sahidi —
sarwmunoebisaTvis daRupuli pirovneba. am terminiT aRiniSneba islamSi yvelaze
ufro sapativsacemo adamianebis: muhamadis naTesavebis, mimdevrebis, Siiti imamebis,
cnobili religiuri moRvaweebis, wmindanTa (avliá’) saflavebi. SiitTaTvis
gansakuTrebuli religiuri datvirTva aqvs piligrimobas Siit imamTa da maTi
ojaxis wevrebis saflavebze. am TvalsazrisiT medinasTan erTad maShadi, qarbala,
najafi da yumi wminda adgilebs warmoadgenen. arsebobs azri, rom zogierTi
gansakuTrebiT pativcemuli imamis, Saixis da sxva wmindanis saflavebis (mag.
najafSi ‘alãsa da qarbalaSi ÐusaÁnis saflavebisa) moxilva SeiZleba gauTanabrdes
meqaSi “mcire piligrimobas” (‘umra). Siituri tradiciis Tanaxmad, ÐusaÁnis saflavis
molocva qarbalaSi ‘arafas dRes “utoldeba 1000 did piligromobas (hajj), 1000
mcire piligrimobas da 1000 samxedro laSqrobas mociqulTan erTad”. ziÁáras
dros Siitebs asruleben specialur locvebs, romlebic moicavs yuranis garkveuli
surebis wakiTxvas, Semdeg morwmuneni marjvena da marcxena loyaTi exebian miwas da
warmoTqvamen wyevlas ‘alãs mtrebis winaaRmdeg.
sunitebisagan gansxvavebiT arc erTi Siiti Teologi ar ewinaaRmdegeba
ziaras. moxilvis CatarebisTvis Siitebs gaaCniaT specialuri saxelmZRvaneloebi
(qiTáb az-ziÁáráT, qiTáb al-mazár, an manásik), romlebic Sedgenilia cnobili
Teologebis mier [al-Ðasan b. ‘alã al-qåfã (gard. 838/39w.); ibn kålåÁa (978/79w.); aS-
Saix al-mufãdi (gard. 1022w.) da ibn dávåd al-kummã (gard. 978 an 989w.)].
SiizmSi yvela imami wmindanad ganixileba da maT saflavebs
yovelwliurad moinaxuleben Siitebi. “mTavari wamebuli” an wamebulTa winamZRoli
aris al-ÐusaÁn b. ‘alã. pirveli imami ‘alã dakrZalulia najafSi.

imam ‘alãs maShadi an-najafSi. gadmocemiT ‘alãm anderZi daibara, rom is

daekrZalaT beduinTa tradiciis Sesabamisad — misi gvami aqlemisaTvis miebaT,
aqlemi gaeSvaT udabnoSi da sadac is daiCoqebda, iq daekrZalaT. es moxda qufidan
10 km-ze. saflavze [maShad ‘alã] aris borcvi, aqedan warmodgeba qalaq najafis
saxelwodeba. aq ‘alãs saflavze meCeTi pirvelad aSenda 977 wels buveiani
mmarTvelis ‘a«ud ad-daulas mier. mogvianebiT is ganadgurda xanZrisagan da
xelaxla aaSena 1086 wels selCukma sultanma maliq-Sáh I-ma (1072-1092). meCeTi
mTlianad mooqrovilia, xolo gumbaTze tradiciuli naxevarmTvaris nacvlad aris
‘alãs xeli. meCeTs aqvs ori minareTi. meCeTis ezos centrSi aris ‘alãs mavzoleumi,
romlis kedlebi naxevramde mopirkeTebulia marmariloTi, xolo zeda nawili
morTulia ornamentebiT da oqros asoebiT aris Sesrulebuli yuranis citatebi.
meCeTSi aris ori saganZuri, sadac inaxeba Zvirfaseuloba: piligrimTa
saCuqrebi; iSviaTi margalitebi; briliantebi; uZvirfasesi Taiguli 24 yvavilisagan,
TiToeulSi aris 9 margaliti, didi lali da zurmuxti; iaraRi Zvirfasi qvebiT;
didi WaRi sufTa oqrosagan, romelic axla Camoxsnilia; sparsuli xaliCebis
koleqciaSi yvelaze Zvirfasi xaliCa, sigrZe — 92 m., sigane — 1,8 m. misi
Rirebuleba daaxl. 2,5 mln. dolaria; yvelaze Zvirfasi yurani, ‘alis xeliT
gadawerili.
‘alãs meCeTSi ar daiSvebian aramuslimebi. najafSi yovelwliurad aTi
aTasobiT Siiti piligrimi Cadis. yoveli Siiti sapatiod Tvlis ‘alãs saflavis
axlos daikrZalos. amis gamo an-najafSi aris erT-erTi udidesi sasaflao eraySi,
sadac Siiti micvalebulebi dasakrZalad CamoyavT sazRvargareTidanac.

66
 al-káûimaÁnSi, baRdadis axlos aris me-7 da me-9 imamebis — al-káûimis da al-
javádis saflavebi (maShadi); samaraSi (sámarrá’) dakrZalulia me-10 da me-11 imami —
al-hádã da al-‘asqarã. me-8 imami ‘alã ar-riÇá dakrZalulia sanábadSi, romlis
garSemoc gaSenda qalaqi maShadi. sxva imamebis saflavebi da mociqulis
qaliSvilis fátimas saflavi aris medinaSi, al-bakã‘-s (bakã‘ al-Rarkad an jannaT
al- bakã‘) sasaflaoze. Siitebi imamebTan erTad pativs miageben maT Svilebsac
(vaJebs da qaliSvilebs — imámzáda da saÁÁida an bãbã). imámzádas Soris yvelaze
cnobilia saÁÁid muÐammadis (‘alã al-hádãs vaJi) maShadi baladSi, samaras
samxreTiT da Sáh ‘abd al-aûãm al-ÐusaÁnãs raÁÁSi; mociqulis ojaxis (ahl al-baÁT)
qali-wmindanebis saflavebs Soris sayovelTaod cnobilia saÁÁida zaÁnab binT
‘alãs da saÁÁida rukaÁÁa binT al-ÐusaÁnãs damaskoSi; saÁÁida zaÁnabis da nafãsas
kairoSi. bãbã fátimas, måsá al-káûimis qaliSvilis — yumSi; me-12 imamis dedis —
narjis xáTånis da me-10 imamis ‘alã al-hádãs qaliSvilis — Ðaqãmas saflavebi
samaraSi. amis garda, Siitebi moilocaven cnobil Siit swavlulTa da sufi
Saixebis saflavebs.
hajisagan gansxvavebiT am wmindanTa saflavebis molocva xdeba nebismier
dros, magram aris specialuri dReebi an Tveebi, romlebic ufro rekomendebulia.
mag., kairoSi saÁÁida nafãsas saflavis molocva xdeba rajabis TveSi. maShadSi ar-
riÇás saflavis molocva rekomendebulia zu-l-ka‘das TveSi. gamonakliss
warmoadgens ziÁára qarbalaSi, al-®usaÁn b. ‘alãs saflavze, romlis molocvac
‘áSårá’s (glovis aTdRiuri) garda rekomendebulia yovel xuTSabaT saRamos.
sufiebisTvis maTi wmindanebis saflavTa monaxuleba meditaciisa da RvTis
wyalobis Ziebis wyaroa. Crd. afrikaSi ziara cocxali sufi Saixebis moxilvacaa.
mociqulebTan, imamebTan da wmindanebTan mWidrod aris dakavSirebuli maTi
relikviebis (asár, mx. r. asr — “narCenebi, niSnebi, Zeglebi”) Tayvaniscemac. islamSi
gavrcelebuli iyo wmindanTa relikviebiT (samosi, samlocvelo xaliCebi,
fexsacmeli, Calma da sxv.) vaWroba.

imam ®usaÁn b. ‘alãs maShadi qarbalaSi. ÐusaÁni dakrZalulia nejefidan 80 km.-Si —

q. qarbalaSi. saxelwodeba qarbala [qarbalá’] momdinareobs gamoTqmidan — karb al-
ilaha (RmerTebis axlos), an al-kurb va-l-balá’ (mwuxareba da ubedureba). ÐusaÁnis
dakrZalvis adgilas (kabr al-®usaÁn) gaSenda meCeTi — masjid al-®usainiia (daaxl.
684 w. aaSena muxTár b. abã ‘ubaÁd as-sakafãm, gard. 687w.), romelsac aqvs oqros
maRali gumbaTi. masze dgas 2 patara minareTi da frialebs Savi droSebi trauris
niSnad. meCeTis ezos SuaSi aris ÐusaÁnis mavzoleumi — maShad al-®usaÁni,
romelsac moilocaven piligrimebi. misi aSenebis TariRi cnobili ar aris, magram
is iTvleba pirvel maShadad.
pirvelad, 65/684-5 wels, sulaÁmán b. íuradma (‘alãs mimdevari) moinaxula
ÐusaÁnis saflavi Tavis mimdevrebTan erTad da darCa iq erTi dRe da Rame [at-
tabari, II, 545]. rodesac qarbala piligrimobis adgilad gadaiqca, is cnobili
gaxda rogorc “maShad al-®usaÁn”. xalifa al-muTavaqilma 236/850-1 wels gaanadgura
saflavi da minaSenebi da akrZala wminda adgilebis monaxuleba mZime sasjelis
muqariT. Tumca ibn Ðaukali 366/977 wels moixseniebs did mavzoleums ÐusaÁnis
saflavze, romelsac mis dros xSirad moinaxulebdnen piligrimebi. 979-80 wels
buveianma mmarTvelma ‘a«ud ad-daulam ori wminda adgili — maShad ‘alã da maShad
al-®usaÁni Tavisi specialuri mfarvelobis qveS moaqcia. 1016 wels xanZris Sedegad
daiwva meCeTis gumbaTi, magram male aRadgines. ÐusaÁnis saflavze piligrimobas
asrulebda mravali muslimi mmarTveli: selCuki maliq Sáhi (1086-7w.), ilxani Rázáni
(1303w.), sultani sulaÁmáni (1534-5w.), sefianTa dinastiis Sahebi da sxva. 1215/1801 wels
q. qarbala daangries vahabitebma (12000), daxoces daaxl. 3 000 mcxovrebi, daangries
ÐusaÁnis mavzoleumic, gansakuTrebiT daazianes meCeTis minareTi da gumbaTi.
gadmocemiT, swored gumbaTSi saidumlod inaxeboda mdidari erayeli da iraneli
Siitebis Sewirulobebi, magram mZarcvelebma samalavs ver miagnes. mTeli
msoflios Siitebma miiRes monawileoba ÐusaÁnis meCeTis aRdgenaSi.
ÐusaÁnis meCeTis irgvliv uamravi saflavia ÐusaÁnis naTesavebis da misi
momxreebis, vinc daiRupa qarbalas tragediis dros. meCeTis gareT kedlebze aris

67
droSebi sami feris: mwvane, Savi da wiTeli. mwvane — tradiciuli islamis feri;
Savi — ‘abasiani xalifebis droSis feri, rac miRebul iqna maT mier trauris
niSnad daRupili ‘alãs STamomavlebis gamo. wiTeli feri — droSis feri,
romliTac ibrZoda al-ÐusaÁnis razmi. aq aris ÐusaÁnis naxevarZmis — ‘abbásis
meCeTic.

damatebiTi literatura

1. jafariZe g. Tanamedrove siria (ix.:damaskos omaianTa meCeTi).Tb., 1984.

2. Вендель Таня ал-Харири. Симболы ислама. Пер. с нем. СПб., 2005.
3. Веймарн Б., Каптерева Т., Подольский А. Искусство арабских народов. М., 1960.
4. Гольдциэр И. Культ святых в исламе (Мухаммеданские эскизы). М., 1938.
5. Ибн Джубайр. Путешествие. Пер. с арабского, вступительная статья и примечания
Л. А. Семеновой, М., 1984. (gv. 46-68, 81-101 − qaaba).
6. Низовский А. Ю. У Истоков Мировых Религий. Москва, 2002.
7. Осипов Д., Медведко С. Вся Сирия. М., 1995.
8. Jairazbhoy R. A. An Outline of Islamic Architecture. Printed in India, 1972.

Tavi V

islamuri dResaswaulebi da rituali

1. hijris kalendari

cnobilia mTvarisa da mzis hijris kalendrebi [al-Takvãm al-hijrã].

mTvaris kalendari gavrcelebulia axlo da Sua aRmosavleTis umetes muslimur
qveyanaSi, mzisa — iranSi, avRaneTsa da TurqeTSi. xalifa umar I-is dros, 638 wels
hijra (622w.) gamocxadda muslimuri welTaRricxvis dasawyisad95. Tumca axali

95 638 wlamde moqmedebda welTaRricxva, romelic iwyeboda 570 wels — spilos wels.

68
welTaRricxvis sawyis dRed aRebul iqna ara uSualod muhamadis medinaშi Casvlis
TariRi (8 an 12 rabã‘ al-avval = 20 an 24 seqtemberi 622w.), aramed axali wlis
pirveli Tvis — mu®arramis pirveli dRe, romelic Seesabameba 622 wlis 16 ivliss.
arabuli kalendari, semituri kalendrebis umetesobis msgavsad, drois aTvlas
awarmoebda mTvaris fazebis monacvleobiT. Sesabamisad, Tve moicavda periods or
axalmTvareobas Soris. didi xnis ganmavlobaSi axalmTvareobaze dakvirveba
warmoebda SeuiaraRebeli TvaliT, mogvianebiT ki es xorcieldeboda astronomiuli
gamoTvlebiT, romelSic arab mecnierebs didi warmatebebi hqondaT.
muslimuri mTvaris kalendriT weliwadi Sedgeba 12 Tvisagan. Tveebi an 29
dRiania an 30 dRiani. misi Cveulebrivi weliwadi Sedgeba 354, xolo nakiani - 355
dReRamisgan da daaxl. 11 dReRamiT moklea kalendarul mzis weliwadze, rac
mzismieri wlis 1/33-ia; 33 mTvarismieri weli daaxl. 32 mzismieri wlis Tanabaria. es
arTulebs TariRebis gaigivebas am or kalendarSi. kidev ufro rTulia mTvare-
mzismieri kalendari, romelic iTvaliswinebs mzis xiluli wliuri moZraobis
SeTavsebas mTvaris fazebis monacvleobasTan. Zvelad aseT kalendars xmarobdnen
babilonSi, CineTSi da sxva. mTvarismieri kalendari ufro Zvelia, radganac mTvaris
fazebis monacvleobis SemCneva ufro advilia, vidre mzis irgvliv dedamiwis
garemoqceviT gamowveuli sezonuri cvlilebebisa. islamamde qinánas tomis
prerogativa iyo dakvirveba kalendarze da mTvaris kalendris moyvana mzis
kalendarTan SesabamisobaSi. isini mimarTavadnen e. w. “Camatebas” (nasã’). es iyo
Zveli arabuli Cveuleba, romelic iTvaliswinebda zu-l-hijjas Tvis Semdgom
drodadro erTi Tvis Camatebas96. amis Sesaxeb ucxadebdnen hajize Sekrebil
piligrimebs. Tumca ar aris cnobili ramdenad xSirad xdeboda droebiTi
Camatebebi. muslimurma istoriulma tradiciam Semogvinaxa mxolod misi gakicxva.
yuranma akrZala es praqtika (IX:37).
hijris kalendris dReebi 11-12 dRiT naklebia sayovelTaod gavrcelebul
grigorianuli kalendris dReebze. vinaidan mTvaris kalendari moZravia, misi Tveebi
ar Seesabameba sezonebs da wlis sxvadasxva dros modis. hijris wlebis gadayvana
grigorianulze da piriqiT, SeiZleba specialur formulebis, tabulebis an
specialuri cxrilebis (i. orbelis, anda v. cibulskis avtorobiT) saSualebiT.

Tveebis arabuli saxelwodebebi

1. muharami (mu®arram)
2. safari (íafar)
3. rabi al-avali (rabã‘ al-avval).
4. rabi as-sani (rabã‘ as-sánã an rabã‘ al-áxir)
5. jumada l-ula (jumádá-l-ålá)
6. jumada l-axira (jumádá-l-áxira)
7. rajabi (rajab)
8. Sabani (Sa‘bán)
9. ramadani (rama«án)
10. Savali (Savvál)
11. zu l-ka‘da (zu-l-ka‘da)
12. zu l-hijja (zu-l-hijja)

yuranis mixedviT [IX:36] oTxi Tve aris wminda anu “akrZaluli” (®arám), roca
omi ar aris daSvebuli. es Tveebia: rajabi, zu l-kada, zu l-hijja da muharami.
islamma winaislamuri xanidan miiRo tradicia, romlis Tanaxmadac dReebis
aTvla iwyeba mzis Casvlisas. aTvlis es meTodi emyareba im faqts, rom axali
mTvare Tvis dasawyisSi Cans mzis Casvlisas. amis gamo, kvira iwyeba SabaT saRamos,
orSabaTi - kvira saRamos da a.S. kviris yvela dRe atarebs saxelwodebas misi
Sesabamisi rigobiTi ricxviTi saxelis mixedviT. iwyeba “pirveli dRiT” (iavm al-
á®ád), rac Seesatyviseba Cvens kviras. specialuri saxelwodebebi aqvs mxolod
paraskevs (Áavm al-jum‘a) da SabaTs (Áavm as-sabT) ebraelTa SabaTis analogiiT.

96 zogierTi yuranis komentatoris Tanaxmad, islamamdeli arabebi yovel meoTxe weliwads

nakianad acxadebdnen da erT Tves umatebdnen.

69
 arsebobs hijris mzismieri kalendaric, romelic oficialurad gamoiyeneba
iranSi (1925 wlidan). misi aTvla, iseve rogorc hijris mTvarismier kalendarSi,
xdeba 622 wlidan. hijris mzismieri kalendris Cveulebrivi weliwadi Sedgeba 365,
xolo nakiani - 366 dRisgan. amJamad hijris mzismieri kalendriT 1377 welia,
romelic daiwyo 1998 w. 21 marts da dasruldeba 1999 w. 20 marts.
dRes muslimur qveynebSi gavrcelebulia grigorianuli kalendari. mTvaris
kalendars muslimebi iyeneben TavianTi religiuri dResaswaulebis
gansazRvrisaTvis da oficialuri dokumentebis daTariRebisaTvis.

1428 — 2007 wlis 20 ianvari

1429 — 2008 wlis 10 ianvari
1430 — 2008 wlis 29 dekemberi
1431 — 2009 wlis 18 dekemberi
1432 — 2010 wlis 7 dekemberi
1433 — 2011 wlis 26 noemberi
1434 — 2012 wlis 15 noemberi

2. islamuri dResaswaulebi

pirveli dResaswauli (‘‹d) moawyo mociqulma muhamadma Tavis mimdevrebTan

da naTesavebTan erTad 624 wels, badrTan brZolaSi gamarjvebis Semdeg. muslimebi
TavianTi religiuri dResaswaulebis gansazRvrisaTvis da oficialuri
dokumentebis daTariRebisaTvis iyeneben mTvaris kalendars.
kanonikuri dResaswaulebi
islami da muslimuri samarTali scnobs or kanonikur dResaswauls: ‘‹d al-
aÇ®a, romelic ukavSirdeba hajis dasrulebas da ‘‹d al-fitr, romelic aRiniSneba
marxvis dasaruls.
‘‹d al-aÇ®a (arabebTan cnobilia agreTve rogorc ‘‹d al-qab‹r - didi
dResaswauli; Turq. yurban-bairami) — msxverplSewirvis dResaswauli. is aris
hajis ritualis nawili, iwyeba piligrimobis bolo dRes, zå-l-hijjas Tvis 10
ricxvSi da grZeldeba 3-4 dRe. dResaswaulis mTavari ritualia sisxliani
msxveplis (Cveulebriv cxvari, xari, Txa an aqlemi) Sewirva97. piligrimebi
msxveplSewirvis rituals asruleben minas dablobze. Tumca, msxverplSewirva
tardeba mTel islamur samyaroSi. islamuri samarTali uSvebs msxverplSewirvas
urwmunoTa qveynebSic, yvelgan sadac SeiZleba iyvnen muslimebi.
es dResaswauli saTaves iRebs bibliuri siuJetidan — mociqul ibrahimis
mzadyofna, msxverplad Seewira Tavisi vaJi, isaaki. Tumca bibliur isaaks muslimur
gadmocemaSi cvlis ibrahimis ufrosi vaJi ismaili.
islamamde arabeTis naxevarkunZulze samsxverplo cxovels gansakuTrebul
niSans ukeTebdnen imis aRsaniSnavad, rom is ukve RvTaebas ekuTvnis da msxverplis
Sewirvis adgilamde ase miiyvandnen xolme. islamma mTlianad gadmoiRo es wesi.
muslimma, romelic msxverpls swiravs, 3-jer unda warmoTqvas Taqb‹r, basmala, isev
samjer Taqb‹r, ¹aláT an-nab‹, mibrundes saxiT meqisaken (kibla) da sTxovos alahs
msxverplis miReba. Tu cxoveli aRTqmulia, mTeli xorci nawildeba Raribebze.
Cveulebriv, xorcis 1/3 nawili xmardeba sadResaswaulo sufras98. dResaswaulis win
muslimuri qveynebis qalaqebSi ewyoba saqonlis bazrobebi. saudis arabeTSi,
sparseTis yuris qveynebSi, sadac adgilobrivi mesaqonleoba ver akmayofilebs
moTxovnas, aTasobiT cocxali pirutyvi SemoyavT avstraliidan da axali
zelandiidan. Sesawir cxovels ar unda hqondes xiluli nakli. erTi cxoveli

97 muslimuri moZRvrebis Tanaxmad, yovelma adamianma sikvdilis Semdeg saiqioSi unda

gaiaros bewvis xidze (íirát). vinc msxverpls Seswiravs, is saiqioSi msxverplad Sewirul
pirutyvze Sejdeba da bewvis xidze advilad gaivlis.
98tradiciulad samsxverplo cxovelis xorci iyofa sam nawilad: sakvebad da
gamaspinZlebisaTvis, meore — Sesanaxad, mesame nawili urigdebaT axloblebs, mezoblebs,
uqonelebs da gaWirvebulebs.

70
SeiZleba Sewirul iqnes mTeli ojaxis saxeliT. rodesac alahis mociquli
msxverpls swiravda, ambobda: “es (msxverplSewirva) Cemgan, Cemi ojaxisagan da
imaTgan Cemi Temidan, vin ver SeZlo msxerplis Sewirva”. Sesazlebelia agreTve
erTi cxovelis Sewirva 7 ojaxis saxeliT.
dResaswaulis ritualSi Sedis specialuri locva —¹aláT al-‘‹daÁn99,
romelic Sedgeba ori raqaTisagan da iTvaliswinebs ufro meti Taqbirebis
warmoTqmas. locvis win aucilebelia sruli ganwmedis aqtis Sesruleba — Rusl.
sadResaswaulo ritualidan gamoricxulia azani da ikama. maT nacvlad warmoiTqmis
ufro Zveli formula: “as-salaT jami‘aTan” rac niSnavs “locva — erTad”. locvis
Semdeg meCeTSi an specialur Ria moedanze (namazgah)100 ikiTxeba xutba, romelic
iwyeba alahis da misi mociqulebis SeqebiT, msxverplSewirvis mniSvnelobis
ganmartebiT. mxolod sadResaswaulo locvis Semdeg sruldeba msxverplSewirvis
rituali.
dResaswaulis dros miRebulia megobrebTan stumrad misvla, axali
tanisamosis Cacma, saCuqrebis gacema, axloblebis saflavebis monaxuleba. am dros
bazarSi ar vaWroben.
mravali muslimi msxverplSewirvas cvlis fuladi SenataniT meCeTSi, rac
Seesabameba cxovelis Rirebulebas. ufro RvTismosavi muslimebi dResaswaulis
dadgomamde 10 dRe marxuloben.
‘‹d al-fitr [an ‘‹d as-saRir - mcire dResaswauli; Turq. quCuk-bairam, uraza-
bairam an Seqer-bairam] — gaxsnilobis dResaswauli, romelic ukavSirdeba marxvis
dasrulebas. dResaswauli iwyeba Savvalis Tvis pirvel ricxvSi, mzis amosvlis
Semdeg da grZeldeba 3 dRe. am dResaswaulis dawyebis win ojaxis yvela wevrma
unda gadaixados “zaqaT al-fitr”101 an “¹adaka al-fitr”, rac ikribeba meCeTSi da
urigeben Rarib-Ratakebs mowyalebis saxiT.
dResaswaulis ritualSi Sedis savaldebuli saerTo locva, xutba,
sadResaswaulo sufra, megobrebTan stumroba, saCuqrebis gacema, axali tanisamosis
Cacma, sadResaswaulo bazrobebi da winaparTa saflavebis monaxuleba, maTi morTva
yvavilebiT da palmis totebiT. TurqeTSi miRebulia agreTve tkbileuli darigeba,
saidanac warmodgeba dResaswaulis saxelwodeba _ “Seqer-bairam” (“tkbili
dResaswauli”).

arakanonikuri dResaswaulebi
mavlidi, mavlid an-nab‹, an m‹lád an-nab‹ (mavlid102 - dabadebis dro,
dabadebis adgili) — muhamadis dabadebis dRisadmi miZRvnili dResaswauli. mavlid
an-nab‹ aRniSnavs agreTve muhamadis dabadebis adgils — saxls meqaSi (dRes såk al-
laÁl), romelic iyida xaizuranma (g. 789), harun ar-raSidis dedam da salocav
adgilad gadaaqcia. mravali piligrimi moinaxulebs am adgils hajis dros
medinaSi mociqulis saflavTan erTad. muhamadis dabadebis zusti TariRi ar aris
cnobili. suniti muslimebi mavlids zeimoben muhamadis gardacvalebis dRes —
muslimuri kalendriT 12 rabã al-avvali. Siiti muslimebi mavlids aRniSnaven 17
rabã‘ al-avvalSi, rac ukavSirdeba SiitTa meeqvse imamis — ja‘far as-sadikis
dabadebis dRes.
mavlidis pirveli aRniSvna dafiqsirebulia fatimianTa egvipteSi, daaxl. 1100
wels. is aRiniSneboda sasaxleSi, iseve rogorc ‘alis, fatimas da mmarTveli

99 es aris erToblivi locva, romelic sruldeba mzis amosvlidan 40 wuTis Semdeg.

dResaswaulebis winamavali ramdenime dRe da Rame meCeTebSi eTmoba ziqris Sesrulebas.
100 musallá (locvis adgili; spars. namazgah) Tavdapirvelad iyo meCeTis sinonimi, Semdeg ki
adgili, sadac warimarTeba saerTo locva dResaswaulebis dros. Cveulebriv musalla aris
Ria adgili qalaqgareT, sadac dResaswaulebis dros gamohqondaT minbarebi. XIV-XVI ss. did
qalaqebSi musallas hqonda kedeli mihrabiT, farduli sapativsacemo adamianebisaTvis da
qvis an aguris minbari. Sua aziaSi arsebobda XX saukunemde. muhamadis dros sadResaswaulo
locvas sruldeboda medinis gareT da mas eswreboda qalaqis yvela mcxovrebi: mamakacebi da
qalebi, mozardebi da bavSvebi, moxucebulebi da axalgazrdebi.
101 “zaqaT al-fitr” Seadgens daaxl. 2 kg.-is odenobiT sursaT-sanovages (xorci, finiki,
banani, qiSmiSi da sxv.) an mis eqvivalents. am zaqaTi daniSnuleba aris adamianebis ganwmenda
da ara qonebis. amitom am gadasaxads ixdis ojaxis yvela wevri.
102 mavlidi aRniSnavs agreTve wminda imamebis, sufi Saixebis dabadebis an sikvdilis
TariRebisadmi miZRvnil dResaswauls.

71
xalifas mavlidi. am periodSi es iyo ZiriTadad Siiti mmarTveli klasis
dResaswauli. mogvianebiT aris cnoba misi sazeimod aRniSvnis Sesaxeb muûaffar ad-
dãnis (salá® ad-dãnis siZe) mier, q. irbilSi (zemo mesopotamia) 604/1207-8 wels. am
dResaswauls eswrebodnen RvTismetyvelebi, sufiebi, mqadageblebi, yuranis
mkiTxvelebi da poetebi baRdadidan, mosulidan, al-jaziradan, nisibinidan da
sparseTidan. dResaswaulSi monawileobdnen cnobili momRerlebi, Crdilis Teatris
msaxiobebi da musikosebi. dResaswauli dasrulda aRlumiT da sazeimo
gamaspinZlebiT. osmaleTis imperiis sulTanma murád III-m daawesa am dResaswaulis
aRniSvna sasaxlis karze 1588 wels, xolo mogvianebiT mavlidi gamocxadda
osmaleTis imperiis oficialur dResaswaulad.
muslimi Teologebis erTma nawilma (mag. hanbalitma ibn TaimiÁam) mavlidi
Tavdapirvelad miiCnia “siaxled” [bid‘a], rac ewinaaRmdegeba islamur principebs da
ar iyo praqtikaSi arc muhamadis da arc misi uaxloesi mimdevrebis dros. Tumca
avtoritetul kanonTmcodneTa SeTanxmebuli gadawyvetilebiT (ijma) mavlidi
gamocxadda “mowonebul siaxled” [bida‘ hasana]. dResac mavlidis aRniSvnas mravali
mowinaaRmdege hyavs: vahabitebi, egvipteli modernistebi, indoeTis muslimebi
(deobandis seqta).
dResaswaulis dros ikiTxeba qadageba meCeTebSi, sruldeba locva muhamadis
sapativsacemod, gaicema mowyaleba, gansakuTrebuli yuradReba eTmoba legendarul
gadmocemas muhamadis Sesaxeb [al-isrá’ va-l-mi‘ráj]. aucilebelia mociqulisadmi
miZRvnili panegirikebis [mavalid — poemebi muhamadis dabadebisa da religiuri
moRvaweobis Sesaxeb] deklamireba. yvelaze ufro xSirad ikiTxeba mavalidi,
romelic dawerilia arabul enaze ja‘far b. ®asan bazanjãs (g. 1765) mier.
mkvlevarTa azriT, mavlidi warmoiSva qristianuli dResaswaulis — Sobis
gavleniT. mraval qveyanaSi imarTeba sazeimo svla anTebuli CiraRdnebiT da
mociqulis dedis — áminas gamosaxulebebiT.
Tanamedrove muslimuri qveynebis umetesobaSi mavlidi saxelmwifo
dResaswaulia.
al-isrá’ va-l-mi‘ráj [“Ramis mogzauroba da amaRleba”] — mociqul muhamadis
RamiT mogzauroba meqidan ierusalimSi, romelic dasrulda meSvide caze
“amaRlebiT”. yuranSi naTqvamia, rom alahma RamiT gadaiyvana Tavisi mona (muhamadi)
meqis wminda meCeTidan (masjid al-®arám) uSores meCeTSi (masjid al-ak¹á), romlis
garSemo adgili akurTxa alahma [17:1].
muslimuri gadmocemebi dawvrilebiT aRwers mociqulis am mogzaurobis
detalebs: erTxel RamiT, roca muhamads eZina qa‘abas maxloblad (an Tavisi
biZaSvilis umm hanis saxlSi), mas gamoecxada mTavarangelozi jabraili, Sesva
frTosan cxovelze — al-burak da waiyvana ierusalimSi. gzad maT moinaxules
hebroni da beTlemi. ierusalimSi buraki daeSva morias mTaze, sadac muhamadi
Sexvda Zvel winaswarmetyvelebs — ibrahims, musas, isas da uxelmZRvanela
sazogado locvas (ori raqaTi). iqve angelozebma mkerdi gaupes da guli ganubanes
muhamads. Semdeg man datova buraki ierusalimSi da jabrailTan erTad gaiara Svidi
ca: pirvelze TviTon adamma gauxsna “zeciuri kari”; meoreze is Sexvda mociqulebs
— iahias da isas; mesameze — iusufs; meoTxeze — idriss; mexuTeze — haruns
(aaroni); meeqvseze — musas; meSvide caze — ibrahims. amis Semdeg muhamadi wardga
alahis zeciur taxtTan da alahma daudgina muslimebs 5 savaldebulo locva
dReSi. imave Rames al-burakma daabruna muhamadi meqaSi. am legendarulma
gadmocemam, romelic RvTiuri gamocxadebis Sedegad Seiqmna, muhamadis mimdevarTa
da muslim RvTismetyvelTa azrTa sxvadasxvaoba gamoiwvia. swored am epizodis gamo
ierusalimi gaxda islamis mesame wminda qalaqi.
muhamadis Ramis mogzauroba TariRdeba 621 wlis 27 rajabiT (an 17 ramadaniT). es
dRe aRiniSneba xalifa ‘abd al-maliqis droidan, romelic Seecada piligrimobis
gadatanas ierusalimSi. misi mmarTvelobis periodSi meqa emorCileboda ‘abd al-
láh ibn az-zubaÁrs, ris gamoc ‘abd al-maliqi xels uwyobda yovelwliurad kubbaT
as-saxras monaxulebas, rasac unda Seecvala haji. muslimuri qveynebis umetesobaSi
“miraji” aris religiuri da saxelmwifo dResaswauli.
laÁlaT al-kadr — “Zlierebis Rame”, romelsac eZRvneba yuranis 97-e sura. es
dResaswauli aRiniSneba ramaÇánis Tvis 27 ricxvSi, roca muhamads gardmoevlina
zecidan pirveli zeSTagoneba. Tumca, dResaswaulis zust TariRTan dakavSirebiT

72
azrTa sxvadasxvaobaa. amdenad, miRebulia ramaÇánis Tvis bolo aTi dRis
ganmavlobaSi muslimebma kenti Rameebi miuZRvnan RvTismosaobas. sunitebi
upiratesobas aniWeben 21, 23 25, 27, 29 ricxvebs, xolo Siitebi 19, 21, 23 ramaÇáns.
tradiciis Tanaxmad, muhamadma daadgina, rom es Rame unda modiodes erT-erT kent
ricxvze. muslimTa nawili am aTi dRis manZilze ganmartovdeba meCeTSi da
gamudmebiT asrulebs RvTismsaxurebas (i‘Tiqáf)103. am wminda Rames alahi
gansakuTrebiT keTilganwyobilia morwmuneTa Txovnebis mimarT, dedamiwaze
daSvebuli angelozebi locaven morwmuneebs. amitom isini did dros atareben
meCeTSi — kiTxuloben yurans da asruleben damatebiT locvebs. iTvleba, rom am
Rames alahi winaswar gansazRvravs adamianTa beds momavali wlisaTvis locvaSi mis
mier gamoTqmuli survilebisa da Txovnis gaTvaliswinebiT. yuranis “ganCinebis
suris” mixedviT, swored erT-erT am Rames daiwyo yuranis zegardmovlena da
swored am RamiT gardmoxdebian zeciT angelozni RvTiuri suliTa da brZanebiT
dedamiwaze, raTa uflis nebiT adamianTa bediswera daadginon. es imas niSnavs, rom
keTil saqmeTa aRsruleba keTil nayofs gamoiRebs, xolo ukeTur saqmeTa Cadenis
Sedegi siave iqneba. amitomac yvela adamiani fxizlad unda iyos, rom wuTisoflisa
da zesTasoflis es wesebi yuranisa da wminda gadmocemebis meSveobiT Seityos. amis
gamo “laÁlaT al-kadr” ganmartebulia agreTve, rogorc “bedisweris, gangebis,
ganCinebis” Rame. cnobili Teologis al-Razalãs Tanaxmad arsebobs 15 Rame, romlis
drosac rekomendebulia locva survilebis aRsrulebisaTvis.
laÁlaT al-bara’a [arab. “Seqmnis Rame”; spars. Sab-i baraT] — “ganTavisuflebis
(codvebis Sendobis) Rame”, aRiniSneba Sa‘banis Tvis 15 ricxvSi104. Zveli arabuli
kalendriT swored am Tveze modioda zafxulis bunioba, saidanac iwyeboda axali
wlis aTvla. am dros miRebuli iyo gardacvlilTa moxsenieba, gamosasyidi
msxverplis mitana, marxvis dacva, raTa axali weli daewyoT codvebis gareSe.
laÁlaT al-bara’a aris saxalxo dResaswauli, romelmac SeinarCuna warmarTobis
xanis axali wlis mravali rituali. xalxuri rwmeniT, Sa‘banis Tvis 14-dan 15-mde
RamiT xdeba sicocxlis xis Serxeva, romlis foTlebzec weria yvela cocxali
adamianis saxeli. is adamiani, romlis saxelic weria Camovardnil foTlebze,
gardaicvleba wlis bolomde. am Rames alahi eSveba “umdables caze”, raTa
Seisminos locvebi da Seundos morwmuneT codvebi. laÁlaT al-bara’as dros
miRebulia gansakuTrebuli locvebis aRvlena micvalebulTa sulebisaTvis da
codvaTa SendobisaTvis, aRTqmis dadeba, mowyalebis gacema, bavSvebisaTvis
tkbileulis (xalva) darigeba, SuSxunebis srola, bazrobebis gamarTva,
avtoritetul muslimTa saflavebis monaxuleba. muslimTa umravlesoba icavs
ordRian damatebiT marxvas (13-dan 15 Sa‘banamde).
Siituri rwmeniT, swored 255/868 wlis 15 Sa‘bans daibada meTormete imami
— muÐammad al-mahdã.
‘aSårá’ [arab. meaTe dRe] — glovis aTdRiuri SiitTa mesame imamis, al-ÐusaÁn b.
‘alãs mosaxsenieblad, romelic daiRupa qarbalasTan (erayi) hijriT 61 wlis
muÐarramis 10 ricxvSi (680w. 10 oqtomberi). samgloviaro dReebi grZeldeba
muÐarramis Tvis pirveli aTi dRis ganmavlobaSi da kulminacias aRwevs 10 muharams.
‘aSårá’s ZiriTadi rituali aris religiuri misteria — Ta‘ziÁa (“datireba”),
romelSic warmodgenilia al-ÐusaÁnis tragikuli daRupvis istoria. Siituri
tradiciiT, gansakuTrebuli samgloviaro “Sekrebebi” (majalis) daiwyo uSualod
al-ÐusaÁnis mkvlelobis Semdeg. Ta‘ziÁas tradiciis damkvidrebaSi mniSvnelovani
roli iTamaSa “momnaniebelTa” (Tavvábån) moZraobam. al-ÐusaÁnis naTesavebma pirveli
“datireba” moawyes misi mkvlelobidan me-40 dRes, rodesac isini damaskodan
medinaSi brundebodnen. omaianTa dros al-ÐusaÁnis da misi axloblebis
yovelwliuri moxsenieba xdeboda medinaSi Siiti imamebis saxlebSi. swored am
periodSi dadginda Ta‘ziÁa-s tradicia. es iyo garkveulwilad protestis forma
xelisuflebis “uzurpatorTa” winaaRmdeg. ‘abasianebma politikuri mosazrebebis

103 es Cveuleba asocirdeba berebis asketizmTan. TviTon mociquli am aT dRes atarebda

medinis meCeTSi. aqedan gamomdinare, hadisebis Tanaxmad, i‘Tiqáf aucileblad unda
Sesruldes mTavar meCeTSi (jámi‘)
104 X-XI ss-Si Sa‘banis Tvis 14-dan 15-mde Rame (“laÁlaT al-kadr”-Tan erTad), iTvleboda
agreTve “bedisweris Ramed”. al-Razalãs Tanaxmad, arsebobs 15 Rame, romlis ganmavlobaSic
rekomendebulia locvebi survilebis asrulebisaTvis.

73
gamo dauSves samgloviaro “Sekrebebis” sajarod Catareba. Tumca xalifa al-
muTavaqilis dros (847-861), romelic atarebda antiSiitur politikas, al-ÐusaÁnis
saflavi ganadgurda (850w.), xolo Ta‘ziÁa aikrZala. buveianTa mmarTvelobis dros
eraySi Ta‘ziÁa-m miiRo oficialuri dResaswaulis statusi. 963 wels baRdadSi
pirvelad sazeimod aRiniSna Ta‘ziÁa.
iranSi da eraySi Ta‘ziÁa ewyoba meCeTebis, medreseebis ezoebSi da specialur
SenobebSi (Taqiia, ®usaÁnia)105, sadac idgmeba karvebi, romlebSic Tavsdeba sakaceebi
mowameTa simboluri cxedrebiT. Ta‘ziÁa iwyeba mola-rouzexanis (mas acvia Savi
xalaTi da axuravs Savi Calma) qadagebiT, mas mosdevs ymawvilTa gundis simRera da
samgloviaro procesia — azá, romelsac Tan axlavs morwmuneTa TviTgvema da sami
nawilisagan Sedgeba: pirvelSi monawileoben Sav perangebSi Cacmuli muslimebi,
romlebic mkerdSi muStebis icemen; meoreSi (azá zanáj‹r) monawileoben Sav grZel
perangSi Cacmuli muslimi mamakacebi, romlebic tanze (mxrebze da zurgze) irtyamen
jaWvebs, ixeven perangebs da sxeulis nawilebs iseraven danebiTa da xanjlebiT
(zanáj‹r). mesame procesiaSi — azá kamat (kimatr) monawileoben muslimebi,
romlebmac aRTqma dades, rom Seasrulon rituali. maT gadaparsuli aqvT Tavi
(Sublidan kefamde farTo zoli) da grZeli xmliT iyeneben Wrilobebs, sisxli
saxeze CamosdiT da ase agrZeleben msvlelobas. TiToeul procesias mihyveba
winamZRoli — hádi, romelic xmamaRla mouTxrobs Sekrebil morwmuneebs qarbalas
tragediis da husainis mowameobrivi sikvdilis Sesaxeb. morwmuneni imeoreben mis
mier warmoTqmul frazebs. idgmeba Teatralizebuli warmodgenebi, sadac aRwerilia
husainis razmis gza medinidan eraySi. al-ÐusaÁnis, misi Zmis ‘abbásis da sxva
mowameTa rolebs asruleben profesionali msaxiobebi106. al-ÐusaÁnis mkvlelebis —
xalifa Éazãdis (680-683) da misi samxedro razmis winamZRolis Simris saxelebi
SiitebTan gaxda wyevlis sinonimi. msvlelobas Tan axlavs sayvirebis xma da ismis
SeZaxilebi: “Sah husain, vah husain”! anu Sahid (mowame) husain, vah-husain! aqedan
warmodgeba aSuras sxva saxelwodebac — Sah-sei, vah-sei.
Tavdapirvelad ‘aSårá’ da masTan dakavSirebuli ritualebi mkacrad
ganikicxeboda hanbalitebis mier. Sua saukuneebis baRdadi muÐarramis Tvis
dasawyisSi araerTxel gamxdara mwvave eTnokonfesiuri dapirispirebis adgili.
dRes ‘aSårá’ aRiniSneba TiTqmis yvela muslimur qveyanaSi (gansakuTrebiT, iranSi,
eraySi, bahrainSi, pakistanSi, indoeTSi, avRaneTSi, libanSi). iranSi, sadac Siizmi
saxelmwifo religiad gamocxadda 1501 wels, mistikuri Teatralizebul
warmodgenebi yovelwliurad imarTeboda da masSi sazogadoebis yvela fena
monawileobda. yajarTa dinastiis mmarTvelobis dros (1779-1924) aSenda specialuri
Teatrebi Ta‘ziÁas saCveneblad mTeli wlis ganmavlobaSi: specialurad
momzadebuli msaxiobebi asrulebdnen “kargi adamianebis” (imamebi, fátima binT ‘alã)
da “boroti adamianebis” (umaÁÁanebi) rolebs. reza Sah fehlevis (1925-1945) dros
oficialurad aikrZala quCis procesiebi da religiuri misteriebi, rogorc
“retrogradobis” gamoxatuleba. aRdga iranis islamuri revoluciis (1979w.) Semdeg.
qarbalaSi, sadac dakrZalulia ÐusaÁni, muÐarramis Tve aris glovis da mwuxarebis
Tve, quCebSi gamofenilia samgloviaro droSebi. iq Cadis aTasobiT piligrimi, raTa
monawileoba miiRos samgloviaro ritualebSi. piligrimebi moixilaven agreTve
SiitTa wminda qalaqebs — najafs, samaras, maShads, yums. es samgloviaro
ceremoniali Tavisi SinaarsiTa da gaformebiT Siituri islamis religiuri da
politikuri ideebis propagandis efeqturi saSualebaa. amis gamo eraySi sadam
ÐusaÁnis mmarTvelobis (1979-2004) dros, mravali wlis manZilze akrZaluli iyo
‘aSårá’s aRniSvna.
ramaÇáni — erT-erTi wminda Tve. is muslimuri mTvaris kalendris
erTaderTi Tvea, romelic moxseniebulia yuranSi. islamamdel arabeTSi, rogorc
amas mowmobs yurani, meqaSi arsebobda tradicia es Tve mieZRvnaT RvTismosavi
saqmeebisaTvis. ramaÇáni aris moTminebis, morCilebis, patiebis, alahisadmi
Tayvaniscemis, codvebisagan ganwmendis Tve. muslimebisaTvis Zalian mniSvnelovani,
sadResaswaulo dRea am Tvis bolo paraskevi (jum‘aT-ul-vida‘). ramaÇáni aris

105 pirvelad X saukuneSi baRdadSi, alepoSi da kairoSi gaCnda specialuri saxlebi

(®usaÁnia), sadac tardeboda Ta‘ziÁa.
106 zogierTi mkvlevari Tvlis, rom sparsuli Teatris daarseba saTaves swored am
misteriebidan iRebs. poeziaSi Camoyalibda Ta‘ziÁa-s Janri.

74
RvTiTkurTxeuli Tve, radganac alahis wyaloba (baraqa) uaxlovdeba adamianebs.
gansakuTrebiT axlos aris is 27 ramaÇánis Rames (laÁlaT al-kadr). gadmocemiT, am
wminda Tveze modis mravali TariRi, romlebic ukavSirdeba mniSvnelovan istoriul
movlenebs adreul islamSi. 6 — ÐusaÁn b. ‘alãs dabadebis dRe. 10 — xadãjas
dabadebis dRe. 17 — badrTan brZolis dRe. 19 — meqis aRebis dRe. 21 — ‘alãs
mowameobrivi aRsasrulis dRe. 22 — ‘alãs dabadebis dRe. ramaÇánis TveSi yuranis
kiTxvas gansakuTrebuli yuradReba eqceva.

muslimuri axali weli — muslimuri dResaswaulebis ricxvs xSirad miakuTvneben

novruzs, magram mas ara aqvs pirdapiri kavSiri islamTan. novruzi (navråz, navruz-
novruz-bairami (spars. axali weli) — axali weli mzis kalendriT, romelic
emTxveva gazafxulis buniobas. is aRiniSneba mzis kalendriT farvardinis Tvis
pirvel dRes, xolo grigorianuli kalendriT, 21-22 marts. gadmocemiT, daawesa
sparseTis legendarulma mefem jemSidma. sparsulenovani xalxebi sazeimod
aRniSnavdnen mas islamamdel epoqaSi, xolo mogvianebiT SeiZina islamuri elferi.
arabma xalifebma dapyrobili sparselebisagan aiTvises, gaavrceles igi yvelgan da
mdidrulad dResaswaulobdnen. amJamad novruzi aris mxolod iranuli tomebis
dResaswauli da aRiniSneba ZiriTadad iranSi, avRaneTSi, TurqeTSi. kavkasiaSi
navruzs dResaswauloben mxolod Siitebi.
novruzis tradiciuli rituali iwyeba gazafxulis pirveli yvavilebis
gamoCeniT. bavSvebi yvavilebiT xelSi Semoivlian saxlebs da simRerebiT ulocaven
axali wlis da gazafxulis dadgomas. am dResaswaulis dros icvamen axal samoss,
amzadeben sadResaswaulo tkbileuls — sumanak (alaos xalva): dResaswaulamde 15
dRiT adre iwyeba xorblis an qeris gaRiveba, Semdeg gamowuraven da aduReben wvens
fqvilTan da SaqarTan erTad. kargad ganaTebul saxlSi awyoben specialur
sadResaswaulo sufras (xaft-sin), sadac aucileblad unda iyos 7 produqti,
romelTa saxelwodeba farsis enaze iwyeba sin-iT (hafT sãn): sabzã — gaRivebuli
xorbali, sãr - niori, sãb - vaSli, sirka - Zmari, sumák - kowaxuri, sinjãd - veluri
zeTis xili, samanå - kamfeti. magidaze dgamen sarkes, mis orive mxares sanTlebs
anTeben, romelTa raodenoba unda Seesabamebodes ojaxis wevrTa ricxvs da TavisiT
unda Caiwvas, deben yuransac. sadResaswaulo sufraze unda iyos agreTve puri,
WurWeli wyliT, xili, nigozi, mamali, Tevzi, rZe, yveli. iTvleba, rom ojaxis yvela
wevri axali wlis Rames unda Seikribos saaxalwlo sufris irgvliv. sasurvelia
Tu ojaxis pirveli stumari mamakaci iqneba. saRamos, mzis Casvlis win kocons
anTeben da xtebian rigrigobiT. xalxuri rwmeniT, am gziT isini gaTavisufldebian
yovelgvari avadmyofobis, ubedurebis, codvebisagan. novruzis dros ewyoba
sayovelTao seirnoba, sadResaswaulo bazrobebi, sadac vaWroben suvenirebiT,
tkbileuliT da erovnuli kerZebiT. Tavis xelovnebas warmoaCenen saxalxo
momRerlebi da musikosebi, akrobatebi, oinbazebi, komikosebi. axali wlis momdevno
sami-oTxi dRis manZilze miRebulia megobrebTan stumroba, saCuqrebis gacema.

3. muslimuri wes-Cveulebebi

winadacveTa. termini — xiTán aRniSnavs orives, vaJebis da gogonebis winadacveTas.

Tumca es procedura qalebSi aRiniSneba agreTve terminiT xifá« an xaf«107. yuranSi
es sityva ar gvxvdeba, magram ixsenieba islamamdel poeziaSi da hadisebSi.
winadacveTa saerTo semitur movlenaTa rigs ganekuTvneba. ebraelTa garda,
romlebTanac winadacveTa sakralur xasiaTs atarebda da savaldebulo religiur
rituals warmoadgenda, is praqtikaSi iyo sxva xalxebTanac. es Cveuleba praqtikaSi
iyo egvipteSi, jer kidev faraonebis dros. biWebisa da gogonebis winadacveTa

107 es procedura farTod iyo gavrcelebuli jibutSi da egvipteSi, magram Sesabamisi

kanoniT aikrZala 1995-1997 wlebSi.

75
gavrcelebuli iyo winaislamur arabeTSic. erTi gadmocemiT, ibrahimma 80 wlisam
winadaicviTa, sxva gadmocemiT ki es moxda maSin, roca 13 wlisa iyo. mis
mniSvnelobas aZlierebs is gadmocema, romlis Tanaxmadac mociquli winadacveTili
daibada.
muslim kanonmdeblebs Soris azrTa sxvadasxvaobaa winadacveTis wesTan
dakavSirebiT. is savaldebulod (vájib) aRiares Safiitebma, xolo sxva iuridiulma
skolebi mas sunad miiCneven. am wesis Sesruleba rekomendebulia (musTa®abb) bavSvis
dabadebidan meSvide dRes an 13 wlamde periodSi. islamuri samarTlis mixedviT,
mSoblebs, naTesavebs da axloblebs ekisrebaT pasuxismgebloba Cautaron biWebs
winadacveTa srulwlovanebamde. am tradiciis warmoSobas erTni ukavSireben
islamadel tradicias — msxverplad SeewiraT RmerTisaTvis sxeulis nawili.
sxvebi miiCneven mas vaJkacobis gamocdad. aris versia dakavSirebuli klimatur
pirobebTan, demografiul problemebTan da pirad higienasTan.
Sua saukuneebSi fatimianebi ufliswulebis, taxtis memkvidreebis
winadacveTasTan dakavSirebiT did dResaswaulebs awyobdnen. mag. al-kaimma brZana
951w. aReweraT mxedarTmTavrebis da jariskacebis vaJebi, monaTa Svilebis CaTvliT
q. kairavanSi da sxva qalaqebSi, raTa winadaecviTaT da daejildovebinaT isini.
aRmoCnda maTi raodenoba 10 000-ze meti da dResaswauli 17 dRes gagrZelda.
TiToeuli dResaswaulis monawile iRebda saCuqars 100 dinaridan 100 dirhamamde,
misi rangis Sesabamisad.
winadacveTis proceduras atarebs dalaqi an qirurgi. amJamad winadacveTa
Cveulebrivi movlenaa islamur qveynebSi da ganixileba rogorc islamisadmi
kuTvnilebis simbolo.

muslimuri samosi (libás, mr. r. lubus). muslimi mamakaci unda dadiodes

Tavdaxuruli, xolo qali valdebulia ucxo Tvalisagan saburveliT daifaros saxe
da sxeuli.
Ðijábi (“zRude”, “tixari”, “farda”) aris krebiTi saxeli islamuri samosis
sxvadasxva saxeobisa, rogoricaa saburveli, Cadri, faranja, romliTac muslimi
qali saxlidan gasvlisas saxes da sxeuls ifaravs. arab. Ðijáb (momdinareobs
zmnidan Ðajaba − “damalva sxvisi xedvisagan”) aRniSnavs Cadrs an sagans, romelic
icavs qals sxvisi xedvisagan, an gancalkevebas anda karCaketilobas. Tumca, yuranSi
ar aris naTeli miTiTeba muslimi qalebisadmi, rom iyvnen karCaketilni TavianT
saxlSi an ataron Cadri. karCaketilobisa da CadriT dafarvis kanonizireba moxda
muslimi egzegetikosebis mier.
Cadri da karCaketiloba ar aris wminda islamuri movlena. abraamistuli
erTRmerTianobis tradicia gansakuTrebul yuradRebas uTmobs morwmune qalis
garegnul saxes. qalis sxeulis dafarva ucxo Tvalisagan, “swori Cacma” yovelTvis
iyo qalis siwmindisa da umankoebis simbolo, Cadri uZvelesi droidan qalis
morTulobisa da Cacmulobis aucilebel atributs warmoadgenda. magram es wesi
ucxo iyo islamamdeli arabebisaTvis, Cadris Cveuleba muslimebTan gavcelda
mezobeli bizantiidan da sparseTidan. Ðijábis tareba jer evalebodaT muÐamadis
colebs, Semdeg ki Tavisufal (aramxeval) muslim qalebsac. am wesis Camoyalibebas
didi dro dasWirda.
arsebobs Ðijábis ramdenime saxeoba: Savi an zogjer sxva feris mosasxamebi
mTeli sxeulisaTvis da TavisaTvis (ximár) anda mxolod saxisaTvis: Tvalebamde
saxis qveda nawilis damfaravi pirbade (lisám), specialuri bade TvalebisaTvis
naxvretebiT, Savi naxevradgamWvirvale TavSalebi da sxva. hadisebSi dafiqsirebulia
saburvelis Semdegi saxeobebi: sxeulisaTvis _ jilbáb, liÐáf, milÐafa, izár, dir‘a;
Tavisa da kisrisaTvis _ ximár, burku‘, kiná‘, mikna‘a, nikáb.
yuranSi da hadisebSi gansazRvrulia agreTve moTxovnebi qalis samosTan
dakavSirebiT: aucilebelia, rom sxeulis yvela nawili, agreTve Tma, saxis da
xelis mtevanis garda dafaruli iyos; tansacmeli unda iyos gaumWvirvale;
Casacmeli unda iyos qalis samosis kategoriidan da ara mamakacis; tansacmels ar
unda hqondes sunamos an raime mZafri aromati.
islamuri aRorZinebis procesi − an-nahda, romelic farTod gavrcelda
islamur samyaroSi XIX s.-is bolos da XX s.-is dasawyisSi, Seexo qalTa

76
emansipaciasac. Cadris tarebaze uaris Tqma gaxda muslimur qveynebSi
demokratiisaTvis brZolis erT-erTi lozungi da es sakiTxi dResac mZafri
polemikis sagans warmoadgens. konservatorebi Ðijábs acxadeben islamuri eTikis
erT-erT aucilebel elementad.
‘imáma − Calma, muslimi mamakacis Tavsaburabi, romelic Sedgeba qudisagan da
masze Semoxveuli qsovilisagan. mis aRsaniSnavad gamoiyeneba sxvadasxva
sityvebi:Turbani (spars. dålband), sarik (Turq.), Calma (rus.) da sxva. Calmis tareba,
romelic iyo muhamadis Tavsaburavi, rekomendebulia hadisebiT, rogorc
religiurobis simbolo. fikhis TxzulebebSi detalurad aris ganmartebuli im
qsovilis feri (mag., Sarifebi atareben mwvane Calamas) da zoma, romlisaganac unda
damzaddes ‘imáma, rogor unda Semoixvion da riTi unda moirTos, vin SeiZleba
ataros da rodis, vis ekrZaleba misi tareba da visTvis aris rekomendebuli.
muslimi mamakacma is unda daixuros locvis dros da meCeTebis da saflavebis
monaxulebisas. muslimi mmarTvelebisa da moxeleebisaTvis ‘imáma gaxda
investituris simbolo. ‘imáma Seadgenda mniSvnelovan nawils sapatio samosis
(xil’a), romliTac mmarTvelebi ajildovebdnen maRal saxelmwifoebriv
Tanamdebobebze daniSnul muslimebs. XIX saukunesi daiwyo Calmis tarebis
tradiciis kritika da dRes TiTqmis yvela muslimur qveyanaSi ‘imámas atareben
ZiriTadad religiuri pirebi.

dakrZalvis wesi islamSi. terminiT janaza aRiniSneba micvalebulis dakrZalvis

wesi, gvami da dasakrZali sakace. muslimurma samarTlma SeimuSava wesebis mTeli
sistema, “muslimTa gadasaxlebis Sesaxeb imqveyniur cxovrebaSi”. dakrZalvis
savaldebulo wesebi Semdegia: sikvdilis moaxloebisas muslimma unda warmoTqvas
Sahada ise, rom saxiT meqisaken iyos mimarTuli da Tu es ar SeuZlia, maSin mas
Saháda yurSi unda CasCurCulon; micvalebuls uxuWaven Tvalebs, ukraven ybas,
muxlebs da gulze xelebs ukrefen; Tu fexmZime qali gardaicvala, marcxena mxares
unda gaWran, bavSvi amoiyvanon da Semdeg gakeron; gardacvlili unda ganibanos
(Rusl) 3-jer — pirvelad wyals ureven kedaris fxvnils, meored —kamforas,
mesamed — mxolod sufTa wyliT da usvamen kamforis zeTs. ganbanvas Cveulebriv
asruleben imave sqesis muslimebi. Tumca iyo gamonaklisebic. mag., xalifa ‘umar I-ma
anderZi daibara, rom ganbanvis rituali mis cols Seesrulebina; ganbanvis Semdeg
muslimis gvams axveven sudaraSi (kafan), romelic sami bambanarevi qsovilis
gadasafareblisagan Sedgeba. sasurvelia sudara iyos TeTri feris. Cveulebriv
daSvebulia nebismieri feri, wiTelis garda; gardacvlilze sruldeba specialuri
locva — íaláT al-mavT (yuranis 36-sura - “iasin” da 89-e suris bolo aiebi).
locvas warmoTqvams uaxloesi naTesavi an mmarTveli an cnobili religiuri
swavluli. akrZalulia locva TviTmkvlelis an urwmunos saxelze; gardacvlili
muslimi rac SeiZleba swrafad unda daikrZalos (dafn). diliT gardacvlils
krZalaven imave dRes, sasurvelia mzis Casvlamde, xolo mzis Casvlis Semdeg
gardacvlils ki - meore dRes. aucilebelia muslimi daikrZalos muslimTa
sasaflaoze108; dakrZalvis ceremonials qalebi ar eswrebian; saflavSi keTdeba niSi
da micvalebuls marjvena gverdze, saxiT meqis mimarTulebiT deben. saflavSi deben
agreTve qaRalds, romelzedac aris yuranis aiebi, radganac sikvdilis angelozebma
(munkari da nakãri) gardacvlilis dakiTxvamde icodnen, rom iq dakrZalulia
“morwmune” da ara “urwmuno”. dakrZalvis ceremonialis dros warmoTqvamen rwmenis
simboloebs; qalis saflavi unda iyos ufro Rrma, vidre mamakacis; islamuri
samarTali ar iwonebs did danaxarjebs saflavebis mdidrul gaformebaze,
micvalebulis datirebas, magram ar krZalavs; saflavis qvaze aRiniSneba
micvalebulis saxeli, dabadebisa da gardacvalebis TariRebi, aiebi yuranidan.
xSir SemTxvevaSi aris warwera: “aq ganisvenebs alahis msaxuri ....”; saflavis gaxsna
ikrZaleba. dasaSvebia mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu gardacvlili dakrZalulia
uzurpirebul an uwmindur adgilas; gardacvlilis axloblebma misi qonebidan

108ikrZaleba aramuslimis dakrZalva muslimTa sasaflaoze. Tumca islamuri samarTali

uSvebs gamonakliss: Tu muslimis coli — qristiani an iudeveli — gardaicvala da ar
arsebobs uaxloes teritoriaze maTi sasaflao, daSvebulia misi dakrZalva muslimTa
sasaflaoze. Tumca is unda daikrZalos ise, rom zurgiT iyos mimarTuli meqisaken.

77
unda gascen mowyaleba Raribebze; gardacvlilis moxsenieba xdeba me-3, me-7 da me-
40 dRes.
tradiciebSi moxseniebulia, rom muhamadma daawesa glovis vada axlo naTesavis
gardacvalebis SemTxvevaSi 3 dRe, xolo qvrivebis SemTxvevaSi - 4 Tve da 10 dRe.

damatebiTi literatura

1. znamenski b. warmarT arabTa zogierTi sakulto rituali da maTi gavlena

islamze. — kr. “jevanmardi”, IV, Tb., 1990, gv. 88-95.
2. nedospasova m. kvireulis dReTa tipologiisaTvis SabaTis kalendarul
sistemaSi. — axlo aRmosavleTi da saqarTvelo, II, Tb., 1999, gv. 183-194.
3. Акбулатов И. М., Булгаков Р. М. Праздники в исламе. Уфа, 1992.
4. Вендель Таня ал-Харири. Симболы ислама. Пер. с нем. СПб., 2005.
5. Ислам: основные направления, течения, секты, историческая хронология,
праздники. Составитель Т. Тожиддинов. М., 1988.
6. Ниязи А. Мусульманские праздники. М., 1990.
7. Цыбульский В. В. Современные календари стран Ближнего и Среднего Востока.
Синхронистические таблицы и пояснения, М., 1964.
8. Grünebaum G. E. Muhammadan Festivals. N.Y., 1951.
9. The Shia Remembrance of Muharram: An Explanation of the Days of Ashura and
Arba’eeb. − Military Review, March-April, 2007, 61-69.

78
 Tavi VI

yurani, sunna da hadisebi

1. yurani — muslimTa wminda wigni

yurani [arab. al-kur’án109 — xmamaRla kiTxva] — muslimTa wminda wigni,

alahis mier muhamadisadmi gardmovlenili gamocxadebebis krebuli110. is aris
religiuri kanonebis (SariaTis) pirvelwyaro, romelic moicavs muslimTa
cxovrebis yvela aspeqts.
muslimebisaTvis yurani aris alahis pirdapiri sityva, mimarTuli misi
mociqulisadmi, xolo am ukanasknelis saSualebiT — misi mimdevrebisadmi. es
sityvebi muhamads gadaecema angelozis saSualebiT, romelic airCia alahma am
misiisaTvis. yuranis Tanaxmad, muhamadi Cveulebrivi mokvdavia, romelsac ar
SeuZlia saocrebaTa Seqmna. mTavari saocreba, rac adasturebs mis samociqulo
misias, aris yurani.
muhamadis mier warmoTqmul sityvebSi did rols თamaSobda intonacia, xmis
modulacia, Jestebi, saxis gamometyveleba. Tanamedrove mkvlevrebi miuTiTeben, rom

109 TviTon sityva kur’án Tavdapirvelad iyo im ramdenime sityvaTa Soris, romlebiTac
muhamadi aRniSnavda misi qadagebebis Semadgenel calkeul, Cveulebriv mokle gamocxadebebs.
es sityva ixmareboda muhamadis mier iseTi sityvebis paralelurad, rogoricaa: ®adãs —
moTxroba, ®akk— WeSmariteba; såra — umniSvnelovanesi; áÁa — niSani, saocreba; Tanzãl —
gardmovlena; al-®iqma — sibrZne; al-furkán — gansxvaveba (WeSmaritebasa da tyuils
Soris): az-ziqr — gaxseneba [imisa, rac iyo adre gardmovlenili]. gamocxadebaTa ricxvis
gazrdasTan erTad yuranis teqstSi Cndeba termini “qiTáb” iudevelTa da qristianTa wminda
wignebis sapirispirod. bolos terminebi: áÁa, såra da kur’án iZens viwro terminologiur
mniSvnelobas. pirveli, rogorc yuranis teqstis dayofis ufro dabali safexuris
aRmniSvneli, meore — gardamavali safexuris aRmniSvneli, mesame — mTeli wminda wignis
aRmniSvneli. sityva kuran teqstSi gvxvdeba artikliT (al-kur’án) 50-jer da uartiklod —
16-jer.
110 zogierT evropel mkvlevarTa naSromebSi yurani gansazRvrulia rogorc “islamis
biblia”. Tumca mkvlevrebi amis sapasuxod xazs usvamen, rom yurani gansxvavdeba sxva
religiebis wminda wignebisagan. maTi ganmartebiT, yurani aris uSualo gamocxadeba, muhamadi
ki — mxolod misi pasiuri gadmomcemia. amdenad, maTTvis qristianobaSi yuranis analogi
aris qriste da ara biblia.

79
yurani rogorc literaturuli Zegli genetikurad dakavSirebulia preislamur
tradiciebTan da Seadgens axal etaps mis ganviTarebaSi.
yuranSi aisaxa rogorc warmarTuli samyaro, ise monoTeizmis, axali
socialuri institutebisa da eTikur-kulturuli normebis damkvidrebis procesi.
muhamadis qadagebaTa mTavari idea aris erTRmerTianoba. yuranSi alahi sicocxlis
pirvelsawyisi da samyaros Semoqmedia. mravalRmerTianoba yuranSi ganikicxeba da
sasjeli amisaTvis aris wameba “amqveyniur” da“imqveyniur” cxovrebaSi.
yurani aris klasikuri arabuli enis pirveli literaturuli Zegli. yuranma
didi gavlena moaxdina muslimuri samyaros kulturaze. islamamdeli poeziis
paralelurad man daaCqara erTiani saliteraturo enis Camoyalibeba da xeli
Seuwyo misi gramatikuli da stilisturi normebis damkvidrebas. man zegavlena
moaxdina arabuli filologiis, leqsikografiis da istoriografiis
Camoyalibebaze. yuranis interpretaciisa da misi leqsikis Seswavlis safuZvelze
ganviTarda muslimuri samarTlismcodneoba (fikhi), misticizmi (sufizmi),
spekulatiuri RvTismetyveleba (kalam). Camoyalibda agreTve specialuri
mecnierebebi yuranis kiTxvis Sesaxeb, yuranis komentarebze da sxva.

yuranis fiqsacia. wminda teqstis fiqsaciis istoria gagrZelda ramdenime saukune

da dakavSirebulia islamis istoriis mniSvnelovan movlenebTan.
muhamadis sicocxleSi yuranis teqsti zepirad gadaicemoda. iTvleba, rom
muhamadma ver moaswro miRebuli gamocxadebebis Sekreba, romelsac oficialuri
statusi eqneboda. arsebobs miTiTebebi imaze, rom mociqulma Tavisi moRvaweobis
periodSi daiwyo am samuSaos Sesruleba. mas surda Seedgina iudevelTa da
qristianTa msgavsi wminda wigni, magram samuSaos dasrulebamde gardaicvala. Tumca
gamocxadebebi Senaxul iqna misi mdivnebisa da mimdevrebis CanawerebSi. tradicia
gadmogvcems im muslimTa saxelebs, romelTac Sekribes muhamadis qadagebebi mis
sicocxleSi da misgan damoukideblad. maT Soris dasaxelebulia: ‘alã, sálima da
abå måsa, ‘usmán b. ‘affáni, xálid b. sa‘ãdi, ubaÁÁa b. qa‘bi. sxvadasxva wyaroebi
asaxeleben sxva pirebs, romlebic iwerdnen mociqulis gamocxadebebs111.
mociqulis mimdevrebma icodnen mravali gamocxadeba zepirad, yuranis
teqstebis nawils iyenebdnen RvTismsaxurebis mizniT. muhamadis sikvdilis Semdeg,
yuranis teqstis istoria dakavSirebulia muslimuri Temisa da saxalifos
cxovrebis mniSvnelovan movlenebTan. gadmocemiT, daaxloebiT 20 wlis manZilze,
yuranis teqstis 5 versia iqna Sedgenili.
xalifa abå baqris brZanebiT gaCnda e. w. aí-íu®uf al-baqriÁÁa, romelTa
Sekreba ganxorcielda muhamadis erT-erTi mdivnis — zaÁd b. sábiTis mier. abå
baqris gardacvalebis Semdeg yuranis nusxa gadaeca xalifa ‘umars, romelmac is
uanderZa Tavis qaliSvilis — Ðafías. am ukanasknelma ki gadasca ‘usmáns. islamis
gavrcelebam uzarmazar teritoriaze, regionaluri mmarTvelobis centrebis
Camoyalibebam warmoSva yuranis erTiani teqstis Sedgenis aucilebloba. muslimuri
wyaroebis Tanaxmad, swored meqaSi, medinaSi, damaskoSi, basrasa da qufaSi
warmoiSva teqstis gadacemis adgilobrivi tradiciebi. yuranis teqstebis es
variantebi gansxvavdeboda gamocxadebebis odenobiT da maTi ganlagebis
TanamimdevrobiT, calkeuli sityvebiT an gamoTqmebiT, zogierTi orTografiuli
TaviseburebebiT da sxv. is, vinc xelmZRvanelobda locvas am qalaqebSi, yurans
kiTxulobda iq gavrcelebuli variantis mixedviT.
xalifa ‘usmánis brZanebiT daiwyo wminda teqstis mTeli muslimuri
TemisaTvis erTiani redaqciis Sedgena. aseTi teqsti Sedgenil iqna 650-656ww.-Si
specialuri kolegiis mier, romelsac xelmZRvanelobda zaÁd b. sábiTi. yuranis
teqstis SedgenaSi zaÁdTan erTad monawileobda 3 cnobili meqeli: ‘abd al-láh b.
az-zubaÁri, sa‘ãd b. al-‘áíi da ‘abd ar-raÐmán b. al-Ðárisi. zogierTi mkvlevari
uaryofs am azrs. gadmocemiT, yuranis Sedgenis dros, dialeqtikuri gansxvavebis

111 dasaxelebulia daaxl. 42 adamiani, romlebic muhamadTan muSaobdnen mdivnebad

(gadamwerebad). maT Soris: abå baqri, ‘umari, zubaÁr b. ‘avvámi, ‘abd al-láh b. sa‘di, xálidi da
abani (sa‘ãdis Svilebi), ®anûala b. rabã‘, mu‘aikab b. abå fátima, ‘abd al-láh b. ravá®a, da sxv.
aris mosazreba, rom muhamadma piradad Sekriba alahis gardmovlenili mravali gamocxadeba,
daalaga isini gansazRvruli TanamimdevrobiT da misma mimdevrebma icodnen es
Tanamimdevroba da misdevdnen mas.

80
SemTxvevaSi upiratesoba unda miniWeboda arabuli enis meqis (kuraiSis) dialeqts.
teqsti daefuZna medinaSi SemorCenil erT-erT versias, sxva Canawerebis
gaTvaliswinebiT, romelTa sandooba dgindeboda ori mowmiT112. am etalonis (imám)
kopioebi medinidan daigzavna saxalifos mniSvnelovan politikur-administraciul
centrebSi (dasaxelebulia meqa, basra, qufa, damasko, zogjer egvipte da bahreini)113.
TiToeul teqsts gaayoles yuranis wamkiTxveli, romelmac zepirad icoda yurani.
xalifa usmanma brZana gaenadgurebinaT yvela kopio, romelic Seicavda gagzavnili
variantebisagan gansxvavebul teqsts. Tumca unda aRiniSnos, rom es teqstebi
erTdroulad ar ganadgurebula. yuranis erTiani teqstis saboloo Camoyalibeba
dakavSirebulia mZafr ideologiur diskusiebTan, romlebic mimdinareobda
muslimur sazogadoebaSi VIII-X ss.-Si.
Tumca ‘usmaniseuli teqstis (rasm ‘usmánã) gavrcelebam minimumamde daiyvana
yuranis teqstis variantuloba. yuranis teqstis Sedgenis pirvel etapze saubari
iyo ukve arsebuli diakritikuli niSnebis gamoyenebaze yuranis gadaweris dros,
xolo meore etapze _ grZeli da mokle xmovnebis aRniSvna da damwerlobis mTeli
rigi droebiTi elementebis dadgena. gramatika iqmneboda yuranis gamo da mas
eyrdnoboda.
yuranis teqstis unifikaciaSi mTavari roli iTamaSa yuranis mecnierebebSi
avtoritetma, ibn abã dávådis mowafem — ibn mujáhidma (859-935), romelic muSaobda
baRdadSi. is iyo ori cnobili veziris (ibn muklas da ibn ‘ãsa) mfarvelobis qveS.
ibn mujáhidis Txzulebis saTauria — “al-kirá’áT as-sab‘a” [“kiTxvis 7 wesi”],
sadac misi daskvniT mxolod kiTxvis 7 wess (romelic Seadgines VIII saukunis
avtoritetulma mecnierebma) aqvs kanonieri Zala. Sesabamisad, sxva variantebis (al-
ixTiÁár) gamoyeneba aikrZala. man uaryo agreTve ‘alã b. abã talibis “kiTxvis
wesic”. praqtikaSi gavrceleba hpova ibn mujáhidis mxolod orma variantma: qufurma
da medinurma.
yuranis orTografis, struqturis da kiTxvis wesebis sabolood unificireba
moxda kairos 1919, 1923, 1928 wlis gamocemebSi. es gamocemebi ganxorcielda muslim
mecnierTa specialuri kolegiis mier, egviptis mefis fu’ád I-is (1917-1936)
mfarvelobiT. yuranis am gamocemebs safuZvlad daedo gadmomcemi (ravi) ®afías
(gard. 805w.) kiTxvis varianti, romelic mas gadasca qufelma yuranis mkiTxvelma —
‘aíimma (gard. 744w.).
yuranis teqstis kodifikaciis paralelurad mimdinareobda misi reCitativis
wesebis kanonizacia. tradiciulad iTvleba, rom pirveli, vinc dawera
specialuriAnaSromi dakavSirebuli ‘ilm aT-Tajvãd-Tan (“mecniereba yuranis
reCitativis Sesaxeb”), iyo ibn mujáhidis Tanamedrove — måsá b. ‘ubaÁd al-láh al-
baRdádã (gard. 936w.). XII saukunisaTvis es sistema detalurad damuSavda da
miRebul iqna muslimuri Temis mier.
yuranis kiTxvis wesebSi (kavá‘id al-kirá’áT) gansakuTrebul rols TamaSobda
pauzis dasmis reglamentacia. muslimurma tradiciam Semogvinaxa informacia 10 an
17 pauzis Sesaxeb, romlebsac icavda TviTon muhamadi. garkveuli muSaobis Semdeg,
SerCeul iqna yuranis reCitativis 5 stili: Ta®kãk, ®adr, TarTãl, Tadvãr da
mujavvad114.

112 mociqulis dros mravali muslimi iyo, romelTac zepirad icodnen mTeli yurani da
SeeZloT misi citireba. maT ewodebaT yuranis wamkiTxvelebi — kurrá’. maT Soris
dasaxelebuli arian: abå baqri, ‘umari, ‘usmáni, ‘alã, tal®a, ibn mas‘ådi, sálim b. mu‘kibi
(gard. 633w.), abå huraira. mociqulis colebi: ‘á’iSa, ®afía, umm salama. dasaxelebulia
agreTve mravali yuranis mcodne muslimi ansarTa Soris. Tumca, es imas ar niSnavs, rom
mxolod im pirebma icodnen yurani zepirad, romelTa saxelebic wyaroebma Semogvinaxa.
113 ‘usmániseuli yuranis kopioebi, romelsac TiTqosda aqvs xalifa ‘usmánis sisxlis kvali,
inaxeba ramdenime qalaqSi: taSkentSi (uzbekeTis muslimTa sammarTvelos biblioTeka),
kairoSi (al-®usainis mavzoleumi), stambulSi (islamuri Zeglebis da topkapi-sarais muzeumi).
maT SeiZleba miekuTvnos yuranis erT-erTi londonis xelnaweri, Tavis droze indoeTidan
wamoRebuli da erTi xelnaweri, romelic inaxeba sanqt-peterburgSi da uzbekeTis rig
biblioTekebSi.
114 Ta®kãk — teqstis wakiTxvis neli, mkafio manera. gamoiyeneba ZiriTadad
artikulaciisaTvis swavlebis procesSi da ara farTo auditoriisaTvis. ®adr xasiaTdeba
kiTxvis Zalian swrafi tempiT. gamoiyeneba mxolod individualuri kiTxvis dros. TarTãl
gamoirCeva reCitativis naTeli da mkafio maneriT. is rekomendebulia teqstis srulyofilad

81
 tradiciis Tanaxmad, muhamadis qadagebebis fiqsaciisaTvis im dros
gamoiyeneboda sxvadasxva masalebi. ZiriTadad es iyo pergamenti (rikk, rakk) da
papirusi (kirtás). ZiriTadi termini, romelic gamoiyeneba yuranSi saweri masalis
aRsaniSnavad, es aris ía®ãfa (mr. íu®uf - furclebi). muhamadis samociqulo misiis
dasawyisSi iyenebdnen tyavs (jild, adãm), palmis foTlebs. tradicia moixseniebs
brtyel qvebs, qvis dafebs, cxovelebis Zvlebs. VII saukunisaTvis ZiriTadi saweri
masala axlo aRmosavleTSi iyo pergamenti, romlis dasamzadebladac gamoiyeneboda
Txis, cxvris da razelis tyavi. am periodis yuranis xelnawerebis did nawili
gadawerilia pergamentze. IX saukunidan ukve iwyeba qaRaldze gadawera.
yuranis konkordansebidan umniSvnelovanesia g. fliugelisa da abd al-bakis
Sromebi115.

yuranis struqtura. yuranis arsebuli teqsti Sedgeba sxvadasxva sididis 114

surisagan, romelic Tavis mxriv aiebad [áÁáT] iyofa (TiToeul suraSi 3-dan 286-mde).
aiebis saerTo raodenoba 6204-dan 6236-mde meryeobs. araerTgvarovania Tavisi
sididiT aiebic. yvelaze mokle aiebSi mxolod erTi sityvaa, xolo gvelaze grZel
aiaSi — 68. yuranis teqstis organizaciis principi dakavSirebulia misi fiqsaciis
istoriasTan imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom es gamocxadebebi warmoTqmuli iyo
sxvadasxva dros da sxvadasxva adgilas. aiebad dayofa xSirad ar emTxveva teqstis
azrobriv dayofas. zaÁdma surebi daalaga sididis mixedviT. Tavidan grZeli surebi
da mere mokle. gamonaklisia yuranis pirveli sura fáTi®a (“gamxsneli”), romelsac
mokle locvis forma aqvs. Sesabamisad muslimebi mis warmoTqmas asruleben
sityviT: amãn. teqstis dasawyisSi gamoiyofa grZeli surebi, romlebic wminda
teqstis mniSvnelovan nawils Seadgenen. xSirad saubroben “7 grZel suraze” (as-sab‘
at-tivál)116 da mokle, danawevrebuli (mufaííal) surebis jgufze boloSi.
formaluri principiT gamoyofilia kidev surebis Semdegi jgufebi: al-mi’ån (surebi
asi aiaTi) — is surebi (“7 grZelis garda”), romlebic Seicaven 100 aiaze mets; al-
musabbi®áT — surebi, romlebic iwyeba ase: sabba®a li-lláh an Áusabbi®u li-lláh
[10-12, 16-18, 20-21, 23-24, 27]; al-kalákil — surebi, romlebic iwyeba sityviT: “kul”
(Tqvi) [72, 109, 112-114]. yuranis yvela sura, mecxris garda117, iwyeba basmalaTi —
formuliT, romelic ase iTargmneba: “saxeliTa alahisa, mowyalisa, mwyaloblisa”.
29 suras, basmalas Semdeg, win uZRvis calkeuli, ezoterikuli xasiaTis asoebi (al-
faváTi®)118, romelTa ricxvi erTidan xuTamde meryeobs. maT Soris gamoiyofa ori
jgufi: at-tavásãn (iwyeba tá’-sãn) da al-®avámãm (an al-®avámãmáT), romlebic iwyeba
®a’-mãm-iT; da bolos esqatologiuri Sinaarsis surebi [20, 32, 36, 66, 67 da bolo ori
sura — 113 da 114, romlebic dakavSirebulia magiasTan, warmoadgens wyevlas da
miiRo saxelwodeba — mu‘ávvizaTán].
yovel suraSi aiebi danomrilia. rodesac muslimi yuranis citirebas axdens,
jer uTiTebs suris saxelwodebas da mere aias nomers. evropelma mkvlevrebma
danomres TviTon surebic da samecniero literaturaSi miRebuli jer suris
nomris miTiTeba da mere aias nomris.
Tavdapirvelad surebs ar hqonda saxelwodebebi. adreul xelnawerebSi erT
suras meorisagan gamoyofda sicariele, mogvianebiT ornamentiT Sevsebuli. Semdeg
gaCnda saxelwodebebi. Cveulebriv suram saxelwodeba miiRo ara SinaarsiT, aramed
ama Tu im fragmentis ZiriTadi sityvebiT. teqstis gadacemis sxvadasxva tradiciebis

gaazrebisaTvis (Tafakkur). is upiratesia im muslimebisaTvis, vinc ar icis arabuli ena,

riTac SeZlebda emocionaluri efeqtis moxdenas msmenelze. Tadvãr — swrafi da mkafio
wakiTxva. mujavvad (Tajvãd) — yvelaze ufro musikaluri. misi gamoyeneba eWvs iwvevs.
115 ‘abd al-bák, muÐammad fu’ád. al-mu‘jam al-mufahras li-alfá al-kur’án al-qar‹m. dár al-
fiqr, 1401/1981; Flügel G., Concordaniae corani arabicae.Lipsiae,1842.
116 surebi — 2-7+8-9 an 2-7+10.
117 muslimi egzegetebi Tvlian, rom es sura gardmoevlina muhamads uSualod sikvdilis win,
amdenad ver moaswro raime miTiTeba am gamocxadebis Taobaze. aris agreTve azri, rom es
sura iwyeba mowodebiT, rac TavisTavad imaze miuTiTebs, rom is warmoTqmuli iyo alahis
saxeliT basmala aq zedmeti iqneboda.
118 arsebobs muslimi da evropeli mkvlevrebis mier wamoyenebuli mravali hipoTeza,
romlebic xsnian am asoebis mniSvnelobas da maTi gaCenis istorias teqstSi. Tumca
SeTanxmebuli azri ar arsebobs. evropul enebze ase aRiniSneba: “the mysterious letters”.

82
arsebobam gamoiwvia erTi surisaTvis sxvadasxva saxelwodebebis mikuTvneba. mag., 98-
e suras hqonda 7 saxelwodeba.
muslimuri tradiciis Tanaxmad, surebi warmoTqmis drois mixedviT iyofa
meqis (610-622, 90 sura) da medinis [622-632; 24 sura, romelTa umravlesoba mequr
surebze grZelia]119 periodis surebad120. amis garda yurani iyofa 30 nawilad
ju‘zad (nawilad) an 60 ®izbad, rac aadvilebs yuranis xmamaRla kiTxvas.
xelnawerebma Semogvinaxa agreTve 7 da 4 nawilad (sub‘) dayofa. meqis periodi iyo
mistikuri xilvebis periodi, xolo medinis periodis surebi xasiaTdeba
mravalRmerTinobis usityvo gakicxviT, ebraelebTan sabolood gamijvniT, muhamadis
politikuri misiis ganmtkicebiT, iuridiuli dogmatebis CamoyalibebiT. amave
periodSi mwvavdeba polemika iudevelebTan da dogmaturi gamijvna qristianebTan.
dgindeba maTi statusi, rogorc ahl al-qiTáb da dasturdeba koncefcia “Ta®rãf”
(damaxinjeba) — iudevelTa da qristianTa mier wminda wignebis da abraamis
religiis, rogorc Tavdapirveli da erTaderTi WeSmariti monoTeisturi rwmenis
damaxinjeba.
yuranis kiTxvisas muslimma unda daicvas gansakuTrebuli eTikuri normebi.
maT ganekuTvneba: ganwmenda; kibla; ritualuri formulebis warmoTqma da
ritualur moqmedebaTa Sesruleba. mag., miwieri Tayvaniscema, romelic aucilebelia
Sesruldes mTeli rigi aiebis warmoTqmis dros; teqstis dayofa nawilebad;
melodiuri xmiT wakiTxva da sxv.
yuranis teqstis didi nawili aris polemika dialogis formiT alahsa da
muhamadis mowinaaRmdegeebs Soris an es aris alahis mimarTva miTiTebebiT misi
mimdevrebisadmi. alahi saubrobs pirveli an mesame piris, an Suamavlebis (suli,
jabrá’ãli) saSualebiT, magram yovelTvis muhamadis piriT.
yuranis ena mkvlevarTa azriT aris ‘arabiãÁÁa (koine), romelzedac
urTierTobdnen erTmaneTs Soris hijazis savaWro centrebSi arabuli tomebi,
romlebic laparakobdnen sxvadasxva dialeqtze. koine iyo islamamdeli arabi
poetebis enac. yuranis teqstis nawili, gansakuTrebiT adrindeli surebi,
dawerilia gariTmuli proziT _ saj‘. muhamadi misdevda islamamdeli arabi
oratorebis sajaro gamosvlebis tradicias. yuranis teqstis gansakuTrebul
Taviseburebas warmoadgens frazebis, siuJetebis da miTiTebebis xSiri gameoreba.

yuranis egzegetika. alahis gamocxadebaTa pirveli komentatori iyo TviTon

muhamadi. muslimuri hadisebis da TviTon yuranis teqstis analizi adasturebs, rom
muhamadis samociqulo misiis procesSi muhamadis qadagebebis Sinaarsi icvleboda:
adre warmoTqmuli aiebi icvleboda axliT an aiebis ganmarteba sxvagvarad xdeboda.
yuranis teqstis specifikidan gamomdinare, mravali aias Sinaarsi gaugebari rCeboda
neofitebisaTvis. muhamadis msmenelebi imaxsovrebdnen mravali aias gardmovlenis
mizezebs (asbáb an-nuzål), mociqulis polemikis detalebs Tavis oponentebTan.
mociqulis gardacvalebam da islamis gavrcelebam axal socialur-kulturul

119 evropelma mecnierebma (u. miuiri, T. neldeke, h. grime, r. beli da sxv.) muhamadis
qadagebebSi moxseniebuli istoriuli movlenebis analizze, stilis ganviTarebasa da
ideebis evoluciaze dayrdnobiT, SemogvTavazes ufro detaluri qronologia, romelic
mainc pirobiTia.
120 yuranis evropeli mkvlevrebi, rogorc wesi, meqis periodis surebs kidev sam periodad
yofen. pirveli, yvelaze adreuli (daaxl. 610-615, 48 sura) iwodeba “poeturad”. am periodSi
muhamadis qadagebebSi Warbobs esqatologiuri motivebi: saSineli samsjavros [al-kiÁáma]
Tema; jojoxeTis [jahannam, an-nár] da samoTxis [al-janna] aRwera. surebi moklea. meore
mequri periodis surebi (615-619, 21 sura) iwodeba “rahmanulad”, radganac maTSi alahi xSirad
moxseniebulia rogorc ar-ra®mán [mwyalobeli]. mTavaria erTRmerTianobis idea,
mravalRmerTianoba ganikicxeba. am surebSi pirvelad aris xazgasmuli, rom muhamadi
qadagebs imas, rasac atyobinebs mas alahi. mesame mequri periodis surebi (619-622, 21 sura)
iwodeba “samociqulo” surebad, ramdenadac maTSi aris moTxrobili muhamadamde moRvawe
winaswarmetyvelTa ambebi. aqvea damrigeblobiTi moTxrobebi [al-masánã] “xalxTa” dasjaze
{mag., ‘ádi da samådi, romelTac uaryves mociqulebi); medinis periodis surebs aqvs
sakanonmdeblo xasiaTi. es gansakuTrebiT exeba me-2, me-4 da me-5 surebs, sadac mocemulia
miTiTebebi kultis wesebze; memkvidreobis, saojaxo da sisxlis samarTlis saqmeebze. amave
dros mwvavdeba polemika iudevelebTan da qristianTebTan, dgindeba maTi statusi rogorc
“werilis xalxi” da “mfarvelobaSi myofi”.

83
garemoSi, kidev ufro gazarda yuranis teqstis komentirebis aucilebloba.
Tavdapirvelad yuranis komentireba xdeboda zepirad, yuranis reCitacias Tan
axlda saTanado ganmartebebi. yuranis calkeuli surebis da aiebis ganmarteba
xdeboda imamebis mier meCeTSi saparaskevo xutbis Semdeg. iyvnen adamianebi,
romlebic mizanmimarTulad agrovebdnen am masalas da cnobili iyvnen
avtoritetebad am sferoSi.
islamis axali recipientebi TviTon xdebodnen popularuli mqadageblebi.
mTxrobelebi (kuííáí), romlebic gamodiodnen qalaqis bazrebSi da quCebSi,
ganavrcobdnen yuranis teqstebs TavianTi ganmartebebiT, amdidrebdnen paraleluri
masaliT, rac saTaves iRebda iudeur-qristianuli tradiciebidan. popularulma
“moTxrobebma mociqulebze” (kiíaí al-anbiÁá’) Seadgines gansakuTrebuli
literaturuli Janri, rac gaxda Taфsãrebis Semadgeneli nawili.
muhamadis cxovrebac (sãra) mniSvnelovanwilad eZRvneboda yuranis
komentarebs. pirveli arabuli leqsikografiuli da gramatikuli naSromebi
garkveulwilad aseve dakavSirebuli iyo yuranis ganmartebebis moTxovnasTan.
specialuri mimarTuleba yuranis komentarebSi warmoiSva muslimuri sunis
Camoyalibebis procesSi. is didxans ar iyo damoukidebeli disciplina. ‘abd al-láh
b. vahbis (743-812) Taфsãri aris erT-erTi yvelaze adreuli am tipis naSromebs
Soris, romelmac Cvenamde moaRwia.
al-buxárãs (810-870) hadisebis krebulSi — aí-ía®ã® — aris specialuri Tavi
[65-e Tavi, “qiTáb aT-Tafsãr”], romelic eZRvneba yuranis komentarebs. es Tavi
Seicavs 457 hadiss. al-buxárãm Sekriba masala, romelic eZRvneboda yuranis
calkeul suras. yvela aia ar aris komentirebuli da ZiriTadad erT aias
ganmartavs erTi hadisi121.
muslimuri tradiciiT, Tafsãr al-kur’án-is mimarTulebis fuZemdeblad
iTvleba muhamadis biZaSvili — ‘abd al-láh b. ‘abbási (gard. 686/88w.)
TaфsirebSi specifikuri formiT aisaxa arabul-muslimur sazogadoebaSi
ideologiur-politikuri brZolis ZiriTadi etapebi, ris Sedegadac muslimuri Temi
or nawilad gaiyo: yuranis teqstis sityva-sityviTi gagebis da ganmartebis momxreni
(ahl aû-ûáhir) da isini, vinc eZebda yuranSi “dafarul”, “saidumlo” azrs (ahl al-
bátin). maT Soris dava mimdinareobda Tafsãris da Ta’vãlis (yuranis alegoriuli
ganmarteba) Taobaze, romelSic monawileobdnen mu‘Tazilebi da sufiebi. isini
mimarTavdnen ganmartebas imisaTvis, rom daeaxlovebinaT yuranis gamocxadebebi
TavianT sakuTar SexedulebebTan, ZiriTadad alegoriuli formiT.
TandaTanobiT saukuneebis manZilze dagrovda asobiT yuranis komentari,
romlebSic gadmocemulia yuranis Taviseburi, avtoriseuli gageba. amdenad es
komentarebi unikalur istoriul da religiur-politikur dokumentebad rCeba.
yuranis komentatorebs Soris mniSvnelovan avtoritets warmoadgenda abå
ja‘far mu®ammad b. jarãr at-tabarãs (838-923) azri. is iyo cnobili istorikosi da
egzegeti, romelic nayofierad muSaobda codnis sxva sferoebSic (fikhi,
leqsikografia, gramatika, poezia, eTika, maTematika, medicina). mas ekuTvnis
mravaltomiani Taфsãr, romelSic Sejamebulia winamavali epoqis islamuri
egzegetikis miRwevebi122. misi komentarebi gamoiyeneboda, rogorc sacnobaro
xasiaTis wigni. at-tabarãs teqstze muSaobis meTodikam didi gavlena moaxdina
momdevno Taobis egzegetebze. at-tabaris naSromi, romelic eyrdnoba princips —
“suna xsnis yurans” (“sunna Tufasiru-l-kur’án”), mniSvnelovan miRwevad iqca
islamuri egzegetikis mimarTulebaSi — “aT-Taфsãr bi-l-ma’sår” (ganmarteba
tradiciis daxmarebiT).
mu‘Tazilitebi — Teoretikuli muslimuri RvTismetyvelebis pirveli didi
mimarTulebis warmomadgenlebi — yurans ganmartavdnen piradi, racionaluri azris
daxmarebiT (aT-Taфsãr bi-r-ra’Á an diráÁa). am praqtikas arasamarTlianad Tvlidnen
maTi mowinaaRmdegeebi da upirveles yovlisa hanbalitebi da maTi mimdevrebi,

121 al-buxárã, mu®ammad b. ismá‘il abå ‘abd al-láh al-ju‘f. al-jam‹‘ a¹-¹aÐãÐ, mi¹r, 1304 h.; Al-
Bukhārī, Muḥammad ibn Ismā‘il. The Translation of the Meanings of Sahih al-Bukhari: Arabic-
English,trans. Muhammad Muhsin Khan.al-Medina, 2nd revised edition.9 vol.1973-1976.
122 at-tabar‹, abå ja‘far muÐammad b. jar‹ri. jámi‘ al-baián ф‹ Taфs‹r al-kur’án. 1-30,
misr, 1323-1329/1905-1911.

84
romlebic mxars uWerdnen yuranis ganmartebas hadisebis daxmarebiT (aT-Taфsãr bi-
l-‘ilm, Tafsãr bi-l-ma’sår an riváÁa).
yuranis yvelaze cnobili mu‘Tazilituri komentarebi ekuTvnis ma®måd b.
‘umar abå-l-kásim az-zamaxSarãs (1075-1144). is iyo cnobili RvTismetyveli-
mu‘Taziliti, hanafituri mazhabis kanonmdebeli, filologi da literatori. misi
komentarebi — al-qaSSáf ‘an Ðaká’ik aT-Tanzãl (“gamocxadebaTa WeSmaritebis
gamxsneli”) farTod iyo gavrcelebuli muslimur samyaroSi, ZiriTadad mis
aRmosavleT olqebSi123. ukve naSromis pirvel frazaSi ikveTeba yuranis
Seqmnilobis idea: “dideba alahs, romelmac Seqmna yurani”. az-zamaxSarã
racionalisturad ganmartavs “RvTiur samarTlianobas” (al-‘adl),
“erTRmerTianobas” (aT-Tau®ãd), “RvTaebriv atributebs” (aí-íifáT). is ZiriTad
yuradRebas uTmobs komentarebis dogmatur aspeqts. az-zamaxSarãs naSromi
gamoirCeva agreTve gramatikuli analiziT da leqsikis kargi codniT.
ar-rázã, faxr ad-dãn ‘abd al-láh b. muÐammadi (1149-1209) — aSarituli
kalámis warmomadgeneli124. misi fundamenturi naSromi — mafáTãÐ al-RaÁb an
Taфs‹r al-qabãr [“dafarulis gasaRebebi an yuranis didi komentarebi”] cnobilia
antimuTazilituri aSarituli polemikis naTel magaliTad. ar-rázãs meTodi
dafuZnebulia yuranis teqstis dayofaze patara nawilebad, dasrulebuli azriT. is
avlens maT kavSirs erTmaneTTan. Semdeg modis TviTon teqstis analizi, romlis
drosac mohyavs “kiTxvis” (al-kirá’áT) variantebi. sxvadasxva mizezebis gamo ar-
rázãs naSromi daumTavrebeli darCa. is daasrules misma mowafeebma.
mistikos komentatorTa ricxvs ganekuTvneba ibn al-‘arabã (gard.1240w.). mas
ekuTvnis naSromi — “qiTáb aT-Tafsãr”, romelic k. brokelmanis SefasebiT aris
“yuranis sufiuri transliteracia.” mis naSromSi yuranis alegoriuli ganmarteba
ukidures zRvars aRwevs.
yuranis farTo da Tavisufal komentirebas ar SeiZleba ar gamoewvia
saTanado reaqcia. warmoiSva warmodgena yuranis komentirebis akrZalvaze, rac
ganmtkicebuli iyo xalifa ‘umar I-is avtoritetiT. gadmocemiT, man pirvelma
dainaxa safrTxe, rac SeiZleba mohyoloda wminda teqstis Secvlas Tavisufali
komentarebiT. sxva gadmocemiT, umari gamovida mxolod “bundovani” aiebis
ganmartebis winaaRmdeg. yuranis komentirebis Taobaze dava didxans gagrZelda da
is gadaizarda kamaTSi yuranis “Seqmnilobisa” (maxlåk) da “Seuqmnelobis” (RaÁr
maxlåk) Sesaxeb. swored muTazilitebma wamoWres sakiTxi yuranis “Seqmnilobisa” da
“Seuqmnelobis” Taobaze. es dava dasrulda ukanasknelTa gamarjvebiT. e. w.
bukvalistebi Tvlidnen, rom yurani “Seuqmnelia” da muslimurma Temma unda
ixelmZRvanelos mxolod im miTiTebebiT, rac mocemulia alahis am wignSi.
muTazilitebi ki aRiarebdnen yurans religiuri WeSmaritebis wyarod, magram
Tvlidnen mas Seqmnilad.
arsebobs mravali komentari yuranze, romelTa CamonaTvali aris k.
brokelmanis da f. sezginis SromebSi125. Cven movixseniebT mxolod ramdenime
avtors, romelTa naSromebi gansakuTrebul interess iwvevs.
al-baiÇávã, ná¹ir ad-dãn ‘abd al-láh b. ‘umar — egzegeti, fakihi da
istorikosi (gard.1286w.). muslimur samyaroSi yvelaze ufro cnobili yuranis
komentarebis avtori. mis Tafsãrs — anvár aT-Tanz‹l va asrár aT-Ta’vãl
[“gamocxadebaTa sinaTle da ganmartebaTa saidumloebebi”]126 safuZvlad daedo az-
zamaxSarãs naSromi, Tumca daazusta misi filologiuri dakvirvebebi, gaafarTova

123 az-zamaxSarã, maÐmåd b. ‘umar abå-l-kásimi. al-qaSSáf ‘an Ðaká’ik aT-Tanzãl. 1-4, qalquTTa,
1861.
124 is iyo daaxl. 130 naSromis avtori. Tavis naSromebSi cdilobda daeaxlovebina kalámi
filosofiasTan. fikhis sakiTxebSi iyo Safiitebis poziciaze. is polemikas awarmoebda
mu‘TazilitebTan, hanbalitebTan, ismailitebTan, da karmatebTan. gamodioda al-Razálãs
antifilosofiuri Sexedulebebis winaaRmdeg, xolo sicocxlis bolos uari Tqva kalámze
da gadavida sufiebis mxareze. ix. faxr ad-dãn ‘abd al-láh b. muÐammad ar-rázã. mafáTãÐ al-
Raib (Taфs‹r al-qabãr), 1-32, al-káhira, 1934-1962.
125 Sezgin F. Geschichte des arabischen Schrifttums, I, Leiden, 1967; Brockelmann C.
Geschichte der arabischen Litteratyr, 1-2. Leiden, 1943,1949.
126 al-baiÇávã, ná¹ir ad-dãn ‘abd al-láh b. ‘umar. anvár aT-Tanz‹l va asrár aT-Ta’vãl. dár
al-fiqr. 1302/1982.

85
komentarebi sxva wyaroebSi daculi istoriuli da filologiuri masalebiT da
amoiRo muTazilituri dogmatikuri ganwyobilebebi. al-baiÇávãs naSromi Zalian
popularuli iyo sunitebis wreSi da ramdenime saukunis manZilze saswavlo
saxelmZRvanelos warmoadgenda muslimur skolebSi. es komentarebi gamoirCeva imiT,
rom is exeba mraval sakiTxs: istoria, leqsikografia, gramatika, dialeqtika,
kiTxvis variantebi. evropaSi es wigni 1846 da 1848ww.-Si gamovida leipcigSi or
tomad. al-baiÇávãs Tafsãrebze daiwera mravali komentari, maT Soris yvelaze
cnobilia mu®ammad b. mustafa al-kujávã Saix-zádes (gard. 1543w.) naSromi.
klasikur muslimur egzegetikaSi erT-erTi ukanaskneli originaluri
Txzulebaa — “Taфsãr al-jalálaÁn” [“ori jalalis komentarebi”], romelic
Sedgenilia jalál ad-dãn al-ma®allãs (1388-1459) da misi mowafis jalál ad-dãn
as-suÁåtãs (1445-1505) mier127. am komentarebma didi popularoba moipova
gansakuTrebiT araarabul garemoSi.
Siit komentatorebs Soris gansakuTrebuli adgili ukavia Siit fakihs da
hadisTmcodnes − abå ‘alã al-faÇl b. al-®asan b. al-faÇl at-tabarsãs (gard. 1153w.),
romelic eyrdnoba ara marto Siitur, aramed da sunitur egzegetikur
tradicias.Ыmas ekuTvnis naSromi − majma‘ al-baÁán фã Taфsãr al-kur’án (“yuranis
ganmartebebze SexedulebaTa krebuli)”. sainteresoa agreTve Tanamedrove iraneli
mecnieris − mu®ammad ®usaÁn at-tabátabá’ãs 20 tomiani yuranis komentarebi “al-
mizán фã Taфsãr al-kur’án” − “ [samarTlianobis] balansi yuranis komentarebSi”,
romelic dawerilia arabul enaze da gadaTargmnilia sparsul enaze. gamoyenebuli
masalis mixedviT, ganmartebebi dayofilia ramdenime nawilad: is gamoyofs
upirveles yovlisa “yuranul” komentarebs, rac efuZneba yuranis masalas; Semdeg
modis ganmartebebi, romlebic dafuZnebuli zepir masalaze an tradiciaze,
religiur-samecniero codnaze, filosofiaze, eTikur argumentaciaze, istoriul
masalaze an ganmartebaTa am saxeebis kombinaciaze.
ь XIX-XX saukuneebSi ganviTarda muslimuri reformistuli egzegetika. religiurma
reformatorma, egviptis umaRlesma mufTim — muÐammad abdum (1849-1905) Tavis
cnobil naSromSi “Taфsãr al-manár” Camoayaliba ganaxlebuli muslimuri Temis
organizaciis principebi. misi azriT yoveli epoqisaTvis aucilebelia yuranis
axleburad, drois moTxovnebis Sesabamisad wakiTxva. islamuri aRorZinebis
ideologiis sxvadasxva sakiTxebia ganxiluli saiÁd kutbis (1906-1966) naSromebSi.
misi Taфsãri — “fã ûilál al-kur’án” [“yuranis CrdilqveS”]128 aris yuranis axsna
TviTon yuraniT (al-kur’án iufassiru ba‘duhu ba‘dan). Tumca s. kutbi iyenebs Sua
saukuneebis im cnobili muhadisebis da mufassirebis naSromebs, romlebic mxars
uWerdnen meTods: aT-Taфsãr bi-l-ma’sår (al-buxarã, muslimi, at-tabarã, ibn TaimiÁa,
ibn qasãr).

yuranis Targmanebi. Sua saukuneebSi muslimma RvTismetyvelebma SeimuSaves

doqtrina yuranis Targmanis dauSveblobis Sesaxeb. Tumca Targmani (Tarjama)
komentarebis mniSvnelobiT daiSveboda mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu originaluri
teqsti ar icvleboda129. es warmodgenebi SenarCunda XX saukunis 20-ian wlebamde,
rodesac “Turqizaciis” politikis procesSi TurqeTSi gamoica yuranis Targmanebi
Turqul enaze originaluri arabuli teqstis gareSe. XX s.-is 30-ian wlebSi aseTi
praqtika daSvebul iqna al-azharis mier. 1530 wels veneciaSi pirvelad gamoica
yurani arabul enaze130. 1543 wels ki gamoqveynda robert ketonelis da herman

127 jalál ad-dãn al-maÐallã va jalál ad-dãn as-suiåtã. Taфs‹r al-imámain al-jalãlain.
bairåT (T. g.). ix. agreTve: Ас-Суйути Джалал ад-Дин. Совершенство в коранических науках. Вып. 1.
Учение о толковании Корана, М., 2000.
128 Qutb S., In the Shade of the Qur’ān. Trans. by M. A. Salahi and A. A. Shamis. London, 1979. _
http://www.yongmuslims.ca/online_library/books/milestones/index.htm
129 jer kidev orTodoqsi xalifebis dros Sesrulda yuranis sparsuli Targmani muhamadis
kompanionis — salmán al-fárisãs mier. 127/744-45 wels Sesrulda Targmani berberul enaze.
Tumca arcerTi maTgani ar SemorCa Cvenamde. unda aRiniSnos, rom wmindad iTvleba mxolod
arabul enaze Sedgenili yurani.
130 am gamocemis kopio iTvleboda ganadgurebulad, magram is aRmoCenil iqna 1989 wels erT-
erTi italiuri monastris biblioTekaSi.

86
dalmacielis laTinuri Targmani131. 1649 wels gamoica yuranis pirveli Targmani
inglisur enaze. is Seasrula Sotlandielma aleqsandre rosma. Targmani Sesrulda
ara arabulidan, aramed frangulidan132. 1787 wels peterburgSi ekaterine II-is
brZanebiT gamoica yuranis sruli arabuli teqsti. yuranis samecniero Targmanebi
uSualod arabulidan rusul enaze Sesrulda d. boguslavskis (1871), g. sablukovis
(1878), i. kraCkovskis (1963), m. osmanovis (1995 da 1999) mier.
yuranis pirveli inglisuri Targmanebi Sesrulda d. rodvelis (1861w.) da e.
palmeris (1880w.) mier. am Targmanebs hqonda garkveuli Rirsebebi, magram dRes
arsebobs ufro zusti Targmanebi. r. belma (1876-1952), i. kraCkovskim (1883-1951), r.
blaSerma (1900-1973) da r. paretma (1904-1983) sxvadasxva qveynebSi praqtikulad
erTdroulad ganaxorcieles yuranis teqstis Targmna originaluri samecniero
damuSavebis safuZvelze133. aRniSvnis Rirsia m. piqtholis Targmani134, romelic
Sesrulebulia gamuslimebuli ingliselis mier. es Targmani mowonebuli iqna
kairos muslimi RvTismetyvelebis mier. kidev erTi msgavsi Targmani Sesrulda
erayeli h. daudis mier, romelic brwyinvaled flobda inglisur enas. misi
Targmanis stili gansxvavebulia. is cdilobda, rom yurani gasagebi yofiliyo
Tanamedrove adamianisaTvis, ris gamoc iZulebuli gaxda uari eTqva zogierT
tradiciul komentarze. Tumca inglisur enaze yuranis saukeTeso Targmanad rCeba
a. arberis Targmani. Tavdapirvelad mecnierma Seasrula ramdenime gamocxadebis
sacdeli Targmani sxvadasxva meTodebis gamoyenebiT. 1955 wels man gamosca yuranis
sruli Targmani or tomad135. a. arberim Targmna yurani mokle winadadebebiT,
Zalian frTxilad da zustad SerCeuli sityvebiT, SeinarCuna originalis stili.
aRsaniSnavia agreTve iusuf alis, ali mavlanas, muhamad asadis da sxva
Targmanebi136.
yuranis pirveli qarTuli Targmani (frangulidan) Sesrulebuli p
mirianaSvilis mier, 1906 wels daibeWda TbilisSi. yuranis ramdenime fragmenti
originalidan Targmna a. silagaZem. yuranis arabuli teqstis sruli qarTuli
Targmani komentarebiT Seasrula g. lobJaniZem.
dRes yurani Targmnilia evropis, aziis da afrikis mraval enaze, Tumca
Targmanebis mniSvnelovani nawili Sesrulebulia muslimebis mier137. am
TvalsazrisiT did samuSaos asrulebs specialurad Seqmnili yuranis Targmanis
centri, romelic aris yumSi (kåmi). 1997 wlidan is gamoscems Jurnals (Tarjumán-i
va®i), romelic eZRvneba yuranis Targmanis problemebs sxvadasxva enebze.
sayuradReboa agreTve gamocema, romelsac axorcielebs iraneli kerZo
koleqcioneri da iq aris teqstebis faqsimilec da bibliografiuli monacemebic.
yuranisadmi miZRvnili wignebis da statiebis saxelwodebebi, agreTve mokle
komentarebi ibeWdeba yovelwliurad Abstracta Islamica-Si, romelic aris Revue

131 es Targmani Sesrulda daaxl. 1142 wels. meore Targmani laTinur enaze Sesrulda 1209-
1210 ww.-Si mark toledoelis mier. es Targmani gamoirCeoda sityva-sityviTi TargmaniT. es
naSromi ar gamocemula.
132 es iyo pirveli franguli Targmani, romelic Sesrulda aleqsandriaSi safrangeTis
konsulis - k. diu ries mier 1647 wels.
133 Коран. Перевод и комментарии И. Ю. Крачковского. Изд 2-е М., 1986; Paret R., Der Koran:
Kommentar und Konkordanz, Stuttgart, 1971; Le Coran, traduction nouvelle par R.
Blachère, I-II, Paris, 1949-1950.
134 Pickthall Muhammad M. The Meaning of the Glorious Koran . An explanatory
translation. Everyman’s library, 1992.
135 Koran Interpreted. Translated by A. J. Arberry. London, 1955.
136 Ali, Abdullah Yusuf. The Holy Quran. Text, Translation and Commentary . Beirut (n.d.;
Muhammad Ali, Maulana. The Holy Qur’ān. Arabic Text with English Translation
and Commentary. Ohio, U.S.A., New 2002 edition; Asad, Muhammad. The Message of the Qur’ān
(translation), Gibralter,1980.
137 dRemde gamoqveynebuli yuranis sruli da nawilobrivi Targmanis odenoba daaxloebiT
250-s Seadgens. maTi nawili ganTavsebulia internetis qselSic. ix. Paret R., Pearson J. D. Al-
Kur’an (section 9: Translation of the Kur’an). _ Encyclopaedia of Islam. Leiden, 1971, V, gv.
429-432.

87
des études islamiques-s damateba. yuranis Seswavlis saqmeSi mniSvnelovan miRwevad
iTvleba yuranis enciklopediis gamocema.138

2. sunna da hadisebi

as-sunna (“Cveuleba”, “magaliTi”; sruli forma: sunnaT rasul alláh _

“alahis mociqulis suna”) — wminda gadmocema, romelic Sedgeba mravalricxovani
moTxrobebisagan (hadisebi) TviTon muhamadis sityvebisa da qcevebis …Sesaxeb. alahi
dakavSirebulia TemTan Tavisi saRvTo weriliT da muhamadis sunaTi. yuranSi
gvxvdeba gamoTqmebi: pirvelTa, anu winaparTa suna, sunnaT al-avvalin [8:39/38; 15:13;
18:53/55] da alahis suna, sunnaT alláh [17:79/77; 33:62; 35:41/43; 48:23]. orive gamoTqma
sinonimuria da aRniSnavs alahis qcevas Zveli xalxebisadmi, romlebic daisajen
imis gamo, rom ar iwames maTTan wargzavnili mociqulebis qadageba. as-sunna
ixmareba mravlobiT ricxvSi (mx. r. sunan), rasac imiT xsnian, rom mociqulis sunas
emateba pirveli oTxi “marTlmorwmune xalifebis” suna. Cveulebriv, suna aris
muhamadis qceva (fi‘l), gamonaTqvami (kavl) da usityvo Tanxmoba, aRiareba
(Takrãr)139. sunas dacva niSnavda muhamadis mibaZvas da is saxelmZRvanelod iqca
muslimTaTvis.
Tavdapirvelad suna gadaicemoda zepirad, muhamadis mimdevarTa mier da
Semdeg dafiqsirda werilobiT — sunitebis da Siitebis mier hadisebis da
axbarebis saxiT. sunas mniSvneloba dRemde aris seriozuli diskusiis sagani, rasac
safuZvlad udevs hadisebis (gadmocemebi muhamadis cxovrebis, sityvebisa da
saqcielis Sesaxeb) sandoobis problema. VIII saukunis bolos sunizmSi Camoyalibda
tradicionalistTa moZraoba, romlebic gamovidnen mociqulis sunas avtoritetis
dasacavad. IX saukuneSi hanbalitebma mkacrad gansazRvres sunas statusi, akrZales
hadisebis teqstis (maTn) ganxilva da yuranis gverdiT sunas aRiareba islamSi
“marTlrwmenis” gagebis mTavar kriteriumad gamoacxades. mociqulis suna
gamocxadda yuranis erTaderT komentarad (“sunna Tufasiru-l-kur’án”). sunas
Seswavla gaxda muslimTa religiuri ganaTlebis Semadgeneli nawili, misi codna
ki fakihis avtoritetis aRiarebis da imamad gaxdomis uflebis erT-erTi
kriteriumi.
sunas sawinaaRmdego aris bid‘a — siaxle, rwmena an praqtika, romelsac ar
moepoveba precedenti muhamadis dros. am mxriv sunitebi (ahl as-sunna va-l-jamá‘a)
upirispirdebian Siitebs, romlebmac islamSi Seitanes ~dauSvebeli siaxleebi~.
Siitebi ki Tvlian, rom swored isini icaven marTebulad sunas. Tanamedrove
islamuri fundamentalizmi did yuradRebas uTmobs sunas dacvas. suna SeiZleba
niSnavdes agreTve ubralod swor, sunaTi mowonebul qmedebebs. amasTan
dakavSirebiT zogierT muslimur qveyanaSi sityva sunna ixmareba “winadacveTis
Cveulebis” mniSvnelobiT.
hadisebis erToblioba Seadgens mociqulis sunas. yuranisagan gansxvavebiT,
sadac saubrobs alahi, hadisebSi ukve saubrobs TviTon muhamadi. Tumca arsebobs
gansakuTrebuli hadisebi (al-a®ádãs al-kudusiÁÁa — wminda hadisebi), sadac kvlav

138Encyclopaedia of Qur’ān. Jane Dammen McAuliffe, General Editor.Vol. I-IV.Vol.,I., A-D.

Brill, Leiden-Boston-Köln, 2001. Vol.,II, E-I. Brill, Leiden-Boston, 2002. Vol. III. J-O.
Brill,Leiden-Boston, 2003.Vol. IV. J-O. Brill,Leiden-Boston, 2004. mis gamocemaSi
monawileobdnen yuranTmcodneobaSi saukeTeso specialistebi: k. Jillio, u. gremi, v. kadi, a.
ripini, h. abzaidi, m. arkuni, a. niovirti, u. rubini. aqve unda davasaxeloT rusi islamologi
da yuranTmcodne efim rezvani. man moamzada da gamosca (a. n. veirauhTan erTad) yuranis
pirveli rusuli Targmani, Sesrulebuli d. n. boguslavskis mier.
139 aqedan gamomdinare, hadisi aris sami saxis, romlebic axasiaTeben muhamadis moqmedebas misi
gansazRvruli damokidebulebis, saqcielis mixedviT, sityviT an usityvo aRiarebiT. 1-li saxis
hadisebSi ama Tu im movlenisadmi muhamadis damokidebuleba gamoxatulia misi moqmedebiT, me-2
saxis hadisebSi — mxolod sityviT, me-3 saxis hadisebSi ki — muhamadis damokidebuleba araa
gamoxatuli arc sityviT da arc moqmedebiT. magram Tu muhamadis TandaswrebiT ama Tu im
moqmedebam misi mxridan ar daimsaxura gakicxva, is dasaSvebad aris miCneuli.

88
saubrobs TviTon alahi, magram maTi Sedareba yuranTan ar SeiZleba. adamiani,
romelic ar cnobs yurans, iTvleba urwmunod (qáfir), maSin roca wminda hadisebis
uarmyofeli iTvleba mxolod uRirs adamianad (fásik).
hadisebis Sinaarsma miiRo specialuri forma. hadisebis pirveli nawili,
romelsac “isnád” ewodeba, asabuTebs simarTles da sinamdviles im ambisa, romelic
ama Tu im piridan momdinareobs. amisaTvis gadmocemulia pirTa mTeli nusxa.
amasTan ukanaskneli piri aucileblad muhamadis Tanamedrove unda iyos. hadisis
meore nawils, romelic sakuTriv faqts (muhamadis naTqvami an namoqmedari)
gadmogvcems, ewodeba “maTn”.
Tavdapirvelad hadisebis gadacema xdeboda zepirad, xolo mogvianebiT, VIII
saukunis meore naxevarSi, daiwyo maTi Cawera, Sekreba-Seswavla da sistematizacia
yuranis dogmebis Sevsebis mizniT. hadisebis erT-erTi pirveli Semkrebi iyo az-
zuhrã (ibn hiSáb, gard. 742w.), romelic iTvleba islamuri tradiciis erT-erT
fuZemdeblad140, romelic xalifa ‘umar II-is (717-720) da hiSámis (724-743) davalebiT
iwerda maT mier Segrovebul hadisebs. es masalebi inaxeboda xalifas saganZurSi.
IX-X saukuneebSi moxda hadisTa krebulebis Sedgena, sadac hadisebi
dalagebuli iyo muíannaf-is principiT, e. i. siuJetebis mixedviT (‘ala-l-abváb), an
yvelaze adrindeli gadmomcemlebis saxelebis mixedviT (‘ala ar-rijál).
sunitebi hadisebis krebulebidan eqvsi avtoris sandoobas aRiareben. 1. al-
buxár‹ (810-870), al-jam‹‘a a¹-¹a®‹®; 2. muslim an-nãSábårã (817-875), “a¹-¹a®‹®”; 3. ibn
mája (gard. 886 w.), “as-sunnan”; 4. abå dá’åd as-sijisTán‹s (889w.), “qiTáb as-sunnan”; 5.
mu®ammad aT-Tirmiz‹ (gard. 892w.), “al-jam‹‘a al-qab‹r”; 6. an-nasá’‹ (gard. 915w.), “as-
sunnan”. am eqvsma kanonikurma krebulma Seadgina muslimuri suna (qcevis wesi,
gadmocema). X saukunisaTvis aRiarebuli iyo mxolod al-buxarisa da muslimis
krebulebi (a¹-¹a®‹®ain), danarCeni krebulebis aRiareba moxda mxolod mogvianebiT.
droTa ganmavlobaSi Seiqmna hadisebis vrceli komentarebi, Camoyalibda
“mecnierebebi hadisebis Sesaxeb” (‘ulåm al-®adãs). pirveli naSromi ekuTvnis abå
mu®ammad ar-rámahurmuzãs (gard. 971w.). am dargSi klasikur naSromad ganixileba ibn
aí-íalá®is (gard. 1245 w.) — ‘ulåm al-®adãs, romelic dayofilia 65 kategoriad
(nav‘) da ganxilulia sakiTxTa farTo wre: hadisebis klasifikacia, gadmomcemTa
Taobebi, hadisebis swavlebis da gadacemis tradicia, maTi Caweris wesebi da sxva.
sunitebisgan gansxvavebiT Siitebs aqvT TavianTi hadisebi (axbár),
romelTac sxva isnadebi aqvT. maTSi damowmebulia imami alidebis gadmocemebi. am
krebulebs Soris aRiarebulia: abå ja‘far mu®ammad b. Áa‘kåb al-kulãnãs (gard. 939w.)
“al-qáfãfã ‘ilm ad-dãn”; abå ja‘far mu®ammad b. ‘alãs (an bábåÁa al-kummã, gard.
991w.) “qiTáb man lá Áa®«uruhu-l-fakãh”; abå ja‘far mu®ammad b. al-®asan at-tåsãs
(gard. 1067 an 1068w.) “Tahzãb al-a®qám”. isini dawerilia muíannaf-is principiT.
X saukuneSi dasrulda hadisebis kritikasTan dakavSirebuli
terminologiis Camoyalibeba. tradicionalisti al-xattábã (gard. 998w.) pirveli
iyo, vinc hadisis Sefasebis sami ZiriTadi kriteriumi daadgina: ¹a®‹® (“swori”),
®asan (“kargi, mosawoni”), da «a‘ãf (“susti”) an sakãm (“susti, dausabuTebeli”).
XIX s-is bolos da XX saukuneSi intensiurad mimdinareobda hadisebis
literaturis Seswavla. am saqmeSi didi wvlili miuZRviT: i. goldciers141, k.
brokelmans da a. vensinks, romelsac ekuTvnis “konkordansis” (alfavituri
saZiebeli hadisebis 9 sunitur krebulze) Sedgenis idea. vensinkis gardacvalebis
Semdeg (1939w.) am samuSaos saTaveSi Caudga i. mensingi, xolo 1969 wlidan — i.
brugmani. naSromi gamoica 8 tomad 1939-1988 wlebSi142. n. eboti da f. sezgini143
Seecadnen daesabuTebinaT, rom arsebobs hadisebis didi jgufi, romlebic
Cawerilia jer kidev hijris pirveli saukunis Sua wlebSi da meore naxevarSi.

140 is sargeblobda umaÁÁanTa mfarvelobiT da garkveul periodSi ekava yadis, gadasaxadebis

amkrefis da Surtas xelmZRvanelis Tanamdeboba. amave periodSi man daiwyo hadisebis gadacema da
specialuri Sekrebebis Catareba, romelsac eswrebodnen saxelmwifo moxeleebi, Semdeg ki
auditoria gafarTovda.
141 Goldziher I. Muhammedanische Studien. 2. Halle, 1890.
142 Wensink A. J., et al. Concordance et Indices de la Tradition Musulmane. Leiden:
E. J.Brill. 1939-1988
143 Abbott N. Studies in Arabic Literary Papyri. 2. Qur’anic Commentary and Tradition.
Chicago, 1967.

89
 evropul hadisTmcodneobaSi ufro mniSvnelovania Tanamedrove
islamTmcodnis g. ieinbollis naSromi “muslimuri gadmocema”144. avtori Tavisi
winamorbedebis umravlesobisagan gansxvavebiT yuradRebas amaxvilebs hadisis erT
elementze — isnadze. is aris pirveli avtori, romelmac Sekriba da gaanaliza
yvela Cvenamde moRweuli hadisTa adreuli krebulebi, biografiuli leqsikonebi da
Txzulebebi hadisTa kritikaze. avtoris daskvniT, hadisebis standartizacia moxda
ara uadres VII saukunis 90-ian wlebSi, xolo 700-720 wlebSi hadisi mkvidrdeba
avtoritetul wyarod. hadisebis unifikacia moxda ufro gvian, vidre yuranis,
radganac eSinodaT axali wminda wignis gamoCenis yuranis gverdiT. g. ieinbolli
xazs usvams, rom xalifa ‘umarma akrZala hadisebis Cawera. yuranis ‘usmaniseuli
redaqciis gamoCenis Semdeg, hadisebma daikava Tavisi adgili muslimuri
sazogadoebis yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi. aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom gamoqveynda
recenziebi am naSromze, magram mis Sefasebas kidev didi dro dasWirdeba. m.
kisterma Seiswavla hadisebi kompleqsurad, rogorc gansakuTrebuli istoriuli
wyaro145. bolo periodis ganmavlobaSi Sromebma hadisebis teqstologiis dargSi,
hadisebis teqstebis Targmnam evropul enebze, diskusiam hadisebis, rogorc
istoriuli wyaros mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb, hipoTezebma hadisebis masalis
periodizaciisa da stratifikaciis Sesaxeb, SesaZlebeli gaxada mTeli rigi
gadauWreli problemebis analizi hadisTmcodneobis dargSi.

damatebiTi literatura

1. znamenski b. saxarebis personaJebi yuranSi. — saq. ssr mecnierebaTa akademiis

macne, 2, enisa da literaturis seria, Tb., 1985, gv. 85-100.
2. lobJaniZe g. mariamTan dakavSirebuli narativi yuranSi. — Jurn. perspeqtiva -
ΧΧΙ, V, Tb., 2003, gv. 64-67.
3. silagaZe a., ergemliZe n. yuranis poeturi surebis ritmuli organizaciis
sakiTxisaTvis. — Tsu Sromebi, 290, aRmosavleTmcodneoba, Tb., 1989, gv.5-10.
4. jafariZe g. saqarTvelo da maxlobeli aRmosavleTis islamuri samyaro XII-XIII
s.-is pirvel mesamedSi. Tb., 1995.
5. yurani. arabulidan Targmna a. silagaZem. − “armaRani”, Tb., 1977, gv. 420-425
(Targmnilia yuranis ramdenime sura).
6. yurani. arabulidan Targmna, Sesavali werili da ganmartebani daurTo g.
lobJaniZem, Tbilisi, 2006.
7. Белл Р., Уотт У. М. Коранистика: введение. Пер. с англ. СПб., 2005.
8. Ермаков Д. В. Хадисы и хадисная литература. — Ислам. Историографические
Очерки. Под ред. С. М. Прозорова. М., 1991.
9. Коран. Перевод с арабского и комментарии М-Н. О. Османова. М.,1995.
10. Коран. Перевод с арабского языка Г. С . Саблукова. 3-е изд. Казань,1907.
11. Аль-Мунтахаб фи тафсир аль-Кур’ан аль-Карим. Толькование Священного Корана на
арабском и русском языках. Перевели с арабского языка д-р Сумайя Мухаммад Арифи и
д-р Абдель Салям эль-Манси. Под редакцией д-ра Ходжаевой Р.У. Каир, 1420 г. хиджры
(2002 г .).
12. Пиотровский М. Б. Коранические сказания. М.,1991.
13. Резван Е. А. Коран и его мир. Санкт-Петербург. 2001.
14. Резван Е. А. Коран и Коранистика — Ислам. Историографические очерки. Под
ред. С. М. Прозорова. М . 1991, cc.7-84.
15. Резван Е. А. Коран и его толкования: (Тексты, переводы, комментарии). СПб.,
2000.

144 Juynboll G. H. A. Muslim Tradition.: Studies in Chronology, Provenance and Authorship

of Early Hadith. Cambridge, 1983
145 Kister M. Studies in Jahiliyya and Early Islam. London, 1980.

90
16. Bell R. Introduction to the Qur’ān. Edinburgh, 1953.
17. Götje, Helmut. The Qur’ān and its Exegesis. Selected Texts with Classical
and Modern Muslim Interpretations. Translated and edited by Alford T.
Welch. Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1976.
18. Ibn Kathir] Tafsir Ibn Kathir. http://www.tafsir.com./default.asp?sid=4&tid
19. [Watt, W. Montgomery] Bell’s Introduction to the Qur’an completely revised
and enlarged by W. Montgomery Watt. Edinburgh, 1970.
20. Wensinck A. J. Handbook of Early Muhammadan Tradition. Leiden, 1927.

Tavi VII

islamuri samarTlis Teoria da istoria

1. islamuri samarTlis Camoyalibeba

SariaTi (aS-Sar‹‘a - “pirdapiri, swori gza”; “kanoni, miTiTeba”) — islamis

religiuri kanoni, samarTlis sistema, romelic Camoyalibda arabTa saxalifoSi
VII-Xss-Si. arabuli sityva “aS-Sar‹‘a” yuranSi aRniSnavs alahis mier dadgenil swor
gzas, romlis saSualebiTac morwmune aRwevs samoTxemde. aqedan gamomdinare
zogierTi muslimi samarTlismcodne SariaTs islamis sinonimad moiazrebda.
islamur ideologiaSi SariaTi warmoadgens muslimTa qcevis, religiuri normebis,
principebisa da qcevis wesebis erTobliobas. SariaTi aregulirebs alahTan
adamianTa urTierTobis garegnul formebs (kultis wesebis dacva, RvTismsaxureba -
‘ibada, mr. r. ‘ibádáT), adamianTa urTierTobas erTmaneTTan (mu‘amala, mr. r.
mu‘ámaláT) da gansazRvravs sasjels am wesebis darRvevisaTvis (‘ukåba, mr. r.
‘ukåbáT). SariaTs zogjer Targmnian rogorc islamur samarTals, religiur kanons,
muslimur iurisprudencias. muslimuri Temis cxovreba regulirdeba SariaTiT,
RvTiuri kanoniT, romelic gadmocemulia yuransa da sunaSi.
SariaTisa da fikhis mniSvnelobebisa da maTi urTierTdamokidebulebis Sesaxeb
mecnierTa Soris arsebobs gansxvavebuli mosazrebebi, romlebic garkveulwilad
asaxaven am cnebaTa istoriul evolucias. fikhi (al-fikh — “codna”, “gageba”;
mecniereba islamur kanonebze, muslimuri iurisprudencia) aris SariaTis
Semadgeneli nawili, misi Teoriuli dasabuTeba da gaazreba, misi principebis
sistema. SariaTis ZiriTad problemebs amuSavebs fikhi — islamuri samarTlebrivi
doqtrina, romelic warmoadgens safuZvels adamianTa qcevebis SefasebisaTvis.
“SariaTi” alahis zogadi gamonaTqvamebia, xolo “fikhi” ki mis safuZvelze
mecnierTa mier Seqmnili praqtikuli normebi. es ori termini xSirad ixmareba
rogorc sinonimebi im gagebiT, rom al-fikh-iurisprudencia aris mecniereba,
SariaTis codna, xolo al-fikh-samarTali moicavs SariaTis yvela normas. am
terminebs Soris aris sami ZiriTadi gansxvaveba: 1. SariaTi aris yuransa da sunaSi
arsebuli miTiTebebis erToblioba. fikhi aris erToblioba im normebis, romlebic
dadgenilia SariaTis safuZvelze konkretul situaciasTan mimarTebaSi, magram maTi
pirdapiri ganmarteba SariaTSi mocemuli ar aris; 2. SariaTi aris erTxel da
samudamod dadgenili da ucvleli, xolo fikhi icvleba im garemoebaTa Sesabamisad,
romelSic is gamoiyeneba; 3. SariaTis miTiTebebis didi nawils aqvs zogadi xasiaTi.
isini exeba fuZemdeblur principebs. fikhis normebs ki aqvs konkretuli
mimarTuleba. isini aCveneben, rogor gamoiyeneba SariaTis fuZemdebluri principebi
konkretul garemoebebSi.
islamuri samarTlis CamoyalibebaSi mniSvnelovani roli iTamaSa muhamadisa da
pirveli oTxi “marTlmorwmune” xalifas moRvaweobam. am periodSi muhamadis
aRTqmebis, gamonaTqvamebis da saqcielis ganmartebaTa gziT Sedgenil iqna muslimTa
wminda wignebi yurani da suna. islamur samarTalSi asaxva hpova axlo
aRmosavleTis winamavali samarTlebrivi kulturebis elementebma, maT Soris
islamamdel arabeTSi da arabTa mier dapyrobil teritoriebze moqmedma

91
Cveulebebma da tradiciebma. jer kidev umaianTa mmarTvelobis periodSi kvlav
gamoiyeneboda sasanianTa iranis, bizantiis da nawilobriv romis samarTali.
islamuri samarTali, romis samarTlisagan gansxvavebiT, aris religiis ganuyofeli
nawili da moiazreba rogorc erTiani samarTlebrivi sistema muslimebisaTvis. is
aris sruliad damoukidebeli samarTlebrivi sistema, romelic efuZneba upirveles
yovlisa yurans da islamis religias. SariaTi, sxva samarTlebrivi sistemebisagan
gansxvavebiT, Camoyalibda da ganviTarda rogorc konfesiuri samarTali. is
mWidrod iyo dakavSirebuli islamTan da yalibdeboda saukuneebis manZilze
islamuri sazogadoebis ganviTarebasTan erTad. islamuri samarTlis normebi
moqmedebs mxolod muslimebTan mimarTebaSi. SariaTi, gansakuTrebiT Tavis
ganviTarebis pirvel etapze, yuradRebas amaxvilebs ara muslimTa uflebebze,
aramed muslimTa valdebulebebze alahTan mimarTebaSi. yvela muslimi Tanabaria
alahis da misi dadgenilebebis winaSe. Tumca qalebs da monebs orjer naklebi
samarTlebrivi pasuxismgebloba aqvT, vidre Tavisufal mamakacs. es exeba agreTve
avadmyofebs, vinc imyofeba meurveobis qveS da aqvs mZime fizikuri nakli.
Teoriulad iTvleba, rom SariaTi aregulirebs adamianis cxovrebis yvela sferos,
gamonaklisis gareSe. SariaTSi Serwymulia samarTlebrivi, religiuri da eTikuri
sawyisi. muslimis yoveli qmedeba ganixileba, rogorc iuridiuli aqti.
islamuri samarTlis kodifikacia moxda VIII s-is II naxevarSi cnobili
samarTlismcodneebis — abå Áåsuf Áa‘kåbis (798w.) da mu®ammad b. al-®asan al-
SaÁbánãs (805w.) mier. islamuri samarTlis ganviTarebaSi tradiciulad gamoiyofa 6
ZiriTadi etapi: 1. mociqulis epoqa (610-632); 2. pirveli oTxi “marTlmorwmune”
xalifas da muhamadis cnobili mimdevrebis periodi; 3. umaÁÁanTa periodi (661-750); 4.
750 — Xs-is Sua wlebi, e. w. oqros xana; 5. 960-1258; 6. 1258 wlidan dRemde.
islamuri samarTali Tavdapirvelad warmoiSva arabeTis naxevarkunZulze,
magram saxalifos sazRvrebis gafarToebisa da islamis ganmtkicebis Sedegad misi
moqmedeba gavrcelda axal teritoriebze da iqca msoflio samarTlebriv sistemad.
SariaTi aregulirebs ara sazogadoebrivi da religiuri cxovrebis mkacrad
gansazRvrul sferoebs, aramed is aris yovlismomcveli normatiuli sistema.
saRvTismetyvelo-iuridiuli skolebis — mazhabebis Camoyalibebam da saqmianobam
xeli Seuwyo islamuri samarTlis Semdgom ganviTarebas, sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis
axal movlenaTa racionalur gaazrebas, mTeli rigi abstraqtuli wesebis
SemuSavebas da zogierTi moZvelebuli normebis (“gadmonaSTebis”) uaryofas.
SariaTis principuli gansxvaveba sxva religiuri sakanonmdeblo sistemebisagan
gansxvavebiT is aris, rom muslimur samyaroSi XIX saukunis bolomde ar moqmedebda
sxva sakanonmdeblo sistema, SariaTis garda. SariaTis xangrZlivobas muslimur
aRmosavleTSi xeli Seuwyo Semdegma garemoebebma: a) muslimuri aRmosavleTis
social-ekonomikuri pirobebi; b) meCeTi didi xnis manZilze iyo ara mxolod
religiuri, aramed saero saqmeebis, maT Soris sasamarTlo saqmeebis gadawyvetis
adgili; g) alahis neba, romelic ucvleli da uryevia; d) dapyrobili xalxebis
adaT-Cvevevbis moqveva SariaTis CarCoebSi; e) fikhis fuZemdeblebma sakanonmdeblo
kodeqsSi iuridiuli sakiTxebis garda, moaqcies religiuri kultis, vaWrobis,
sagadasaxado da moralis sakiTxebi; v) saero da sasuliero Zalaufleba erTi da
igive piris (xalifas, sultnis, amiras) xelT iyo; z) SariaTSi mocemulia iseTi
debulebani da miTiTebani, romlebic yuranSi ar aris.
dRes sazogadoebis reislamizaciis fundamenturi moTxovna mimarTulia
iqiTken, rom SariaTi aRiarebul iqnes samarTlis erTaderT wyarod. aseTi procesi
mimdinareobs saudis arabeTSi, iranSi, sudanSi, sparseTis yuris qveynebSi,
nawilobriv pakistanSi.

2. islamuri samarTlis wyaroebi

islamuri samarTlis safuZveli aris yurani — muslimTa wminda wigni. yurani

Sedgeba 114 Tavisagan (sura), romlebic dayofilia 6219 leqsad (aia). maT did
nawils aqvs miTologiuri xasiaTi da mxolod daaxl. 500 aia Seicavs miTiTebebs
muslimTa qcevis wesebis Sesaxeb. amasTan, 80 maT Soris SeiZleba ganxilul iqnes

92
rogorc sakuTriv samarTlebrivi (ZiriTadad es aris wesebi, romlebic exeba
qorwinebas da ojaxs), danarCeni exeba religiur ritualebs da valdebulebebs.
muslimi samarTlismcodneebi gamoyofen aiebs, romlebic adgenen samarTlebriv
statuss (70), aregulireben samoqalaqo (70) da sisxlis samarTlis sakiTxebs (30),
sasamarTlo proceduras (13). “konstituciuri” aiebi yuranSi aris 10, ekonomikas da
finansebs exeba — 10 da “saerTaSoriso samarTals” — 25.
yuranis miTiTebebis did nawils aqvs kazualuri xasiaTi da warmoadgens
konkretul ganmartebebs, romlebic mocemulia mociqulis mier calkeul kerZo
SemTxvevebTan dakavSirebiT. yuranSi aris iseTi dadgenilebebic, romelTa
ganmarteba sxvadasxvagvarad SeiZleba. Sesabamisad, sasamarTlo-saRvTismetyvelo
praqtikaSi da samarTlebriv doqtrinaSi am miTiTebebma miiRes
urTierTsawinaaRmdego xasiaTi mazhabebis mier maTi Tavisufali ganmartebebis
safuZvelze.
adreul muslimur TemSi mxolod yurani iyo religiuri moZRvrebis da
Sesabamisad, samarTlis ZiriTadi wyaro. arabTa dapyrobebis Semdeg es wyaro aRar
aRmoCnda sakmarisi. meore avtoritetuli da savaldebulo wyaro aris gadmocemebi
_suna da hadisebi. suna (wminda gadmocema) aris yuranis damateba, romelsac
pirobiTad SeiZleba vuwodoT sasamarTlo kodeqsi. sunas dacva niSnavs muhamadis
mibaZvas. sirieli RvTismetyvelis aS-Sáфi‘ãs (767-820) ZalisxmeviT mociqulis suna
VIIIs-is bolos, IX s-is dasawyisSi yuranis Semdeg meore wyarod iqna miCneuli
islamur samarTalSi. amas garkveulwilad xeli Seuwyo hadisebis sistematizaciam
calkeuli krebulebis saxiT. sunas sawinaaRmdego aris bid‘a — siaxle, rwmena an
praqtika, romelsac ar moepoveba precedenti muhamadis dros. zogierT SemTxvevaSi
bid‘a ganixileba eresis analogiad. bid‘as sxvadasxva dogmaturi skolis
warmomadgenlebi sxvadasxvagvarad ganixilavdnen. maT Soris kamaTis Sedegad moxda
bid‘as klasifikacia or nawilad: “Sesaqebi” an “mosawoni” (ma®måda) da “cudi” an
“gasakicxi” (mazmåma) siaxleebi. ufro detalurad maTi Camoyalibeba moxda
islamuri samarTlis 5 ZiriTad kategoriasTan TanxmobaSi.
hadisebis erToblioba Seadgens mociqulis sunas. hadisi aris gadmocema
mociqul muhamadis sityvebisa da saqcielis Sesaxeb, romelic moicavs muslimuri
temis religiur-samarTlebrivi cxovrebis sxvadasxva mxares. Tavdapirvelad
hadisebi iyo upiratesad religiur-iuridiuli xasiaTis. maTSi mocemuli iyo
samarTlebrivi da sakulto miTiTebebi, ritualuri siwmindis wesebi, dadgenilebebi
sakvebis Taobaze, moralis normebi da qcevis wesebi. yuranis zogierTi bundovani
dadgenilebis dazusteba xdeboda swored hadisebis saSualebiT.
hadisebis sistematuri Seswavla daiwyo ‘abasianTa dros jer kidev umaÁÁanTa
mier Seqmnil fakihTa sam skolaSi — medinis, erayis da siriis (damaskoSi).
damuSavebis procesSi aRmoCnda, rom yurani da hadisebi ara mxolod ar gvaZleven
pasuxs rwmenisa da samarTlis mraval sakiTxze, aramed maTSi aris
urTierTgamomricxavi adgilebi. fakihebma Seqmnes nasxis (nasx — “uaryofa”), e.i.
uaryofis Teoria — yuranis erTi teqstis Secvla meoreTi. es Teoria gamoyenebuli
iqna hadisebTan mimarTebaSic. Tumca praqtikaSi es Teoria davas iwvevda.
Sesabamisad, aucilebeli gaxda axali wyaros moZieba. VIII saukunis Sua wlebSi
“marTlmorwmune” muslim fakihebs Soris Camoyalibda ori, urTierTsawinaaRmdego
mimarTuleba: “aí®áb ar-ra‘i” — “azris mimdevrebi” (e. i. logikuri daskvnis an
gansjiTi meTodis momxreebi), romelsac yvelaze xSirad mimarTavdnen siriisa da
erayis fakihTa skolebi da “aí®áb al-®adãs” — hadisebis, gadmocemebis mimdevrebi.
eseni iyvnen ufro konservatori fakihebi, romlebic ver eguebodnen “siaxleebs”.
isini upiratesad iyvnen medinis skolis warmomadgenlebi. medinis fakihebi
opoziciaSi iyvnen umaÁÁanebTan imitom, rom maT Seqmnes samoqalaqo saxelmwifo da
gadauxvies muhamadisa da oTxi xalifas droindeli Teokratiis ideals, Semoitanes
“siaxleebi”. am mimarTulebis momxreebma wamoayenes principi, romlis Tanaxmadac
mxolod RvTiuri kanons da ara azrs SeiZleba hqondes Zala religiuri moZRvrebis
sakiTxebSi. “aí®áb ar-ra’i” da misi mowinaaRmdegeebi religiisa da samarTlis
sakiTxebSi pirvel adgilas ayenebdnen yuranisa da sunas avtoritets. im
SemTxvevebSi, roca es ori wyaro ver iZleoda pasuxs garkveul sakiTxebze, “azris
mimdevrebi” SesaZleblad miiCnevdnen logikuri daskvnebis safuZvelze
gadawyvetilebis gamotanas (ijmá‘). ijmá‘ ganixileba rogorc “muslimuri Temis

93
Tanxmoba, erTsulovani gadawyvetileba”. es aris religiur avtoritetTa (mufTiebi,
mujTahidebi), kanonTmcodneTa (fakihebi) erTsulovani azri religiis, samarTlis da
sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis sxvadasxva sakiTxze, romelzedac pasuxi ar iZebneba
yuransa da sunaSi. maTi erTsulovani azri kanonis Zalas aniWebda samarTlebriv
gadawyvetilebas. aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom zogierTi samarTlismcodne islamuri
samarTlis mesame wyarod ganixilavs muhamadis mimdevrebis azrs, rogorc
koleqtiurs, ise individualurs146. mimdevrebis mier dakavebuli poziciis mixedviT,
am wyaros yofen or nawilad: Tu maTi azri erTsulovani iyo ama Tu im sakiTxTan
mimarTebaSi, aseTi azri iwodeboda ijmad; Tu isini sxvadasxva azris iyvnen
romelime erT sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT, maSin TiToeuli azri aRiniSneboda
terminiT ar-ra’i (piradi azri). ijma viTardeboda rogorc yuranisa da sunas
interpretaciis saxiT, ise axali normebis Camoyalibebis gziT, romlebic ar iyo
dakavSirebuli muhamadTan.
“aí®áb ar-ra’i”-s mimarTulebis momxreebma samarTlis sistemaSi Semoitanes
axali normebi da cdilobdnen maT SeTanxmebas islamuri samarTlis saerTo
sistemasTan. isini aseve dasaSvebad miiCnevdnen zog SemTxvevaSi Tavi aeridebinaT
yuranisa da hadisebis calkeuli adgilebis bukvaluri gagebisagan da miecaT
maTTvis gansjiTi ganmarteba. amgvarad, “aí®áb ar-ra’i” uSvebda piradi azris
gamoyenebas da racionalizmis elementis Semotanas. Tumca maTi racionalizmi iyo
SezRuduli. maT daadgines, rom gansjiTi meTodisaTvis miemarTaT mxolod im
SemTxvevaSi, roca romelime konkretul sakiTxze logikuri daskvnisaTvis
SeiZleboda analogiis daZebna yuranSi an hadisebSi. aseTi analogia aRiniSneboda
terminiT kiÁás (“Sepirispireba”, “Sedareba”, “analogia”). amdenad gaCnda islamuri
samarTlis axali wyaro — kiasi147.
kiasi aris gansja analogiiT. am meTodis Tanaxmad, roca yurani, suna da ijma
ar iZleva saSualebas gadaiWras esa Tu is sakiTxi, saWiroa daiZebnos analogia
yuransa da sunaSi da amis mixedviT iqneba miRebuli gadawyvetileba. kiasis
praqtikaSi gamoyeneba daiwyo hijriT meore saukuneSi, basris mosamarTlis, abå
®anãfas mowafis — ®ammád b. sulaÁman b. rabã‘as mier. Tumca pirveli, vinc daiwyo
misi sistematuri gamoyeneba iyo abå ®anãfa (gard. 767w.). al-kiÁás aRiarebuli iqna
yvela mazhabis mier, rogorc samarTlis erT-erTi wyaro. misi gamoyeneba daSvebuli
iyo mxolod fakihebisaTvis da ara morwmuneTa fenisaTvis. Tumca fakihebs
eSinodaT, rom mis farTo gamoyenebas SeiZleboda uTanxmoeba gamoewvia muslimur
TemSi. amdenad, win wamoswies principi, rom kiasi gamoeyenebinaT im SemTxvevaSi,
roca am sakiTxze arsebobda yvela avtoritetul kanonmdebelTa SeTanxmebuli azri
(ijmá‘).
ase Camoyalibda islamuri samarTlis oTxi wyaro: 1. yurani, 2. gadmocema (suna,
hadisebi), 3. ijmá‘, 4. kiÁás. TandaTanobiT es oTxi wyaro aRiarebuli iqna yvela
“marTlmorwmune” fakihis mier, magram gansxvavebuli iyo maTi azri ukanaskneli ori
wyaros gamoyenebis mniSvnelobasa da sazRvrebTan dakavSirebiT. “aí®áb ar-ra’i”-s da
“aí®áb al-®adãs”-s mimarTulebebis mimdevrebs148 Soris davam da kompromisebma

146 oTxi “marTlmowmune” xalifa da mociqulis sxva mimdevrebi konkretuli sakamaTo

sakiTxis gadasawyvetad mimarTavdnen yuransa da sunas. dumilis SemTxvevaSi isini adgendnen
qcevis axal wesebs am wyaroebis gafarToebul ganmartebebze da sxva racionalur
argumentebze dayrdnobiT. amasTan, Tavdapirvelad im sakiTxebze, romlebic ar iyo
daregulirebuli yuraniT da sunaTi, muhamadis mimdevrebs gadawyvetileba gamohqondaT
erTsulovani, rac efuZneboda erTsulovan azrs, SeTanxmebuls maT TanamebrZolebTan da
cnobil samarTlismcodneebTan. Tumca muhamadis yvela mimdevars hqonda ufleba
damoukideblad Camoeyalibebina qcevis axali wesi Tavisi Sexedulebisamebr. SemdgomSi
aseTma normebma miiRo saxelwodeba — “mimdevarTa gamonaTqvamebi”.
147 kiasis gamoyenebis magaliTi: Tu urwmuno aramuslimTa teritoriidan Camovida muslimur
qveyanaSi, miiRo xelSeuxeblobis garantia, rogorc vaWarma an elCma da Semdeg Caidina
qurdoba, SeiZleba Tu ara daisajos is? aq SeiZleba kiasis gamoyeneba. Tu ucxoels rames
moparavda muslimi, am ukanasknels xels moaWridnen. analogiiT aseve SeiZleba moeqcnen
ucxoel damnaSaves erTi da igive danaSaulTan dakavSirebiT.
148 Siit-imamitebTan am or mimarTulebas Seesatyviseba axbaritebi (axbár — Siituri
gadmocema, hadisi), romlebic eyrdnobodnen mxolod yuransa da sunas (umciresobas
Seadgendnen) da usulitebi (uíål — SariaTis safuZvlebi), romlebic iyenebdnen kiass da
ijmas mujTahidebis gadawyvetilebis safuZvelze (didi umravlesoba).

94
gamoiwvia sxvadasxva skolebis anu mazhabebis Camoyalibeba VIII saukunis bolos da
IX saukunis dasawyisSi. suniti avtoritetebis mier oTxi mazhabi iqna aRiarebuli
kanonierad. isini mexuTe mazhabad cnoben jafaritebis Siitur skolas. islamuri
samarTlis wyaroebTan (uíål al-fikh) mimarTebaSi am mazhabisaTvis
damaxasiaTebelia garkveuli specifika, rac aixsneba imamaTis Siituri koncefciiT.
misi mimdevrebi iyeneben ara marto mociqulis sunas, aramed Tormeti imamis
gadawyvetilebebs, romlebic sargebloben absoluturi avtoritetiT, rac
gamoricxavs ijmá‘-saTvis mimarTvis aucileblobas. SiitTa ukanaskneli imamis
gaqrobis Semdeg daSvebulia mujTahidebis erTsulovani azris cnoba. dRes
praqtikuli mniSvneloba eniWeba agreTve zaiditTa samarTals, romlis
fuZemdebelia zaÁd b. ‘alã ( mokles 740 w.) da ismailitTa samarTals, romlis
SemuSaveba ukavSirdeba al-káÇã an-nu‘mánis (gard. 979w.) saxels.
islamuri samarTlis araoficialuri wyaro iyo CveulebiTi samarTali — adaTi
(‘áda an ‘urf), romelsac kanonSi arsebuli xarvezebis Sesavsebad iyenebdnen. is
ganixileba, rogorc samarTlis damatebiTi wyaro konkretul regionSi. praqtikul
saqmianobaSi adaTis normebis SeuzRudavad gamoyeneba SeuZlia mxolod
samediatoro mosamarTles (®aqam), romlis ZiriTadi mizania dapirispirebul mxareTa
SeTanxmeba, vidre saqmes yadisTan aRZraven. gadawyvetilebis gamotanisas mas
SeuZlia agreTve ixelmZRvanelos islamuri samarTlis normebiT da sakuTari
gamocdilebiT. yadis an saxelmwifo moxeles SeuZlia daeyrdnos adaTs mxolod
gansakuTrebul SemTxvevevbSi ise, rom ar daarRvios SariaTiT gaTvaliswinebuli
normebi.
islamuri samarTlis damatebiT wyaroebad ganixileba: faTva — umaRlesi
religiuri avtoritetis mier gamotanili saRvTismetyvelo-samarTlebrivi daskvna;
“iuridiuli praqtika” — ‘amal. Tumca Teoriulad sasamarTlo precedenti
muslimuri doqtrinis mier samarTlis wyarod aRiarebuli ar yofila, e. i. erTi
mosamarTlis gadawyvetileba sxva mosamarTleebs raime valdebulebas ar akisrebs;
islamuri saxelmwifos meTaurebis (xalifebi, Sahebi, sultnebi) mier gamocemuli
normatiuli aqtebi — firmani, kanuni. aseTma kanonSemoqmedebiTma praqtikam miiRo
saxelwodeba — “samarTlebrivi politika”. am normatiul aqts Cveulebriv Tan
axlda umaRlesi mufTis daskvna, romelic adasturebda normis Sesabamisobas
islamuri samarTlis principebTan da amis Semdeg mocemuli norma xdeboda
islamuri samarTlis Semadgeneli nawili. XIX saukunis meore naxevridan islamuri
samarTlis wyaroebma mniSvnelovani cvlilebebi ganicada. es, upirveles yovlisa,
dakavSirebuli iyo imasTan, rom ganviTarebuli muslimuri qveynebis samarTlebriv
sistemebSi fikhma TandaTan adgili dauTmo kanonmdeblobas, romelic dafuZnebuli
iyo dasavleTevropuli magaliTebis recefciaze. amis paralelurad islamuri
samarTlis wyaroebze arsebiTi gavlena moaxdina islamuri samarTlis mTeli rigi
dargebisa da institutebis kodifikaciam, romelic Catarda 1869-1876 wlebSi
majallebis (“majallaT al-a®qám al-adliÁÁa” Sedgeba 16 wignisagan) gamocemiT. es
iyo osmaleTis imperiis samoqalaqo da saproceso samarTlis kodeqsi, romelic
moqmedebda mTel rig arabul qveynebSi XX saukunis Sua wlebamde. “majalla” gaxda
pirveli aqti, romelmac ganamtkica islamuri samarTlis normebi saxelmwifo
kanonis saxiT. amJamad muslimuri qveynebis umravlesobaSi swored saxelmwifos
mier miRebuli sakanonmdeblo aqti (kodeqsi, kanoni) warmoadgens samarTlis wyaros.

faTva [faTvá, mr. faTává, “ganmarteba”, spars. da Turq. feTva, sinonimebia fuTÁá,
ifTá’] - saRvTismetyvelo-samarTlebrivi daskvna, gamotanili SariaTis romelime
miTiTebis ganmartebisa da praqtikuli gamoyenebisaTvis, an SariaTis poziciebidan
raime kazusis ganmartebisaTvis. faTvas damatebiT samarTlebriv wyarod miiCnevda
uklebliv yvela saRvTismetyvelo-samarTlebrivi skolis damaarsebeli.
islamis pirvel saukuneSi faTva ewodeboda muhamadis mimdevarTa
(gansakuTrebiT pirveli oTxi xalifas) mier sxvadasxva samarTlebriv
sakiTxebze gamotanil gadawyvetilebas. SemdgomSi faTva warmoadgenda
avtoritetuli fakihis (mufTi) mier, garkveuli sakiTxis individualuri
damuSavebis Sedegad gamoTqmul Tvalsazriss, anda, gansakuTrebul SemTxvevaSi,
principuli mniSvnelobis SekiTxvaze gacemul pasuxs. islamis klasikuri
doqtriniT mufTisaTvis aucilebelia iyos muslimi, samarTliani, hqondes saTanado

95
codna (ijTihád) da problemis analizis da gadaWris unari. yadis sapirispirod,
mufTi SeiZleba iyos qali, mona, brma an yru adamiani.
faTvebi xels uwyobdnen erTsulovani azris (ijmá’) formirebas, TvalSisacems
xdidnen uTanxmoebebs (ixTiláf), rac ganapirobebda saRvTismetyvelo-samarTlebriv
skolebSi fakihTa konsolidacias. dgeboda faTvebis krebulebi, romlebic
samarTlismcodneTa momavali TaobebisTvis damxmare da saswavlo
saxelmZRvaneloebis rols asrulebdnen. faTvebis yvelaze adreuli da cnobili
krebulebis Semdgenelebi arian al-marvarådi (gard. 1069 w.), muÐammad ibn ruSdi
(gard. 1126 w.), ‘umar al-buxárã (gard. 1146 w.) da sxv. fatvebis sunituri krebulebis
umetesobas hqonda universaluri Sinaarsi da ZiriTadad Semdegi Tavebisagan
Sedgeboda: ganbanva, locva, dakrZalvis rituali, zaqaTi, marxva, piligrimoba,
sxvadasxva savaWro garigebebi da valdebulebebi, sakuTrebis gankargvis wesi,
vakfebi, memkvidreoba, saqorwino-saojaxo urTierTobebi, sxvadasxva saxis
samarTaldarRvevevbi, muslimi mmarTvelebis urTierToba aramuslim saxemwifoebTan,
sasamarTlo procesi da sxv.
faTva SeeZlo moeTxova rTul mdgomareobaSi Cayenebul da daeWvebul
gamgebels, moxeles an kerZo pirs werilobiTi saxiT, zogadi frazebiT; is ar
SeiZleboda mimarTuli yofiliyo romelime konkretuli piris winaaRmdeg.
avtoritetul fakihs (mufTi) aseve werilobiTi saxiT da zogadi formebiT unda
gaeca pasuxi. amgvari faTvebis safuZvelze gamohqondaT administraciuli
gadawyvetilebani, dasturdeboda ama Tu im siaxleTa da cvlilebaTa daSveba Tu
akrZalva - gansakuTrebiT evropul qveynebTan farTo kontaqtebis damyarebis Semdeg,
rasac mravali ucxo samarTlebrivi Tu yofiTi normebis gardauvali gadmoReba
mohyva. avtoritetuli fakihis gadawyvetilebiT daSvebulia romelime islamuri
normis moqmedebis droebiTi SeCerebac, Tu amas obieqturi mizezebi ganapirobeben.

islamuri samarTlis oTxi wyaros aRiarebasTan erTad Camoyalibda islamuri

samarTlis (fikhi) dayofa Teoriul nawilad — safuZvlebi (uíål) da praqtikul
nawilad — ganStoebebi (furå‘). TandaTanobiT Camoyalibda moZRvreba, romlis
Tanaxmadac muslimebi iyofian or ZiriTad kategoriad: 1. mujTahidebi da 2.
mukalidebi (mukallid — mimbaZveli, mimdevari, mowafe). mujTahidebi warmoadgenen
RvTismetyvel-kanonmdebelTa zeda fenas, xolo danarCeni muslimebi (maT Soris
dabali sasuliero fena) miekuTvnebian mukalidebs. maT ara aqvT ufleba arc
saRvTismetyvelo da sakanonmdeblo sakiTxebis ganxilvis da arc TavianTi azris
gamoTqmis ufleba. TiToeuli mukalidi valdebulia scnos gansazRvruli
mujTahidis avtoriteti da daeyrdnos maT azrs, mimarTos maT daskvnebs (faTva).
islamuri samarTlis TeoriaSi (gansakuTrebiT hanafituri mazhabis mimdevrebSi)
ganmtkicda azri, rom Tu mujTahidi ver moiZebneboda, mosamarTled SeiZleboda
daeniSnaT mukalidi.
kiass da ijmas SeiZleba mimarTon im adamianebma, romlebsac aqvT “didi
mondomeba” da “gulmodgineba” (al-ijTihád). tradiciis Tanaxmad, ijTihadi
aRmocenda jer kidev muhamadis dros misi mimdevrebis wreSi, romlebic iTvlebian
srulyofili al-ijTihadis matareblad. TandaTanobiT muslimuri Temis cxovrebaSi
samarTlebrivi xasiaTis mravali problema warmoiSva. amitom al-ijTihadis mTavari
mizani gaxda axali an winamorbedebis mier gadauWreli sakiTxebis gadawyveta
islamze dayrdnobiT. al-ijTihadis ZiriTadi amocanaa — samarTlis wyaroebis
SerCeva, maTi Sefaseba, maTi urTierTmimarTebis gansazRvra, argumentebisa da
meTodebis SerCeva da klasifikacia, kazuistikuri ganxilva sakiTxebis da maTi
gadawyvetis tipuri formulebis SemuSaveba. xolo Tu es gadawyvetilebebi ar
Seesabameboda realobas, kompromisebis moZieba. ijTihadis meTodi farTod
gavrcelda VIII-X saukuneebSi, rasac mohyva islamuri samarTlis ganviTareba
doqtrinaluri gziT samarTlebrivi skolebis (mazhabebis) damfuZnebelTa, xolo
mogvianebiT maTi cnobili mimdevrebisa da mowafeebis SromebSi. es iyo axali etapi
islamuri samarTlis ganviTarebaSi, romelic cnobilia saxelwodebiT —
“kodifikaciis da mazhabebis xelmZRvanelTa (imamebis)” periodi da Sefasebulia
“oqros saukuned”. islamuri samarTali eyrdnoboda ijTihadis Tavisuflebis
princips. TiToeulma saRvTismetyvelo-samarTlebrivma skolam Camoayaliba

96
iuridiuli teqnikis Tavisi meTodebi ZiriTadi wyaroebis “dumilis” SemTxvevaSi.
aman gamoiwvia is, rom msgavsi situaciebis ganxilvis dros sxvadasxva skolebs
gansxvavebuli gadawyvetileba gamohqondaT. samarTlismcodneebi axal normebs
ayalibebdnen sxvadasxva logikuri magaliTebis, e.w. “racionaluri wyaroebis”,
safuZvelze. mniSvnelovani cvlileba moxda X-XI saukuneebis mijnaze, roca
ijTihadi ganixileboda ara rogorc Tavisi Sexedulebisamebr ganxilva, aramed
islamuri samarTlis erT-erTi skolis arCevanis SesaZlebloba. muslim mkvlevarTa
umravlesobis azriT, ijTihadis saukune Seicvala Taklidis (Taklãd -“mibaZva”)
saukuniT. es imas niSnavda, rom yuranisa da sunas “dumilis” SemTxvevaSi
mosamarTles ekrZaleboda gadawyvetilebis gamotana Tavisi Sexedulebisamebr da
valdebuli iyo islamuri samarTlis erT-erTi cnobili skolis samarTlebrivi
principebi daecva. ukve X saukunis bolos, mmarTvelebi iTxovdnen yadiebisagan, rom
moTaTbirebodnen mecnierebs im sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT, romelTa gadawyveta
SeuZlebeli iyo yuransa da sunaze dayrdnobiT. marTalia, es wyaroebi ijmasTan
erTad ZiriTadi iyo da gadasinjvas ar eqvemdebareboda, praqtikulad yadis aRar
SeeZlo pirdapir dayrdnoboda maT. yadiebi valdebuli iyvnen islamuri samarTlis
wyaroebSi ganmtkicebuli normebi gamoeyenebinaT mxolod im saxiT, rogorc is iyo
ganmartebuli gansazRvruli samarTlebrivi skolis mier. Tumca, sunituri
koncefciisagan gansxvavebiT, romlis mixedviTac “ijTihadis karibWe daiketa”,
Siitebi ijTihadis karibWes Riad acxadeben.
XIX saukuneSi islamSi reformatoruli mimdinareobebis warmoSobis Semdeg
gaCnda al-ijTihadis aRorZinebis tendencia, raTa islamuri principebi xelaxla
ganxiluliyo Tanamedrove cxovrebis poziciebidan. Tumca muslimuri sazogadoebis
mxridan am tendenciebs farTo mxardaWera ara aqvT.
fakihs, romlis daskvnas aRiarebs mTeli Temi, anda muslimTa mniSvnelovani
nawili, ewodeba mujTahidi (“is, vinc cdilobs, Zal-Rones xarjavs”). Teoriulad
iTvleba, rom nebismier morwmunes SeuZlia gaxdes mujTahidi, Tumca praqtikulad
amis miRweva rTulia. rogorc wesi, mujTahidebi xdebian mujTahidebis Svilebi da
STamomavlebi. mujTahidebs waeyenebodaT Semdegi moTxovnebi: 1. arabuli enis codna
yvela gramatikuli da leqsikuri wvrilmanebiT, radganac yuranis garda am enaze
iyo Cawerili hadisebic da yvela sxva damxmare masalac (Tafsãr, Ta’vãl, asar da
sxva). 2. yuranis codna zepirad, misi ganmartebis unari gramatikulad da
azrobrivad, yvela surisa da aias gardmovlenis mizezebis codna. 3. suna da masze
komentarebis codna. amasTan hadisebis didi raodenobis (3 aTasamde) zepirad codna;
4. fikhis ZiriTad sakiTxebze SeTanxmebuli (ijmá‘) da gansxvavebuli (ixTiláf)
azris arsebobis garemoebaTa Sekrebis codna; 4. SerCeuli samarTlebrivi masalis
interpretaciis meTodikis codna; 5. im amocanis sworad gageba, romelsac svams
Sens winaSe mecnieri. 7. miRebuli daskvnebis saTanado Seafaseba. 8. simtkice
rwmenaSi da misi erTguleba; mxolod am pirobebis dacviT yalibdeba srulyofili
al-ijTihadi. ijTihadis centrebi iyo meqa da medina hijazSi, qufa da basra eraySi,
damasko siriaSi. saRvTismetyvelo-samarTlebrivi skolebis (mazhabebis)
Camoyalibebis Semdeg sunitebi aRar cnobdnen vinmes uflebas ijTihadze149, Sewyda
maTi damuSaveba, “al-ijTihadis karibWe daiketa” (Xs.), zustdeboda calkeuli
meorexarisxovani sakiTxebi, xdeboda gadawera da komentireba winamorbedTa
Txzulebebis, romelTa avtoriteti uryevi iyo. Siitur islamSi ase ar moxda.
ijTihadis ufleba aqvT Siit mujTahidebs, romlebic TavianT gadawyvetilebebSi
gamoxataven “faruli” imamis azrs. ijTihadis SenarCuneba SiizmSi Siituri
samRvdeloebis aqtivobis erT-erTi mizezia.
mujTahidebi Tavis mxriv sam safexurad iyofian: umaRlesi donis mujTahidebi _
avtoritetebi, romlebsac SeuZliaT gamoTqvan azri RvTismetyvelebisa da
samarTlis safuZvlebze. eseni arian sahabebi da maTi mowafeebi imamebamde,
mazhabebis damaarseblebamde. saSualo donis mujTahidebi — isini, visac aqvs
ufleba gamoTqvas Tavisi azri mxolod islamuri samarTlis ganStoebebze (furå‘),
e. i. Teologiisa da samarTlis kerZo sakiTxebze. eseni arian imamebis (mazhabebis
damaarseblebis) mowafeebi. Tumca ramdenime maTganma, mag., al-máTurãdãm (gard.
daaxl. 947w.), al-aS‘arãm (gard. 935-36w.), al-Razálãm (gard. 1111w.), praqtikulad

149 sunitur islamSi yvelaze did mujTahidebad iTvlebian oTxi mTavari mazhabis
damaarsebelni.

97
aranaklebi avtoriteti moipoves, vidre pirveli periodis mujTahidebma. sunit
mujTahidebs dRes aRar hyavT am ori safexuris mujTahidi, mxolod qveda
safexuris. maT ara aqvT ufleba gamoTqvan TavianTi azri arc dogmatikis
sakiTxebze da samarTlis safuZvlebze (uíåli) da arc RvTismetyvelebis da
samarTlis (furå‘) sakiTxebze. maT SeuZliaT mxolod saWiro SemTxvevaSi daimowmon
da gadascen mukalidebs pirveli ori donis mujTahidebis azri, gadawyvetileba da
amis safuZvelze Seadginon iuridiuli daskvna (faTva) calkeul kazusebze. dabali
donis mujTahidebi arian specialistebi — Teologiisa da samarTlis mcodneni.
umravles SemTxvevaSi isini arian Zalian avtoritetuli, rac gamoixateba umaRlesi
donis mujTahidebis faTvebisa da Txzulebebis codnaSi. maT ara aqvT
damoukidebeli roli Teologiisa da samarTlis SemuSavebaSi.
Siitur (imamitur) islamSi mujTahidi aris umaRlesi religiuri avtoriteti,
romelic mowodebulia imamis “dafarvis” periodSi Temi waiyvanos “swori gziT”.
imamituri tradiciis Tanaxmad, pirveli mujTahidebi iyvnen al-kulini (941w.), al-
mufãdi (1022w.), aS-Sarãf al-murTa«á (1044w.) da sxv. imamitebs, sunitebisagan
gansxvavebiT, swamT, rom “ijTihadis karibWe Riaa” da faruli imami Tavisi
Suamavlebis saSualebiT agrZelebs xelmZRvanelobas Temze. amdenad, isini cnoben
mujTahidebis uflebas − gamoitanon damoukidebeli gadawyvetileba (ijTihád) ara
mxolod RvTismetyvelebis da samarTlis (al-furå‘), aramed dogmatikis sakiTxebze
da samarTlis safuZvlebze (al-uíål).
mujTahidebis momzadeba xdeba SiitTa sasuliero centrebSi, upirveles yovlisa
an-najafSi da qarbalaSi. studentebi swavloben 12 aucilebel disciplinas
(Teologia —kalám; rwmenis safuZvlebi — uíål-i dãn; iurisprudencia — uíål-i
fikh; arabuli ena; logika — mantik; yuranis egzegetika — Tafsãr; hadisebi da
maTi gadmomcemebi — rijál da sxv.), vidre ar miaRweven ijTihadis safexurs150.
Teologiuri codnis garda aucilebelia RvTismosaoba (Takvá). es axalgazrda
mujTahidebi, romlebic iReben medreseSi calkeuli disciplinebis swavlebis
nebarTvas (ijáza) qarbalas an najafis uxucesi mujTahidisagan, rogorc wesi,
brundebian mSobliur adgilebSi.
mujTahidebis socialuri mdgomareoba da religiuri avtoriteti uSualod iyo
dakavSirebuli maT codnasTan. mujTahidebis damokidebuleba xelisuflebasTan
saukuneebis manZilze iyo gansxvavebuli: zogjer maTi zeda fena daaxloebuli iyo
sasaxlis karTan, maT rCevas ekiTxebodnen, zogjer ki urTierTobas wyvetdnen.
zogierTi mujTahidi TviTon erideboda urTierTobas samoqalaqo xelisuflebasTan.
maTi qonebrivi mdgomareobac gansxvavebuli iyo. erTni did simdidres flobdnen,
sxvebi mcirediT kmayofildebodnen. mujTahidebi, romlebic sargeblobdnen
pativiscemiT da didebiT, iReben titulebs: ®ujjaT al-islám (“islamis
rwmunebuleba”)151, marja‘-l Takl‹d (“mibaZvis wyaro”), aiaTallah (áÁáT al-láh,
spars. aiaTolla, “alahis niSnebi”).
aiaTola aris Siiti mujTahidis umaRlesi tituli. mis mier gamocemuli
faTva savaldebuloa yvela SiitisaTvis da ganxilvas ar eqvemdebareba. iranSi es
aris umaRlesi tituli Siiti-imamitebis religiur ierarqiaSi. aRniSnavs alahis
niSans. sefianTa iranSi Siizmis gamocxadebam saxelmwifo religiad xeli Seuwyo
ierarqiuli elitis gaCenas, romelsac meTaurobdnen mujTahidebi da sicocxleSi
hqondaT ufleba gamoetanaT damoukidebeli gadawyvetileba mniSvnelovan
religiur-samarTlebriv sakiTxebze, rac akrZaluli iyo sunitebTan XII s.-dan.

150 swavlis procesi xangrZlivia da aqdan gamomdinare 30 wlis asakamde SeuZlebelia am

safexuris miRweva.
151 es aris maRalavtoritetuli RvTismetyvelebis sapatio tituli. pirvelad am tituls
atarebda al-Razálã (gard. 1111w.). man cno mujTahidebis ori tipi: damoukidebeli (mutlak)
da SezRuduli (mukaÁÁad). sefianTa mmarTvelobis dros iranSi tituls — ®ujjaT al-islám
iRebdnen cnobili mujTahidebi. isini, rogorc wesi, cxovrobdnen SiitTa wminda qalaqebSi
(qarbala, an-najaf da sxv.), SiitTa wminda adgilebTan. XIX saukunemde am tituls atarebda
sami-oTxi mujTahidi, romlebic dasturs aZlevdnen Sahis brZanebebs. Tanamedrove Siitur
samyaroSi, gansakuTrebiT iransa da eraySi, es tituli eniWebaT yvelaze avtoritetul
mujTahidebs — aiaTolebs.

98
faruli imamis saxeliT mujTahidi irCevda Tavisi qveSevrdomebidan aT kacs,
romlebsac garantirebuli hqondaT garkveuli damoukidebloba politikuri
xelisuflebisagan. XIX saukunidan religiuri ierarqiis saTaveSi arian aiaTolebi,
romlebic Tavis garSemo aerTianebdnen morwmuneTa wres da TamaSobdnen ufro
mniSvnelovan rols politikur cxovrebaSi. iranSi islamuri revoluciis dros
(1978-1979 ww.) 30-mde aiaTola iyo.
marja‘-l-Takl‹di aris Siiti iuriskonsultis (mujTahidi, fak‹h) sapatio
tituli. SiitTa religiuri avtoriteti, mTavari sasuliero msajuli, visac
SeuZlia gadawyvitos muslimTa cxovrebis yvela sasicocxlo problema. marja
gamoscems faTvebs, krefs religiur gadasaxadebs, asrulebs religiis mqadageblis
movaleobas da a.S. Tumca am adamianis Tanamdeboba araoficialuria da
SiitebisaTvis did religiur avtoritets warmoadgens.
marja 6 pirobas unda akmayofilebdes: srulwlovaneba (bulåR), goniereba (‘akl),
rwmena (‹mán), samarTlianoba (‘adálaT), legitimuri warmomavloba (taháraT-i mavlid)
da mamrobiTi sqesi (zuqåraT). zogierTma qalma SeiZleba miaRwios gansakuTrebul
mdgomareobas — ijTihadis dones, magram ar SeuZlia gaxdes marja. zogjer
miTiTebulia sxva pirobebic: ganaTleba, mxedveloba, smena, Tavisufleba (ara mona).
amasTan momavali marja daxelovnebuli unda iyos ijTihadis praqtikaSi. miRebuli
hqondes ijáza ‘ulamá’-sgan, daadasturos Tavisi codna swavlebis, samsaxuris,
ganxilvebis saSualebiT. Sua saukuneebSi ar xdeboda misi arCeva, an daniSvna an
SerCeva. imamTa Tems unda daedasturebina misi avtoriteti. yumSi iyo kolegiis
msgavsi, romelic wyvetda marjad arCevas.å
revoluciamde Sahis da marjas gavlenis sferoebi gayofili iyo. Sahi
marTavda yvelas, marja ki mosaxleobis morwmune nawils. mas Semdeg, rac
mTavrobaSi movidnen sasuliero pirebi didi aiaTola xomeinis xelmZRvanelobiT,
moxda saeros da sasulieros gaerTianeba.
mujTahidi marja rom gaxdes, igi unda aswavlides religiur skolaSi,
TiTqmis savaldebuloa yumSi, unda hyavdes bevri mowafe da uxdides maT
stipendiebs. man unda waikiTxos moxseneba — “resale” (risála), romelSic
gamoxatuli iqneba misi Sexedulebebi islamur kanonebze.

3. sunituri saRvTismetyvelo-samarTlebrivi skolebi

VIII-IXss-Si muslim samarTlismcodneebs (gadmocemebis da azris moxreebi)

Soris mZafri dapirispirebis procesSi saxalifos did qalaqebSi Camoyalibda
sxvadasxva saRvTismetyvelo-samarTlebrivi skolebi, romelTac mazhabebi (mazáhib,
mx.r. mazhab — gza) anu mimarTulebebi ewodaT. Cvens dromde SemorCa 4 sunituri
mazhabi, romlebic Tanabrad avtoritetulad iTvleba.
hanafitebi [ÐanafiÁÁa] — religiur-iuridiuli skola, romlis fuZemdebeli
da eponimi aris abå Ðanãfa al-nu‘mán b. sábiT (699-767). man daarsa samarTlis skola
qufaSi, romelic Semdeg hanafitebis skolad gadaiqca. hanafituri skolis
moZRvrebis SemuSavebaSi mniSvnelovani roli iTamaSes abå Ðanãfas mowafeebis — abå
Áåsufis (gard. 795w.) da aS-SaÁbánãs (gard. 805w.) Sromebma152. hanifitebi mTlianad da
usityvod iReben yurans samarTlis wyarod, xolo sunas rogorc damoukidebel
wyaros, magram hadisebis SerCevisas ZiriTadi kriteriumi iyo ía®ãÐ (swori, sando)
da maShår (kargad cnobili hadisi, romelsac hyavs aranakleb sami gadmomcemi
sxvadasxva wyaroebze dayrdnobiT). abå Ðanãfam da misma uaxloesma mimdevrebma
samarTlebrivi sakiTxebis gadawyvetisas pirvelad gamoiyenes kiasis da upiratesi
gadawyvetis (“isTiÐsán” — “mowoneba”, “upiratesoba”) meTodebi. es ukanaskneli imas
niSnavs, rom sakamaTo sakiTxebis dros kiasis gamoyenebis dros kriteriumad
ganisazRvra sargebloba muslimuri TemisaTvis: ori SesaZlo logikuri daskvnidan
unda SerCeuli iqnes is, romelic ufro sasargeblo da xelsayrelia muslimuri

152abå Áåsufs ekuTvnis “qiTáb al-xaráj” (“xarajis wigni”) da aS-SaÁbánãs _ “qiTáb al-aíl”
(“safuZvlebis wigni”); “jámi‘ al-qabãr” (“didi krebuli”); “jámi‘ aí-íaRãr” (“mcire krebuli”).

99
Temisa da saxelmwifosaTvis153. es meTodi aris agreTve analogiiT gansjis
safuZvelze, arasworad miRebuli gadawyvetilebis Secvlis saSualeba.
hanafitebi, sxva mazhabebisagan gansxvavebiT, uSveben SariaTis gverdiT farTo
gamoyenebas adaTobrivi samarTlis da samoqalaqo xelisufalTa dadgenilebebis
(kanån). amis gamo is farTod gavrcelda momTabare tomebSi. osmaleTis imperiaSi
XVI saukunidan hanafituri samarTali gaxda oficialuri saxelmwifo samarTali,
romlis mixedviTac asamarTlebdnen da gamohqondaT samarTlebrivi
gadawyvetilebebi (faTva). es mazhabi ufro Semwynarebluria aramuslimebTan
mimarTebaSic.
A amJamad is upiratesad gavrcelebulia Turqulenovan sunitebSi, avRaneTSi,
siriaSi, indoeTis, CineTisa da indoneziis muslimebSi.
maliqitebi [m.áliqiÁÁa] — religiur-iuridiuli jgufi orTodoqsalur islamSi,
romelic Camoyalibda rogorc maliqituri mazhabi (al-mazhab al-máliqã). misi
fuZemdebeli da eponimi iyo medineli Teologi máliq ibn anasi (713-795). maliqitebis
doqtrina eyrdnoba samarTlis mTavari wyaroebs — yurans da sunas, romelic
yuranis gagrZelebad ganixileba. suna ar eqvemdebareba aranair interpretacias im
hadisebTan mimarTebaSi, romlebic momdinareobs muhamadis medineli mimdevrebisagan.
maliqitebi, hanafitebisagan gansxvavebiT, SezRudulad uSveben logikuri
daskvnebisa (ijmá‘) da kiasis gamoyenebas. isini sargeblobdnen kiasis gamoyenebis
dros maT mier SemuSavebuli racionalisturi principiT — isTiíláÐ
(“gaumjobeseba”, “damoukidebeli azri sargeblobisaTvis”), romelic axlos idga
hanafitur isTihsanis principTan. al-isTislahis principi154 sruliad
damoukidebelia yuranisa da sunasagan da Zala aqvs Tu daculia sami piroba: 1.
gadawyvetileba ar unda exebodes rwmenis sakiTxebs; 2. gadawyvetileba ar unda iyos
SariaTis sawinaaRmdego; 3. sargebloba miRebuli gadawyvetilebidan unda iyos
cxadi, aucilebeli da arsebiTi.
maliqitebis mazhabis ZiriTadi principebi Camoyalibebulia máliq b. anasis
hadisebis krebulSi — qiTáb al-muvatta’ (“yvelasTvis misawvdomi”)155, masze
komentarebSi da mogviano periodis SromebSi.
maliqituri mazhabi warmoiSva medinaSi, magram ukve IX s-Si hijazis
paralelurad gavrcelda zemo egvipteSi, Crd. afrikaSi da arabul espaneTSi, sadac
is oficialurad aRiarebuli iqna, rogorc saxelmwifo samarTali.
amJamad maliqitebis mazhabi gabatonebulia maRribis qveynebSi, sudanSi, das.
afrikaSi, zemo egvipteSi, sparseTis yuris saxelmwifoebSi (quveiTi, bahreini da
katari).
Safiitebi [Sáf‘iÁÁa] — saRvTismetyvelo-samarTlebrivi skola sunitur islamSi,
romlis fuZemdebeli da eponimi aris abå ‘abd al-láh muhammad ibn idrãs aS-Sáфi‘ã
(767-820). imam aS-Safiim axali mazhabi daarsa hanafitebis da maliqitebis
samarTlebrivi sistemebis sinTezis safuZvelze. Tavis naSromSi — risála
(“traqtati”) is Seecada Seeqmna meTodologiuri samarTali da zustad ganesazRvra
samarTlis oTxi wyaros mniSvneloba da gamoyeneba. maliqitebis msgavsad, is
sTvlida yurans da sunas erTian wyarod da cnobda mxolod medineli
samarTlismcodneebis ijmas. kiasis gamoyenebis dros Safitebi mimarTavdnen
princips — “mdgomareobis ucvlelobis prezumfcia” (isTiíÐáb — “kavSiris Zebna
raime nacnobTan”), romelic adgenda kavSirs gansaxilvel da mis winamaval
situacias Soris: ama Tu im mdgomareobasTan mimarTebaSi fikhis wesebi ucvleli
rCeboda, vidre ar iqneboda pirdapiri mtkicebuleba, rom mdgomareoba Seicvala _
udanaSaulobis prezumfcia moqmedebs iqamde, vidre brali damtkicebuli ar aris.

153 isTihsanis magaliTi: yurani da hadisebi aweseben sasjels qurdobisaTvis, magram arafers
amboben Zarcvaze yaCaRuri TavdasxmiT. hanafitebi Tvlidnen, rom muslimuri TemisaTvis
ufro sasargebloa am SemTxvevaSi analogiis principiT qurdobisaTvis dawesebuli sasjelis
gamoyeneba mZarcvelebze.
154 isTislahis (isTiíláÐ) magaliTi: mkvlelobaSi monawile jgufis yvela wevri cnobili
iqnes damnaSaved, mixedavad imisa, rom TviTon mkvlelobis aqti ganxorcielda romelime
erTi wevris mier da SariaTiT ki gaTvaliswinebulia sasjeli mxolod zogadad
mkvlelobisaTvis, misi ganxorcielebis detalebis dazustebis gareSe.
155 máliq ibn anasma am naSromSi CarTo muhamadis mimdevrebis hadisebi, gamonaTqvamebi da
gadawyvetilebebi da daajgufa isini konkretuli samarTlebrivi Temebis mixedviT.

100
isTishabis magaliTi: mravali wlis manZilze adamiani imyofeba Sors Tavisi
ojaxisagan. ar aris cnobili, cocxalia Tu ara. ismeba kiTxva — SeiZleba Tu ara
moxdes misi qonebis ganawileba mis memkvidreebs Soris? Safitebi Tvlian, rom Tu
ar aris mtkicebuleba misi gardacvalebis Sesaxeb, isTishabis principis safuZvelze
is cocxlad iTvleba da Sesabamisad ar SeiZleba misi qonebis ganawileba.
Safiit fakihebs Soris yvelaze cnobili iyvnen: al-mávardã (gard. 1058w.), al-
aS‘arã (gard. 935-36w.), al-Razálã (gard.1111w.), as-suÁåtã (gard.1505w.), romelTac
datoves mravali Sroma Safiitur samarTalSi.
amJamad Safiitebis mazhabi wamyvania siriaSi, libanSi, palestinasa da
iordaniaSi. mravalricxovani mimdevrebi hyavs eraySi, pakistanSi, indoeTSi,
malaiziasa da indoneziaSi. isini arian iemenSi da iranSic.
hanbalitebi [ Ðanábila] — sunituri islamis saRvTismetyvelo-samarTlebrivi
skola, romlis fuZemdebeli da eponimi aris cnobili baRdadeli Teologi,
samarTlismcodne da tradicionalisti aÐmad ibn Ðanbali (gard. 855w.),
muTazilitebis saRvTismetyvelo skolis Seurigebeli mowinaaRmdege. sxva sunituri
mazhabebisagan gansxvavebiT, hanbalizmi warmoiSva rogorc religiur-politikuri
moZraoba da mxolod mogvianebiT Camoyalibda dogmatur-samarTlebriv skolad.
hanbalizmi aRmocenda IX saukuneSi, mwvave socialur-politikuri krizisis
periodSi. hanbalitebi krizisis mTavar mizezs xedavdnen spekulaciuri Teologiis
(qalám), misi racionaluri meTodebis gavrcelebaSi dogmatikasa da samarTalSi,
rac iwvevda yuranis teqstis araswor ganmartebas. Sesabamisad, maT Teoriasa da
praqtikaSi aisaxa tradicionalizmis (aí®áb al-®adãs”) mimdevarTa Sexedulebebi. maT
gaakritikes yuranis racionalisturi da alegoriuli ganmarteba da moiTxoves
yuranis teqsti aReqvaT bukvalurad da “ar daesvaT kiTxva _ rogor?”. hanbalizmis
ideologebma wina planze wamowies islamis ganwmendis idea mociqulis sunasaken
dabrunebis gziT. suna gamocxadda yuranis teqstis erTaderT Tafsirad da mTavar
kriteriumad muslimis rwmenis WeSmaritebis gansazRvrisaTvis. ibn hanbalma Seadgina
hadisebis krebuli — musnad, magram hanbaliti RvTismetyvelebis mizani iyo ara
marto hadisebis ubralo fiqsacia, aramed maTi gacnoba mimdevrebisaTvis. amisaTvis
maT daiwyes popularuli teqstebi Sedgena, romlebic exeboda islamis moZRvrebis,
samarTlis da eTikis sxvadasxva problemebs. es naSromebi eyrdnoboda hadisebs,
romelTa Sinaarsi gadmocemuli iyo martivi, gasagebi eniT da dajgufebuli iyo
Tematuri principiT. amiT hanbalitebma faqtobrivad moaxdines hadisebis
konceptualizacia da safuZveli Cauyares tradicionalistur ideologias.
hanbalitebis samarTleblivi sistemisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia ukiduresi
Seurigebloba yovelgvari “siaxlisadmi” (bid‘a) da Tavisufali azrisadmi religiis
sakiTxebSi. Tavdapirvelad isini eyrdnobodnen mxolod yuransa da sunas,
mogvianebiT dauSves kiasis da ijmas Zalian SezRuduli gamoyeneba. rac Seexeba
ijmas, hanbalitebi cnobdnen mxolod sahabebis — muhamadis Tanamedroveebis
erTsulovan azrs da ar maTi mowafeebis da momdevno Taobis religiuri
avtoritetebis gadawyvetilebebs. hanbalitebi kiasis gamoyenebas dasaSvebad
miiCneven mxolod gamonaklis SemTxvevbSi, roca yuransa da hadisebSi pasuxis
moZieba sruliad uimedoa. hanbalitebi gamoirCevian ukiduresi fanatizmiT da
simkacriT kultis wesebisa da SariaTis samarTlebrivi normebis dacvis dros.
hanbalitebis samarTlebrivi skola Camoyalibda XI saukunis dasawyisSi,
magram ganmazogadebeli xasiaTis Sromebi hanbalitur samarTalSi Seiqmna ufro
mogvianebiT. maT Soris mniSvnelovania ibn kudáma al-makdisãs (gard. 1223w.) da ibn
TaÁmiÁÁas (gard. 1328w.) Sromebi. X-XIV ss-Si hanbalitebs farTo mxardaWera hqondaT
mTel muslimur aRmosavleTSi. hanbalitebis bukvalizms, primitivizms, fanatizms,
samarTlis sistemis mowyvetas istoriuli sinamdvilisagan, uaris Tqmas siaxleebze
sazogadoebriv cxovrebasa da yofaSi, mohyva am mazhabis dasusteba osmalTa
mmarTvelobis dros (XVI s.-dan). XVIII saukunis Sua wlebSi hanbalituri mazhabis
safuZvelze Camoyalibda religiur-politikuri mimdinareoba — vahabizmi, romelic
dRes aris saudis arabeTis oficialuri ideologia. hanbalituri ideologia
farTod gamoiyeneboda “Zmebi-muslimebis” mier.

101
 4. islamuri samarTlis normebi

a) akrZalvebi islamSi. islamuri samarTali, yuransa da sunaze dayrdnobiT, adgens

qcevis zogad wesebsa da normebs. kerZo sakiTxebi regulirdeba fikhiT, romelsac
SeiZleba vuwodoT SariaTis ganmarteba. fikhma daadgina mravalricxovani
akrZalvebis sistema religiur wes-CveulebebSi, yofaSi, saojaxo urTierTobebSi,
savaWro da safinanso operaciebSi, saWmel-sasmelTan dakavSirebiT da sxva. amis
paralelurad ki SeimuSava zedmetad mkacri akrZalvebis koreqciebis moqnili
sistema, e. w. Sesworebebis sistema (®ila — fandi).
adamianis yvela qmedeba iyofa daSvebulad (®alal) da akrZalulad (®aram).
TandaTanobiT adamianis qmedebaTa Sefasebis skala garTulda da
samarTlismcodneebi muslimis qmedebebs yofen 5 kategoriad: 1. udavod
savaldebulo qmedebebi (fard, vájib), romelic gulisxmobs kultis wesebis dacvas
da im valdebulebebis Sesrulebas, romlebic daakisra adamians sazogadoebam
(muslimurma Temma). amasTan is iyofa or nawilad: farÇ al-‘ain — moqmedebebi,
romlebic gamonaklisis gareSe aucilebelia yvela muslimisaTvis (ganbanva,
xuTjeradi locva da sxv.) da farÇ al-qifáia — is, rac aucilebelia mxolod
imaTTvis, visac SeuZlia amis Sesruleba (mag, imamis an mueZinis funqciis
Sesruleba, monawileoba saRvTo omSi da sxv.); 2. sasurveli, rekomendebuli
qmedebebi (mandåb) moicavs yvela Rirseul saqmes, romlisTvisac adamiani
dajildovdeba imqveyniur cxovrebaSi, Tumca maTi Seusrulebloba ar isjeba (mag.,
arakanonikuri locvebi, damatebiTi marxva, mowyalebis gacema, valebis miteveba); 3.
daSvebuli, nebadarTuli qmedebebi (mubá® an ja‘iz) — yoveldRiuri, umniSvelo
qmedebebi, romlebic daSvebulia, magram ar imsaxurebs arc Seqebas da arc
gakicxvas alahis mxridan (mag. Wama, Zili, qorwineba da sxv.); 4. ararekomendebuli
qmedebebi (makråh) — uRirsi saqcieli, romlebic ar iTvleba SariaTis normebis
darRvevad, magram ganixileba moraluri poziciebidan (flangveloba, siZunwe,
urwmunosTan qorwineba); 5. akrZaluli qmedebebi (ma®ûår, ®aram) — qmedebebi da
azrebi, romlisTvisac adamians elodeba sasjeli amqveyniur da imqveyniur
cxovrebaSi (Rvinis sma, mevaxSeoba da sxv.). aseTi darRvevebi ganixileba rogorc
danaSauli SariaTis sawinaaRmdegod. amdenad, sasamarTlos mier gansazRvruli
sasjeli (®add) aucileblad unda aRsruldes.
 saWmel-sasmeli. ikrZaleba Rvino da alkoholuri sasmelebi. akrZalulia Roris
xorci da gareuli cxovelis xorci; cxovelis leSi — mtaceblebis mier
daxocili da bunebrivi sikvdiliT gardacvlili cxovelebis xorci (akrZalva
ar exeba zRvis cxovelebs); ara ritualis Sesabamisad dakluli cxovelis
xorci.
islamSi ZaRli, maimuni, Rori iTvleba ritualurad uwmindur
cxovelebad, romelTa xorci akrZalulia sakvebad. yuranSi araerTxel
ixsenieba Roris xorcis (laÐm al-xinzãr) akrZalva [6:143,146; 2:167-168,163-164].
samecniero literaturaSi iyo mcdelobebi aexsnaT is ekologiuri faqtorebiT
(Rorebis moSeneba safrTxes uqmnida axlo aRmosavleTis ekologiur sistemas —
Rori aris tyis cxoveli da azianebs mdinareebis napirebs) da ekonomikuri
(Roris gamokveba moiTxovs didi odenobiT sasursaTo xorblis daxarjvas)
faqtorebiT da muhamadis miswrafebiT miemarTa xorblis nameti muslimuri Temis
saWiroebisamebr. amis erT-erT mizezad dasaxelebulia agreTve arabeTis
naxevarkunZulis cxeli klimaturi pirobebi, romlis drosac zedmetad cximiani
sakvebis miReba janmrTelobisaTvis sazianoa.
gadmocemis Tanaxmad, muhamadma miuTiTa 7-jer garecxva WurWlis (maT Soris
erTxel qviSiT), saidanac wyals svamda ZaRli. arsebobs warmodgena imis Sesaxeb,
rom ZaRli xedavs sikvdilis angelozs — ‘azra’ils, romelic Semodis saxlSi.
amis gamo misi yefa sikvdilis winaswametyvelia. Tumca, samarTlebriv
literaturaSi aris mTeli rigi gamoZaxili gawvrTnili monadire ZaRlebis
gayidvis Taobaze. akrZalva exeba mxolod iseTi ZaRlebis Senaxvas, romelTac ar
moaqvT sargebeli.
islami krZalavs Rvinis damzadebas, moxmarebas da Senaxvas. yuranis aiebidan
[2:216; 4:46; 5:92] Cans, rom Rvinis smis akrZalva TandaTan formulirdeba muhamadis
qadagebebSi hijras Semdeg da ramdenjerme meordeba. Tavdapirvelad xdeba

102
 alahis mier xalxisaTvis ganmarteba, rom masSi codva ufro metia, vidre
sargebeli. Semdeg ikrZaleba locvaze wardgoma arafxizel mdgomareobaSi, da
bolos alahi kategoriulad krZalavs xamrs. gadmocemis mixedviT, muhamads
hkiTxes Taflisagan, xorblisa da qerisagan damzadebul sasmelebze, romlebic
duRilis procesSi xdeba alkoholi. alahis mociqulma upasuxa: “yvelaferi
damaTrobeli — xamria, xolo yovelgvari xamri ikrZaleba”. meore
“marTlmorwmune” xalifa ‘umarma ganacxada minbaridan: “xamr — aris is, rac
bindavs gonebas”. yvela mazhabi, maT Soris Siituri, Rvinos uwodebs Ðarám-s da
krZalavs RviniT vaWrobas. yuranSi Rvino codvad da satanis xelobad iTvleba.
udides codvaTa (qabá’ir) Soris asaxeleben mas muslimi Teologebic.
codvad iTvleba winaswar ganzraxviT akrZaluli sakvebis miReba, magram Tu
vinme iZulebulia SimSilis an wyurvilis gamo miiRos, codva male epatieba.
dRes muslimuri saxelmwifoebis umravlesobaSi (saudis arabeTi, irani,
sudani, sparsetis yuris qveynebi, iemeni, pakistani) dawesebulia akrZalva
spirtiani sasmelebis moxmarebaze, xolo danarCen qveynebSi xdeba SezRudva
sxvadasxva saSualebebiT.
 xelovneba. ikrZaleba cocxali arsebebis (adamianebi, cxovelebi, Citebi, mwerebi
da a.S.) gamosaxva, kerpTayvanismcemlobis Tavidan asacileblad da
erTRmerTianobis dacvis gamo. amasTan ar SeiZleba adamianma Tavisi
SemoqmedebiT konkurencia gauwios RmerTs. Tumca, es akrZalva mTlianad ver
ganxorcielda da islami uSvebs mcenareebis, sagnebis da geometriuli
figurebis gamosaxvas. am akrZalvis Sesaxeb moxsenieba aris mxolod hadisebSi.
akrZalva cocxali arsebebis gamosaxvaze ufro aqtualuri iyo adreul islamSi,
radganac brZola mimdinareobda kerpTayvanismcemlobasTan. Tanamedrove islamma
moxsna yvela akrZalva am sferoSi, magram ikrZaleba mociqulis, misi ojaxis da
mimdevrebis gamosaxva.
 azartuli TamaSebi. ikrZaleba nebismieri TamaSi “interesis” gamo. islamuri
samarTliT muslimma saarsebo saxsrebi unda moipovos alahis miTiTebebis
Sesabamisad. yuranSi azartuli TamaSebi (maÁsir), YRvino, kerpebi da isrebze
marCieloba erTmaneTis gverdiT aris moxseniebuli [5:92]. hadisebiT muhamadma
morwmuneebs sami saxis garTobis neba darTo: cxenze jiriTi, isrebis tyorcna
da colebi. sainteresoa, rom azartul TamaSebSi termini Wadraki (Satranj) ar
gvxvdeba. amdenad, Wadraks zogi dasaSvebad Tvlis (iTvleba, rom es aris gonebis
varjiSi), zogi akrZalulad (es TamaSi did dros moiTxovs da is SeiZleba
gaxdes locvaze dagvianebis mizezi). akrZalvis momxreebi Tavis azrs asabuTeben
mociqulis gamonaTqvamiT. hadisTmcodneebi ki amtkiceben, rom Wadraki gaCnda
mxolod muhamadis sikvdilis Semdeg (iranis dapyrobis Semdeg) da amgvarad,
yvela hadisi am Temaze gamogonilia. akrZalvis miuxedavad, X saukunidan
WadrakiT gatacebuli iyo muslimuri elita, razedac mowmobs im drois
miniaturebi. Wadraks eZRvneba didi raodenobiT specialuri wignebi arabul
enaze, sadac gadmocemulia TamaSis arsi alegoriul da simbolur formebSi.
evropaSi es TamaSi gavrcelda XI-XIII ss-Si swored muslimuri samyaros
saSualebiT (siciliidan da andalusiidan)156. azartuli TamaSebSi moxseniebulia
nardi, romelic ikrZaleba im SemTxvevaSi, Tu fulzea TamaSi. akrZalvis
momxreebi eyrdnobian muhamadis gamonaTqvams: “vinc TamaSobs nards, eurCeba
alahs da mis mociquls”. azartuli TamaSebi, latareas CaTvliT, adamians
damokidebuls xdis SemTxvevaze, ganuxorcielebel imedze. es TamaSebi
gulisxmobs Surisa da mtrobis danergvas. warumatebloba ubiZgebs adamians
revanSisaken, xolo gamarjvebuls — surs mogebis gaormageba. aseTi ltolva
saSiSia, rogorc mTlianad sazogadoebisaTvis, ise misi wevrebisaTvis.
Sesabamisad, muslimi iviwyebs alahis winaSe valdebulebebs.
 nadiroba. iTvleba sportis saxed da arsebobis saSualebad. islami krZalavs
nadirobas or SemTxvevaSi: 1. rodesac adamiani aris ihramis mdgomareobaSi hajis
da ‘umras dros, radganac am dros ikrZaleba sisxlis daRvra; 2. Tu adamiani

156evropuli termini Chackmate Seesatyviseba arabul-sparsul termins — Sáh máT (“mefe

mokvda”).

103
 imyofeba meqis wminda sazRvrebSi. es teritoria gamocxadebulia “usafrTxo
teritoriad” yvela cocxali arsebisaTvis iqneba is frinveli Tu mcenare.
 narkotikebi. ikrZaleba haSiSis (ÐaSãS), kokainis, opiumis da sxv. narkotikuli
saSualebebis gamoyeneba. adamiani narkotikebis zemoqmedebis qveS kargavs
kontrols sakuTar Tavze da imyofeba warmosaxviT samyaroSi. kanonTmcodneebis
azriT, mas moaqvs fizikuri, fsiqologiuri, moraluri, socialuri da
ekonomikuri ziani.
 simRera da musika. is iyo mmarTvelTa da aristokratiis garTobis nawili,
magram ganikicxeboda RvTismetyvelebis mier, gansakuTrebiT rigoristebis,
nawilobriv hanbalitebis mier. isini eyrdnobodnen sunas. hadisebis didi nawili
musikas da simReras daSvebulad miiCnevs sadResaswaulo dReebSi, Tu simRerebis
Sinaarsi da Sesrulebis manera eTanxmeba islamur eTikas. dasaSvebia agreTve
religiuri misamRerebi, sadac aris alahis da muhamadis qeba.
 oqro da vercxli. mamakacebs ekrZalebaT qalebisagan gansxvavebiT oqros
samkaulebis tareba (beWedi, kalami, saaTi, portsigara da sxv.) da wminda
abreSumis samosi. mociqulma neba darTo mamakacebs etarebinaT vercxlis beWedi.
gadmocemiT, alahis mociquli da mis Semdeg pirveli xalifebic atarebdnen
vercxlis beWeds. ikrZaleba oqrosa da vercxlisagan saojaxo nivTebis
damzadeba. am akrZalvas aqvs socialuri, religiuri da ekonomikuri aspeqti:
islamuri samarTliT ar SeiZleba miwieri sikeTeebiTa da simdidriT uzomod
gataceba, radganac es miswrafeba asustebs adamianis swrafvas religiuri
valdebulebebis Sesrulebisaken. amasTan fufuneba aris socialuri
usamarTlobis gamoxatuleba. ganmsazRvreli mniSvneloba eniWeba imasac, rom
oqro aris universaluri saSualeba fuladi mimoqcevisaTvis da ar SeiZleba
misi gamoyeneba saojaxo nivTebisa da mamakacis samkaulebis dasamzadeblad.
 wminda adgilebi. urwmunoebi ar daiSvebian “wminda adgilebSi”. Tumca mraval
meCeTSi, romlebic istoriul Zeglebs da arqiteqturul nagebobebs
warmoadgenen, dRes daiSvebian aramuslimi turistebi, paraskevis locvis da
dResaswaulis dReebis garda. kategoriulad ikrZaleba aramuslimTa daSveba
Sedeg wminda adgilebSi: meqa, medina, qarbala, najafi, yumi.
 Svilad ayvana. jahiliis periodSi arabebTan arsebobda tradicia, romlis
mixedviTac maT SeeZloT Svilad aeyvanaT nebismieri pirovneba. bavSvis Svilad
ayvanis Sesaxeb sajaro gamocxadebis Semdeg, is iRebda maT gvars da xdeboda am
ojaxis sruluflebiani wevri. Svilad ayvana kanonierad iTvleboda maSinac,
roca cnobili iyo bavSvis mama da misi kuTvnileba cnobili ojaxisadmi. es
tradicia farTod iyo gavrcelebuli arabebTan islamis warmoSobis winare
xanaSic. muhamadma swored islamamde iSvila zaÁd b. Ðárisa (mona, romelic
xadãjam aCuqa muhamads). rodesac zaÁdis mamam da biZam Seityes misi
sacxovrebeli adgilis Sesaxeb, isini mividnen mociqulTan da mosTxoves zaÁdis
ukan dabruneba. muhamadma misca arCevanis SesaZlebloba zaÁds da man airCia
muhamadi. mociqulma gaaTavisufla is da iSvila. amis Sesaxeb sajarod
gamoacxada: “o, kuraiSelebo! iyaviT Cemi mowmeebi imaSi, rom is (zaÁdi) Cemi
Svilia, romelsac me davutoveb memkvidreobas” da zaÁdi gaxda zaÁd b. muÐammadi.
is iyo pirveli gaTavisuflebuli mona, romelmac miiRo islami.
islamma akrZala Svilad ayvana. ojaxis wevris saxiT ucxo adamianis
(ara sisxliT naTesavis) miReba ojaxSi qmnis miuRebel pirobebs am ojaxis
qalebisaTvis, romlebic ar iTvlebian misTvis “mahramad”. yurani mkacrad
krZalavs am tradicias, raTa ar dauSvas misi damRupveli Sedegebi. “da ar
uqcevia (alahs) Tqveni Svilobilebi Tqvens (RviZl) Svilebad. es mxolod Tqveni
sityvebia, Tqveni piriT warmoTqmuli. alahi ki ambobs WeSmaritebas da is
warmarTavs swori gziT. moixsenieT isini (naSvilebi bavSvebi) maTi (RviZli)
mamebis (saxelebiT). es ufro samarTliania alahis winaSe; xolo Tu ar icnobT
maT mamebs, maSin isini Tqveni moZmeni arian sarwmunoebiT da Tqveni axloblebi”
[33:4-5]. rogorc yuranis es aia miuTiTebs, Svilad aRiareba ar cvlis realobas,
ar xdis ucxo adamians sisxliT naTesavad, Sesabamisad naSvileb Svils _ RviZl
Svilad. islamma akrZala Svilad ayvanis yvela forma, rasac kavSiri aqvs
qonebis memkvidreobasTan da neba darTo agreTve muslims eqorwina naSvilebi
Svilis qvriv an gayril colze [33:37; 33:38-40].

104
 islami uSvebs, rom muslimma moiyvanos saxlSi oboli an mitovebuli bavSvi
da gazardos, magram ar unda CaTvalos is RviZl Svilad. aseTi aqti islamSi
imsaxurebs maRal Sefasebas.
 mevaxSeoba. arab. ribá (“gadideba”, “damateba”, “zedmeti”) niSnavs ukanono
mogebas, mevaxSeobas. jer kidev islamamdel arabeTSi farTod iyo gavrcelebuli
mevaxSeoba. mevaxSeebisaTvis cnobili yofila mevaxSeobis 73 saxe. procentebi
aseTi iyo: dinari dinarze, dirhami – dirhamze, xandaxan or dinarzec. yuranSi
laparakia ormagi da orjer gaormagebuli procentebis Sesaxeb [3:130]. ribás
adgili aqvs: 1. ori erTnairi sagnis gayidva-gacvlis dros (Tu es sagnebi
iwoneba an izomeba); da 2. sesxis gacemis dros procentebis miRebis pirobiT.
“ribá aris is, rac izrdeba, rac aRemateba kapitals. ribá aris is, rac micemuls
emateba. es akrZalulia”. mevaxSeoba mxolod fulad urTierTobebs ar
gulisxmobs. mevaxSeobas SeiZleba adgili hqondes sxvadasxva produqtebis
gacvla-gamocvlis, gayidvis drosac. mevaxSeoba Seexeba im nivTebs, romlebic
iwoneba da WurWliT izomeba. ar SeiZleba sagani gadaicvalos sxva iseT saganze,
romelic pirvelisaganaa damzadebuli. mag., xorbali fqvilze, cxvris xorci
cxvarze da a.S. ribá, romelic fulis garda sxvadasxva sagnebis gacvla-gayidvas
gulisxmobs, unda ganvasxvavoT kanonieri vaWrobisagan, rasac yurani ara Tu
uSvebs, aramed aucilebladac ki Tvlis. mogebas vaWrobaSi ewodeba murába®a,
rac kanonierad iTvleba. magram muslimi valdebulia myidvels uTxras nivTis
namdvili fasic da mogebac, romelsac is Txoulobs Tavisi Sromisa da
saqonlis gaumjobesebisaTvis. Tu dasaxelebuli Tanxa aRemateba realur fass,
maSin adgili aqvs ribás. nebismiero SuamdgomlobisaTvis miRebuli
gasamrjeloc mevaxSeobad iTvleba. vaWrebi (Suamavlebi) maqsimalurad zrdidnen
e.w. zednadeb xarjebs riskisaTvis omianobisa da politikuri areulobebis dros.
Tu operacia tardeba mamasa da Svils Soris, orives SeuZlia mogebis miReba
erTmaneTisagan. ribás adgili ar eqneba agreTve, roca es operacia tardeba
batonsa da monas, qmarsa da cols, muslimsa da urwmunos, dampyrobelsa da
dapyrobils (romelic ar ixdis gadasaxads) Soris. damnaSaves sasjeli
moekiTxeba gankiTxvis dRes. TviTon islamuri samarTali uSvebs garkveul
SeRavaTebs, kanonier gzebs, romelTa saSualebiTac xorcieldeba samevaxSeo
operaciebi da aseTi xrikebiT SeiZleba codvisagan ganTavisufleba. arabul
aRmosavleTSi is dResac arsebobs. amis mizezi ki albaT is aris, rom nebismieri
sazogadoebis evoluciur ganviTarebas Tan sdevs drois Sesabamisi savaWro-
fuladi urTierTobebis axali formiT Camoyalibeba Tu progresuli gziT
ganviTareba. unda aRiniSnos, rom islami ar krZalavs mogebas, Tu misi miRebis
procesSi monawileobs adamianis Sroma. klasikuri islamuri samarTlis
mixedviT, ar ikrZaleba islamuri savaWro da finansuri dawesebulebebis (maT
Soris bankebis) saqmianoba. daSvebulia amxanaguri xelSekrulebebi, roca misi
monawileni kapitals aerTianeben da Semosavals iyofen. es aris “Sromisa da
kapitalis gaerTianeba”. muslimuri universitetis al-azharis Saixma — mu®ammad
‘abdum (gard. 1905w.) specialuri faTvaTi XX saukunis dasawyisSi iuridiulad
dasabuTebulad dauSva procentis miReba kapitalidan.
 ikrZaleba agreTve spekulacia, qrTamis aReba, plastikuri operaciebi,
crurwmena, mkiTxaoba, jadoqroba, Woraoba, saidumlo mosmena (exeba
mmarTvelebsac da qveSevrdomebsac) fufunebis sagnebis gadaWarbebuli
gamoyeneba, TviTmkvleloba, prostitucia da sxv.

b) danaSauli da sasjeli. muslim samarTlismcodneebs danaSaulis (jurm) qveS

esmodaT kanoniT akrZaluli qmedeba. mxolod hijriT VIII saukuneSi, iuristma
Teologebma daiwyes samarTaldarRvevebis da sasjelebis damuSaveba. nebismieri
samarTaldarRveva iTvleba codvad. yvela samarTaldarRveva islamur samarTalSi
iyofa or kategoriad: RmerTis ufleba (®akk alláh) da adamianis ufleba (®akk
ádamã). pirvel kategorias ganekuTvneba danaSaulobebi, romlebic Cadenilia
RmerTis winaSe, maTi patieba ar SeiZleba da sasjelic RmerTis uflebaa. es aris is
danaSaulobebi, romelTa Sesaxeb saubaria yuranSi: “aseTia allahis sazRvrebi, ar
gadalaxoT isini, xolo isini, vinc laxaven alahis sazRvrebs, isini — urwmunoebi
arian” [2:229]. am kategoriis danaSaulisaTvis sasjeli aRiniSneba sityviT — ®add

105
(sazRvari). meore kategorias ganekuTvneba danaSaulobebi dazaralebulis da misi
ojaxis winaaRmdeg. aseT danaSaulobebTan mimarTebaSi saqme aRiZreba
dazaralebulis an misi naTesavebis saCivris safuZvelze. dasaSvebia damnaSaveTa
patieba da sasamarTlo ganxilvaze uaris Tqma. Sesabamisad, islamuri samarTlis
normebis damrRvevi isjeba ara mxolod “miwieri” anu iuridiuli, aramed “RvTiuri”
sanqciebiTac. Tumca meore sasjeli gamoiyeneba amqveyniur (mag., religiuri
gamosyidva, monanieba - qaffára) da imqveyniur cxovrebaSi, radganac nebismieri
samarTaldamrRvevi imavdroulad aris codvili.

RmerTis winaSe danaSaulobebs ganekuTvneba:

 sarwmunoebisagan gandgoma — ridda. yuraniT ar aris gansazRvruli danaSauli
am sasjelisaTvis. fakihebis erTi nawili Tvlis, rom mas unda SesTavazon monanieba.
isini eyrdnobian mociqulis Semdeg gamonaTqvams: “me nabrZanebi maqvs xalxTan
brZola iqamde, vidre isini ar warmoTqvamen: “ar aris RmerTi garda alahisa”.
rodesac isini warmoTqvamen am sityvebs, “maTi sicocxle da qoneba CemTvis xdeba
xelSeuxebeli”. meoreni Tvlian, rom sarwmunoebisagan gandgomis SemTxvevaSi
muslimi sikvdiliT unda daisajos157. isini imowmeben alahis mociqulis sityvebs:
“vinc Seicvlis Tavis rwmenas, mokaliT is”. mniSvnelovania is faqti, rom
muslimuri Temis wevri sarwmunoebisagan gandgomis SemTxvevaSi kargavs yvela
samoqalaqo uflebas: misi qorwineba wydeba, xdeba misi qonebis konfiskacia
saxelmwifos sasargeblod. Tu qali ganudga islams, mas sikvdiliT ar sjian.
hadisebis Tanaxmad: “mas cixeSi svamen. sTavazoben mas (kvlav) miiRos islami da
aiZuleben gaakeTos es”158. sarwmunoebisagan gandgomis SemTxvevaSi mona iRebs
Tavisufali adamianis Tanabar sasjels. Tu gandgomili (murTadd) gaiqca
muslimuri qveynidan da Semdeg kvlav miiRo islami, mas SeuZlia dabrundes Tavis
qveyanaSi, is Tavisufldeba sasjelisagan. zogierTi fakihi Tvlis, rom unda moxdes
gansxvaveba im gandgomilTa Soris, romlebic daibadnen da gaizardnen muslimur
ojaxebSi, da imaT Soris, vinc gadavida islamSi qristianobidan da iudaizmidan.
mxolod am ukanasknelTa SemTxvevaSi miiCneven fakihebi dasaSvebad monaniebas da
patiebas. xSiri iyo SemTxvevebi, roca qristianebi da zoroastrelebi (iSviaTad
iudevelebi da maniqevelebi) muslimTa armiis mier maTi qveynis dapyrobis dros
tyveobis da monobis Tavidan acilebis mizniT iRebdnen islams, magram farulad
agrZelebdnen TavianTi rwmenis aRiarebas da aseve zrdidnen Svilebs. Tu es
gacxaddeboda, isini iTvlebodnen sarwmunoebisagan gandgomilebad da maT
apatimrebdnen. isini mravlad iyvnen osmaleTSi, arabul espaneTSi. cnobili
sparseli mecnieri ibn al-mukaffa‘ daapatimres 757 wels zoroastrizmis faruli
aRmsareblobisaTvis. sarwmunoebisagan gandgomilT utoldebodnen zogierTi
muslimuri eresis mimdevrebi, romlebic mniSvnelovnad scildebodnen islamis
ZiriTad dogmatebs. aseTi iyvnen ukiduresi Siitebi, romlebic aRmerTebdnen ‘alãs.
fikhis mixedviT, ajanyebulad (mufsid) iTvleba is, vinc ar ganudga islamis
religias, magram uars acxadebs SariaTis moTxovnebis Sesrulebaze, mag.,
gadasaxadis gadaxdaze, kanonieri xalifas an adgilobrivi mmarTvelisadmi
damorCilebaze. aseT pirebs, Tu ar moinanieben, cixeSi svamen da maTi qoneba
konfiskacias eqvemdebareba, e. i. iseTive sasjeliT isjebian, rogoriTac
sarwmunoebisagan gandgomilni159. Tu ajanyebulebi arian sarwmunoebisagan
gandgomilni, maSin maT winaaRmdeg omi unda warimarTos ise, rogorc “urwmunoebis”
winaaRmdeg. Tu ajanyebulebi ar arian sarwmunoebidan gandgomilni, SeiZleba maTi
daxocva mxolod Setakebis dros an dapatimreba sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebiT.
magram ar SeiZleba maTi daxocva ganurCevlad, monad qceva an maTi ojaxisa da
qveynis ganadgureba. ar SeiZleba agreTve ajanyebuli olqis mcxovrebTa qonebis
gadaqceva samxedro nadavlad da maTi ganawileba meomrebs Soris. Tumca hanafitebi

157 hanafitebi da jafaritebi amtkiceben, rom am SemTxvevaSi samudamo patimroba unda

miesajos, sikvdiliT dasjis nacvlad.
158 Safitebi Tvlian, rom sarwmunoebisagan gamdgari (mamakacic da qalic) unda Casvan cixeSi
sami dRe, romlis drosac mas ganumartaven rwmenis WeSmaritebas, raTa mas saSualeba
hqondes uari Tqvas cdomilebaze.
159 gansxvaveba is aris, rom ajanyebulebs gardacvalebis SemTxvevaSi krZalaven muslimuri
Cveulebis Tanaxmad.

106
Tvlian, rom nebismieri ajanyeba kanonieri muslimi mmarTvelis winaaRmdeg, romelic
marTavs SariaTis safuZvelze, SeiZleba dakvalificirdes sarwmunoebisagan
gandgomad.
alahis da misi mociqulebis wyevla, mociqulis mibaZva gandgomis msgavsad
isjeba160. amisaTvis aucilebelia ori muslimi mowme.
 mruSoba161 [arab. ziná’; sinonimi — “sifah”]. mruSobisaTvis dawesebul
sasjelTan dakavSirebiT aSkara winaaRmdegobaa yuransa da hadisebSi. yuranSi
naTqvamia: “mruSobis Camden qals da mamakacs — TiToel maTgans dahkariT asi
Solti da uari ar TqvaT maT mimarT sibralulis gamo alahis morCilebaze, Tu
gwamT alahis da gankiTxvis dRis. da dae, mowme iyos maTi sasjelisa morwmuneTa
jgufi” [24:2]. es sasjeli gansazRvrulia damnaSave piris saqorwino statusis
miuxedavad. Tumca hadisebi mowmobs, rom qorwinebaSi myofi Tavisufali muslimebi162
Seadgenen calke kategorias da maTTvis sasjelis mxolod es forma aris
gankuTvnili. sunaSi ki ubralod aRwerilia ufro mkacri sasjelis _ qvebiT
Caqolva _ gamoyenebis SemTxvevebi, Tu es danaSauli Cadenilia qorwinebaSi myofi
piris mier. muhamadi sjida mruSobisaTvis qvebiT CaqolviT muslimebs — mamakacebs
da qalebs, rodesac arsebobda oTxi mowme, an Tu damnaSave oTxjer aRiarebda
Tavis danaSauls. oTxi mowmis warmodgenis aucileblobaze moxseniebulia yuranis
24:4 aiaSi. amasTan aucilebelia oTxi mowme mamakaci163, romelTac dainaxes mTeli
procedura da SeuZliaT misi detaluri aRwera [4:19]. ciliswameba (kazf) 80
dartymiT isjeba [24:4-5]. qmars SeuZlia sasjeli aicilos Tavidan Tu mimarTavs
gayris erT-erT saxes — dawyevlis formulis warmoTqmas, magram misi qorwineba
maSinve irRveva. qvebiT Caqolva xdeba mxolod sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebiT, yadis
meTvalyureobiT. specialurad gamoyofil adgilas ikribeba xalxi da damnaSaves
qvebs esvrian Caqolvamde, Tu aRiarebasTan gvaqvs saqme — imami da yadi. muslimuri
sazogadoebis istoriaSi sasjeli am danaSaulze imdenad iSviaTia, rom
istorikosebi moixsenieben mas mniSvnelovani istoriuli movlenebis gverdiT.
Tumca, ZiriTadad isjebodnen gaSoltviT (100 dartyma)164 da ara qvebiT CaqolviT.
 Rvinis sma da azartuli TamaSebi [Surb al-xamr]. Rvinis gamoyeneba akrZalulia
yuraniT. fakihebma gaavrceles es akrZalva mTlianad alkoholur sasmelebze.
yurani ar iTvaliswinebs gansazRvrul sasjels am codvisaTvis. cnobilia muhamadis
sityvebi: “vinc svams Rvinos, unda daisajos gaSoltviT”. Tumca ar gansazRvra
dartymebis odenoba. muhamadi TviTon sjida am danaSaulisaTvis 40 dartymiT. es
aris sadavo sakiTxi, radganac sxva cnobebiT, muhamadi arasodes ar Tvlida
dartymebis odenobas an zogierT SemTxvevaSi, saerTod ar sjida. amis safuZvelze
muslimi mecnierebis mier gamoTqmulia mosazreba, rom muhamadi dasjis dros
iyenebda Ta‘zirs — sasjels Sexedulebisamebr da ara mkacr, savaldebulo
sasjels — ®add. amdenad, kanonTmcodneebi Rvinis moxmarebisaTvis
sxvadasxvagvarad gansazRvraven sasjels — 40-dan 80 dartymamde Tavisufali
muslimisaTvis da 20-dan 40 dartymamde monisaTvis. am danaSaulisaTvisac
aucilebelia mtkicebuleba: aRiareba, simTvralis garegnuli niSnebi, an ori mowme-
mamakaci. azartul TamaSebze igive sasjeli vrceldeba, rac RvinisaTvisaa
dawesebuli. mxolod mipatiJeba azartul TamaSebze SeiZleba gamosyidul iqnes
mowyalebis gaRebiT.
 qurdoba [sarika]. fakihebi ganasxvaveben qurdobas (as-sarika aí-íuRrá), ukanono
miTvisebas (Raíb) da Zarcvas (as-sarika al-qubrá). qurdoba aris ukanono, faruli

160 am dros sasjeli erTnairia muslimisa da aramuslimis SemTxvevaSi.

161 sodomis codvasTan erTad.
162 monebisaTvis sasjeli aris ganaxevrebuli. Safitebi da hanafitebi Tvlian, rom Tu
damnaSaveebi (mamakacic da qalic) arian Tavisufali, srulwlovani, srul Wkuaze myofi da
imyofebian kanonier qorwinebaSi, maSin isini unda daisajon qvebis CaqolviT. Tu erT-erTi es
piroba ar arsebobs (mag., Tu erTi maTgani ar imyofeba qorwinebaSi), maSin orive damnaSave
isjeba 100 dartmiT.
163 Tu ver moiZebna, maSin sami mamakaci da ori qali. sxva kombinacia ar miiReba. am wesis
SemoReba ukavSirdeba mociqulis usayvarlesi colis — ‘á’iSas SemTxvevas. banååmustalikis
winaaRmdeg laSqrobis (5/627w.) Semdeg is mruSobaSi daadanaSaules da gaxda kritikis
obieqti.
164 Safitebi amis garda moiTxoven damnaSavis gaZevebas qalaqidan erTi wliT.

107
mitaceba sxvisi qonebis, romelic namdvilad aris sxva piris mflobelobaSi da
romelic imyofeba misi Rirebulebis Sesabamisad dacul adgilze (®irz). SariaTis
mixedviT mTavaria TviTon qurdobis faqti da ara nivTis Rirebuleba. sasjeli
ekisreba adamians im SemTxvevaSi, Tu is aris srulwlovani (báliR), srul Wkuaze
myofi (‘ákil) da aqvs moparvis ganzraxva (niÁÁa), e. i. moqmedebs ara ZaldatanebiT,
aramed Tavisuflad, Tavisi surviliT (muxTár). aranairi gansxvaveba ar aris monasa
da mona-qals, mamakacsa da qals Soris. sasjeli ar ekisreba, Tu danaSauli moxda
qmarsa da cols, axlo naTesavebs Soris, monasa da mis patrons Soris. fakihTa
azri iyofa mxolod zimiebTan mimarTebaSi. zogierTi iuristi Tvlis, rom
malfuWebadi produqtebis da yuranis xelnaweri egzemplarebis (SesaZloa imitom,
rom damnaSaves praqtikulad ar SeeZlo misi realizeba bazarze) moparva imsaxurebs
mxolod Ta‘zãrs. pirveli qurdobis SemTxvevaSi damnaSave isjeba marjvena xelis
moWriT165 [5:42]; meorejer — marcxena fexis moWriT, mesame SemTxvevaSi — marcxena
xelis moWriT; xolo meoTxejer — marjvena fexis moWriT; Tu qurdobis momentSi
Cadenil iqna mkvleloba, maSin damnaSaves emuqreba cixe. amis garda, damnaSavem unda
daabrunos moparuli nivTi an daabrunos misi Rirebuleba. am sasjelis
daniSvnisaTvis moparuli qoneba unda pasuxobdes Semdeg moTxovnebs. nivTis
Rirebuleba hanafitebis azriT, ar unda iyos 10 dirhamze naklebi (anu 1 dinari) an
Safitebis azriT 3 dirhamze (1/4 dinari) naklebi. Tumca SariaTisaTvis mTavaria
TviTon qurdobis faqti da ara moparuli nivTis Rirebuleba.sayuradReboa is
faqtic, rom moparuli nivTi unda iyos nebadarTuli muslimisaTvis da iyidebodes
bazarze. mag., Rvinis an Roris xorcis moparva ar isjeba sasjeliT — Ðadd. qurdi
Tavisufldeba sasjelisagan, Tu Tavisi nebiT daabrunebs moparul nivTs. islamuri
samarTlis mixedviT (evropuli samarTlisagan gansxvavebiT), qurdobis faqtis
damfarveli ar iTvleba qurdobis Tanamonawiled. uzurpaciad (Raíb) iTvleba
ukanono miTviseba sxvisi qonebis, romelic gadacemuli aqvs mas Sesanaxad. Zarcvad
(mu®áraba, kat‘al-tarãk) iTvleba, roca erTi an ramdenime piri gzaze Tavs daesxmeba
mogzaurebs an ZaliT SeiWreba sxvis sacxovrebelSi gaZarcvis mizniT. quCis
mZarcvelebs, Tu isini damnaSaveni arian mxolod qurdobaSi, isjebian marjvena
xelis moWriT, xolo Tu Zarcvas Tan axlavs mkvleloba, maSin damnaSaveebi
isjebian patimrobiT (Tavis mokveTiT an CamoxrCobiT). Tu muslimma ipova raime
Rirebuli nivTi da ver aRmoaCina veranairi aRniSvna, rac daexmareba misi
mflobelis moZebnaSi, es nivTi misi sakuTreba xdeba, magram unda gadaixados
sadaka. Tu muslimma ipova raime nivTi da ar gamoacxada amis Sesaxeb, did codvad
iTvleba.
 mevaxSeoba [ribá]. ribás akrZalvaze saubaria yuranis mraval suraSi. is did
codvad iTvleba. mevaxSeoba ukanonoa ra formiTac ar unda arsebobdes is. am
codvisaTvis yvela muslims erTnairi tanjva elis jojoxeTSi. gadmocemiT,
muhamads uTqvams: “erTi dirhami mogebac ki, romelsac muslimi mevaxSeobisagan
miiRebs, uaresia vidre 36 codvis Cadena islamSi”. zogierTi gadmocemiT,
mevaxSeobisaTvis islami sikvdiliT dasjasac daSvebulad miiCnevs. muslim
samarTlismcodneTa azriT, codvis monaniebis Semdeg SeiZleba mevaxSe samoTxeSic
ki moxvdes.
adamianis winaaRmdeg danaSaulobebs ganekuTvneba: yvela Zaladobrivi qmedeba
adamianTa mimarT _ ganzrax mkvleloba166, sxeulis mZime dasaxiCreba (jarh). am
SemTxvevaSi kanoni iTvaliswinebs kisass (kiíáí — “SurisZieba”, “sasjeli”) an
gamosasyids (diÁa).
‘ikáb aris sasjeli, romlis gamotana samarTaldarRvevisaTvis SeiZleba
mxolod garkveuli TanamimdevrobiT an sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebiT an imamis
brZanebiT an yadis an sxva piris mier, romelsac evaleba sazogadoebrivi wesrigis
dacva. sasjeli zustad unda Seesabamebodes danaSaulis simZimes.
islamuri samarTali scnobs sami saxis samarTaldarRvevas. TiToeul maTgans
Seesabameba sasjelis gansazRvruli saxe: 1. danaSaulobebi, romelTac Seesatyviseba

165 yuranis Tanaxmad, unda moxdes mxolod xelis TiTebis moWra, aseve ganmeorebis
SemTxvevaSi mxolod fexis TiTebis. moWril adgils deben mduRare zeTSi, raTa Sewydes
sisxldena.
166 sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsi ganasxvavebs ganzrax mkvlelobas (‘amd, Ta‘ammudi), uneblie
(Sibh al-‘amd) da gaufrTxileblobiT (xata’) mkvlelobas.

108
sasjeli kisasi an dia; 2. danaSaulobebi, rac iTvaliswinebs sasjels ®add (®udåd);
3. msubuqi samarTaldarRvevebi, romelzedac gaTvaliswinebulia mxolod
“gamosasworebeli sasjeli” — Ta‘zãr.
1. danaSaulobebi, romlebic isjeba kisasiT an diaTi. kiíáí aris SurisZieba,
sasjelTa ganrigi mkvlelobisaTvis, WrilobebisaTvis da sxeulis sxva
dasaxiCrebisaTvis. is efuZneba talionis principis Zvel normebs, romlebmac
garkveuli cvlileba ganicada islamSi. yurani miuTiTebs: “suli sulisa wil,
Tvali Tvalisa wil, cxviri cxvirisa wil, yuri yurisa wil, kbili kbilisa wil da
WrilobisaTvis SurisZieba” [5:49].
winaswar ganzraxviT mkvlelobis (‘amd) dros mkvleli sikvdiliT isjeba.
yurani mkvlelobas ganixilavs, rogorc mZime codvas. Tumca amave dros urCevs
moklulis axloblebs, naTesavebs, rom Seiwyalon mkvleli, radgan Sewyaleba,
patieba sasurvelia alahisaTvis [5:31]. ganzrax mkvlelobis dros kisasi
iTvaliswinebs mkvlelis sikvdiliT dasjas, rac sisruleSi moyavs jalaTs an
moklulis naTesaobas. kisasi iniSneba agreTve sxeulis mZime dazianebis,
dasaxiCrebis SemTxvevaSi (smenis, mxedvelobis dazianeba, enis, yuris, orive xelis,
da orive fexis moWra da sxv.). dazaralebuls SeuZlia moiTxovos, rom damnaSave
mis msgavsad daasaxiCron. kisasi iniSneba mxolod sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebiT da
mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, roca SesaZlebelia miyenebuli da sapasuxo dasaxiCrebis
zusti gansazRvra (mag., SesaZlebelia xelis an yuris moWra, magram ar SeiZleba
gamWoli Wrilobis miyeneba an Tavis gatexva).
ganzrax mkvlelobis dros moklulis samarTalmemkvidreebs ufleba aqvT
uari Tqvan SurisZiebaze, apation damnaSaves da miiRon gamosasyidi — sisxlis fasi
(diÁa). patieba SesaZlebelia dias miRebis gareSec. mxolod dia da ara kisasi
iniSneba Tavisufalis mier sxvisi monis (dias uxdian mis patrons) an muslimis mier
zimmis — qristianis da iudevelis mkvlelobis SemTxvevaSi. uneblie mkvlelobis
(xata’) dros mkvlels ekisreba mxolod dia.
muslimis mkvleli zimmi — qristiani Tu iudeveli, sikvdiliT isjeba.
orTodoqsaluri islamis skolebi ar arian erTsulovani imaSi, Tu rogor unda
daisajos zimmis mkvleli: kisasiT Tu diaTi. hanafitebs dasaSvebad miaCniaT zimmis
mkvlelisaTvis kisasis gamoyeneba, Tu zimmi cxovrobs muslimTa teritoriaze da ar
awarmoebs SeiaraRebul brZolas muslimTa winaaRmdeg. Tumca praqtikaSi yovelTvis
gamoiyeneboda dia. amasTan aramuslimis sisxlis Rirebuleba iyo muslimis sisxlis
naxevari. Tu mona Caidens mkvlelobas, maSin mis patronma unda gadasces is
dazaralebul mxares an moklulis axloblebis Tanxmobis SemTxvevaSi, TviTon unda
gadaixados dia monis nacvlad. Tu mona iqamde gardaicvleba, vidre dazaralebuli
mxare Tavis pretenzias ganacxadebs, maSin patroni Tavisufldeba yovelgvari
valdebulebisagan.
ganzrax mkvlelobis dros dias gadaxda unda moxdes dauyovnebliv. uneblie
mkvlelobis SemTxvevaSi dias gadaxdisaTvis gansazRvrulia samwliani vada. aseTi
dia aris vali, romelic unda amoRebul iqnes ara mxolod moklulis qonebidan,
aramed misi axloblebis (‘ákila) qonebidan. Tu mkvleli ucnobia, maSin soflis,
kvartlis an saxlis mcxovreblebi, sadac napovni iqna mokluli, pasuxs ageben
mkvlelobisaTvis. Tumca isini ixdian mxolod dias.
sruli dia Seadgens 100 aqlems (mamri), romlis ekvivalenti aris aTasi
dinari (10 000 an 12 000 dirhami)167. aseTi dia iwodeba msubuqad (muxaffafa). Tu dia
iniSneba damamZimebel garemoebaSi momxdari mkvlelobis SemTxvevaSi (mag., axlo
adamianebis mkvleloba, Tu mkvlelobas Tan axlda yaCaRuri Tavdasxma, Tu
mkvleloba ganxorcielda wminda qalaqebSi — meqasa da medinaSi), is xdeba
“damamZimebeli” (muRallaza) dia (100 mdedri aqlemi an 1333 1/3 dinari an 16 000
dirhami).

167zogierTi samarTlismcodnis azriT, sruli dia Seadgenda 100 aqlems, an 200 msxvilfexa
saqonels, an 2 aTas cxvars, an 200 naWer Zvirfas qsovils, romelTagan TiToeuli sakmarisi
iyo tanisamosis Sesakerad, an aTas oqros dinars (4,25 g), romelic Seesabameboda 10-12 aTas
vercxlis dirhams (2, 97 g). dRes saudis arabeTSi sruli dia Seadgens 100,000 rials. misi
gadaxda xdeba ara marto mkvlelobisaTvis, aramed arabunebrivi sikvdilis SemTxvevaSi, rac
gulisxmobs cecxlSi dawvas, industriul an sagzao SemTxvevas.

109
 Tu dazaralebuli, an damnaSave iyo qali, sisxlis safasuri Cveulebrivis
naxevars udrida. zimis, qristianis da iudevelis mkvlelobis SemTxvevaSi
kompensaciis odenobis Taobaze samarTlismcodneTa Soris ar iyo erTsulovneba.
abu hanifa uSvebda srul dias, maliqitebi - mis naxevars, xolo Safiitebi - 1/3-s.
zoroastrelisa da warmarTis sisxlis safasuri sruli dias 1/15 wili (800 dirhami)
iyo. Tu mkvlels ara aqvs dias gadaxdis saSualeba, is unda gadaixadon misma
axloblebma. Tu mkvleloba Cadenilia mozardis an sulierad avadmyofis mier, mas
kisasi ar ekisreba, aramed xdeba dias gadaxda pirvel SemTxvevaSi — mozardis
axloblebis mier, xolo meore SemTxvevaSi — adgilobriv xelisufalTa mier.
ramdenime adamianis mkvlelobis SemTxvevaSi iniSneba kisasi rogorc erTi piris
mkvlelobisaTvis, magram Tu moklulis axloblebi daTanxmdebian diaze, is
gadaxdili unda iqnes calkeul daRupulze. Tu ramdenime adamiani moklavs erTs,
yvela isjeba kisasiT an TiToeuli maTgani ixdis dias. mkvleloba ar isjeba, Tu is
ganxorcielda visime zewoliT an xelisuflebis mqone piris brZanebiT an Tavisi
sicocxlisa da qonebis dacvis dros. mamis mkvleli isjeba dapatimrebiT. Tu mama
klavs Svils, ixdis dias, magram SariaTi ar gansazRvravs vis uxdis iqidan
gamomdinare, rom aseTi SemTxvevebi cotaa. iTvleba, rom Tu is srul Wkuaze
imyofeba, ukve sjis Tavis Tavs am mkvlelobis faqtiT.
sxeulis mZime dasaxiCrebis dros (orive xelis, orive fexis an 10 TiTis moWra
da sxva) dazaralebulis surviliT iniSneba an kisasi an xdeba sruli dias gadaxda.
erTi Tvalis, erTi fexis dakargvis SemTxvevaSi — naxevari dia, tvinis dazianebis
an mucelSi Wrilobis gamo — mesamedi dia, TiTis dakargvisaTvis — dias meaTedi
nawili, da sxva.
islamurma samarTalma Zalian detalurad daamuSava sisxlis samarTlis
danaSaulobebis sxvadasxva SemTxvevebi, magram man mainc ver gaiTvaliswina yvela
SesaZlo SemTxveva. saeWvo SemTxvevebSi mosamarTe mimarTavda mujTahidTa
avtoritets. islamurma samarTalma ar SeimuSava recidivis gageba sisxlis
samarTlis danaSaulobebTan mimarTebaSi da ganmeorebiTi danaSaulis dros
damnaSave isjeboda iseve, rogorc pirveli danaSaulisaTvis.
2. danaSaulobebi, romlebic isjeba sasjeliT — ®add. es sasjeli
gaTvaliswinebulia sazogadoebrivi wesrigis darRvevisaTvis, romelTa Sesaxeb aris
miTiTebani yuransa da sunaSi: mruSoba (ziná’), crumowmeoba da ciliswameba
mruSobis faqtTan dakavSirebiT (kazf), simTvrale, azartuli TamaSebi da sxv. es
aris danaSauli kanonis winaaRmdeg da ara romelime konkretuli piris winaaRmdeg.
amis gamo patieba SeuZlebelia. es sasjeli edeba pirs sasamarTlos ganaCeniT da
gaTvaliswinebulia qvebiT Caqolva (rajm) an gaSoltva — 40-dan 100 dartymamde.
amis garda SeiZleba damrigeblobiTi sasjelis dakisreba (Ta‘zãr), Semdeg monanieba
(Tavba) da gamosyidva (qaffára). sasjelis wesi ganisazRvreba sasamarTlos
gadawyvetilebiT. yvela SemTxvevaSi dartymebi ar unda iyos Zlieri, raTa ar
dauzianos Sinagani organoebi. Tu damnaSave gardaicvala dasjis dros, erT-erTi
mazhabis Tanaxmad, maTma memkvidreebma unda gaiRon gamosasyidi Tanxa _ dia
sazogadoebrivi saxsrebidan. sxva mazhabebi Tvlian, rom mis sikvdilSi aravin aris
damnaSave kanonis garda. am sasjelis aRsruleba SeiZleba nebismier adgilas,
magram ara meCeTSi, yadis TandaswrebiT an misi ndobiT aRWurvili piris
saSualebiT. qalis sxeuli dasjis dros dafaruli unda iyos gadasafarebliT,
mamakacs unda ecvas iseTi samosi, rac ar Seamsubuqebs mis sasjels.
3. damrigeblobiTi [Ta‘zãr] sasjeli ekisreba adamians xelisuflebisadmi
daumorCileblobis, xulignobis, sazogadoebrivi wesrigis darRvevisaTvis, sxvisi
qonebis winaswarganzraxviT sargeblobisaTvis, vaWrobis wesebis darRvevisaTvis. es
sasjeli iTvaliswinebs gawkepvlas an gaSoltvas (5-dan 39 dartymamde) an
Tavisuflebis aRkveTas 6 Tvemde, an gadasaxlebas, an jarimas, an sityvier
sayvedurs. Ta‘zãr-is Tavisebureba gamoixateba imaSi, rom is ar warmoadgens
mkacrad dadgenili sanqciebis sistemas konkretul danaSaulobebTan mimarTebaSi.
saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi SesaZlebelia Ta‘zãr-is ramdenime saxis gamoyeneba (mag.,
gaSoltva da gadasaxleba). Ta‘zãr-is mizania damnaSavis gamosworeba. Tu vinme
gardaicvleba Ta‘zãr-is aRsrulebis dros, misi mkvlelobisaTvis dias gadaxda
xdeba saxelmwifo xazinidan. sasjelis es saxe gamoiyeneba arasrulwlovanebTan
mimarTebaSic. sasjelis daweseba xdeba an sasamarTlos ganaCeniT, an mmarTvelis

110
Tu policiis ufrosis (mu®Tasibi) gadawyvetilebiT. SesaZlebelia agreTve
gaormagebuli Ta‘zãr-i. damnaSaves Ta‘zãr-i SeiZleba daekisros damatebiT, Ðadd
sasjelTan erTad da mTlianobaSi 180 dartmiT ganisazRvros. Ðadd-is da Ta‘zãr-is
gamoyeneba bralis dadgenis gareSe TviTnebobad iTvleba rogorc muslimTan, ise
aramuslimTan mimarTebaSi. muslimi samarTlismcodneebi specialur yuradRebas
uTmoben sikvdiliT dasjas, rogorc Ta‘zãr-is erT-erT saxes. isini Tvlian, rom
sasjelis es zoma gamoyenebul unda iqnes mZime danaSaulobebis dros, romlebic
xelyofs Temis saerTo interesebs da mmarTvelis xelisuflebas. mag., maliqitebi
iTxovdnen sikvdiliT dasjas omis viTarebaSi mtris sasargeblod SpionaJis dros.
Safitebisa da hanbalitebis azriT, sasjelis analogiuri zoma SeiZleba
gamoyenebul iqnes areulobisaken da muslimuri rwmenis ZiriTadi principebis
uaryofisaken mowodebis dros. cnobilia, rom xalifa ‘umar II (717-720) sastikad
gausworda kadaritebis seqtis wevrebs, romlebic icavdnen Teziss nebis
Tavisuflebaze da uaryofdnen bedisweris Teorias. hanafitebi sikvdiliT dasjas
uSvebdnen mxolod im damnaSaveebTan mimarTebaSi, romlebmac ramdenjerme Caidines
seriozuli danaSauli da ver gamoswordnen sasjelis sxva saxeebis gamoyenebis
Sedegad.
islamur samarTalSi gamoiyeneba agreTve sasjelis erT-erTi saxe —
dapatimreba. calkeul SemTxvevebSi gamoiyeneba samudamo patimroba. islamuri
samarTali uSvebs agreTve damamcirebeli sasjelis gamoyenebas: wveris gaparsva,
sajaro gakicxva, Calmis tarebis uflebis CamorTmeva da sxva. yovelgvari sasjeli
iTvaliswinebs samarTaldarRvevis monaniebas. Tu damnaSave amas ar gaakeTebs, maSin
sasjeli meordeba. monaniebis (Tavb) Semdeg damnaSave pirma unda Seasrulos
gamosasyidi qmedebani, romelsac arCevs sasamarTlo (marxva 2 Tvemde; piligrimoba
aRTqmiT; mowyalebis gaReba da sxv.). rodesac Seasrulebs sasamarTlos yvela
gadawyvetilebas, unda Seasrulos sruli ganbanva.
samarTaluunaro pirebs (mcirewlovani, mona da a.S.) sasjeli unaxevrdebaT.

5. sasamarTlo procesi

Teoriulad samarTlis aRsrulebis ufleba aqvs imam-xalifas, romlebic

iSviaTad asrulebdnen mosamarTlis funqcias TavianT rezidenciaSi. Cvulebriv, am
funqciebis Sesrulebas xalifa andobda specialur mosamarTleebs — yadiebs.
yadi (ká«ã) aris muslimTa mosamarTle, xelisuflebis warmomadgeneli,
romelic aRWurvilia marTlmsajulebis (ka«á’) warmoebis uflebiT. is
axorcielebda marTlmsajulebas SariaTis safuZvelze. pirveli yadi basraSi,
qufaSi da medinaSi daniSna xalifa ‘umarma (634-644). hadisebis mixedviT, ‘umarma
Seasrula muhamadis neba, romelsac surda mosamarTlis daniSvna da ver moaswro.
mravali mkvlevari aRniSnavs, rom xalifa‘umari mkacrad icavda yadis Tavisuflebis
princips samarTlebrivi normebis SerCevisas. amis paralelurad, is nebas rTavda
mosamarTleebs SeecvalaT TavianTi adrindeli azri axali, msgavsi saqmis
ganxilvis dros ise, rom ar gaeuqmebinaT Zveli gadawyvetileba. muslimi
samarTlismcodneebi, gadmocemebze dayrdnobiT, askvnian, rom islamuri samarTlis
TeoriaSi ar arsebobs sasamarTlo precedenti.
mosamarTleebis gansakuTrebul kategorias Seadgenda armiis yadi (ká«ã-l-
jund), romelic acxadebda wminda oms umaRlesi xelisuflis saxeliT da Tvalyurs
adevnebs nadavlis samarTlian ganawilebas. mas moeTxoveboda samxedro samarTlis
kargi codna. mogvianebiT, ukve umaÁÁanTa dros, warmoiSva umaRlesi yadis — ká«i-l-
ku«áT Tanamdeboba, romelic niSnavda mosamarTleebs xalifas saxeliT da iRebs
saCivrebs maT ganaCenze. es iyo ufro sapatio tituli, romelic eniWeboda
dedaqalaqis yadis. saxalifos pirveli umaRlesi yadi gaxda abå Áåsufi (731-798),
arabi samarTlismcodne, abå Ðanãfas mowafe da mimdevari168. oTxi umaRlesi yadis

168cnobilia hárån ar-raSãdis (786-809) davalebiT dawerili misi “xarajis wigni” (“qiTáb al-
xaráj”), romelSic mocemulia pasuxebi xalifas mier ‘abasianTa saxalifos politikur-
administraciuli da ekonomikuri cxovrebis sxvadasxva problemebTan dakavSirebiT dasmul
sakiTxebze.

111
(TiToeuli iuridiuli skolidan erTi) yola aucilebeli gaxda mxolod mogviano
jvarosanTa laSqrobebis dros169. yadi unda iyos SariaTis mcodne, RvTismosavi
adamiani, pirdapiri, patiosani da mousyidveli. hadisebis Tanaxmad, mociqulma Tqva:
“yadi aris sami saxis. erTi maTgani xvdeba samoTxeSi, xolo danarCeni ori moxvdeba
jojoxeTSi. adamiani, romelic moxvdeba samoTxeSi, aris is, visac esmis WeSmariteba
da gansjida mis Sesabamisad. is, visac esmoda WeSmariteba, magram gansjida
usamarTlod, wava jojoxeTSi. yadi, romelic sjida islamamdel xanaSi, aseve
moxvdeba jojoxeTSi”. hadisebSi xazgasmulia yadis didi pasuxismgebloba. didi iyo
yadis gavlena sazogadoebriv cxovrebaze. is ara marto ganmartavda kanons, aramed
icavda rwmenis safuZvlebs, muslimis cxovrebis wess.
yadis niSnavda xalifa (saxalifos daSlis Semdeg ki sultani, anda sxva
muslimi gamgebeli), romlebic ugzavnidnen daniSnul pirs gansakuTrebul sigels
(manSår — brZaneba). es sigeli ikiTxeboda meCeTebSi im olqis, romelzedac
vrceldeboda aRniSnuli mosamarTlis iurisdiqcia.
fikhis Tanaxmad, yadis funqciebis Sesruleba ganixileboda, rogorc
religiuri movaleoba muslimuri Temis mimarT. pirovneba, romelic am
Tanamdebobaze iniSneboda, unda yofiliyo srulwlovani, Tavisufali muslimi,
Seulaxavi reputaciisa, romelmac miiRo specialuri religiuri ganaTleba,
Seiswavla SariaTis miTiTebebi, icoda arabuli ena da fakihebis mosazrebebi
calkeul iuridiul kazusebTan dakavSirebiT, ar hqonda aSkara fizikuri nakli.
Tavdapirvelad yadiebi iniSnebodnen mujTahidebis, mogvianebiT mukalidebis wridan,
romlebsac Seswavlili hqondaT kanonmdebloba da asamarTlebdnen mujTahidebis
gadawyvetilebaTa safuZvelze. Tumca abå Ðanãfa uSvebda yadis daniSvnas, romelsac
ara aqvs aranairi religiuri avtoriteti.
Teoriulad yadis Tanamdeboba ar iTvaliswinebda jamagiris gadaxdas, magram
praqtikaSi is iRebda anazRaurebas saxelmwifo xazinidan (baÁT al-mál). cnobilia,
rom pirvelad saxalifos istoriaSi ‘abasianebma uzrunvelyves yadiebis
damoukidebloba da gaaumjobeses maTi materialuri mdgomareoba. islamur
samarTalSi ar aris dawesebuli xarjebi samarTliswarmoebisaTvis.
yadis movaleobebi: 1. samoqalaqo samarTlis yvela sadavo sakiTxis
gadawyveta; 2. sasamarTlo ganaCenis dadgena sisxlis samarTlis saqmeebis ganxilvis
dros; 3. meurvis daniSvna imaTze, visac ar SeuZlia Tavisi qonebis marTva; 4.
meurvis funqciis Sesruleba (mag., Tu gasaTxovar qals ar hyavs warmomadgeneli
qowinebis dros) da meTvalyureoba oblebis qonebaze; 5. meTvalyureoba vakfebze,
romelTac marTaven sxva moxeleebi; 6. meTvalyureoba sazogadoebrivi daniSnulebis
obieqtebze _ gzebze, moednebze, mSeneblobebze da sxva. abu hanifas azriT, yadis am
SemTxvevaSi ar SeuZlia iyos mosarCle. muslimur saxelmwifoebSi aris specialuri
moxele _ muhTasibi, romelic adgilze sjis umniSvnelo danaSaulobebisaTvis; 7.
Tvalyuris devneba anderZis samarTlian aRsrulebaze da memkvidreobis
ganawilebaze; 8. sasjelis sisruleSi moyvana; 9. samoqalqo samarTlis sakiTxebTan
dakavSirebiT miRebuli gadawyvetilebebis sisruleSi moyvana. muslimuri
samarTliT ar aris gaTvaliswinebuli mevalis qonebis gayidva, garda bankrotobisa.
amdenad, yadis SeuZlia aiZulos mevale imuSavos kreditoris sasargeblod misi
zedamxedvelobis qveS, vidre is ar dafaravs vals; 10. samarTaldamcav organoebze
da cixis inspeqciaze zedamxedveloba; 11. zaqaTis Sekreba da ganawileba, Tu mas ar
xelmZRvanelobs specialuri amili. mxolod meaTe saukunidan gadaeca yadis
memkvidreobasTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebis ganxilva.
aucileblobis SemTxvevaSi yadis SeuZlia daniSnos erTi an ramdenime
moadgile (ná’ib, mr. nuvváb), romlebic unda akmayofilebdnen imave moTxovnebs,
rasac iTvaliswinebs yadis Tanamdeboba. Tu sasamarTlo procesSi pirdapir an
arapirdapir aris CarTuli TviTon yadis an misi naTesavebis interesebi, maSin yadim
saqmis gadawyveta unda miandos Tavis moadgiles. amis garda yadis hyavs erTi an
ramdenime saqmis mwarmoebeli (qáTib), mekare, kamergeri (Ðájib), Tarjimani da
kurieri.
sasamarTlo procesi (mu®áqama) emyareba sam mTavar princips: procesSi
mxareTa pirad monawileobas, procesis sajaroobas da mis uwyvetobas. sasamarTlo

169 1226 wels sultanma baibarsma damaskoSi daniSna oTxi yadi.

112
procesis dros SariaTis sasamarTloSi aucilebelia orive mxaris daswreba, ar
aris daSvebuli gadadeba, uaryofs werilobiT dokumentebs mowmeebis damowmebis
gareSe. mosarCle TviTon wamowevs win braldebas, xolo mopasuxe TviTon icavs
Tavs. islamurma saproceso samarTlma ar icis advokaturis instituti. gansasjelma
TviTon unda daicvas Tavi an isargeblos ndobiT aRWurvili piris saSualebiT. Tu
mopasuxe ar gamocxadda piradad, arc ndobiT aRWurvili piri gamoagzavna da
amisaTvis ara aqvs kanonieri mizezi, sarCeli dadasturebulad iTvleba. SariaTis
saproceso samarTlis Taviseburebad iTvleba is, rom sasamarTlo gadawyvetileba
ar ganixileba sabolood da Seucvlelad. axali faqtebisa da garemoebebis
dadgenis SemTxvevaSi mosamarTles SeuZlia gadaxedos Tavis gadawyvetilebas adre
ganxilul saqmesTan dakavSirebiT.
sasamarTlos sxdoma tardeba Ria cis qveS, mahqamaSi (sasamarTlos SenobaSi)
an meCeTSi. IX saukunis Sua wlebidan orTodoqsebma yadis saqmianoba meCeTSi RvTis
saxlis wabilwvad miiCnies da aukrZales mas iq saqmeebis ganxilva. Tumca am
akrZalvam Sedegi ar gamoiRo. sxdomis dawyebis win mosamarTle atarebs ganbanvas
da asrulebs locvas. hanafitebis da Safitebis sasamarTloze mosamarTlis adgili
aris pirisaxiT meqisaken. jafaritebTan da sxva SiitebTan — zurgiT wminda
qalaqisaken. hanafitebis mazhabis mixedviT, mosamarTlis arCevis ufleba aqvs
mosarCles. Safitebis mazhabiT ki — mopasuxes. mosamarTles ar gamoaqvs
gadawyvetileba iqamde, vidre ar mousmens orive mxares da maT mowmeebs, Tu aseTi
arsebobs. fikhi cnobs sami kategoriis mtkicebulebas: aRiareba — ikrár, romelic
SeiZleba gakeTdes mopasuxis mier samoqalaqo da sisxlis samarTlis saqmeebis
dros. es aris mosarClis pretenziis samarTlianobis dadastureba. es aRiareba
unda iyos nebayoflobiTi. Tu danaSauli aris Cadenili RmerTis winaSe, aRiarebis
ukan waReba SeiZleba, magram adamianis winaaRmdeg Tu aris — ara. SariaTis
sasamarTlosaTvis gadamwyveti mniSvneloba aqvs mowmeTa (Sáhid) Cvenebebs.
umravlesi sasamarTlo saqmeebis ganxilvis dros aucilebelia ori mowmis Cveneba.
mowme SeiZleba iyo muslimi-mamakaci, srulwlovani da qmedunariani. qalis Cveneba
miiReba mxolod samoqalaqo samarTlis saqmeebis ganxilvis dros. muslimi-mamakacis
Cveneba udris ori muslimi qalis Cvenebas. is, rac ar SeiZleba daamowmos mamakacma,
SeiZleba miRebuli iqnes erTi qalis mowmeoba. mag., bavSvis dabadeba. ar SeiZleba
mowmeTa iZuleba, raTa miscen Cveneba. Tumca Cvenebaze uaris Tqma iTvleba
religiuri valdebulebis darRvevad. mowmed gamosvla ar SeuZliaT Semdegi
kategoriis adamianebs: Wkuasustebs, monebs, urwmunoebs, eretikosebs,
cilismwameblebs, sasjel misjilT da farisevlebs (fasik), cudi reputaciis mqone
adamianebs. aRmavali da daRmavali xaziT naTesavebis Cveneba miiReba mxolod
memkvidreobis saqmeebSi. abå Ðanãfa krZalavs agreTve meuRleebis mowmeobas
erTmaneTTan mimarTebaSi. cru mowmeoba isjeba kanoniT. yadi niSnavda specialur
moxeles (íá®ib al-masa’il), romelsac unda Seekriba mowmeTa Cvenebebi WeSmaritebis
dadgena SesaZlebelia agreTve erT-erTi mxaris mier Tavisi simarTlis ficiT
dadasturebiT. mowmeTagan aucilebeli ar aris ficis miReba.
sasamarTlo procesTan dakavSirebuli ama Tu im rTuli sakiTxis gasarkvevad
yadis SeeZlo miemarTa umaRlesi religiuri avtoritetis — mufTisaTvis da misgan
mieRo saTanado iuridiuli daskvna an axsna-ganmarteba faTvas saxiT, Tumca
saboloo gadawyvetilebas mainc yadi iRebda.
yadis gadawyvetileba sabolooa da gasaCivrebas ar eqvemdebareba. VIII
saukunemde sasamarTlo procesis msvlelobis da misi Sedgebis werilobiTi
gaformeba ar xdeboda, sxdomis damTavrebis Semdeg dauyovnebliv aRasrulebdnen
sasjels. mosamarTles iSviaTad uwevda miemarTa iZulebiTi RonisZiebebisaTvis,
roca damnaSave mxare ar emorCileboda mis gadawyvetilebas. adreul saxalifoSi
saerTod ar iyo cixeebi, gamoiyeneboda mxolod dadanaSaulebulis meCeTSi an
sakuTar saxlSi dakaveba, misi datovebis uflebis gareSe. mosamarTlis
gadawyvetilebis aRsrulebas ZiriTadad muslimis “religiuri sindisi”
ganapirobebda. ‘abasianTa droidan daiwyo sasamarTlo oqmebis Sedgena, sadac
oficialurad SehqondaT yadis gadawyvetileba. yvela sasamarTlos hqonda Tavisi
sapatimro. mmarTvelebi da nacvlebi ara marto gansazRvravdnen mosamarTlis
iurisdiqciis sazRvrebs, aramed uSualod SeeZloT Careva samarTlis aRsrulebaSi.
maTze pirdapir iyo damokidebuli yadis gadawyvetilebebis Sesruleba. Tu xalifa

113
mas ar aRiarebda, yadi unda gadamdgariyo. amdenad, yadis gadawyvetileba
faqtobrivad sabolood iTvleboda mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, roca mas eTanxmeboda
xalifa, nacvali da maTi aparati da policia.
yadis funqciebi ar Semoifargleboda samarTliswarmoebiT. yadi cvlida
agreTve notariuss (Suhåd), amtkicebda Tavisi beWdiT anderZs, xelSekrulebebs,
saqorwino kontraqtebs da sxva dokumentebs.
SariaTis sasamarTlos paralelurad Sua saukuneebis islamur qalaqebSi
arsebobda specialuri dawesebuleba, romelsac evaleboda Tvalyuri edevnebina
islamis miTiTebebis dacvisaTvis. es iyo ®isba — zedamxedvelobis samsaxuri
saxalifos dros. muhTasibi (mu®Tasib) iyo sityva-sityviT adamiani, romelic
axorcielebs ®isbas. es Tanamdeboba axlo aRmosavleTis qalaqebSi religiur
niadagze iyo aRmocenebuli. mas evaleboda Tvalyuri edevnebina muslimebisaTvis,
raTa maT mtkiced daecvaT religiuri wesebi (daswrebodnen sazogado locvas da
sxv.), quCebSi da abanoebSi sxvadasxva sqesis warmomadgenlebs Soris moralze
Tvalyuris devneba. gansakuTrebuli mondomebiT is ebrZoda loTobas, azartuli
TamaSebis moyvarulT, narkomanebs. masve marTebda zimiebisaTvis (aramuslimi
qveSevrdomebisaTvis) Tvalyuris devneba, muslimebTan maTi urTierTobis
mowesrigeba. muhTasibi flobda aRmasrulebel xelisuflebas, sjida
darRvevebisaTvis sasamarTlos mier saqmis garCevis gareSe, risTvisac hyavda
damsjelTa razmi. zogierT dadgenilebaSi aRniSnulia, rom mas unda
ekontrolebina yadic. magram Cveulebriv is idga yadize dabla administraciul
ierarqiul kibeze da ufro mcire gasamrjelos iRebda. am Tanamdebobis evoluciis
Sedegad mniSvnelovnad gafarTovda muhTasibebis ufleba-movaleobani. maT
daekisraT bazrebze nixris daweseba, sazom-sawonebze da savaWro saqonlis
falsifikaciaze meTvalyureoba. masve evaleboda vaWrebisaTvis Tvalyuri edevnebina,
raTa ar esargeblaT akrZaluli savaxSo procentiT — ribá. daaxloebiT, xalifa
al-ma‘månis (813-833) dros termini — sá®ib as-såk (bazris zedamxedveli) Seicvala
mu®TasibiT. muhTasibs niSnavda an xalifa, an gubernatori an yadi. muhTasibs hyavda
ori moadgile, damxmareebi _ eqspertebi, uxucesebi (‘arif) da mosamsaxureebi.
umaÁÁani xalifa ‘abd al-maliqis dros (685-705) sasamarTlo funqciebis
nawili qalaqebSi gadaeca samxedro-policiur xelisuflebas. abasianTa dros
Camoyalibda samxedro-policiuri Zala saxalifos qalaqebSi — Surta. es iyo
faqtobrivad xalifas gvardia, romelsac evaleboda policiuri samsaxuri. aseTi
razmis xelmZRvaneli iwodeboda rogorc íá®ib aS-Surta. mis Tavdapirvel funqcias
Seadgenda “Ramis Semovla” (at-taváf bi-l-laÁl). mas SeeZlo dazaralebuli
mxridan saCivris warmodgenis gareSe daepatimrebina an daesja danaSaulSi
eWvmitanili adamiani. masve SeeZlo sakuTari iniciativiT ewarmoebina gamoZieba,
risTvisac esargebla Tavisi saidumlo agentebis mier Sekrebili informaciiT. íá®ib
aS-Surta iZiebda agreTve politikur saqmeebs, mag., ajanyebebs, Zaladobas,
adamianebis motacebas da sxva. gamoZiebis dasrulebis Semdeg mas SeeZlo gamoetana
ganaCeni, sikvdiliT dasjis CaTvliT. gamoiyeneboda sasjelis iseTi mkacri
saxeebic, romlebic ar iyo gaTvaliswinebuli SariaTiT (kanis gadaZroba, nemsebze
dasma, Zvlebis gadamtvreva). samoqalaqo da saojaxo samarTlis saqmeebi
ganixileboda mxolod yadis mier. mogvianebiT am Tanamdebobam garkveuli evolucia
ganicada da is ukve 25-e rangis moxeles warmoadgenda mamluqTa periodSi.
‘abasianTa saxalifoSi arsebobda ori rgolisagan Semdgari sasamarTlo
sistema: yadis sasamarTlo, romelic eyrdnoboda islamuri samarTlis normebs da
samoqalaqo sasamarTlo (nazar al-mazálim — “saCivrebis gamoZieba”), “saCivrebis
uwyeba” anu saCivrebis divani (dãván an-nazar ф‹-l-mazálim), romelsac reagireba
unda moexdina sxvadasxva darRvevebze da ukanonobaze. es ukanaskneli iyo erTgvari
saapelacio sasamarTlo, sadac xdeboda saCivrebis, peticiebis (ruk‘a an kiíía)
ganxilva. aq xvdeboda iseTi saqmeebi, romelTa gadawyveta yadis SesaZleblobebs
aRemateboda da sWirdeboda ufro meti xelisuflebis mqone moxele. Tumca maTi
funqciebi naTlad ar iyo gamijnuli. amis gamo gamudmebiT iyo kamaTi, Tu vis
ekuTvnoda ufro meti Zalaufleba. Tumca erTaderTi piri, romlisTvisac SeiZleba
miemarTaT apelaciisaTvis iyo TviTon xalifa. ‘abd al-maliqma specialuri dReebi
daadgina saCivrebis mosasmenad da maTi gadawyveta evaleboda yadis, TviTon
mxolod amtkicebda am gadawyvetilebebs. es praqtika gagrZelda xalifa ‘umar II-mde

114
(717-720), romelic TviTon ganixilavda saCivrebs. amis Semdeg xalifebi Zvel
praqtikas daubrundnen da es funqcia yadis da vazirebs gadasces. ‘abasiani xalifa
al-mahd‹ TviTon ganixilavda saCivrebs da ase gagrZelda xalifa al-muhTaÇãmde
(869-870), romlis Semdegac saCivrebs ganixilavdnen vezirebi, rogorc xalifas
ndobiT aRWurvili pirebi. egvipteSi amira a®mad ibn tålånma 871 wels daawesa
saCivrebis miRebisaTvis ganrigi kviraSi orjer, risTvisac niSnavda Tavis ndobiT
aRWurvil pirebs. fatimianebma (910 wlidan) saCivrebis ganxilva gadasces umaRles
yadis, xolo XII saukunidan es funqcia Tavis Tavze aiRes vazirebma. iuridiuli
Teoriis sawinaaRmdegod, SesaZlebeli iyo yadis ganaCenis gasaCivreba samoqalaqo
sasamarTloSi da umaRles instanciaSi — sasaxlis karis sasamarTloSi.
daaxloebiT 1009 wels xalifam samoqalaqo sasamarTlo yadis daumorCila.
Cveulebriv sasaxleSi daniSnuli iyo kviraSi erTi dRe saqmeebis gansaxilvelad.
selCuki sultnebi (1055 wlidan) TviTon ganaxorcilebdnen samarTliswarmoebaze
kontrols. når ad-dãn zanqãm 1154 wels damaskoSi daarsa sasamarTlo saxli — dár
al-‘adl. osmaleTis imperiaSi, sadac umaRlesi kanonmdebeli iyo TviTon sultani,
arsebobda specialuri kancelariebi, romlebic eweodnen brZolas administraciuli
da sasamarTlo Secdomebis winaaRmdeg brZolas da emorCilebodnen did vazirs. XVI
saukunidan, osmalTa mier arabuli qveynebis ZiriTadi teritoriebis dapyrobis
Semdeg, oficialurad damkvidrda hanafituri mazhabi170. swored am iuridiuli
skolis mimdevarTagan sultani niSnavda Saix al-islams, romelic nawilobriv
aRWurvili iyo im uflebebiT, rac adre hqonda saxalifos umaRles yadis. pirvelad
es Tanamdeboba daawesa sultanma murad I-ma 1424 wels. is iyo rangiT meore moxele
osmaleTis imperiaSi da asrulebda umaRlesi mufTis funqciebs. Saix al-islams
emorCileboda mis mier daniSnuli yadiebi da Cveulebrivi mufTiebi, romlebic iyo
yvela msxvil administraciul centrSi da ganixilavdnen rTul saqmeebs yadisTan
erTad. magram XVIII s. miwurulidan Saix al-islamis Tanamdebobam TandaTan dakarga
Tavisi mniSvneloba da 1924 wlidan, TurqeTis respublikis SeqmnasTan erTad,
saerTod Sewyvita arseboba.
dRes yadi im qveynebSi, sadac moqmedebs SariaTi, awarmoebs samoqalaqo da
nawilobriv sisxlis samarTlis saqmeebs, Tvalyurs adevnebs gadasaxadebis
Sekrebas, morals. arabuli qveyebidan SariaTis sasamarTloebi likvidirebulia
TunisSi, alJirSi, egvipteSi.

6. piradi
statusis samarTali
fikhSi gansakuTrebuli adgili ukavia pirad samarTals — kanonebs da
normebs, romlebic dakavSirebulia qorwinebasTan da memkvidreobasTan. es sakiTxebi
detalurad aris ganxiluli yuransa da sunaSi.

qorwineba171. qorwinebis wesebi islamSi Camoyalibda winaislamuri xanis ojaxis

safuZvelze da Tanmimdevrulad damuSavda islamis pirvel saukuneebSi. yuranmac
dauSva mravalcolianoba, magram ara SeuzRudvelad. muslim mamakacs erTdroulad
SeiZleba hyavdes oTxi coli da mona-mxevalTa ganusazRvreli raodenoba. amasTan
mkacri pirobiT, rom mamakaci samarTlianad moeqceva yvela cols.
“da Tu Tqven SiSobT, rom samarTliani ver iqnebiT oblebis mimarT [vinc
imyofebian mzrunvelobis qveS], maSin daqorwindiT [sxva] qalebze, romlebic
mogewonebaT — orze, samze, oTxze. xolo Tu geSiniaT, rom samarTliani ver
iqnebiT [maTTan], maSin [iqorwineT] erTze an imaze, vinc Tqvenma marjvenam moipova

170 sultanma selim I-ma (1512-1520) gamosca brZaneba osmaleTis imperiaSi hanafituri skolis
moZRvrebis savaldebulo gamoyenebis Sesaxeb mosamarTleebisa da mufTiebis mier.
171 yurani iyenebs or sityvas, raTa aRniSnos saqorwino kavSiri: zaváj — qorwinebis
mniSvnelobiT, niq‰Ð — colqmrobis mniSvnelobiT. niqáÐ ufro xSirad ixmareba muslimur
samarTalSi. niqáЗ yuranis mravali komentatoris da muslimi iuristis Tanaxmad, is
niSnavs “kavSirs”, sqesobriv urTierTobas. yuranSi ZiriTadad kontraqtis mniSvnelobiT
ixmareba.

115
[urwmunoebTan omis dros]. es ufro axlosaa [alahis sazRvrebTan], rom ar
gadauxvioT swori gzidan” [4:3].
muslimuri poligamiis yvela aspeqti mkacrad aris reglamentirebuli
islamuri samarTliT da marTlmorwmune muslims aqvs kanonieri ufleba
erTdroulad hyavdes araumetes oTxi colisa, mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu mas
SeuZlia Seasrulos saamisod aucilebeli yvela piroba: yvela gaTxovil qals unda
hqondes calke sacxovrebeli — saxli, bina an calke oTaxi da qmarma unda
Seinaxos TiToeuli Tavisi socialuri mdgomareobis Sesabamisad erTnairad. qmarma
yvelas erTnairi yuradReba unda miaqcios. aseve unda moeqces yvela Tavis Svils
kanonieri qorwinebidan172.
islamuri samarTliT, qorwinebis aucilebeli pirobaa saqorwino xelSekruleba
(‘ukda an-niqáÐáÐan í‹Ra ‘ukda al-kur’án), romelic ideba saqmrosa da sacolis
meurves (valã) Soris. meurve unda iyos Tavisufali, srulwlovani, saR azrze
myofi mamakaci qalis naTesavebis mxridan, mamis xaziT — mama, babua, misi vaJi,
SviliSvili da sxva; RviZli Zma, misi mamis vaJi, RviZli biZa, Tavisi mamis biZa,
agreTve maTi vaJebi da STamomavlebi. Tu aseTi naTesavi ar arsebobs, yadi SeiZleba
Seasrulos es movaleoba. islamuri samarTliT ar aris dadgenili saqorwino asaki.
qorwineba daSvebulia yvelasaTvis, maT Soris arasrulwlovanTa da
WkuasustebisaTvis, romelTa nacvlad amas wyveten maTi meurveebi da Suamavlebi.
saqorwino kontraqti unda Sedges ara nakleb ori mowmeis (Sáhid) TandaswrebiT
(ori muslimi mamakaci an erTi mamakaci da ori qali). dRes, muslimur qveynebSi
saqorwino kontraqts amtkicebs sasamarTlo an specialuri moxele — ma’zun
(notariusi).
saqorwino kontraqtis aucilebeli elementi aris mahri — saqorwino saCuqari
(mahr, íadák). mahri aris yvelaferi is, rasac Rirebuleba gaaCnia da razedac
SeiZleba gavrceldes sakuTrebis ufleba. mahri SeiZleba iyos ara mxolod fuladi
saxis, aramed yovelgvari materialuri Rirebulebis mqone nivTi. mahri islamuri
institutia, magram misi odenoba yuraniT ar aris gansazRvruli. mogvianebiT,
islamur samarTalSi, hanafitebma da maliqitebma daadgines minimaluri mahri — 10
dirhamis odenobiT. Siitebi da Safiitebis amtkiceben, rom nebismieri sagani,
romelic sakuTrebis obieqts warmoadgens, SeiZleba iyos mahri. ZiriTadad mahris
odenoba ganisazRvreba CveulebiT da damokidebulia qmris qonebriv mdgomareobaze.
mahris gadaxda SeiZleba an erTbaSad (mahr misl - sruli mahri),
molaparakebisTanave an nawilobriv (mukaddam as-íadáka) an ukidures SemTxvevaSi,
ganqorwinebisas (mu’axxar as-íadáka). mahri mTlianad colis sakuTrebaa da rogorc
unda, ise gamoiyenebs mas. mahri materialurad uzrunvelyofs qals, Tu daqvrivdeba
an ganqorwinebas moiTxovs. daTqmul droSi mahris gadauxdelobis SemTxvevaSi
cols aqvs ufleba pirobiTi ganqorwinebis (fasx), rac grZeldeba safasuris srul
gadaxdamde. Tu qmari mahris srul gastumrebamde gardaicvleba, darCenili nawili
gamoiqviTeba misi danatovari qonebidan da gadaecema cols im wilTan erTad,
romelic memkvidreobiT ekuTvnis.
qorwinebasTan dakavSirebiT arsebobs Semdegi akrZalvebi: 1. naTesaoba aRmavali
da daRmavali xaziT mesame Taobis CaTvliT; 2 ZuZumteoba (raÇá‘), romelic
utoldeba sisxliT naTesaobas: 3. qorwineba naTesaobiT: mag. mamakacsa da mis
dedinacvals, gers da a.S. Soris; 4. ‘iddas periodSi. qorwineba or dasTan an
deidasTan erTdroulad aseve ikrZaleba; 5. ganqorwinebis formulis (talák) samjer
warmoTqmis an fexmZime qalis mruSobaSi braldebis SemTxvevaSi ficis (li‘án)
formulis warmoTqmis Semdeg; 6. socialuri uTanasworoba. mag., mamakaci Tavisi
warmoSobiT, TanamdebobiT da a.S. ar unda idges qalze dabla; 7. gansxvaveba

172muslimuri qveynebidan dRes mxolod TunisSi ikrZaleba kanoniT poligamia, magram mraval
qveyanaSi arsebobs SemzRudveli garemoebebi: mag., savaldebuloa mamakacma miiRos nebarTva
meore an mesame qorwinebaze mosamarTlisagan, romelic iTvaliswinebs mis obieqtur
SesaZleblobebs da pirad Tvisebebs. siriis kanoni nebas rTavs mamakacs meore qorwinebaze
mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu mamakacs SeuZlia colebis Senaxva (es wesi moqmedebs iranSic) da
aqvs axali qorwinebis moTxovnis “kanonieri” safuZveli (mag., colis unayofoba). marokos
kanoni xazs usvams, rom Tu mosamarTles aqvs eWvi mamakacis “samarTlian” damokidebulebaSi
colebis mimarT, SeuZlia uari uTxras mas. amasTan pirvel cols SeuZlia mimarTos
sasamarTlos gayris Taobaze im “zianis” gamo, romelic man miiRo qmris axali qorwinebiT.

116
religiaSi — muslim mamakacs SeuZlia iqorwinos qristian an iudevel qalze
mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu Svilebi muslimebad gaizrdebian da cols
memkvidreobaze ufleba ar eqneba. muslimi qali ki mxolod erTmorwmune muslimze
SeiZleba gaTxovdes. muslim mamakacs ekrZaleba urwmuno (qufr) qalze qorwineba; 8.
ikrZaleba qorwineba didi da mcire piligrimobis dros, iÐrámis mdgomareobaSi.
saqorwino xelSekrulebiT gansazRvrulia col-qmris valdebulebebi da
uflebebi (adab al-mu‘áSar). nafaka — danaxarjebi ojaxis Senaxvaze ekisreba
mamakacs. is valdebulia Seinaxos Tavisi coli, izrunos ojaxze, xolo qali unda
daemorCilos qmars. nafakas gansazRvrasTan dakavSirebiT kamaTis dros yadi
awesebda colis Senaxvis xarjebis odenobas qmris Semosavlebis da qalis
socialuri warmoSobis gaTvaliswinebiT.
saqorwino asaki gansazRvruli ar aris. yuranSi [4:6] qorwinebis asaki da
srulwlovaneba gaigivebulia. Tumca, yuranSi arc srulwlovaneba aris
gansazRvruli. Tanamedrove muslimuri qveynebis saojaxo samarTliT
qorwinebisaTvis aucilebelia gansazRvruli asakis miRweva: qalebisaTvis — 15-18
weli; mamakacebisaTvis — 17-18 weli. arasrulwlovanis qorwineba SesaZlebelia
mxolod meurvis TanxmobiT da sasamarTlos nebarTviT.
islamSi kanonieri qorwinebis gverdiT arsebobs droebiTi, xelSekrulebiT
qorwineba— niq‰Ð al-muT‘a, romelic ideba gansazRvruli drois manZilze (erTi
dRidan - 99 wlamde) da iTvaliswinebs colis Senaxvas mahris nacvlad da sazRaurs
— qorwinebis darRvevis dros. am drois gasvlis Semdeg qorwineba wydeba gayris
formalobaTa dacvis gareSe. muT‘a ZiriTadad daSvebulia Siitebis mier yuranze
dayrdnobiT173. xandaxan muT‘as eZaxian í‹Ras — saqorwino xelSekrulebis
saxelwodebis mixedviT, sadac mxareebis mier Camoyalibebulia am qorwinebis
pirobebi. tradiciebis Tanaxmad, droebiTi qorwineba pirvelad akrZala xalifa
‘umarma (muhamadis sunas safuZvelze) Tavisi mmarTvelobis bolos da am droidan
sunituri skolebi ar aRiareben muT‘as praqtikas. Tu muslim mamakacs neba erTveba
droebiT qorwinebaSi Sevides qristian an iudevel qalTan, muslim qals SeuZlia
dados droebiTi saqorwino xelSekruleba mxolod islamis mimdevrebTan. SiitebTan
miRebulia sxva aRmsareblobis qalTan iqorwinon mxolod droebiTi qorwinebiT.
kanonieri qorwinebisagan gansxvavebiT, droebiTi qorwinebis dros qals ara
aqvs kanonieri colis uflebebi (mahri, memkvidreobis miReba qmris sikvdilis
Semdeg, calke sacxovreblis ufleba da sxv.). droebiTi qorwinebidan dabadebuli
bavSvebi, Tu mama aRiarebs, kanonierad cxaddeba.

ganqorwineba. yuranSi da islamur samarTalSi Tanmimdevrulad aris SemuSavebuli

ganqorwinebis sakiTxebi. Tu col-qmars Soris uTanxmoeba (Sikák), SesaZlebelia
qorwinebis darRveva. talák [“gaSveba”, “gayra”, Turq. bosama] aris ganqorwinebis
yvelaze gavrcelebuli forma islamSi. qmari aTavisuflebs cols yovelgvari col-
qmruli valdebulebisagan gayris gansakuTrebuli formulis warmoTqmiT. islamur
samarTalSi arsebobs 17 aseTi formula, maT Soris yvelaze gavrcelebulia: “anTi
talák” — “Tavisufali xar”. qorwineba anulirdeba erT-erTi meuRlis sikvdilis an
sarwmunoebisagan gandgomis SemTxvevaSi.
ganqorwinebasTan dakavSirebiT unda iqnes daculi Semdegi pirobebi:
1. ar SeiZleba qmari gaeyaros cols, roca is ritualurad uwmindur
mdgomareobaSia.
2. ar SeiZleba ganqorwinebis specialuri formulis (talák) warmoTqma
erTdroulad samjer (talák al-bid‘a).
3. ganqorwinebis da daqvrivebis Semdeg qalma unda daicvas TavSekavebis vada —
‘idda, raTa dadgindes SesaZlo fexmZimoba. ‘idda 3 Tve (an 3 kurå’) grZeldeba
gayrili qalisaTvis, qvrivebisaTvis — 4 Tve da 10 dRe. Tu qali fexmZimed aris,
maSin ‘idda grZeldeba bavSvis dabadebamde. qmari valdebulia Seinaxos is idas
(‘idda) - TavSekavebis vadis (daaxl. 3 Tve) dasrulebamde, Semdeg qals xelaxali
gaTxovebis ufleba eZleva. Tumca arc yurani da arc islamuri samarTali ar
adgens im daxmarebis zust odenobas, romelic qmarma unda gauwios cols

173sityvas muT‘a aqvs ori mniSvneloba: qorwineba siamovnebisaTvis da droebiTi qorwineba.

saqorwino kontraqti ideba mamakacs (SesaZloa daqorwinebul) da gasaTxovar qals Soris.
iranis kanonmdebloba (1980 wlidan) uSvebs droebiT qorwinebas.

117
 ganqorwinebis Semdeg. yuranSi ubralod naTqvamia: “SeZlebuls — Tavisi zoma,
Raribs — Tavisi zoma [2:236] an “rogorc Seferis RvTismosav adamians” [2:241].
cols rCeba mahri - qmrisgan miRebuli qoneba. amasTan yuraniT [2:237] gayrili
qalisaTvis damatebiT ganisazRvra muT‘a (muT‘a at-talák — kompensacia, saCuqari
gayrili qalisaTvis), magram es valdebuleba daakanones mxolod Safitebma.
4. Tu ‘iddas dros meuRleebi ganaaxleben urTierTobas, talák baTilad iTvleba.
‘iddas dasrulebis Semdeg col-qmars Soris ganmeorebiTi qorwineba mxolod
Cveulebrivi wesiT (zaváj) xdeba. gayris formulis erTjeradi warmoTqma
SeiZleba anulirebul iqnas SerigebiT ‘iddas dros. Tu Serigeba ar moxda, an
formula warmoTqmul iqna orjer, maSin qorwinebis aRsadgenad saWiroa
gamosasyidi qmedebebi ganwmendis vadis dacviT — marxvis da mowyalebis
gacemiT.
5. talák-is formulis samjer warmoTqmis SemTxvevaSi, xelmeored SeuRleba
SeiZleba mxolod maSin, roca qali sxvaze gaTxovdeba, mere ki ganqorwindeba (an
daqvrivdeba). es qorwineba unda moxdes mahris gadaxdiT, ‘iddas dacviT da sxv.
Tu formula cxrajer iTqva, maSin qorwinebis aRdgena saerTod gamoricxulia
(talák bá’in).
6. gayris Semdeg bavSvebi rCebian mamasTan, magram yuraniT ori wlis asakamde
dedam unda gamokvebos bavSvebi [2:233]. samarTlismcodneTa ganmartebiT, vaJebi
rCebian dedis mzrunvelobis qveS 7 wlis asakamde, xolo gogonebi —
mowifulobis asakamde174. mama valdebulia izrunos da upatronos maT. qmris
gardacvalebis SemTxvevaSi, Tu man specialurad anderZSi ar miuTiTa dedis
uflebaze — meurveobis Taobaze, qals ar SeuZlia iyos Tavisi Svilebis meurve.

talák-is garda islamSi arsebobs ganqorwinebis sxva formebic:

- gayra colis iniciativiT (fasx), roca qmari xelSekrulebis raime pirobas
arRvevs, Tumca Semdgom ojaxis aRdgena SeiZleba, mag., qali SeiZleba gaeyaros
Tavis qmars, Tu is ar Cans (mafkåd al-xabar), rac niSnavs, rom is gauCinarda da
Sesabamisad ar inaxavs cols;
- gayra aseve colis iniciativiT (xul‘), ris Semdegac xelaxali SeuRleba
akrZalulia. coli kargavs mahrs da damatebiT valdebulia gadauxados qmars
kompensacia. Tanxa ganisazRvreba mxareTa SeTanxmebiT an mosamarTlis
gadawyvetilebiT. colis iniciativiT ganqorwinebis SemTxvevaSi qmari an colis
TxovniT mosamarTle warmoTqvams saTanado formulas;
- urTierTdawyevla (li‘án), roca qmari fexmZime cols adanaSaulebs mruSobaSi
mtkicebulebaTa gareSe, coli ki brals debs qmars sicruesa da ciliswamebaSi.
orive Tavis simarTles ficiT adasturebs, rac aTavisuflebs qmars
ciliswamebisaTvis (kazf) dawesebuli sasjelisagan, xolo qals — mruSobisaTvis.
ganqorwineba am dros sabolooa. qali kargavs mahrs da mamakacs SeuZlia ar cnos
ganqorwinebis Semdeg gaCenili bavSvi. li‘án aucileblad unda warmoiTqvas bavSvis
dabadebamde;
- gayra orive mxaris TanxmobiT (mubáráT), roca meuRleebi kompromisze midian:
coli uars ambobs mahrze, xolo qmari Tanxmdeba gayraze.
arsebobs ganqorwinebis sxva formebic, romlebsac ar cnobs fikhi: gayris
winaislamuri forma — ûihar, roca mamakacs SeuZlia uTxras Tavis cols — “anTi
‘alaiia qa-ûahri ummi”, sityvasityviT “CemTvis igive xar, rac dedaCemis zurgi”.
qmarma SeiZleba Seadaros coli sxva sisxlis naTesavebsac; ‘ãlá’, roca qmari fics
debs ar iqonios colTan urTierToba aranakleb 4 Tvis manZilze, magram ganagrZobs
masTan erT WerqveS cxovrebas. orive SemTxvevaSi qorwinebis aRsadgenad
aucilebelia monanieba (al-qaffara), winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi cols aqvs ufleba
gamoiCinos gayris iniciativa (fasx) an moiTxovos qorwinebis aRdgena.

memkvidreoba. muslimuri samemkvidreo samarTali arabul enaSi aRiniSneba terminiT

— ‘ilm al-fará’iÇ, anu mecniereba wilebze, romelic gansazRvravs kanonieri
memkvidreebis wils. m‹rás aris gardacvlilis mier datovebuli memkvidreoba:
qoneba, uflebebi da valdebulebani, rac maTi mflobelis sikvdilis Semdeg

174Tu bavSvis deda aramuslimia, gogona rCeba masTan rCeba iqamde, vidre SeZlebs
religiuri mrwamsisgansazRvras.

118
gadaecema sxva pirebs, upirveles yovlisa axlo naTesavebs. m‹rás-Si Sedis yovelive
is, rac memkvidreobiT gadadis, memkvidreTa miTiTeba, memkvidreobis miRebisa da
misi danawilebis wesi, romlebic ZiriTadad aRebulia winaislamuri arabeTis
binadari mosaxleobis praqtikidan da dadasturebulia yuraniT.
memkvidreobis ganawilebis ZiriTadi principebi aseTia: 1) anderZiT
SeiZleba qonebis 1/3 gankargva, xolo danarCeni 2/3 iyofa memkvidreebs Soris; 2)
gayofa xdeba mxolod mas Semdeg, rac gamoakldeba anderZiT naanderZevi qoneba da
valebi (maT Soris dakrZalvis xarjebi); 3) anderZi ar SeiZleba im piris mimarT,
visac aqvs memkvidreobis ufleba (gadaxda ar xdeba), radganac es gamoiwvevda erTi
memkvidris upiratesobas meoresTan SedarebiT; 4) rogorc wesi (Tumca ara
yovelTvis), mamrobiTi sqesis memkvidre iRebs wils — orjer mets mdedrobiTi
sqesis memkvidresTan (gardacvlilTan) SedarebiT, erTi da igive naTesauri kavSiris
dros.
rac Seexeba memkvidreobis ganawilebis procesis Tanamimdevrobas, jer
xdeba dakrZalvis xarjebis gamoyofa da gardacvlilis valebis gadaxda, mere
anderZiT (vaíiÁÁa) gansazRvruli qonebis gamoyofa da mere darCenili qonebis
ganawileba memkvidreebze alahis miTiTebaTa Sesabamisad.
memkvidreobis uflebis mqone naTesavebi sam kategoriad iyofian: 1)
mSoblebi, colebi, Svilebi; 2) bebia - babuebi, da-Zmebi, SviliSvilebi; 3) biZebi,
deidebi, mamidebi an maTi Svilebi. aíÐáb al-fará‘id, anu egreT wodebuli “yuranis
memkvidreebi” arian isini, vinc ixsenieba yuranSi, sul 12 adamiani. aqedan 4 mamakaci
(mama, babua, Zma, qmari) da 8 qalia (deda, qaliSvili, SviliSvili [gogona], RviZli
da, dedis mxridan da, mamis mxridan da, bebia da coli).
yuraniT dadgenili memkvidreebis wili ase ganisazRvreba: “gianderZebT
Tqven alahi Tqvens SvilebTan dakavSirebiT: vaJiSvils — 2 qaliSvilis toli da
Tu isini [qaliSvilebi] orze metia, maSin maT — 2/3 iqidan, rac [gardacvlilma]
datova da Tu darCa mxolod erTi qaliSvili, maSin mas — naxevari [memkvidreobis],
xolo gardacvlilis mSoblebs ki, TiToeul maTgans 1/6 imisa, rac man datova, Tu
mas darCa Svili da Tu [gardacvlils] ara hyavs Svili da misi memkvidreebi
mSoblebi iqnebian, maSin dedas ekuTvnis 1/6, anderZiT naanderZevis gamoklebis da
valebis gadaxdis Semdeg” [4:11].
“da Tqven — naxevari imisa, rac datoves Tqvenma colebma, Tu maT ara hyavT
Svili da Tu maT hyavT Svili, maSin Tqven 1/4 iqidan, rac darCeba anderZiT
naaderZevis gamoklebis da valebis gadaxdis Semdeg da Tqvens qvrivebs — 1/4
iqidan, rac Tqven datoveT, Tu Tqven ara gyavT Svili da Tu Tqven gyavT Svili,
maSin Tqvens qvrivebs [colebs] 175 — 1/8 imisa, rac Tqven datoveT, anderZiT
naanderZevis gamoklebisa da valebis gadaxdis Semdeg.
da Tu mamakacs an qals ara hyavs pirdapiri xaziT memkvidreebi [qalála] da
mas [mamakacs an qals] hyavs Zma an da, maSin TiToeul maTgans — 1/6 da Tu isini
[Zmebi an debi] orze metia, maSin isini Tanabrad iyofen 1/3 anderZiT naanderZevis
gamoklebisa da valebis gadaxdis Semdeg, ise rom, ziani ar miayenon memkvidreebs,
alahis aRTqmis Sesabamisad. WeSmaritad, alahi yovlismcodne, brZenia” [4:12].
tradiciulad, yuranis 4:11, 4:12 da 4:176 aiebi iTvleba “memkvidreobis aiebad”
(áiáT al-m‹rás). amis garda arsebobda aiebi, romelic exeboda gardacvlilis
ukanaskneli survils, anderZis Sesabamisad qonebis ganawilebas. naanderZevi ar
unda aRematebodes 1/3-s (al-vas‹ÁÁa fi l-suls), danarCeni 2/3 nawildeba kanonier
memkvidreebze. terminiT vaí‹ÁÁa aRiniSneba anderZis aqti, romelic warmoadgens
moanderZis (muvaííi) ukanasknel nebasurvils misi sikvdilis SemTxvevaSi. is
formdeba zepirad an werilobiT, sul mcire ori mowmis winaSe. islamuri
samarTliT, moanderZe unda iyos uflebamosili da qmediTunariani. vaí‹ÁÁas sagani
SeiZleba iyos nebismieri urTierToba, saqmiani davaleba, gankarguleba
naTesavebisadmi. islamuri samarTlis Tavisebureba aris is, rom mSoblebs ar
SeuZliaT SemosazRvron memkvidreebis raodenoba. mag., mamas ar SeuZlia dautovos
mTeli Tavisi qoneba mxolod erT vaJs an qaliSvilis (Tu ramdenime Svili hyavs).
sikvdilis win pirovnebas ara aqvs ufleba dautovos qoneba vinmes, vinc miiRebs

175 aramuslimi coli ar iRebs memkvidreobas. amasTan, Tu arsebobs erT qvrivze meti, maSin
maTi erToblivi wili Seadgens 1/4 an 1/8 nawils, rac Semdeg Tanabrad nawildeba maT Soris.

119
kuTvnil wils “memkvidreobis aiebiT”. islamuri samarTali ewinaaRmdegeba
“urwmunom” miiRos muslimis memkvidreoba, maSin roca piriqiT dasaSvebia.

damatebiTi literatura

1. gelovani n. qali islamSi (VII-Xss.). Tb., 2005.

2. surgulaZe n. islamuri samarTlis sakiTxebi (leqciebis kursi), 1-3 nawili.
Tbilisi, 2005.
3. jafariZe g. saqarTvelo da maxlobeli aRmosavleTis islamuri samyaro XII-XIII
s.-is pirvel mesamedSi. Tb., 1995.
4. jafariZe g. islami da sikvdiliT dasja. − gaz. "sruliad
arasaidumlod",#1.1997.
5. jafariZe g. qurdsa kacsa da qurdsa qalsa mohkveTeT xeli. − gaz. “kavkasioni”,
11.XI.1994.
6. Абу Йусуф, Йа‘куб б. Ибрахим ал-Куфи. Китаб ал-Харадж (Мусульманское
налогообложение). Перевод с арабского и комментарии А. Э. Шмитда.
Супракомментарии к переводу А. С. Боголюбова. СПб., 2001
7. Арсанукаева М. С. Арабский Халифат. Шариат (Мусульманское Право): Лекция по
учебной дисциплине “История государства и права зарубежных стран”. Москва, 2002.
8. Боголюбов А. С. Пресечение и наказание в мусульманском праве VIII-IX вв. _ Ислам.
Религия, общество, государство. М.,1984, c. 217-222.
9. Ван ден Берг, Л. В. С. Основные начала мусульманского права согласно учению
имамов Абу Ханифы и Шафии [ пер. с гол.]. Предисл. Л. Р. Сюкияйнена. М., 2005.
10. Кардави Шейх Юсуф. Дозволенное и Запретное в Исламе. Переводчик М.
Саляхетдинов. М., 2004.
11.Керимов Г. М. Шариат и его социальная сущность. М.,1978.
12. Керимов Г. М. Шариат. Закон жизни мусульман. М., 1999.
13. Мухаммад ‘Али ал-Кутб. Основатели четырех мазхабов. Пер. с араб. СПб., 2005.
14. Ан-Наим А. А. На пути к исламской реформации (гражданские свободы, права
человека и международное право). Пер. с англ. Ольги Фадиной. М., 1999.
15. Садагдар М. И. Основы мусульманского права. М., 1968.
16. Сюкияйнен Л. Р. Мусульманское право. М., 1986.
17. Шарль Р. Мусульманское право. М., 1959.
18. Филипс А. А. Б. Законы жизни мусульман. Эволюция фикха. Перевод с
английского Т. В. Гончаровой. М., 2002.
19. Аль-Хашими, Мухаммад Али. Личность Мусульманина согласно Корану и
Сунне. Перевод на русский язык: Владимир Абдулла Нирша. М., 2003.
20. Schacht, Joseph. The Origins of Muhammadan Jurisprudence. Oxford,1950.

120
 Tavi VIII

ZiriTadi mimarTulebebi islamSi. muslimuri seqtebi

1. xarijizmi

xarijitebis [al-xavárij, mx.r. xárijã] seqta aRmocenda saxalifoSi

socialur winaaRmdegobaTa da xelisuflebisaTvis politikuri brZolis
gamwvavebis periodSi. 657 wels sifinTan (íiffãn) gaimarTa brZola xalifa ‘alã b.
abã tálibisa da siriis gamgebel mu‘áviÁas momxreebs Soris. xarijitTa moZraobis
dawyebis uSualo sababi gaxda ‘alãs mier brZolis Sewyveta da daTanxmeba
samediatoro sasamarTloze, romlisakenac mouwodebdnen mu‘áviÁas momxre
sirielebi. am kompromisis Sedegad ‘alãm dakarga gamarjvebis SesaZlebloba da
Tavisi mimdevrebis mniSvnelovani nawilis mxardaWera. ‘alãs umoqmedobiT
imedgacruebulma 12 aTasma meomarma miatova igi da dabanakda sofel harurasTan
(aqedan modis maTi Tavdapirveli saxelwodeba haruritebi — al-®árårãÁa), riTac
dasabami daedo xarijitul moZraobas. maT TavianT banakSi airCies axali
winamZRoli (amãr) — ‘abd al-láh b. vahbi, romelic mokluli iqna nahravanTan
brZolis dros 658 wlis 17 ivliss. am brZolaSi ‘alãm daamarcxa xarijitebi, magram
maTi rigebi ivseboda ZiriTadad sazogadoebis dabali fenebis, rogorc arabebis,
ise gamuslimebuli araarabebis xarjze.
xarijitebis seqtis saxelwodeba efuZneba qufidan ‘alãs yofili momxreebis
“gamosvlis” epizods. xárijã (mr. al-xavárij) niSnavs “amboxebuls”, “ganmdgars”,
“eretikoss”, “gamosuls”. doqsografiul literaturaSi xarijitebi moixsenieba sxva
saxelwodebebiTac: al-mu®aqqima, al-SuráT, al-marikun da sxva. bolos, xarijitebi
ewodebodaT yvelas, vinc gamodioda Temis “kanonieri” meTauris winaaRmdeg.
xarijitebma daiwyes SeiaraRebuli brZola ‘alãs winaaRmdeg, vidre is ar
iqna mokluli 661 wels. isini aseve ebrZodnen xalifa mu‘áviÁas momxreebs.
xarijitebma am brZolebis dros SeimuSaves TavianTi taqtika: moulodneli
Tavdasxmebi mterze cxenosanTa razmebis, romlebic safrTxis SemTxvevaSi swrafad
ixevdnen ukan TavianT ZiriTad bazaze al-bataihSi (al-batã®a, batá’i®i), basris
maxloblad.

121
 ukve VII saukunis meore naxevarSi xarijitebs Soris moxda ganxeTqileba da
Camoyalibda ramdenime dajgufeba, romelTac maTi winamZRolebis saxelebis
mixedviT ewodaT azrakitebi, ibaditebi da sufritebi. saerTod ki, muslimi
doqsografebi saxalifoSi sxvadasxva drosa da sxvadasxva adgilze moqmed 20-mde
xarijitul Tems iTvlian. winaaRmdegobebma am dajgufebebs Soris daasusta
xarijituli moZraoba, Tumca xarijitTa Temebi (azrakitebi da ibaditebi) kidev
didxans warmoadgendnen safrTxes centraluri xelisuflebisaTvis. xarijitebma,
erayisa da iranis garda, farTo saqmianoba gaaCaRes ÁamamaSi, hadramavTSi, iemenSi
da Crd. afrikaSi. mTlianobaSi xarijitebma mniSvnelovani wvlili Seitanes
dogmaturi sakiTxebis damuSavebaSi, romlebic ukavSirdeboda saxalifos Teorias,
rwmenis gansazRvras da mis urTierTmimarTebas moqmedebasTan.
xarijitebi iyvnen iniciatorebi pirveli Teologiuri kamaTis, romelic
warmoiSva muslimuri Temis wiaRSi VII-VIII ss-is mijnaze da dakavSirebuli iyo
“codvilobisa” da “Temis suverenitetis” gagebasTan176. adreul islamSi Camoyalibda
warmodgena imis Sesaxeb, rom codvebi aris ori saxis: “mZime” da “mcire”. yvelaze
did codvad iTvleba urwmunoeba. daisva sakiTxi, SeiZleboda Tu ara muslimad
CaeTvalaT adamiani, romelmac Caidina “mZime codva”. xarijitebma daikaves yvelaze
radikaluri pozicia. isini amtkicebdnen, rom mZime codvis Camdeni adamiani aRar
iTvleba muslimad, xdeba urwmuno da ukiduresi Sexedulebebis momxreTa
TvalsazrisiT ganixileboda sarwmunoebisagan ganmdgarad (murTadd), romelic
imsaxurebda sikvdiliT dasjas. xarijitebis mier dasmul problemas hqonda agreTve
dogmaturi da politikuri datvirTva, radganac muslimuri saxelmwifo
Teokratiulia, xolo xalifa erTdroulad aris politikuri da religiuri
winamZRolic. xarijitebi muslimuri Temis mmarTvelisagan moiTxovdnen samarTlian
damokidebulebas adamianebisadmi da WeSmaritebas rwmenaSi. xarijitebis gagebiT,
arc umaÁÁani da arc ‘abasiani xalifebi ar iyvnen “ucodvelni”. umaÁÁanTa codva
ZiriTadad imaSi mdgomareobda, rom maT wamoiwyes samoqalaqo omi muslimuri Temis
SigniT. Sesabamisad maT ar hqondaT Temis saTaveSi yofnis moraluri ufleba da
saWiro iyo maT winaaRmdeg omis warmoeba, rogorc “urwmunoebTan” da “arakanonier”
xalifebTan, romlebmac ZaliT miiTvises xelisufleba. xarijitebisagan
gansxvavebiT murjitebi177 uars acxadebdnen ganexilaT sakiTxi Tu vin iyo ufro
Sesaferisi kandidati xalifas postze da mouwodebdnen “gadaedoT” xalifas
Rirsebebisa da naklovanebebis Sesaxeb dava alahTan Sexvedramde. amasTan,
muslimad cnobdnen yvelas, maT Soris mZime codvis CamdenT, vinc inarCunebda
alahis rwmenas.
“codvilobis” gagebasTan mWidrod iyo dakavSirebuli “muslimuri Temis
suverenitetis” problema. xarijitebi moiTxovdnen Teokratiis adreuli
formebisaken dabrunebas, roca xelisufleba ekuTvnoda “marTlmorwmune” xalifas
da Temis yvela wevri iRebda monawileobas mniSvnelovani sakiTxebis gadawyvetaSi.

176 islamSi dogmatebis sistema anu Teologia gacilebiT gvian Camoyalibda. adreul
islamSi upirveles yovlisa dainteresebuli iyvnen samarTlis sakiTxebiT da wes-
CveulebebiT. Tumca ukve VII-VIII ss-is mijnaze muslimebs Soris gaCnda jgufebi da skolebi,
romlebic ganixilavdnen Teologiur sakiTxebs, rac dakavSirebuli iyo “codvis” gagebasTan,
winaswargansazRvrasTan da nebis TavisuflebasTan, RmerTis bunebasa da atributebTan. Sua
saukuneebis muslimur literaturaSi termini “qalám” farTo mniSvnelobiT aRniSnavda
yovelgvar msjelobas religiur-filosofiur Temaze, xolo viwro mniSvnelobiT —
spekulatiur RvTismetyvelebas (‘ilm al-qalám), romelic islamis dogmatebis ganmartebisas
proiritets gonebas aniWebs da ara religiuri avtoritetebis daskvnebs. qalám-is
Tavdapirveli problematika: muslimuri Temis winamZRolis (xalifas, imamis) Tvisebebi;
adamianis pasuxismgebloba Tavisi qmedebebis gamo (nebis Tavisufleba da winaswargansazRvra;
adamianebisdayofa ubralod muslimad (muslim), WeSmariti morwmuned (mu’min), urwmunod
(qáfir) da mZime codvis (íáÐib al-qabira) Camdenad; RmerTis atributebis gansazRvra; yuranis
Seqmnilobisa da Seuqmnelobis sakiTxi.

177al-murji’a [ arab. irjá’ — gadadeba] — saerTo saxelwodeba sxvadasxva dogmaturi

skolebis mimdevarTa, romlebic momxreni iyvnen “gadaedoT” kamaTi amqveyniur cxovrebaSi
adamianis qmedebebis Sesaxeb alahis samsjavromde. isini rwmenas qmedebebze win ayenebdnen.
murjiti RvTismetyvelebi awarmoebdnen TavianT oponentebTan aqtiur polemikas, romlis
drosac Camoyalibda murjituli dogmatika.

122
xarijitebi aRiarebdnen religiuri Temis da saxelmwifos meTauris arCeviTobis
princips. muslimuri Temis meTauri SeiZleboda yofiliyo nebismieri piri, Tavisi
socialuri mdgomareobisa da erovnuli kuTvnilebis miuxedavad (TviT Savi monac
ki), Tu is iqneboda WeSmariti morwmune da mas airCevda muslimuri Temi. isini
aRiarebdnen mxolod “Rirseulis” (al-af«al) imamaTs da ar cnobdnen “daZleulis”
(maf«ul) imamaTs. Rirseulad ki miiCnevdnen im pretendents, vinc iaraRiT ebrZoda
“urwmunoebs”. amis paralelurad, xarijitebi SesaZleblad miiCnevdnen xalifas
damxobas da mkvlelobasac ki, Tu is gaatarebda iseT politikas, romelic ar
eTanxmeboda yuranis miTiTebebs da Temis interesebs. isini TiToeul TavianT
winamZRols aRiarebdnen rogorc amãr al-mu’ninãn-s (marTlmorwmuneTa mbrZanebels).
amis garda xarijitebi kanonierad aRiarebdnen abå baqrs da ‘umars (‘usmánis
mmarTvelobis 6 wels da ‘alãs mmarTvelobas siffinis brZolamde). maTi moZRvrebis
Tanaxmad, suverenuli xelisufleba arsebiTad ekuTvnis muslimur Tems, xolo imam-
xalifa — Temis aRmasrulebeli organoa. isini Tvlidnen, rom dapyrobil
qveynebSi “marTlmorwmuneebs” unda ebatonaT zimiebze (aramuslimebze), magram
islamuri Temis SigniT sruli Tanasworoba unda yofiliyo.
religiis sakiTxebSi xarijitebi islamis “siwmindis” damcvelebad
gamodiodnen da moiTxovdnen religiur movaleobaTa mkacrad dacvas (xSirad maT
“islamis puritanebsac” uwodeben). isini kicxavdnen yovelgvar fufunebas da
krZalavdnen musikas, azartul TamaSebs, spirtiani sasmelebis gamoyenebas. isini ar
cnobdnen wmindanTa kults, mxolod meqaSi piligrimobas. Tumca mogvianebiT isini
aRiarebdnen xarijit “wamebulTa” kults. maTi moZRvrebiT, yurani (XII suris
garda, romlis utyuarobas isini uaryofdnen) aris alahis Seuqmneli sityva,
romelic Tavis TavSi moicavs mTel codnas da saWiroa misi bukvaluri gageba.
xarijitebi Tvlidnen, rom “WeSmariti rwmena” ganisazRvreba moqmedebiT.
TiToeuli xarijitis movaleobaa brZola xarijitebis moZRvrebisa da politikuri
principebis dacvisaTvis. xarijitebi “urwmunod” Tvlidnen yvelas, vinc ar
asrulebda am movaleobas. xarijitebi saerTod ukiduresi fanatizmiT
gamoirCeodnen, rac vrceldeboda ara marto maT politikur da religiur
mowinaaRmdegeebze, aramed mSvidobian muslimebzec, romlebic ar iziarebdnen maT
Sexedulebebs. unda aRiniSnos, rom muslimebis didma nawilma ar miiRo xarijitebis
maqsimalizmi. maTi azriT muslimuri rwmena moiTxovs, rom xalxi cxovrobdes
islamis kanonebTan TanxmobaSi im zomiT, ramdenadac es SesaZlebelia. muslimebis
umravlesoba aRiarebda kavSirs islamis rwmenasa da misi saxeliT ganxorcielebul
keTil saqmeebs Soris, magram ar Tvlidnen rwmenas da mkacrad samarTlian qcevas
identur cnebebad. amdenad, TviT umaÁÁanTa mowinaaRmdegeebmac ki uaryves
xarijitebis eqstremistuli Teoria, ramac daasusta xarijituli moZraobis
socialuri baza da sabolood gamoiwvia misi damarcxeba.

azrakitebi [azárika] - xarijitebis yvelaze ukiduresi da Seurigebeli seqtis

mimdevrebi. misi warmoSoba ukavSirdeba náfi‘ b. al-azrakis (mokles 685 w. al-
ahvázSi) saxels, romelic VII s. 80-ian wlebSi saTaveSi Caudga umaÁÁani
xalifebisa da Siitebis winaaRmdeg mimarTul xarijitebis mZlavr ajanyebas eraySi.
ajanyebulebs SeuerTdnen xarijitebi ‘umanisa da al-iamamadan. nafi gamocxadda
marTlmorwmuneTa amirad. azrakitebma daikaves al-ahvazi, farsi da qirmani (iranSi),
daxoces meqis mmarTvelis (“antixalifa”) — ‘abd al-láh b. az-zubaÁris
gadasaxadebis amkrefi moxeleni da 14-15 wlis ganmavlobaSi warmatebiT ebrZodnen
mravalricxovan xalifas razmebs. azrakitebi aTavisuflebdnen monebs da
gamodiodnen CagrulTa damcvelebad, ris gamoc moipoves soflis mosaxleobis,
gansakuTrebiT sparselTa mxardaWera. ajanyeba sabolood 698/9 wels CaaxSes, magram
azrakitebi agrZelebdnen gamosvlebs VIII-IX saukuneebSic. iranSi azrakitebis
centri iyo sisTani, sadac mimdinareobda xarijitTa ajanyebebi. 14 wlis
ganmavlobaSi (869-883) qvemo eraysa da xuzistanSi mimdinareobda grandiozuli
ajanyeba Savi mona-zinjebis, romelTa winamZRoli iyo azrakiti ‘alã b. muÐammadi.
azrakitebis doqtrinis mixedviT, principuli religiuri sakiTxebi, rac
ganasxvavebda azrakitebs danarCeni xarijitebisagan, iyo Semdegi: 1. urwmunoebad
Tvlidnen yvelas (“pasiur xarijitebs”) vinc ar monawileobda xarijitul
amboxebaSi da ar gadasaxlda maT banakSi; 2. sarwmunoebaSi gamocda (mi®na) unda

123
gaevlo yvelas, visac surda maTTan SeerTeba (mag., avalebdnen monis mokvlas. vinc
uars acxadebda, klavdnen); 3. sarwmunoebisaTvis brZolaSi TavianTi
mowinaaRmdegeebis qalebisa da bavSvebis daxocva (isTi‘rá«); 4. muslimad ar
Tvlidnen imaT, vinc aRiarebda “rwmenis keTilgonieri damalvis” (TakiÁÁas) princips
an sityviT an saqmiT; 5. kerpTayvanismcemlebi (muSrikån) aucileblad moxvdebodnen
jojoxeTSi, ise rogorc maTi mSoblebi; 6. mowinaaRmdegeTa teritorias acxadebdnen
“urwmunoebis miwad”, romlis mosaxleobac mTlianad unda ganadgurebuliyo, magram
Semwynareblobas iCendnen iudevlebisa da qristianebisadmi, romlebmac ar uRalates
TavianTi mociqulebis - mosesa da iesos moZRvrebas.
azrakitebis moZRvrebis ukiduresi Seuwynarebloba da sisastike asustebda
maTi moZraobis socialur safuZvels da sabolood gamoiwvia azrakitebis samxedro
marcxi. IX saukunisaTvis es seqta ukve aRar arsebobda.

sufritebi [íufriÁÁa] - mimdevrebi erT-erTi xarijituli Temis, romelic Seiqmna

basraSi, 64/683-4 wels. misi damaarsebelia ziÁád b. aífari, Temis saxelwodeba ki
ukavSirdeba mamamisis saxels (íufr, mr. r. aífar). omaiani xalifa Éazãdis (680-683)
dros sufritebi basris midamoebSi ajanydnen abå bilál mirdásis meTaurobiT. 680
wels, mirdasis mkvlelobis Semdeg, sufritebma imamad aRiares saxelganTqmuli
poeti-mistikosi ‘imrán b. ®ittáni (gard. 703 w.). 695 wels sufritebma zemo
mesopotamiaSi moawyes pirveli SeiaraRebuli ajanyeba, romelsac xelmZRvanelobda
íáli® b. musarri®i. sufritTa amboxi saxalifos mraval provincias moedo, magram
697 wels ajanyeba CaaxSes.
sufritTa Temis warmoqmnis mizezi xarijitTa Soris religiur-politikuri
uTanxmoebani gaxda. xarijitTa Soris pirvelad sufritebi Seecadnen sistematurad
gadmoecaT TavianTi religiuri Sexedulebebi. maT Sualeduri mdgomareoba ekavaT
azrakitebsa da ibaditebs Soris: urwmunoebad ar miiCnevdnen im TanameTemeebs,
romlebic Tavs ikavebdnen ajanyebebSi monawileobisagan; dasaSvebad miiCnevdnen sxva
muslimebis winaaRmdeg droebiT omis Sewyvetas; uaryofdnen mowinaaRmdegeTa
qalebisa da bavSvebis daxocvas; dasaSvebad miaCndaT rwmenis dafarvis princips
(TakiÁÁa).

ibaditebi [al-ibá«iÁÁa an abá«iÁÁa] - ‘abd alláh b. ibá«is (VII s. II naxevari)

mimdevrebi. es iyo yvelaze “zomieri” xarijitul Temi, romelic Camoyalibda 65/684-5
wels basraSi. azrakitebi gamovidnen omaianTa winaaRmdeg, xolo ‘abd al-láhma uari
ganacxada SeiaraRebul brZolaze da basraSi saTaveSi Caudga xarijitTa
“zomier”frTas. ibadituri Temis WeSmariti damfuZnebeli da moZRvrebis Semqmneli
iyo jábir b. zaÁdi (gard. 717 w.) omanidan. VIII s. dasawyisSi basrelma ibaditebma
gaaqtiures politikuri saqmianoba da maTi xelmZRvanelebis umetesoba omanSi
gaasaxles. Tumca ibadituri Temi basraSi rCeboda sulier centrad yvela
ibaditisaTvis. Temis axalma meTaurma abå ‘ubaÁdam “msoflio ibadituri imamaTis”
Seqmnis mizniT Tavisi emisrebi daagzavna muslimuri samyaros yvela kuTxeSi.
ibaditTa propagandas didi warmateba mohyva da ukve ramdenime wlis Semdeg
saxalifos sxvadasxva mxareSi ifeTqa maTma ajanyebebma, rasac mohyva ibadituri
saxelmwifo-imamaTebis Camoyalibeba. gansakuTrebul warmatebas ibaditebma Crd.
afrikaSi miaRwies, sadac VIII s. 70-ian wlebSi Seiqmna rusTamianTa ibadituri
saxelmwifo (dedaqalaqiT TáharTi — Tanamedrove TiareTi, alJirSi). rusTamianTa
amiras uzenaesobas aRiarebdnen basrisa da mTeli aRmosavleTis ibadituri Temebi.
Crd. afrikaSi aRlabianTa (IX s.) da fatimianTa (X s-dan) gabatonebis Semdeg
rusTamianTa saxelmwifo daiSala, Tumca ibaditebi am regionSi SemdgomSic
aqtiurobdnen.
ibadituri relegiur-politikuri doqtrinis safuZvelia moZRvreba imamaTze.
isini dasaSvebad miiCnevdnen erTdroulad ramdenime imamis arsebobas. imami
farulad airCeoda SaixTa sabWos mier, iTvleboda sruluflebian da WeSmarit
mmarTvelad (aseve mxedarTmTavrad, msajulad, RvTismetyvel-fakihad), Tu igi
misdevda yuranis, sunas da pirveli ibaditi imamebis magaliTs. am pirobebis
darRvevis SemTxvevaSi Saixebis sabWos SeeZlo misi gadarCeva.
ibaditTa dogmatikaze gavlena moaxdines suniturma da muTaziliturma
koncefciebma. sunitTa msgavsad isini deterministebi iyvnen da qadagebdnen, rom

124
alahi ganapirobebda adamianTa qcevas. xarijitTa umravlesobam gaiziara
muTazilitTa Tvalsazrisi adamianis nebis Tavisuflebis Sesaxeb. ibaditebi, sxva
xarijitTagan gansxvavebiT, uaryofdnen mkvlelobas politikuri da religiuri
motivebiT (es wesi ar vrceldeboda anTropomorfistebze).
ibadituri moZraoba rogorc politikuri, ise religiuri TvalsazrisiT,
sakmaod Wreli iyo da sabolood gaiyo ramdenime seqtad (hafsitebi, harisitebi,
iaziditebi da vahbitebi, romlebic yvelaze mravalricxovanni iyvnen da dResac
arian CrdiloeT afrikaSi).
dRes omanis mosaxleobis did nawils ibaditebi Seadgenen. maTi
mcirericxovani Temebi gabneulia Crd. afrikaSi.

2. sunizmi

sunituri Teologiuri tradicia [qalám]. sunizmi aris erT-erTi ZiriTadi,

orTodoqsaluri anu “marTlmadidebluri” mimarTuleba islamSi. misi mimdevrebis
saxelwodebaa — ahl as-sunna va-l-jamá‘a (“sunasa da Temis Tanxmobis xalxi”).
saxelwodebis pirveli nawili momdinareobs terminidan sunna — muhamadis qceva da
sityvebi Senaxuli gadmocemebSi da miRebuli saxelmZRvanelod muslimTaTvis. isini
yuranis gverdiT mxolod sunas scnoben. saxelwodebis meore nawili miTiTebs
Temis gansakuTrebul rolze muslimTa winaSe warmoSobili ZiriTadi religiuri
da sazogadoebrivi problemebis gadawyvetaSi. muhamadis sikvdilis Semdeg Sewyda
muslimuri Temis pirdapiri “kontaqti” alahTan da misi cxovreba unda daefuZnos
yuranisa da sunas aRTqmebis mkacrad dacvas. yuranisa da sunas swori ganmarteba ki
miiRweva muslimuri Temis avtoritetuli mecnieri-RvTismetyvelebis erTsulovani
azriT (ijmá‘).
sunituri mimarTulebisadmi kuTvnilebis ZiriTad formalur niSnebad
iTvleba: pirveli oTxi “marTlmorwmune” xalifas (abå baqri, ‘umari, ‘usmáni, ‘alã)
kanonierebis aRiareba; hadisTa eqvsi krebulis (al-buxár‹s, muslim an-nãSábårãs,
aT-Tirmiz‹s, abå dá’ådis, an-nasá’‹s da ibn majas) utyuarobis aRiareba; oTxi
saRvTismetyvelo-samarTlebrivi skolidan (Safiitebi, hanifitebi, maliqitebi da
hanbalitebi) erT-erTisadmi kuTvnileba. oTxive mazhabs aerTianebda
tradicionalizmi, magram sxvadasxva samarTlebrivi sistemebis momxreebs Soris
mudmivad iyo sqolastikuri kamaTebi.
muslimuri saxelmwifos da misi ideologiis ganviTarebasTan erTad gaCnda
interesi saRvTismetyvelo sakiTxebisadmi, ramac biZgi misca muslimuri dogmatikis
damuSavebas. ukve VIII s. Sua xanebSi arsebobda sul mcire xuTi religiuri
dajgufeba (firka, ta’ifa, milla). xarijitebis, Siitebis, murjitebis,
muTazilitebis da sunitebisa. isini erTmaneTs brals debdnen “siaxleebis” (bid‘a)
SemotanaSi, cTomilebaSi (dalala) da mxolod sakuTar moZRvrebas Tvlidnen
“marTlrwmenad” (al-huda). “cTomilebisa” da “marTlrwmenis” problema gaxda erT-
erTi centraluri islamur RvTismetyvelebaSi. yvelaze gadaWriT “marTlrwmenaze”
pretenzias acxadebdnen sunitebi. isini TavianTi rwmenis “simarTles, WeSmaritebas”
asabuTebdnen muhamadis gamonaTqvamiT, romlis Tanaxmadac misi sikvdilis Semdeg
muslimTa Temi gaiyofa 73 Temad (firka, milla) da maTgan mxolod erTi
“gadarCeba”, e.i. moxvdeba samoTxeSi. muhamadis ganmartebiT, es erTaderTi Temi
iqneba “ahl as-sunna va-l-jamá‘a.” kiTxvaze Tu vin arian isini, muhamadma upasuxa:
“imis momxreebi, rasac me da Cemi mimdevrebi vuWerdiT mxars”. amgvarad, “ahl as-
sunna” dapirispirebul iqna danarCen muslimebTan. amis safuZvelze maT Tavi
gamoacxades “marTlrwmenis”, “WeSmariti xalxis” (ahl al-hakk) mimdevrebad,
sxvagvarad moazrovne muslimebi ki — “Secdomilebad” (ahl ad-dalala). Tumca
suniti RvTismetyvelebis mier samyaros or nawilad dayofa: “marTlmorwmune” da
“Secdomili” (Siitebi, xarijitebi, murjitebi, muTazilitebi) pirobiTi da
tendenciuri iyo. “marTlrwmenis” gansazRvrisaTvis maT ar hqondaT erTiani da
sayovelTaod miRebuli kriteriumebi, rac sunitebis oponentebs saSualebas
aZlevda aseTive warmatebiT uareyoT maTi argumentebi. Siitebi ‘alãze dayrdnobiT,
cnobdnen mxolod muhamadis sunas (sunnaT an-nabã), xolo sunitebisaTvis

125
samagaliTo iyo agreTve pirveli oTxi “marTlmorwmune” xalifasa da muhamadis
uaxloes mimdevarTa qmedebebic. amas xels uwyobda isic, rom TviTon sunitebs
Soris ar iyo religiuri erTianoba da TiToeul skolas SeiZleboda pretenzia
ganecxadebina, rom swored maTi momxreebi misdeven “swor, WeSmarit” rwmenas.
amdenad, suniti RvTismetyvelebi awarmoebdnen xangrZliv ideologiur brZolas
TavianTi Temis religiuri erTianobisaTvis, cdilobdnen SeemuSavebinaT erTiani
ideuri platforma da dogmatebis sistema.
dasavlur islamologiaSi tradicionalisturi, sunituri islamis
mimdevrebs “orTodoqsebs” uwodeben, xolo maT mowinaaRmdegeebs — “eretikosebs”,
“seqtantebs”. Tumca “orTodoqsiis”, “eresis” da “seqtantobis” qristianuli gageba
ver asaxavs islamis religiis specifikas. islamSi ar arsebobda dogmatebis
dakanonebis sistema, rogoric qristianobaSi iyo msoflio saeklesio krebebis
gadawyvetilebebi.
dogmatTa “marTlmorwmune” sistemis SemuSavebaze uSualo gavlena moaxdines
muTazilitebma, logikur-filosofiuri mtkicebulobebis TavianTi meTodikiT. es
iyo islamSi pirveli damoukidebeli saRvTismetyvelo skola. muTazilitebi iyvnen
qalám-is (yovelgvari msjeloba religiur-filosofiur Temaze anu spekulaciuri
RvTismetyveleba) mimarTulebis warmomadgenlebi. maT daamuSaves ZiriTadi
saRvTismetyvelo problematika. xalifa al-ma’månis (813-833) dros saxalifoSi
saxelmwifo religiad gamocxadda muTaziloba, ramac gamoiwvia mkveTri reaqcia
hanbalitebisa, romlebic Tavs “marTlrwmenis” damcvelebad Tvlidnen. Tumca
xalifas brZanebas ar SeeZlo Seewyvita dogmaturi kamaTebi da SewinaaRmdegeboda
religiuri azris ganviTarebas. sunitebi kmayofildebodnen yuranisa da hadisebis
damowmebiT da Tavdapirvelad ar hqondaT dogmatTa damuSavebuli sistema, romelic
SeiZleboda gamxdariyo ideuri iaraRi muTazilitebis racionalizmisa da
filosofiuri sabuTebis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi. aseTi sistema Seiqmna mxolod X s-
Si da mis fuZemdeblad iTvlebian al-aS‘arã (gard. 935 w.) da al-máTurãdã (gard. 944
w.). al-aS‘aris moZRvrebam mniSvnelovani roli iTamaSa sunizmis oficialuri
ideologiis ganviTarebaSi. winamorbedi fakihebisagan gansxvavebiT, al-aS‘ari icavda
sunitur “marTlrwmenas” ara mxolod yuransa da hadisebze dayrdnobiT, aramed
logikuri dasabuTebiT. magram mTlianobaSi misi sistema aris ara mcdeloba
muTazilitTa Sexedulebebis SeTavsebisa orTodoqsul sunizmTan, aramed mcdeloba
muTazilitebis meTodis gamoyenebisa “marTlrwmenis” dasasabuTeblad.
xalifa muTavaqilis (847-861) dros sunizmi “marTlrwmenad” gamocxadda
(848/49w.), xolo muTazilituri dogmatika “eresad” da aikrZala yovelgvari
Teologiuri kamaTi. xalifam gaaTavisufla agreTve umaRlesi yadi, muTaziliti ibn
abã du’ádi (852w.).
X-XI ss. mijnaze gansakuTrebiT gamwvavda urTierToba erTi mxriv sunit-
tradicionalistebsa da Siit-imamitebs da meore mxriv - muTazilitebsa da
aSaritebs Soris. xalifa al-kádiri (991-1031) Seecada sakanonmdeblo gziT
ganemtkicebina sunituri islami. 1017 wels xalifas davalebiT cnobilma
“tradicionalistebma” (hanbalitebma) Seadgines “mimarTva” (risála), romelsac
ewoda “sunituri rwmenis simboloebi” an “kadirituli rwmenis simboloebi”. am
dokumentSi iyo Siizmis, mu‘Tazilobis da agreTve aSarizmis (muTazilitebTan
kompromisis gamo) kritika. detalurad iyo gadmocemuli ZiriTadi principebi
sunizmis, romelic gamocxadda “marTlrwmenad”. misgan gadaxveva urwmunoebad
ganixileboda da iTvaliswinebda sasjels. es mimarTva niSnavda gamarjvebas
tradicionalisti-salafitebis, romlebic TavianTi rwmeniTa da cxovrebis wesiT
uTanabrdebodnen marTlmorwmune winaprebs (salaf — winaprebi). mogvianebiT, ukve
xalifa al-k‰’imis (1031-1075) dros, xelaxla damtkicda am dokumentis ZiriTadi
debulebebi. Tumca ideuri brZola islamis sxvadasxva mimdinareobas Soris arc
Semdeg Sewyvetila. yvelaze SesamCnevi figura am brZolaSi iyo suniti
RvTismetyveli ibn TaÁmiÁÁa (gard. 1328w.), romelic miiswrafoda “Tavdapirveli”
islamis aRorZinebisa da religiuri erTianobis dasamyareblad “marTlrwmenis”
safuZvelze.
gviani Sua saukuneebis islami Caiketa Tavis dogmatebsa da tradiciebSi.
RvTismetyvelTa SromebSi Teoriulad zustdeboda X-XII ss-Si Seqmnili sistema da
XIX s. dasawyisamde islamur RvTismetyvelebas raime axali problema ar

126
gadauwyvetia. islamuri tradicionalizmis (islamuri orTodoqsiis) Semdgomi
ganviTareba ukavSirdeba religiur-politikur mimdinareobas — vahabizms.

vahabizmi [vahhábã, vahhábiÁÁa, vahhábiÁÁån] — religiur-politikuri moZraoba sunitur

islamSi. is warmoiqmna arabeTis n.-k-ze XVIII s. Sua xanebSi, hanbalitTa mazhabidan,
mu®ammad b. ‘abd al-vahhábis (1703-1792) moZRvrebis safuZvelze. termini momdinareobs
misi mamis saxelidan — ‘abd al-vahháb da aRniSnavs mu®ammad b. ‘abd al-vahhábis
doqtrinas da mis mimdevrebs. mu®ammad b. ‘abd al-vahhábis winaprebi iyvnen
hanbalizmis skolis cnobili swavlulebi. is didxans mogzaurobda ganaTlebis
misaRebad islamuri kulturis centrebSi: meqa, medina, basra, baRdadi, hamadani,
isfahani, damasko, kairo. 1740 wels mu®ammad b. ‘abd al-vahhábma daiwyo Tavisi
moZRvrebis qadageba najdSi (provincia ÐuraÁmilá), sadac saukuneebis manZilze
hanbalizmi dominanturi mazhabi iyo. Semdeg is gadavida dar‘iÁÁaSi (ar-riadis
axlos), sadac misma qadagebam amiras — muÐammad b. sa‘ådis da misi sagvareulos
mravali wevris mxardaWera moipova. 1744 wels mu®ammad b. ‘abd al-vahhábma xeli
moawera SeTanxmebas (erTgulebis fici -baÁ‘a) muÐammad b. sa‘ådTan, romelmac
wamoiwyo brZola arabeTis naxevarkunZulis gasaerTianeblad. swored ibn b. sa‘ådis
daxmarebiT man Camoayaliba Temi - muvaÐÐidån (“isini, vinc mxars uWerda
erTRmerTianobas”). mogvianebiT, misi moZRvreba gaxda saudianTa saxelmwifos
oficialuri ideologia. XIX s-Si vahabizmma mtkice poziciebi moipova arabeTis
naxevarkunZulis did nawilSi, Semdeg gavrcelda indoeTSi, indoneziaSi,
aRmosavleT da CrdiloeT afrikaSi.
mu®ammad b. ‘abd al-vahhábis moZRvreba moiTxovda muhamadis droindeli
adreuli islamisaken dabrunebas, erTRmerTianobis principebis dacvas, uaris Tqmas
siaxleebze (bid‘a), wmindanebisa da wminda adgilebis (maT Soris muhamadis
saflavis) Tayvaniscemaze. dogmatikis sferoSi ibn ‘abd al-vahhábi ZiriTadad
misdevda hanbalit Teologebs — ibn TaÁmiÁÁa (gard. 1328w.) da ibn kaÁÁims (gard.
1350w.). sazogadoebriv-politikur sferoSi vahabitebi qadagebdnen yvela muslimis
socialur harmonias, Zmobas da erTobas, mouwodebdnen muslimebs islamis
moralur-eTikuri normebis mkacri dacvisaken, kicxavdnen fufunebas,
momxveWelobas. did mniSvnelobas aniWebdnen saRvTo oms - jihads, rogorc
mravalRmerTianebTan, ise im muslimebTan, romlebic ganudgnen adreuli islamis
principebs. jihadi ganisazRvreboda, rogorc “SeiaraRebuli brZola islamis
poziciidan”. vahabitebi uaryofdnen yuranis da sunas Teologiur da filosofiur
gagebas. adreuli vahabitebisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia ukiduresi fanatizmi rwmenis
sakiTxebSi da eqstremizmi TavianT politikur mowinaaRmdegeebTan brZolaSi.
amJamad vahabizmi saudis arabeTis oficialuri ideologiis safuZvelia. misi
mimdevrebi arian sparseTis yuris arabul saamiroebSi, aziisa da afrikis mraval
qveyanaSi.

3. bediswerisa da nebis Tavisuflebis

problema islamSi

VIII-IX ss-Si muslim RvTismetyvelTa Soris gamwvavda dava bediswerisa da

nebis Tavisuflebis Sesaxeb. 622 wlis Semdeg medinis muslimur TemSi Camoyalibda
da yuranis medinuri periodis surebSi ganmtkicda azri (aisaxa), rom TiToeuli
adamianis cxovreba da moqmedebebi winaswargansazRvrulia RmerTis mier. sityva
“kadar” Tavdapirvelad esmodaT rogorc “Zliereba” — RmerTis Zala
ganaxorcielos nebismieri moqmedeba178. aqedan gamomdinare, “kadar” niSnavda
winaswargansazRvras, bedisweras: RmerTma Seqmna adamianebi mTeli TavianTi
zraxvebiTa da saqcieliT. amave dros, yurani morwmuneebs akisrebs

178teqnikuri termini “kadar” xSirad gaerTianebulia sityvasTan — kaÇá’ da “al-kaÇá’ va-l-

kadar” niSnavs RmerTis gadawyvetilebas, kredos. amasTan kaÇá’ niSnavs alahis mudmiv,
yovlismomcvel gadawyvetilebas, xolo kadar — am gadawyvetilebis gamoyenebas droSi.

127
pasuxismgeblobas maT codvebze, cud saqcielze, emuqreba sasjeliT saiqioSi.
yurani ar ganmartavs , Tu rogor SeuZlia adamians iyos Tavisufali Tavis
saqcielSi da Tanac pasuxi agos masze. praqtikulad bedisweris dogmati
xelsayreli ideologiuri iaraRi aRmoCnda “saRvTo omisaTvis”. muslim-meomars
unergavdnen rwmenas, rom ra safrTxec ar unda damuqreboda mas brZolaSi, Tu ar
iyo winaswagansazRvruli misi daRupva im dRes, is aucileblad cocxali
gadarCeboda.
bedisweris sakiTxze arsebobda ori urTierTdapirispirebuli
Tvalsazrisi: kadaritebi acxadebdnen, rom adamiani Tavis moqmedebaTa Semoqmedia.
Sesabamisad codvis Cadena adamianuri qmedebaa da ar aris damokidebuli RvTiur
nebaze. kadaritebi eyrdnobodnen im Teziss, rom RmerTi aris samarTliani (‘adl),
Sesabamisad adamianis cudi saqcieli da yovelgvari boroteba dedamiwaze
(socialuri usamarTloba, yovelgvarizaladoba, farisevloba, codva da danaSauli)
ar SeiZleba modiodes RmerTisagan, radganac es ewinaaRmdegeba RvTiuri
samarTlianobis princips. jabritebi (jabriÁÁa; arab. jabr - “iZuleba”) ki
cnobdnen absolutur bedisweras. isini Tvlidnen, rom adamiani yvelaferSi RmerTs
emorCileba da ar SeuZlia Tavisi nebiT moqmedeba. Sesabamisad, alahis mier mas
egzavneba codva gamosacdelad. isini iyvnen ukiduresi deterministebi.
kadaritebis “gamgrZeleblebi” aRmoCndnen muTazilitebi.
muTaziloba [al-mu‘Tazila] Camoyalibda rogorc religiur-filosofiuri
moZRvreba VIII s-is pirvel naxevarSi. muTazilitebi iyvnen pirveli racionaluri
mimarTulebis Teologiuri sistemis Semqmnelebi islamSi.
muslimur istoriografiaSi muTazilituri qalamis damaarseblebad
iTvlebian váíil b. ‘atá’ (gard.748 w.) da ‘amr b. ‘ubaÁdi (gard.761 w.), romlebic
TanamoazreTa jgufTan erTad “CamoSordnen” (i‘Tazala) TavianT maswavlebels ®asan
al-baírãs (gard.728 w.) da daarses axali skola. Tumca realurad muTazilitebis
doqtrina Camoyalibda abu-l-huzaÁlas (IX saukunis pirveli nax.) mier.
muTazilitebma SeimuSaves doqtrina, romelic efuZneboda 5 princips, an
wyaros (al-usål al-xamsa): 1. “erTRmerTianoba” (al-Tav®ãd). mkacro monoTeizmi
uaryofs ara marto poliTeizms da anTropomorfizms, aramed RvTaebriv atributebs.
erToba, gansuliereba, ganusazRvreloba da Seucnobloba RmerTisa — aseTia
muTazilitebis moZRvreba RmerTze; 2. “samarTlianoba” (al-‘adl). RvTaebrivi
samarTlianoba gulisxmobs adamianis nebis Tavisuflebas da RmerTis mier
dadgenili wesebis darRvevis dauSveblobas; 3. “aRTqma da muqara” (al-va‘d va-l-
va‘ãd). RmerTi valdebulia ganaxorcielos Tavisi aRTqma da muqara, Tu man aRuTqva
“morCilebs” samoTxe da da daemuqra “urCebs” jojoxeTiT. muTazilitebi
amtkicebdnen, rom samoTxe da jojoxeTi samarTliani sazRauria adamianTa
amqveyniur cxovrebaSi Cadenili qmedebebisaTvis; 4. “Sualeduri mdgomareoba” (al-
manzila baÁna-l-manzilaTaÁn). muslimi, romelmac Caidina mZime codva, morwmuneTa
rigebs eTiSeba, magram ar xdeba urwmuno da Sualeduri mdgomareoba ukavia maT
Soris. am sakiTxSi isini axlos iyvnen murjitebis poziciasTan, romlebmac
“gadades” adamianis codvilobis gadawyveta uzenaesi alahis samsjavromde; 5.
“misaRebis brZaneba-daweseba da gasakicxis akrZalva” (al-amr bi-l-ma‘råf va-n-nahÁ ‘an
al-munkar). am princips hqonda sruliad konkretuli politikuri mniSvneloba.
muslimuri Temis meTaurs evaleboda zustad miuTiTebina muslimebisvis, Tu ra iyo
dasaSvebi da ra akrZaluli. muTazilitebis amtkicebdnen, rom imam-xalifa
valdebulia ganamtkicos rwmena ara mxolod ZalauflebiT, aramed xmliTac.
muTazilitebma uaryves misticizmi — moZRvreba RmerTis Secnobis
SesaZleblobaze intuitivizmis gziT. maT Seqmnes sqolastikuri RvTismetyveleba da
bevri ram daisesxes TavianTi winamorbedebisagan — kadaritebisagan. muTazilebma
mimarTes adamianis gonebas, rogorc religiuri Semecnebis kriteriums. isini xazs
usvamdnen gonebis prioritets, adamianis uflebas Seitanos eWvi islamis nebismier
debulebaSi da gadasinjos igi. maT uaryves winaswargansazRvra adamianis
saqcielis, iseve rogorc sxva movlenebis bunebasa da adamianis cxovrebaSi. amas
emyareboda muTazilitebis “nebis Tavisuflebis” principi. maTi azriT, adamiani
TviTon gansazRvravs Tavis qmedebebs, risTvisac alahi an daajildovebs an dasjis.
muTazilitebis racionalisturi apolegetikuri sistema iwvevda tradicionalisti
Teologebis mxridan Tavdasxmas.

128
 muTazilitebma dasves sakiTxi yuranis Seqmnilobis Sesaxeb. maT eWvqveS
daayenes RvTiuri gamocxadebis mniSvneloba tradicionalistebis sapirispirod,
romlebic am wigns maradiulad da xelTuqmnelad Tvlidnen. muTazilitebi
miiCnevdnen, rom mxolod RmerTia maradiuli da Seuqmneli, xolo yurani muhamadis
literaturuli talantis Sedegia, romelic msmenelebs arwmunebda Tavis sityvebis
WeSmaritebaSi. aqedan gamomdinare, muTazilitebi uSvebdnen yuranis alegoriul
ganmartebas. Tumca, muTazilitebi ar xelyofdnen Yyuranis zogad Sinaarss, ZiriTad
ideebs da pricipebs, magram aucileblad miiCnevdnen anTropomorfuli aiebis
ganmartebas, romlebic RvTaebriv atributebs exeboda.
827 an 833 wels al-ma’måni pirvelad saxalifos istoriaSi Seecada
gamoeyenebina xalifas xelisufleba imisaTvis, rom Camoeyalibebina islamuri
dogmatikis zogierTi principi da muTaziloba saxelmwifo religiad gamoacxada.
xalifas brZanebiT (833w.) rwmenaSi gamocda unda gaevlo yvela RvTismetyvels,
mosamarTles da kanonmcodnes. am mizniT Seiqmna inkviziciis sasamarTlos msgavsi,
sagangebo dawesebuleba — mi®na (gamocda). saxelmwifo samsaxuridan
aTavisuflebdnen da sjidnen (sikvdiliTac ki) maT, vinc ar aRiarebda muTazilitTa
dogmatebs (kerZod, yuranis Seqmnilobis Sesaxeb). RvTismetyvelTa umravlesobam
gaiara es procedura da iZulebuli gaxda sityvierad eRiarebina muTazilituri
qalami. Tumca iyvnen mowinaaRmdegenic, maT Soris aÐmad ibn Ðanbali, romelic
saTaveSi Caudga antimuTazilitur moZraobas. xalifa al-muTavaqilma 234/848 wels
brZanebiT gaauqma mi®na, Tumca arsebobs cnoba, rom mxolod 851-52 wlisaTvis moxda
misi saboloo gauqmeba. xalifam gakicxa muTazilitebis racionalisturi Teologia
da akrZala yovelgvari kamaTi rwmenis simboloebze. tradiciuli moZRvrebis
propagandisaTvis man mouwoda ramdenime konservator fakihs sajarod uareyoT
muTazilitebis doqtrina TavianT qadagebebSi. xalifam brZana agreTve
gaeTavisuflebinaT yvela, vinc dapatimrebuli iyo muTazilituri doqtrinis
uaryofis gamo, xolo a®mad b. naír al-xuzá‘ãs neSti sazeimo viTarebaSi gadaecaT
misi axloblebisaTvis. xalifas Semdegi brZaneba Seexo mTavar yadis — a®mad ibn
abã du’ádis, romelic gaaTavisufles am Tanamdebobidan, daapatimres da qoneba
CamoarTves.
muTazilitTa moZRvrebam ver hpova gavrceleba mosaxleobis farTo masebSi.
erT-erTi mizezi iyo is garemoeba, rom muTazilitebis qalami orientirebuli iyo
sazogadoebis ganaTlebul fenaze, romelsac SeeZlo gaego da mieRo maTi
filosofiuri meTodebi da abstraqtuli ideebi. muTazilitebi kvlav gamoCndnen
politikur arenaze buveianTa (945-1055) xanaSi, roca ayvavebas ganicdida ‘abd al-
jabbáris (gard. 1025 w.) muTazilituri skola. IX-XII ss-Si muTazilitTa skolebi
arsebobda eraySi (basra, baRdadi), iransa (rei, isfahani, niSaburi) da Sua aziaSi
(xorezmi). muTazilitebis ZiriTadi ideebi (anTropomorfizmis uaryofa, moZRvreba
nebis Tavisuflebaze, yuranis Seqmnilobaze) adreve SeiTvisa Siizma. mogvianebiT,
anTropomorfizmi Tavdapirveli saxiT, uaryves sunitma RvTismetyvelebmac.

4. Siizmi

Siizmi warmoiSva xalifa ‘usmánis memkvidreobisaTvis, politikuri

ZalauflebisaTvis brZolaSi179. pirvelma Siitebma Seadgines ‘alã b. abã tálibis
momxreebis, ‘alãs partia (Sã‘aT ‘alã). amdenad, Tavdapirvelad Siizmi swored
politikuri xasiaTis moZraoba iyo, romelsac warmoadgendnen erTi garkveuli
kandidatis arCevis momxreni da konkretuli ojaxis dinastiis legitimurobis
amRiarebelni. magram “iseT politizebul religiaSi, rogoric islamia da iseT
religiur administraciaSi, rogoric iyo Tavdapirveli saxalifo, politikuri
partia advilad da swrafad xdeboda religiuri”. aqedan gamomdinare, Siizmi
Tavidanve iyo rogorc politikuri, ise religiuri fenomeni.

179Siitur wyaroebSic ki aRiarebulia, rom rogorc religiuri moZraoba, ‘alãs partia

metad mcirericxovan dajgufebas warmoadgenda.

129
 Siituri tradiciiT, ‘alãm, xadãjas Semdeg, pirvelma iwama muhamadis misia da
gaxda muslimi (sunituri tradiciiT – xadãjasa da abå baqris Semdeg). ‘alã iyo
muhamadis biZaSvili da siZe, muhamadTan erTad Seasrula hijra, Tavi gamoiCina
kerpTayvanismcemel meqelebTan brZolaSi da didi roli Seasrula arabTa
gamuslimebis saqmeSi. Siitebi Tvlian, rom Radãr xumTan, “gamosaTxovari hajis”
dros, 632 w. 16 marts muhamadma xeli Cakida ‘alãs (am dros is daaxloebiT 30 wlis
unda yofiliyo) piligrimebis winaSe da ganacxada: “yvelasaTvis, visTvisac me
mbrZanebeli var, ‘alãc aseve mbrZanebelia” (Siituri TvalsazrisiT, es pasaJi
arsebobda yuranis Tavdapirvel redaqciaSi, magram Semdeg igi ‘alãs
mowinaaRmdegeebma amoiRes). Siitebi am aqts miiCneven ‘alãs daniSvnad (naíí)
muhamadis memkvidred. es aqti ‘alãs yvelam, maT Soris ‘umarmac, miuloca da mas
uwodes morwmuneTa winamZRoli (amãr al-mu’minãn), rac zogadad xalifaTa tituls
warmoadgens. am faqts zogierTi sunituri wyaroc adasturebs, magram sxvagvar
interpretirebas ukeTebs: muhamads surda ubralod aemaRlebina ‘alãs avtoriteti,
romelic simkacris gamo arapopularuli iyo. suniti avtorebi miiCneven, rom
muhamadma ‘alãs uwoda morwmuneebis maula da am termins “megobris” mniSvnelobiT
Targmnian. Siituri TvalsazrisiT, Tuki mxolod megobrad Tvlidnen, maSin
gaugebaria ratom miuloca yvelam ‘alãs Radãr xumTan muhamadis memkvidred arCeva.
maula SiitTaTvis upirvelesad batons niSnavs.
SiitTaTvis ‘alãs mmarTvelobis xanmokle periodi muslimuri mmarTvelobis
erTaderTi legitimuri xana iyo muhamadis Semdeg. ‘alãs tragikulma aRsasrulma ki
(661 w.), maTi religiur-politikuri mrwamsiT, amqveynad usamarTlobis, tiraniis
gabatoneba moitana. sunizmTan Siizmis gamijvna politikuri mizeziT – saxalifos
meTaurobasTan dakavSirebuli uTanxmoebis gamo xdeba. Siizmi gacilebiT ufro
gvian yalibdeba religiur doqtrinad, Tumca am doqtrinis safuZveli swored ‘alã
da misi sagvareulos Selaxuli uflebebia.
termini Sã‘a yuranSi oTxjer aris naxsenebi, maTgan orjer “mxardamWeris,
momxris, mis partiaSi myofis” mniSvnelobiT. mravlobiTi formiT Sã‘a niSnavs
mimdevrebs, mxardamWerebs, adamianTa jgufs, romelic erTsulovnebas amJRavnebs
garkveul gadawyvetilebasTan an sarwmunoebasTan dakavSirebiT, romelsac isini
icaven da mxars uWeren.
Sua saukuneebis muslimi avtorebidan albaT yvelaze srulyofilia Siizmis
gansazRvra ibn xaldånis mier: “rogorc Tanamedrove, ise warsulis
samarTlismcodneTa da RvTismetyvelTa SexedulebiT, Sã‘a aris termini, romelic
aRniSnavs ‘alãs, misi vaJebisa da maTi azrovnebis skolis (mazhab) mimdevrebs. isini
(‘alãs mimdevrebi) erTsulovanni arian im TvalsazrisiT, rom imamaTi ar
warmoadgens sazogadoebriv samsaxurs, romelic SeiZleba Seicvalos ummas
(muslimuri Temis) neba-survilis mixedviT, e. i. Tems ar SeuZlia gansazRvros, Tu
vin iqneba imami. es aris religiis burji da islamis sayrdeni”.
rac Seexeba termin imamaTs, romelmac Semdgom umniSvnelovanesi roli SeiZina
SiizmSi, igi warmodgeba arabuli zmnidan amma - “windgoma”, “raimes winamZRoloba”.
jer kidev islamamdel arabeTSi imams uwodebdnen adamians, romelic “win idga”
(mag., aqlemebis qaravnis winamZRoli), anda vinc “raime saqmes xelmZRvanelobda”.
islamis gabatonebasTan erTad, am terminma ufro konkretuli mniSvneloba SeiZina:
“locvis dros winmdgomi”, “sulieri meTauri”. swored am mniSvnelobiT gamoiyeneba
igi yuranSi. Tavdapirvelad am funqcias asrulebda muhamadi, romelic
imavdroulad Temis politikuri meTauri iyo. gardacvalebamde cota xniT adre
avadmyofma muhamadma locvis warmarTvis movaleoba abå baqrs gadaabara, rac
Semdgom misi xalifad gaxdomis erT-erTi ganmapirobebeli faqtori gaxda.
‘alãs sikvdilis Semdeg Siituri Temis oficialuri meTauri gaxda misi
ufrosi vaJi (muhamadis qaliSvilTan, fátimasTan qorwinebidan) Ðasan b. ‘alã. es
ukanaskneli politikurad pasiuri iyo da praqtikulad araferi gaukeTebia
umaÁÁanTa winaaRmdeg. ufro metic, xalifa mu‘áviÁam mas soliduri pensiac dauniSna
da igi sikvdilamde (669 w.) uzrunvelad cxovrobda medinaSi. Tumca, Siituri
tradiciiT Ðasani, ise rogorc yvela danarCeni Siiti imami, usamarTlobis
winaaRmdeg brZolas Seewira da tiraniis msxverpli gaxda.
gacilebiT ufro mniSvnelovani roli Seasrula Siizmis istoriaSi Ðasanis
umcrosma Zmam ÐusaÁnma. 680 wels, xalifa mu‘áviÁas sikvdilis Semdeg, man gadawyvita

130
Tavisi kanonieri uflebebis aRdgena saxalifos taxtze. qufelma Siitebma ÐusaÁni,
rogorc ‘alãs sagvareulos meTauri, miiwvies qufaSi ajanyebis
xelmZRvanelobisaTvis. ÐusaÁni mcirericxovani razmiT meqidan qufisaken gaemarTa.
gzaSi man Seityo SiitTa ajanyebis marcxis Sesaxeb, magram ukan dabruneba aRar
moindoma da dabanakda ninavasTan, sadac mogvianebiT SiitTa wminda qalaqi qarbalá’
aRmocenda. hijris 61 w. 10 muharams/680 w. 10 oqtombers, xalifa Áazãdis samxedro
razmebTan uTanasworo SetakebaSi, ÐusaÁni da misi TanamebrZolebi daiRupnen. am
aqtma udidesi roli Seasrula Siituri mrwamsis CamoyalibebaSi. ÐusaÁnis daRupvis
TariRi, áSårá’s dRe, dResac aRiniSneba Siitur samyaroSi samgloviaro
procesiebiTa da Teatralizebuli warmodgenebiT (Ta‘ziÁa). ÐusaÁni, romlis
mowameobrivma sikvdilma ‘alãsaze gacilebiT didi mniSvneloba miiRo SiitTaTvis
(vinaidan igi mociqulis pirdapiri STamomavali iyo), iwoda “mowameTa batonad”
(sai¡d aS-Suhadá’), romlis tragikuli aRsasruli qristes wamebasTan iyo
Sedarebuli.
qarbalas brZolam, romelic sinamdvileSi dapirispirebul klanebs Soris
patara Setakebas warmoadgenda, mxolod erTi dRe gagrZelda da sul ramdenime
aTeuli daRupuli mohyva, Seudarebeli istoriuli rezonansi gamoiwvia. muslimuri
azrovneba SeZrwunebuli iyo mociqulis SviliSvilis tragikuli bediT, romelmac
gadawyvita bolomde ebrZola im Zalauflebis winaaRmdeg, romelic arad agdebda
muhamadiseuli islamis eTikasa da principebs. ÐusaÁnis martviloba gaxda
samarTlianobisaTvis nebismieri brZolis prototipi, mowameobis kultis amosavali
wertili. Siituri azrovnebis motivaciad iqca brZola istoriuli usamarTlobis
winaaRmdeg, ‘alãsa da misi sagvareulos Selaxuli uflebebis aRsadgenad.
SemdgomSi SiizmSi Camoyalibebuli mowameobis kultiT Seiqmna warmodgena, rom
mowameobrivi sikvdili yvelaze didi damsaxurebaa RmerTis winaSe, samoTxisaken
pirdapir gzaa da srulyofili wmindani mxolod mowame SeiZleba iyos.
‘alãs pirveli mimdevrebi arabebi iyvnen, magram mravali alidi mebrZolis
rekrutireba xdeboda araarabi “klientebidan~ (maválã), romlebic cxovrobdnen
imperiis centralur qalaqebSi, upirvelesad qufasa da medinaSi da mouTmenlad
elodnen axali religiis egalitaruli principebis cxovrebaSi damkvidrebas.
Siitur moZraobaSi iranelebi ukve islamis arsebobis pirvelive aTwleulebidan
ebmebian. Tumca, es sulac ar niSnavs, rom Siizmma Tavidanve mtkice sayrdeni
moipova iranSi.
Siizmis politikur-religiur moZraobad da ideologiad Camoyalibebis sawyis
etapze msjelobisas SeiZleba iTqvas, rom masSi iudevelur-qristianul
tradiciidan Sevida mociqulis (Semdgom imamis) cneba, romelic amxobs usamarTlo
mmarTvels da mesiis rwmena, romelic saRvTo wesrigs daamyarebs amqveynad. orive
ufro politikuri, vidre religiuri cnebaa. berZnul-romaulma samyaromac
mniSvnelovani memkvidreoba dautova islams, gansakuTrebiT tiraniis Teoriisa da
praqtikis TvalsazrisiT. winaislamuri sparseTidan gadmovida maxsovroba
religiuri formiT dapirispirebisa xelisuflebasTan, revoluciuri moZraobebisa
(maniqevloba, mazdakeloba), romlebic erTdroulad cvlidnen arsebuli wesrigis
politikur, moralur da socialur safuZvels da romelTac “ideologiis saxiT
religiuri doqtrina gaaCnda da instrumentis saxiT religiuri seqta”.
Siitebma mogvianebiT imams mianiWes zebunebrivi ucodveloba da RmerTisagan
boZebuli Seumcdarobis unari. SemdgomSi SiitTa politikurma da samxedro
warumateblobam xeli Seuwyo imamis pirovnebis sakraluri ganzomilebis gazrdas,
rwmenas imamis okultaciisa, misi mistikuri Zalauflebis ukidures egzaltacias da
saero xelisuflebis aRiarebasTan droebiT Serigebas. imamis esqatologiuri
dabrunebis imedi miT ufro Zlierdeboda, rac ufro met devnas ganicdidnen
Siitebi.
memkvidreobiTi principi imamis mier “RvTaebriv daniSvnas” (naíí) emyareboda. is
piradad gadascemda memkvidres ezoTeriul saidumloebebs, romlebic mas wina
imamisagan gadaeca da romlebic mociqulisagan modioda.
swored am principis safuZvelze, ÐusaÁnis Semdeg imami gaxda misi vaJi zaÁn al-
‘ábidãni (gard. 713/174 w.). SemdgomSi ki wesad iqca imamobis mamidan Svilze (magram
ara ufros vaJze — ramac SiizmSi araerTi uTanxmoeba da ganyofa gamoiwvia)
gadasvla. nebismier alidur ganStoebas, romelic sakuTari pretendentis uflebas

131
icavda imamaTze, moZRvrebaSi Semohqonda Tavisi warmodgenebi, ramac, saboloo
jamSi, Siizmis SigniT dogmaturi dapirispirebebi gamoiwvia. saboloo jamSi,
Siizmis yvelaze mravalricxovani dajgufeba Tormeti imamis amRiarebeli Siitebi,
anu imamitebi gaxdnen da dRes swored maT uwodeben zogadad Siitebs. amasTanave
Sua saukuneebis manZilze mniSvnelovan Zalas warmoadgendnen sxva Siituri
mimdinareobebi, maT Soris zaiditebi da ismailitebi, romlebic dResac agrZeleben
arsebobas.

zaiditebi

zaiditebis saxeli ulavSirdeba SiitTa mexuTe imamis muÐammad al-bákiris (gard.

732 w.) Zmas zaÁd b. ‘alãs. 739 wels zaÁdma SeiaraRebuli ajanyeba daiwyo umaÁÁanTa
winaaRmdeg, magram damarcxda da is 740 wels mokles. zaÁdis sikvdilis Semdeg
misma momxreebma Seqmnes religiur-politikuri dajgufeba, romelic miznad isaxavda
Teokratiuli saxelmwifos dafuZnebas ‘alãs sagvareulos warmomadgeneli imamis
meTaurobiT.
zaiditebis TvalsazrisiT, ‘alã b. abã tálibi, moraluri da politikuri
avtoritetiT mociqulis WeSmariti memkvidrea. imamebi ‘alãsa da fátimas
STamomavlebi unda iyvnen, magram maT Soris yvelaze Rirseulia is, visac iaraRiT
xelSi SeuZlia gauZRves morwmuneebs tiranTa winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad.
zaidizmi Siizmis yvelaze zomier frTad iTvleba. religiuri TvalsazrisiT,
isini sakmaod Semwynareblebi iyvnen sunitTa mimarT; ar wyevlidnen pirvel or
xalifas, abå baqrsa da ‘umars, Tumca ‘usmánis marTlmorwmuneobis Taobaze maT
Soris azrTa sxvadasxvaoba iyo. isini uaryofdnen imamis RvTaebriv bunebas, mis,
rogorc Suamavlis, rols RmerTsa da adamians Soris; dasaSvebad miiCnevdnen
sxvadasxva muslimur qveyanaSi erTdroulad ramdenime imamis arsebobas; uaryofdnen
SiitTa mier aRiarebul droebiTi qorwinebis instituts.
zaiditTa religiur warmodgenebze didi gavlena moaxdina muTazilitTa
racionalizmma. isini uaryofdnen anTropomorfizmsa da ueWvel bedisweras; ar
iziarebdnen imamitur moZRvrebas “faruli” imamis Sesaxeb, rwmenis “keTilgonieri
dafarvis” (TakiÁÁa) da “RvTaebrivi azris Secvlis” (al-badá’) Sesaxeb.
zaiditebis dajgufebidan gamoiyo ramdenime Temi, romelTa Soris yvelaze
cnoblia jaruditebis (an surhubitebis), butritebis (an salihitebis) da
sulaimanitebisa (an jariritebisa). zaiditebis politikur aqtivobas ukvalod ar
Cauvlia. Seiqmna maTi ramdenime saxelmwifo: idrisianebis Crd. afrikaSi (789-926),
zaidituri saxelmwifo tabaristansa (864 wlidan intervalebiT 1126 wlamde) da
iemenSi, romelsac 901-1962 wlebSi, xangrZlivi intervalebiT, ÁaÐÁá b. al-ÐusaÁn ar-
rassis mier daarsebuli dinastia marTavda.
amJamad zaiditebi ZiriTadad cxovroben Crd. iemenSi, sadac Seadgenen
mosaxleobis naxevarze mets. maTi Temebia agreTve samxr. iemenSi, saudis arabeTSi,
pakistansa da sxva qveynebSi.

ismailitebi

ismailizmi [ismá‘ãliÁãa] Siituri islamis erT-erTi umTavresi mimdinareobaa.

ismailitur moZraobas dasabami daudo SiitTa Soris ganxeTqilebam VIII s-is Sua
xanebSi. SiitTa meeqvse imamma ja‘far aí-íádikma Tavis memkvidre ufrosi vaJis,
ismá‘ãlis (gard. 762 w.) nacvlad, daasaxela musá al-qáûimi (gard. 799 w.). Siitebis
nawilma, romelic manamdec umayofilo iyo aí-íádikis politikuri pasiurobiT, ar
gaiziara es gadawyvetileba da meSvide imamad aRiara naadrevad gardacvlili

132
ismá‘ãlis vaJi muÐammadi. gandgomilTa erTma frTam, romelsac SemdgomSi karmatebi
(karámita) ewoda, muhamadi ukanasknel, meSvide imamad miiCnia. ismailitTa mowodebam
farTo gamoZaxili hpova mTel islamur samyaroSi. X s-is dasawyisamde periodi
cnobilia, rogorc “dafarvis” (as-saTr), imamTa “farulad” moRvaweobis xana, rac
dasrulda 909 wels Crd. afrikaSi ismailiti fatimianebis gabatonebiT. am
ukanasknelT Tavi ismailis STamomavlebad da WeSmarit imamebad miaCndaT. 969 wels
fatimianebma daipyres egvipte da cota mogvianebiT — samxreT siriac. X-XI ss-Si
fatimianebi pretenzias acxadebdnen axlo aRmosavleTSi hegemonobasa da islamuri
samyaros gaerTianebaze. X s-is 20-ian wlebSi maT ganudgnen fatimiani xalifas —
al-Ðáqimis momxreni, romlebmac Seqmnes druzebis (haqimitebis) Temi. amJamad
druzebi ZiriTadad libanSi cxovroben.
XI s-is 90-ian wlebSi iranSi ismailitTa gaaqtiurebis Sedegad Seiqmna maTi
damoukidebeli saxelmwifo, romlis centric iyo alamuTi. iranis ismailitTa
moZraobis saTaveSi idga Ðasan b. aí-íabbáhi. 1094 wels egviptel da da iranel
ismailitTa Soris moxda ganxeTqileba fatimiani imamis memkvidreobis sakiTxze.
iranelebma mxari dauWires imam al-musTaníiris ufrosi vaJis, an-nizáris imamaTs,
xolo egviptelebma taxtze al-musTaníiris umcrosi vaJi al-musTa‘lã aiyvanes (amis
gamo pirvelni iwodnen nizaritebad, meoreni – musTalitebad). 1171 wels fatimianebi
sunitma aiubianebma daamxes. dRes musTalitTa Temis centri indoeTSi (q. bombei)
mdebareobs.
rac Seexeba nizaritebs, maT warmatebas miaRwies umTavresad mTian regionebSi
(daÁlami da kuhisTáni iranSi; siriis, libanisa da erayis mTiani mxareebi).
nizaritTa moRvaweobis erT-erTi damaxasiaTebeli niSani iyo terori. jvarosnuli
laSqrobebis mematianeni maT asasinebs (arab. ÐaSãSiÁÁa an ÐaSãSiÁÁãn) uwodeben.
aRsaniSnavia, rom sityva asasini mTel rig evropul enebSi mkvlelis mniSvnelobiT
Sevida. iranSi ismailitTa gavrcelebuli saxelwodeba ufro iyo al-maláÐida (mx.
r. al-mulÐid), rac niSnavs eretikoss, cdomils, rjulgandgomils. 1164 wels
iranel ismailitTa meoTxe gamgebelma Ðasan ‘alá ziqrihi-s-salámma gamoacxada
kiÁáma (mkvdreTiT aRdgoma). is da misi memkvidreebi WeSmarit imamebad, nizáris
STamomavlebad arian miCneuli. 1256 wels maT saxelmwifos bolo mouRes
monRolebma. SemdgomSi nizaritebi TandaTanobiT gadasaxldnen indoeTSi, sadac
amJamad maTi centria. nizaritTa Temebi arsebobs aziisa da afrikis 20-ze met
qveyanaSi. XIX s-dan nizariti imamebi atareben áRá-xánis tituls. nizaritebs xojas
an aRaxanidebsac uwodeben. Temis ukanaskneli meTauria aRa-xan IV.
ismailitTa moZRvreba ori nawilisagan Sedgeba: 1. garegani (záhir),
yvvelasaTvis misawvdomi doqtrina, romlis mTavar gansxvavebas Siituri
mrwamsisagan warmoadgens WeSmarit imamebad ismailis STamomavlebis aRiareba; 2.
ezoTeruli (bátin), Sinagani, saidumlo doqtrina, romlis ZiriTadi elementebia aT-
Ta’vãli da al-Ðaká’iki. Ta’vãli warmoadgens zahiritul doqtrinaSi dafaruli
saidumlo Sinaarsis simboloebiTa da alegoriebiT axsnas. yoveli “garegani”
sakiTxis Sesatyvisi “dafaruli” saidumlo mniSvnelobis moZRvrebis arsebobis
rwmenam iamams Ta’vãlis gannmarteblis gansakuTrebuli prerogativa mianiWa.
kvalificiur ismailit Teologebs SeeZloT mxolod imamis dasturis an nebarTvis
safuZvelze gamoeyenebinaT Tavilis ganmartebani. rac Seexeba hakaiks, is
ekleqtikuri xasiaTis codnis saerTo sistemaa, damyarebuli neoplatonizmis,
aristoteles racionalisturi filosofiis, gnosticizmis, astrologiisa da sxva
religiebidan nasesxeb elementebze.
cnobili ismailiti moazrovneebis — al-káÇã an-nu‘mánis (gard. 9 79 w.) da naíãr
ad-dãn at-tåsãs (gard. 1274 w.) — Txzulebebi Siit-imamitTa mierac kanonikur
saxelmZRvanelobad aris aRiarebuli.

ÐusaÁnis tragikuli sikvdilis Semdeg imamebi, rogorc zogadad imamitebi (sxva

Siituri mimdinareobebis, upirvelesad zaiditebisa da ismailitebisagan
gansxvavebiT) politikurad sakmaod pasiurebi iyvnen da praqtikulad ara
asrulebdnen mniSvnelovan rols saxalifos politikur cxovrebaSi. politikuri
TvalsazrisiT, albaT gamosayofia me-8 imami ‘alã ar-riÇá (sp. emam reza, gard. 818
w.), romelic erTi periodis manZilze ‘abasiani xalifas, al-ma’månis (813-833)

133
memkvidredac iTvleboda xalifas taxtze. xalifam igi medinidan gadmoiyvana
sakuTar sasaxleSi, mervSi, gamoacxada is sakuTar memkvidred (daaxl. 816 w.) da
daaqorwina Tavis qaliSvilze. magram, rogorc Cans, xalifam male Seicvala azri.
am xanebSi baRdadSi dawyebuli mRelvarebebis gamo al-ma’måni, imam rezas
TanxlebiT, daiZra jariT dasavleTisaken. gzaSi imam reza gardaicvala. Siituri
tradiciiT, xalifam igi moakvlevina. misi “mowameobis adgili” - maShadi, SiitTa
wminda qalaqad gadaiqca.
‘abasianTa revolucia, romelsac Siitebi did imedebs ukavSirebdnen da romelic
Tavdapirvelad praqtikulad Siizmis manifestacia iyo, male Siitebis
sawinaaRmdegod Semotrialda. ‘abasianTa faqtobrivi gamarjvebis — maTi, rogorc
ojaxis, xelisuflebis saTaveSi mosvlis Semdeg, bunebrivia sxva nebismieri ojaxis
pretenziebi Zalauflebaze unda CaxSobiliyo. pirvelma ‘abasianebma miiRes imamis
wodeba, raTa xazi gaesvaT TavianTi politikuri Zalauflebis “religiuri”
xasiaTisaTvis. am viTarebaSi ki Siit imamebs politikuri interesi faqtobrivad
uqrebaT.
realurad, me-5 imamis, muÐammad al-bákiris dros daiwyo Siizmis (imamizmis)
depolitizacia, ramac dasrulebuli saxe me-6 imamis, ja‘far aí-íádikis dros miiRo.
orTodoqsuli Siizmi, romlis gamoxatulebac imamizmi gaxda, gadaiqca “mSvidobian”
religiur moZraobad. miuxedavad imisa, rom swored as-sadikis dros miiRo
garkveulad Camoyalibebuli saxe imamaTis Teoriam da masve miewereba Siituri
saRvTismetyvelo-samarTlebrivi skolis (jafarituli mazhabis) Seqmna. marTlac,
Siituri samarTali didwilad swored misTvis miweril gamonaTqvamebze,
instruqciebsa da gadawyvetilebebzea dafuZnebuli. ja‘far aí-íádiki uaryofda
SeiaraRebul brZolas da xelisuflebasTan dapirispirebas.
ja‘far aí-íádikis iyo ukanaskneli imami, romelic medinaSi gardaicvala. misi
momdevno imamebi cxovrebas ZiriTadad eraySi asrulebdnen, sadac ‘abasianebs isini
sifrTxilis gamo (saxalifo taxtze potenciurad pretenziis SesaZlebloba),
faqtobrivad mZevlebad hyavdaT. Siituri tradiciiT, yvela es imami abasianTa
brZanebiT mowamles, vinaidan, Siituri mrwamsidan gamomdinare, yvela imami
mowamebrivi sikvdiliT unda aRsrulebuliyo.
ja‘far aí-íádikma, romelsac miewereba yuranis cnobili mistikuri komentaris
avtoroba, adreuli politikuri (xSir SemTxvevaSi eqstremistuli) Siizmi gardaqmna
adamianis Sida, sulier samyarosaken mimarTul da kvietistur religiur moZraobad.
suniti mmarTvelebisaTvis Siiti (imamiti) imamebi ukve aRar warmoadgendnen
antixalifebs, rogorc es xdeboda SiitTa ajanyebebis dros umaianTa periodSi.
isini gadaiqcnen imamiti seqtantebis sulier meTaurebad.

imamaTis Teoria da doqtrina. adreuli Siizmis damoukidebel religiur-politikur

mimdinareobad Camoyalibebisas gamoikveTa imamaTis Teoria, romelic Zireulad
gansxvavdeboda religiur-politikuri meTaurobis sunituri koncefciebisagan.
SiitTaTvis ar arsebobs mizezi saero da sasuliero xelisuflebis gasamijnavad da
de jure imami miiCneoda Temis uzenaes politikur da religiur liderad, magram de
facto imamaTis koncefcia, SiitTaTvis saxalifoSi arsebuli arasaxarbielo
situaciis gamo, radikalurad depolitizirebuli iyo. imamaTis de faqto
gamocalkeveba politikuri mmarTvelobisagan gamarTlebuli da gaadvilebuli iyo
imiT, rom imami iTvleboda RvTaebrivi codnis, ‘ilmis matareblad, rac mkveTrad
mijnavda imamis pasuxismgeblobis sferoebs politikuri mmarTvelobis
amocanebisagan da aniWebda mas uzenaes avtoritets sulieri gadarCenis, mrwamsis,
wminda kanonis sferoebSi.
uzenaesi religiuri da politikuri avtoriteti islamSi RmerTis mier
warmogzavnili mociquli, konkretul SemTxvevaSi muhamadia. mis Semdeg
sunitebisaTvis muslimuri Temis anda RvTismetyvel-samarTlismcodneTa
SeTanxmebuli azri SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnes mxolod kerZo SemTxvevebSi
mociqulis RvTaebrivi uzenaesobis, misTvis zegardmovlenili saRvTo kanonis
yovlismomcvelobis dasturad. sapirispirod, SiizmisaTvis kacobriobis RvTaebrivi
winamZRoloba, rac mociqulebis misias warmoadgenda, gardamavali da permanentuli
realobaa. imamituri tradiciiT, kacobriobas arc erTi wuTiT ar SeuZlia hujas,
RmerTis sityvis ganmmarteblis gareSe arseboba. nebismier droSi RmerTis mier

134
amoirCeva pirovneba, romelic adamianebs gaarkvevs religiis sakiTxebSi da
ganaxorcielebs maT samarTlian marTvas.
samociqulo epoqis dasrulebis Semdeg am movaleobas imami asrulebs. misi
funqciebi ki mociqulTa religiuri da politikuri funqciebis identuria. imamebi
kacobriobis ucodveli winamZRolebi arian, gaaCniaT RmerTis mier miniWebuli
uflebebi da Zalaufleba. ‘iíma — mociqulebisa da imamebis sruli dacva
Secdomebisa da codvisagan adreuli periodidanve gaxda imamituri Siizmis
kardinaluri dogma. imamebi mociqulTagan gansxvavdebian imiT, rom ar moaqvT
RmerTis axali wminda werili da, aqedan gamomdinare, maT ar SeuZliaT Seqmnan
axali religia da kanoni. RmerTis winamZRolobiT moqmedi imamebis SeubRalavi
avtoriteti kacobriobas uzrunvelyofs religiur sakiTxebSi garkvevaSi, kerZod
religiur kanonsa da samarTlian mmarTvelobaSi. imamis uzenaesi xelisuflebis
uaryofas ki aucileblad mosdevs religiuri kanonis SebRalva da usamarTlo
mmarTveloba. imamaTi TavisTavad aris kacobriobis samarTliani winamZRolobis
principis gamoyenebis Sedegi. RmerTma, romelmac adamiani Seqmna, ar datova igi
marto da ugzavnida mociqulebs samarTliani da WeSmariti gzis asarCevad.
ukanaskneli mociqulis, muhamadis Semdeg misi adgili imamebma daikaves. vinaidan
imami gansakuTrebul rols asrulebs RmerTTan adamianebis dakavSirebaSi, igi ar
SeiZleba arCeul iqnas adamianTa mier. imami unda iyos samarTliani, RmerTis
sityvis mcodne, srulyofili da a.S.
imamiti Teologebis TvalsazrisiT amqveynad samarTlianobis dasamyareblad
RmerTi yovel epoqaSi irCevs saukeTeso adamians (al-afÇal), WeSmaritebas gadascems
mas da niSnavs kacobriobis winamZRolad. magram saukeTesod miCneva sulac ar
niSnavs ucodvelobas. amis gamo, RmerTi Tavisi wyalobiT (faÇl), gamoarCevs da
niSnavs Tavis warmomadgenlebs. swored isini arian mociquli da imamebi.
gamoCenili imamiti RvTismetyveli ‘alláma al-Ðilli (1205-1277) aRniSnavs:
“imami RmerTis mociqulis Semdeg aris ‘alã b. abã tálibi. is saukeTesoa ori
mizezidan gamomdinare: (1) is mociquli Tanasworia. mociquli ki saukeTesoa.
amdenad, is aseve saukeTesoa; (2) mociquls is esaWiroeboda ise, rogorc arc erTi
Tavisi TanamebrZoli... mociqulis sityvebi mis Sesaxeb Semdegia: “ ‘alã saukeTeso
msajulia Tqvens Soris”.
aí-íádikis dros Camoyalibda naíí-is (“RvTaebrivi daniSvnis”) da ‘ilmis
(“zegardmovlenili codnis”) doqtrinebi. naíí-is doqtrinas imamitTa TvalsazrisiT
gamoxatavs mociqulis sityvebi ‘alãsadmi: “Sen CemTan mimarTebaSi igive adgili
gikavia, rac haruns (aarons) musasTan (mosesTan) mimarTebaSi, imis gamoklebiT, rom
aRar iqneba mociquli Cems Semdeg”.
amave periodSi unda Camoyalibebuliyo TakiÁÁas, igive qiTmánis (“rwmenis
keTilgonieri dafarvis”) principic, romelmac gansakuTrebuli roli Seasrula
SiitTa urTierTobebSi araSiit politikur xelisuflebasTan180.
imam ‘alã ar-riÇás warumatebeli politikuri moRvaweobis Semdeg, ‘abasianTa
mier Seqmnil Znelad gasaZlis pirobebSi, warmoiqmna am situaciisaTvis
alternativis gamonaxvis aucilebloba da Siitebma SemdgomSi moqmedebis axali
formebi danerges: zemoTnaxsenebi TakiÁÁa, imamis funqciebis nawilis delegireba
(veqala), riTac marTldeboda “datyvevebuli” imamis warmomadgenlis (vaqãl)
morCileba, dabolos, imamTa uwyveti rigis dasrulebis Semdeg, am mdgomareobis
logikuri gagrZeleba gaxda okultaciis doqtrina, romlis mixedviTac imamis,
rogorc Temis xelmZRvanelis, funqciebi nawilobriv gaiTavises jer

180v. bimani yuradRebas amaxvilebs TakiÁÁas religiur mniSvnelobaze: “swored qeTmanis idea
gamoxatavs Siituri doqtrinis gansakuTrebulobas, romelic erTdroulad mistikuria da
doqtrinis saidumlo arsze miuTiTebs. am religiur sferoSi yvelaze mniSvnelovani
cvlileba sparsul cnobierebaSi moxda, ramac sparselebs ganmasxvavebeli niSan-Tvisebebi
mianiWa”. h. enaiaTi TakiÁÁas principis saWiroebas xsnis politikur mizezebiT — Siitebis,
rogorc umciresobis, statusidan gamomdinare: “TavianTi istoriis didi nawilis manZilze
Siitebi umciresobas warmoadgendnen muslimur samyaroSi da uwevdaT moRvaweoba im
reJimebis batonobis pirobebSi, romlebic mtrulad iyvnen ganwyobilni maTi sarwmunoebis
mimarT, sakuTari religiiis SenarCunebisa da safrTxisagan Tavis aridebis erTaderT gzas
warmoadgenda rwmenis Ria da gamomwvev propagandaze uaris Tqma”.

135
zemoxsenebulma vaqilebma, xolo Semdeg imamitma RvTismetyvel-samarTlismcodneebma
— ‘ulamebma da fakihebma.
bunebrivia, imamitebisaTvis umniSvnelovanes problemas warmoadgenda arsebul
faqtobriv xelisuflebasTan damokidebulebis sakiTxi. SiitebisaTvis nebismieri
reJimi aralegitimuria, Tuki mas saTaveSi ar udgas imami, magram garkveul
pirobebSi SiitisaTvis daSvebulad iTvleba aralegitimuri mmarTvelis samsaxuri.
xSir SemTxvevaSi ki es swored zemoTnaxsenebi TakiÁÁas principiT marTldeboda.
sunitTaTvis, xelisuflebisadmi damorCileba saRvTo movaleobaa. SiitTaTvis
ki, arsebuli xelisuflebisadmi damorCileba politikuri aucileblobaa, am
morCilebis xarisxs ki ganapirobebs arsebuli politikuri situacia. TakiÁÁas
Siituri doqtrina saSualebasac ki iZleoda, gansakuTrebul pirobebSi Siitebs
mrwamsis sawinaaRmdego nabiji gadaedgaT, magram mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu maT
sicocxles safrTxe emuqreboda. amdenad, amgvari morCileba arakanonieri
xelisuflebisadmi mxolod droebiTi movlena SeiZleba yofiliyo. amasTanave,
Teoriuli TvalsazrisiT, imamaTis doqtrinidan gamomdinare, Siiti Tavisufali iyo
arsebuli xelisuflebis erTgulebisagan, vinaidan misTvis erTaderT xelisufals
imami (“xiluli” an “faruli”) warmoadgenda.
im faqts, rom Siiti imamebi (mag., ja‘far aí-íádiki) ukrZalavdnen TavianT
mimdevrebs politikur da revoluciur aqtivobas, ar mouxdenia gavlena maT
ideologiaze. imamit Siitebs garkveul pirobebSi ufleba hqondaT da iZulebulnic
iyvnen, imamisa da misi mimdevrebis usafrTxoebisaTvis, emsaxuraT uzurpatorebTan.
magaliTisaTvis, abasianTa mmarTvelobis dasawyisidanve baRdadSi imamitTa sakmaod
mZlavri Temi arsebobda da zogierTi imamits maRali saxelmwifo Tanamdebobac
ekava. Cans, rom imami musá al-qáûimic uwyobda amas xels.

XII imamis “gauCinareba” da okultaciis doqtrina. imamizmis moZRvrebis

Camoyalibebis procesSi gansakuTrebuli roli Seasrula imamTa uwyveti rigis
dasrulebam imamituri mrwamsiT XII imamis “farul mdgomareobaSi” gadasvlam, misma
okultirebam.
jer kidev ‘alã b. abã tálibis daRupvis Semdeg, mis momxreTa nawilma, ‘abd al-
láh b. saba’s meTaurobiT, es movlena sarwmunod ar miiCnia. maTi Sexedulebis
Tanaxmad, „‘ali ar SeiZleba mokluli iqnas an mokvdes, sanam... ar aRavsebs qveyanas
samarTlianobiT”. ‘abd al-láh b. saba’s mimdevrebis, sabiitebis (as-sab‘iÁÁa) azriT,
‘alãs “farul” mdgomareobaSi gadasvliT, imamaTi mxolod droebiT Sewyda. ‘alã
dabrundeba da mospobs amqveynad usamarTlobas.
okultaciis (RaÁba) da imam-mahdis (mesiis) “dabrunebis” (enTezar) Temas
SiizmSi Camoyalibebuli saxe pirvelad qaisanitebma181 mianiWes. sakuTriv imamizmSi,
jer kidev musá al-qáûimis gardacvalebis Semdeg (799 w.), morwmuneTa erTma nawilma
igi okultirebulad miiCnia da isini mahdis saxiT mis dabrunebas elodnen.
mowinaaRmdegeebma maT al-vákifa — “isini, vinc gaCerdnen”, uwodes. am rwmenam
SemdgomSi gansakuTrebuli roli Seasrula.
XI imamis - ®asan al-‘asqarãs (gard. 873 an 874 w. samaraSi) Semdeg Seiqmna metad
gaurkveveli viTareba, ramac mniSvnelovani krizisi gamoiwvia imamizmSi. erTbaSad
ixila dRis sinaTle doqtrinaTa mTelma seriam imamis memkvidreobis Sesaxeb.
TxzulebebSi, romlebSic ganxilulia Siituri seqtebis moZRvrebani da istoria, es
periodi iwodeba “konfuzis” (al-haira) xanad. zogierTi jgufi, ukve manamde
Seqmnili tradiciis CarCoebSi, imams okultirebulad miiCnevda da mis dabrunebas
eloda. nawili ki gardacvlili imamis Zmas, ja‘fars Tvlida imamad. saboloo jamSi,
gaimarjva Tvalsazrisma, romlis Tanaxmadac, XI imams vaJi hyavda. mu®ammadi,
sifrTxilis gamo, mamamisma xalifasa da sakuTar Zmas — imamobis predendent
ja‘fars TvalTaxedvidan moaSora da gadamala. ramdenime rCeulis garda mas aravin
icnobda. imamituri tradiciiT, 869 w. misi dabadebis yvelaze miRebuli TariRia. am

181qaisanitebi [qaÁsániÁÁa] – ukiduresi Siituri seqta, romlebic imamad miiCnevdnen ‘alãs vaJs
hanafitTa tomis warmomadgenel qalTan qorwinebidan — muÐammad b. al-ÐanafiÁÁas da
aRiarebdnen mxolod pirvel oTx imams. VII saukunis miwuruls maT ajanyeba moawyves
umaÁÁanTa winaaRmdeg.

136
tradiciis Tanaxmad, arsebobs mravali mowme, romlebmac igi bavSvobaSi, anda meqasa
da medinaSi hajisas ixiles.
amdenad, XII imami “farulia” (RaÁb) da saidumlo adgils afarebs Tavs. Tumca,
mas ar dautovebia qveyniereba, vinaidan, imamituri SexedulebiT, imamis gareSe
qveyniereba arsebobas Sewyvets. legendis Tanaxmad, igi gauCinarda samaraSi,
mamamisis saxlis sardafSi.
rogorc Cans, Tavdapirvelad gabatonebuli iyo azri, rom imami uaxloes
momavalSi daubrundeboda Tems da mas eyoleboda memkvidreebi. ar miiCneoda, rom
XII imami ukanaskneli unda yofiliyo da misi aryofna Cveulebrivi adamianis
sicocxleze metxans SeiZleboda gagrZelebuliyo. misi gaqrobidan 70 wlis Semdeg
ki okultacia ukve saeWvo gaxda wminda racionaluri TvalsazrisiT da gaCnda misi
doqtrinuli eqspoziciis aucilebloba.
TandaTanobiT, X s-is ganmavlobaSi, im mizeziT, rom es “gauCinareba”
dausruleblad grZeldeboda (imamis “farul” mdgomareobaSi yofnam adamianis
sicocxlis xangrZlivobas gadaaWarba) saWiro gaxda morwmuneTaTvis, romlebic
sul ufro met eWvs amJRavnebdnen, gamonaxuliyo Seqmnili situaciis logikuri
axsna. RaÁbas problemasTan dakavSirebul yvelaze adreul islamur doqsografiul
literaturaSi moxseniebulia mravali SemTxveva, rodesac Temis meTaurebi didi
xnis manZilze qrebodnen da Semdeg ubrundebodnen Tems. X da XI imamebic
praqtikulad okultirebulni iyvnen, vinaidan devnis pirobebSi farulad
uxdebodaT cxovreba da metad iSviaTad xvdebodnen TavianT mimdevrebs. amgvarad, es
movlena sulac ar warmoadgenda eqstraordinalur SemTxvevas. rogorc Cans, Raibas
doqtrina X s-dan dawyebuli, TandaTanobiT, nabij-nabij iRebs Camoyalibebul saxes.
sakuTriv imamizmic misTvis specifikur niSan-Tvisebebs (maT Soris mesianistur
mrwamss) swored imamTa uwyveti rigis dasrulebis Semdeg iZens.
Seqmnil pirobebSi okultacia albaT yvelaze misaRebi gadawyvetileba iyo.
arsebul viTarebaSi imamis realuri ararsebobis daSveba, imamitTa imdroindeli
liderebis TvalsazrisiT, gamouval mdgomareobaSi Caayenebda Tems. SiitTa winaSe
wamoiWra umniSvnelovanesi sakiTxi: vin unda gaZRoloda Tems? rogorc Cans, es
movaleoba itvirTes maT, vinc yvelaze axlos iyo XI imamTan. es “rCeulni”
morwmuneTa werilobiT SekiTxvebs pasuxs cemdnen “reskriptebis” (Tavkã‘) formiT,
romlebic imamis pasuxebis saxiT vrceldeboda. isini, vinc amgvar kavSirs
uzrunvelyofdnen, yvelaze adreul imamitur wyaroebSi iwodebodnen
“warmomadgenlebad” an “Suamavlebad” (sufará’, mx. r. safãr), anda “ZalauflebiT
aRWurvilebad”, “sando adamianebad” (vuqala’, mx. r. vaqãl). Tavdapirvelad mravali
aseTi Suamavali arsebobda. mogvianebiT ki dadginda oTxi kanonikuri Suamavali.
amgvarad, XII imamis “gauCinarebis” Semdeg, 900 w. farglebSi, iZens
Camoyalibebul konturebs imamitTa Temis organizacia. am dros baRdadi, rogorc
imamizmis centri, sabolood cvlis qufas. mraval imamits am periodSi maRali
saxelmwifo Tanamdeboba ekava ‘abasianTa samefo karze. gansakuTrebiT gamoirCeoda
iranuli warmomavlobis naubaxTis ojaxi (al-naubaxTã).
savaraudoa, rom swored baRdadeli naubaxTiebis wreSi miiRo “faruli” imamis
doqtrinam saboloo da Camoyalibebuli saxe. amiT xazi gaesva imamis gauCinarebis
Semdeg mis funqciaTa gangrZobadobisaTvis. magram aqve isic unda aRiniSnos, rom
imamTa warmomadgenlebze ar vrceldeba imamebisaTvis damaxasiTebeli Seumcdaroba
da ucodveloba: imamebi da mociqulebi srulyofilebas aRweven RvTiuri wyalobiT
da ara piradi damsaxurebebis niadagze.
as-samarrã (abu-l-Ðasan ‘alã b. muÐammad as-simmarã) gardaicvala 941 wels da
gaxda imamitebisaTvis ukanaskneli adamiani, romelsac kontaqti hqonda farul
imamTan. am movleniT wertili daesva faruli imamis institucionaluri
warmomadgenlobis wesebis fiqsirebisa da SiitTaTvis “droebiTi” winamZRolobis
koncefciis Camoyalibebis pirvel mcdelobas. Siituri tradiciiT, swored farulma
imamma, xedavda ra tiraniasa da usamarTlobas amqveynad, gawyvita ukanaskneli
damakavSirebeli Zafi Tavis TemTan, raTa “sruli dafarvis” mdgomareobaSi
gadasuliyo. meoTxe safirisadmi miweril ukanasknel ustarSi faruli imami
ucxadebs am ukanasknels, rom mas ar dausaxelebia sakuTari memkvidre. nebismieri,
vinc ki momavalSi ganacxadebda, rom kontaqti hqonda farul imamTan, icruebda.

137
 okultirebuli imamis funqciebis Sewyvetas upirvelesad politikuri
mniSvneloba hqonda. imamitebi faqtobrivad ararevoluciur Zalad gardaiqmnen,
gansxvavebiT egvipteli ismailitebisagan, romlebic aqtiurad ibrZodnen abasianebis,
buveianebisa Tu selCukebis winaaRmdeg.
SiitTaTvis imamis farul mdgomareobaSi gadasvlis Semdeg politikurma
Zalauflebam, legitimurobis TvalsazrisiT, arseboba Sewyvita. imamaTis koncefcia
TandaTanobiT Camocilda politikuri mmarTvelobis sferos da wminda Teologiur
dogmatad iqca. yovelive amis Sedegad, imamizms am periodSi ar warmoudgenia
realuri politikuri Teoria da ulemebic politikas sakuTari gavlenis gareT
arsebul sferod miiCnevdnen.
cocxal, “aradafarul” imamTa genealogiuri xazis dasrulebiT IX s-Si,
imamaTis Tavdapirvelma politikurma mniSvnelobam saxe icvala da
sistematizirebuli soteriologiuri da esqatologiuri forma miiRo. imamaTi
gardaiqmna Siituri Teologiis abstragirebul principad. zogadad ki unda
aRiniSnos, rom XII imamis “gauCinarebis” Semdeg Siitur islamSi bevri axali,
tradiciuli islamisaTvis ucxo elementi Sevida.
941 w. Semdeg “didi okultaciis” (al-RaÁba al-qubrá) periodi daiwyo,
romelic dRemde grZeldeba. imamituri mrwamsiT, imamis movlinebis Semdeg igi
sayovelTao bednierebas moutans yvela Siits. rogorc RmerTi dapirda moses: “...Cemi
marTlmorwmune msaxurebi memkvidreobiT miiReben qveynierebas”. Siitebi, romlebic
am winaswarmetyvelebas “isakuTreben”, mas amateben muhamadis sityvebs: “dReebi da
Rameebi ar gasruldebian manamde, sanam RmerTi ar moavlinebs kacs Cemi ojaxidan,
romelic Cemive saxelis matarebeli iqneba. igi aRavsebs qveynierebas
samarTlianobiT da WeSmaritebiT, radganac igi manamde savse iyo CagvriTa da
tiraniiT”. am tradiciis Tanaxmad, XII imamisa da momavali mahdis saxeli muhamadia.
mahdi al-ká’imis movlinebis (kiÁáma) Semdeg “qveyniereba aRivseba
samarTlianobiT”. mahdis mefobac samoTxiseuli ocneba iqneba. aRaravin gascems
kanonier Sesawirs, vinaidan amis aucilebloba aRar iarsebebs. misi mefoba 7 an 19
wels gastans da TiToeuli 10 Cveulebrivi wlis tolfasi iqneba. ra moxdeba
Semdeg, aravin uwyis. magram zogierTi Siiti avtoris TvalsazrisiT, mas pirdapir
mohyveba mkvdrebis aRdgoma da saSineli samsjavro.
rwmena, rom XII imami gauCinarda 873-874 w., mxolod XI s-Si damkvidrda. swored
am periodidan iwodebian imamitebi isna‘aSaritebadac (isná‘aSariÁÁa — 12 imamis
amRiareblebi). am xanebSi metad mZafri konfrontacia arsebobda sxvadasxva Siitur
dajgufebebs Soris. am sawyisi periodis imamituri literatura ZiriTadad
polemikuri xasiaTisaa da mimarTulia sxva Siituri mimdinareobebis winaaRmdeg (da
SedarebiT naklebad sunitTa winaaRmdeg).
didi okultaciis dasawyisidan imamituri Temi uecrad aRmoCnda legitimuri
avtoritetis sruli gaqrobis faqtis winaSe. Tumca es Soki SedarebiT Semsubuqda
praqtikuli TvalsazisiT, radganac imamTa eqskluziuri Zalauflebis didi nawili
ukve mniSvnelobadakarguli, anda gadanawilebuli iyo sxvebze. imamebs realurad
Zalaufleba ‘alãs Semdeg ar hqoniaT da imamitebi ukve didi xania Serigebulni
iyvnen uzurpatorTa mmarTvelobas.
Teoriuli TvalsazrisiT, axali situacia aucileblad moiTxovda imamituri
msoflmxedvelobis radikalur Secvlas, es ki gzas uxsnida cxare Sida diskusiebis
process. swored am procesebis Sedegad, imamTa uwyveti rigis dasrulebis momdevno
ori saukunis manZilze, imamizmi, rogorc saRvTismetyvelo-samarTlebrivi sistema,
Camoyalibebul saxes iZens. rac Seexeba politikur ZalauflebasTan
damokidebulebis sakiTxs da zogadad politikur moRvaweobas, miuxedavad
garkveuli religiuri kvietizmisa, imamitebi sakmaod aqtiurad monawileobdnen
muslimuri samyaros politikur cxovrebaSi. ismailitebTan da sxva Siitur
moZraobebTan SedarebiT sunitebTan zomieri damokidebulebis miuxedavad, isini
angariSgasawev politikur Zalas warmoadgendnen. maTi mdgomareoba ki upirvelesad
damokidebuli iyo islamur samyaroSi arsebul politikur situaciaze.
umaÁÁanTa periodidan dawyebuli, Siitebi cdilobdnen xalifas taxtze imamis,
anda ukidures SemTxvevaSi haSimianTa sagvareulos warmomadgenlis dasmas.
abasianTa revoluciam da haSimiani xalifas mosvlam xelisuflebis saTaveSi maT
imedebi ar gaumarTla. momdevno periodSi amboxebis, revoluciis gziT xalifas

138
taxtze alidis dasmas ZiriTadad zaiditebi da ismailitebi cdilobdnen, imamitebi
ki mSvidobian, politikurad pasiur religiur Temad gardaiqmnen. ja‘far aí-íádikis
magaliTma, romelmac uari ganacxada SemoTavazebul taxtze, didi gavlena moaxdina
imamitTa kvietistur ganwyobaze. isini Seurigdnen “mowame imamebis” politikur
pasiurobas. XI imamis sikvdilma daasamara ocneba Siitur saxalifoze,
samarTlianobis gamarjvebis ocneba amqveynad ki Soreul momavalSi gadaisrola da
religiur-politikurma doqtrinamac esqatologiuri xasiaTi miiRo. imamis cneba
TandaTanobiT abstragirebuli SinaarsiT daitvirTa da misi movlinebis
religiurma dogmam bundovani da simboluri xasiaTi SeiZina. Camoyalibda
Sexeduleba, romlis Tanaxmadac, imamis xelisufleba efuZneboda ara politikur
Zalauflebas, aramed gansakuTrebul codnas (‘ilm), romliTac igi RmerTma sxva
adamianebisagan gamoacalkeva; igi Zalauflebas iRebs ara raime Tavyrilobis
gadawyvetilebiT, aramed saRvTo investituriT (nasb). mxolod mas gaaCnia imis
Zalaufleba, rom “daniSvniT, arCeviT, gansazRvriT” (naíí) gadasces sakuTari
qarizma memkvidres. igi ucdomelia gadawyvetilebebis miRebisas, vinaidan masze
gardmovlenili RvTiuri madlis wyalobiT igi dazRveulia Secdomebisagan (xata’)
da aseve mcdari gzis arCevisagan (Çalála). imami ara marto Temis meTauria, aramed
RvTiuri gamocxadebis “WeSmariti, xiluli sabuTi, dasturia”(Ðujja, ÐujjaT). misi
arsebobis gareSe qveyniereba erTi wamiTac ver iarsebebda — es imamis
aucileblobis damadasturebeli kidev erTi argumentia. iseve, rogorc XII imami
sifrTxilis gamo daemala da ganerida mtrebs, ubralo morwmunesac, xifaTis
arsebobisa da devnis SemTxvevaSi, SeuZlia dafaros sakuTari erTguleba WeSmariti
imamisadmi da garegnulad uaryos Siitoba. rwmenis amgvari dafarva (TakiÁÁa), risi
uflebac garkveul pirobebSi hqondaT Siitebs, gamarTlebuli iyo yuranis erT-
erTi leqsiT, romelSic aRniSnulia, rom RvTis risxva emuqrebaT maT, vinc
ganudgeba WeSmarit sarwmuneobas “garda imisa, vinc devnas ganicdis da visi gulic
WeSmariti rwmenis erTgulia”. magram, amasTan erTad, gansaxilvel periodSi,
imamitebs faqtobrivad arc sWirdebodaT rwmenis dafarva, vinaidan gabatonebuli
dinastiebi xSirad maT an mfarvelobdnen (buveianebi) anda maT mimarT
tolerantobas iCendnen (selCukebi). umTavresi iyo meore sakiTxi — ramdenad
dasaSvebi iyo imamitTaTvis arsebul xelisuflebasTan TanamSromloba da mis
samsaxurSi Sesvla.
XII imamis okultaciis Semdeg, Teoriuli TvalsazrisiT, nebismier reJimi
uzurpatorul xasiaTs atarebda. magram imamis movlineba gaurkveveli, Soreuli
momavlisaTvis iyo gadadebuli da amdenad Siitebs uxdebodaT konkretuli
gadawyvetilebis miReba – eTanamSromlaT Tu ara faqtobriv xelisuflebasTan.
zogadi islamuri Tvalsazrisi, romlis Tanaxmadac saerTod xelisuflebis
ararseboba anarqias gamoiwvevs da sakuTriv morwmuneTa TemisaTvis iqneba
damRupveli, imamitTaTvisac misaRebi gaxda: sjobs arasrulyofili suverenis
arseboba, vidre saerTod misi ararseboba. amdenad, okultaciis periodidan
dawyebuli, imamitur SiizmSi erTmaneTis gverdiT arsebobs ori Tvalsazrisi: erTis
mxriv, mmarTvelisadmi morCileba saWiroa, vinaidan arasamarTliani mmarTveloba
sjobs anarqias da, meores mxriv, uzurpatorTa winaaRmdeg amboxeba daSvebulia,
Tuki es saRvTo wesrigisa da samarTlianobis damyarebas emsaxureba (Tumca,
idealuri wesrigi da samarTlianoba SeiZleba aRdges mxolod XII imamis
movlinebis Semdeg).
saboloo jamSi, adrindel “imamTa imamizmze” msjelobisas sami ZiriTadi idea
unda gamoiyos: qarizmas idea, xelisuflebis RvTiuri gansazRvriT memkvidreobiT
gadacemis idea da mahdis idea.

‘ulamTa korpusis Seqmna da imamituri saRvTismetyvelo-samarTlebrivi sistemis

Camoyalibeba. umniSvnelovanesi movlena, romelic imamTa uwyveti rigis dasrulebas
mohyva, imamit RvTismetyvel-samarTlismcodneTa (‘ulamTa, fakihTa — sp. fayih)
korpusis TandaTanobiTi Seqmna da Camoyalibebaa.
‘abasianTa adreuli periodidan, ulamTa korpusis CamoyalibebasTan erTad,
mimdinareobda sxvadasxva Teologiuri da iuridiuli muslimuri disciplinebis
urTierTgamocalkevebis procesi. rodesac VIII s. Sua xanebidan da IX s. dasawyisSi
sunitur islamSi RvTismetyveleba da muslimuri samarTlismcodneoba gaimijna

139
calkeul disciplinebad, aman gamoiwvia “swavlulebis fenis warmoqmna, romlebic
flobdnen tradiciul codnas da xdebodnen eqspertebi codnis erT-erT sferoSi”.
sunitur islamSi saRvTismetyvelo da samarTlebrivi Ziebebis Sedegad
TandaTanobiT Camoyalibebul saxes iReben saRvTismetyvelo-samarTlebrivi skolebi
(mazhab). amasTanave ulemebi islamis pirvel saukuneebSi metad mcirericxovan klass
warmoadgendnen da maT ricxobrivi Sevseba daiwyes XI saukunidan medreseebisa da
vakfis182 samflobeloebis SeqmniT.
imamit ulamTa korpusis Camoyalibebis procesi ki gacilebiT ufro gvian,
imamTa uwyveti rigis dasrulebis Semdeg iwyeba. naTeli iyo, rom imamis funqciebis
Sewyveta umeTaurod darCenil Siitur Tems mraval problemas uqmnida
organizaciuli Tu finansuri stuqturis TvalsazrisiT. XI s. dasawyisSi SaÁx at-
tá’ifam (at-tåsãm) (995-1067) doqtrinis reintepratacia moaxdina, romliTac
gaTvaliswinebuli iyo imamis iuridiuli Zalauflebis garkveuli nawilis
delegireba fikhis mcodne Siit samarTlismcodneebze. igi Tavis TxzulebebSi xazs
usvamda, rom es funqciebi unda ganaxorcielon ulamebma, Tu maTi Semsrulebeli,
imami “dafarulia”.
formalurad, ulamebis religiuri xelisuflebis safuZveli gaxda XII
imamisaTvis miwerili sityvebi: “im axal saqmeTa ganmartebisaTvis, romlebic
momavalSi iqneba, mimarTeT Cvens (imamTa) sityvebis gadmomcemebs, am saqmeTaTvis
isini arian Cemi mtkiceba (Ðujja) Tqvens Soris, me ki RmerTis mtkiceba var
maTTvis”.
TandaTanobiT Camoyalibda Sexeduleba, romlis Tanaxmadac ulamebi igive
tipis seleqcias eqvemdebarebian, rogorsac imamebi. isini unda iyvnen Rrmad
ganswavlulni Teologiis sakiTxebSi da praqtikuli moRvaweobisas SeeZloT
kanonis gamoyeneba, gaaCndeT spiritualuri qarizma, rac uzrunvelyofs maT
xelisuflebas morwmuneebze.
buveianTa periodidan moyolebuli miiCneoda, rom meTormete imamis
okultaciisa da misi oTxi warmomadgenlis gardacvalebis Semdeg RmerTis mier
imamisaTvis miniWebulma prerogativebma Zala dakarga, droebiT Sewyvita moqmedeba
(saqiT). imamis im funqciebs, romelTa delegirebis problema didi polemika
gamoiwvia imamizmSi, warmoadgendnen: 1. saRvTo omis (jihád) gamocxadeba da
warmarTva. 2. nadavlis ganawileba (kismaT al-faÁ’). 2. paraskevis locvis warmarTva
(íaláT al-jum’a). 4. miRebuli iuridiuli gadawyvetilebebis ganxorcieleba
(Tanfidh al-ah’am). 5. legaluri sasjelebis sisruleSi moyvana (ikamaT al-Ðudåd). 6.
religiuri gadasaxadebis, zaqaTisa da xumsis miReba da ganawileba. swored am
funqciebis ulemTa mier Sesruleba-arSesrulebis sakiTxi gaxda SemdgomSi
imamizmSi dausrulebeli davis sagani. amasTanave, dasawyisidanve gamoikveTa azri,
romlis Tanaxmadac ulemebi yvelaze Rirseuli adamianebi iyvnen, romelTac unda
aekrifaT (TviTon an damxmareTa saSualebiT) gadasaxadebi da aqedan miRebuli
Semosavali gadaenawilebinaT morwmuneTa Soris, vinaidan maT yvelaze kargad
uwyodnen, Tu rogor unda momxdariyo am Semosavlis ganawileba.
xazgasasmelia, rom isna‘aSarituli iurisprudencia saTaves iRebs mxolod
buveianTa baRdadSi damkvidrebis (945 w.) Semdeg. aseve aRsaniSnavia, rom Teologiisa
da samarTlisagan gansxvavebiT, saxelmwifos (xelisuflebis) samarTlebrivi
Teoriis Camoyalibeba kidev ufro gvian daiwyo. rogorc Teologiuri, ise
politikuri imamituri koncefciebis Camoyalibebis procesi mimdinareobda
pirobebSi, rodesac ar arsebobda imamituri politikuri xelisufleba da romelTa
dedaarsic gaxda mociqulisa da imamebis gareSe nebismieri xelisuflebis
Teoriulad aralegitimurad cnoba.
samarTlismcodneobis TvalsazrisiT, imamituri Siizmi ori saukuniT ufro
gvian iwyebs ganviTarebas, vidre sunizmi da mTel rig sakiTxebSi upirobod
TvaldaxuWuli misdevs mas. magram maT Soris fundamenturi gansxvaveba iyo is, rom

182 vakfi [vakf, mr. r. avkáf, vukuf] - miwa da sxva qoneba muslimur saxelmwifoSi, romelTac
mflobeli wiravda muslimur (meCeTebs, medreseebs) da saqvelmoqmedo dawesebulebebs
(qsenonebs, RaribTa TavSesafrebs da sxv.). vakfis Semosavali, rogorc wesi, ar ibegreboda
gadasaxadebiT saxelmwifos sasargeblod da warmoadgenda muslimuri samRvdeloebis
arsebobis mniSvnelovan wyaros.

140
sunituri samarTali damyarebulia mtkicebaze, romlis Tanaxmadac islamurma
gamocxadebam moaxdina mxolod modificireba arsebuli CveulebiTi saTemo
(tomobrivi) samarTlisa. Siituri samarTlis Tanaxmad ki islami warmoadgens srul
gawyvetas kavSirisa warsulTan da es aris sruliad axali sakanonmdeblo sistema.
sxva muslimuri samarTlebrivi skolebis msgavsad, imamituri iurisprudencia
Sari‘aTs, erTis mxriv, Sinaarsobrivad miiCnevda RmerTis mier zegardmovlenil
kanonad, romelic Sevsebulia misi interpretaciaze dafuZnebuli legaluri
damatebebiT (tradiciebiT), da meores mxriv, funqcionalurad — sazogadoebisa da
individebis nebismieri saxis saqmianobis maregulireblad. imamituri samarTali
adasturebs RvTaebrivi pirvelwyaros ucdomelobas, magram ismailizmis msgavsad da
zaidizmisa da sunizmisagan gansxvavebiT, muhamadis Semdeg es wyaro gadaaqvs
imamebze. imamituri Siizmi uaryofda nebismier rwmenas, romelsac SeeZlo
gamoecxadebina muhamadi an erT-erTi imami RmerTis mowiled da misi atributebis
matareblad. meores mxriv ki miiCneoda, rom zegardmovlenili kanonis safuZvelze
mociquli da imamebi aregulirebdnen kacobriobis urTierTobas RmerTTan. imamebis
uwyveti rigis dasrulebis Semdeg ki, faruli imamis movlinebamde, kacobrioba
garkveulwilad mitovebulia, vinaidan ar arsebobs kanonieri, RmerTisagan
gansazRvruli xelisufleba. magram Seqmnil viTarebaSi morwmuneTa Tems mainc
sWirdeba xelmZRvaneloba da am xelmZRvanel rols ulemebi asruleben.
Tumca, imamizmis arsebobis pirvel etapze Znelia laparaki ulamTa
politikuri aqtivobis Sesaxeb. xangrZlivi periodi dasWirda imasac, rom imamizmis
saRvTismetyvelo-samarTlebriv sistemas dasrulebuli saxe mieRo. saerTo jamSi, am
periodis imamiti ulemebis mTavari sazrunavi iyo polemikuri Txzulebebis
saSualebiT sakuTari sarwmunoebis dacva sxva Siituri mimdinareobebis
warmomadgenlebisa da sunitebis Semotevisagan. amasTanave, nawilobriv religiuri
SemoqmedebiTi Ziebebic warmoebda.
am periodis politikur cvlilebebs doqtrinuri cvlilebebic mohyva.
Ruluvze, Siitur radikalizmze dafuZnebuli rwmena-warmodgenebi Secvala
muTazilizmze dafuZnebulma doqtrinam.
zogierTi sunituri tendenciisagan gansxvavebiT, romlebic xazs usvamen RmerTis
absolutur nebas (aSarizmi saerTod uaryofs gonebaze dayrdnobiT rwmenis
sakiTxebis ganmartebas), Siizmi, upirvelesad muTazilizmis gavleniT, acxadebs, rom
RmerTi SeiZleba moqmedebdes mxolod samarTlianad, rac racionalizmis
gamoxatulebad SeiZleba miviCnioT. sxva SemTxvevaSi, RmerTi dasjida adamians im
qmedebebisaTvis, romlebzec igi pasuxismgebeli ar aris.
imamituri literaturis sawyis etapze umTavresi yuradReba eqceoda Raibas,
okultaciis doqtrinis apologias da sxva Siituri mimdinareobebis simcdaris
mtkicebas. amgvari Txzulebebis prototipi gaxda hárån ar-raSãdis epoqaSi moRvawe
hiSám b. al-Ðaqamis (romelic saeWvoa, rom imamiti yofiliyo) naSromi “uTanxmoebani
imamaTis gamo”. es Txzuleba gaxda nimuSi da wyaro al-Ðasan b. måsá an-naubaxTãs
(gard. 911/12) naSromisaTvis — “Siizmis seqtebi” (firak aS-Si‘a).
sunitebis msgavsad, romlebic gansakuTrebuli yuradRebas aqcevdnen hadisebis
klasificirebasa da WeSmaritebis dadgenas, Siitebsac IX s-dan uCndebaT
moTxovnileba moiZion imamTa “gamonaTqvamebi” da moaxdinon maTi klasificireba
Temebis mixedviT kompendiumebSi. maT Soris erT-erTi uZvelesi da umniSvnelovanesi,
romelic dRemde gamoiyeneba, aris ibn Áa‘kåb al-kulaÁnis (an kulinis) naSromi. al-
kulaÁnis Txzuleba Siit ulemTa mier miCneulia yvelaze avtoritetul, yvelaze
detalur da yvelaze srul krebulad mociqulis da imamTa gamonaTqvamebisa (masSi
Sesulia 5 aTasamde e.w. “utyuari” da daaxl. 10 aTasi “saeWvo” hadisi).
aRsaniSnavia, rom am periodis imamituri Txzulebebi, miuxedavad imisa, rom
xSirad maTi avtorebi iranelebi iyvnen, dawerilia islamis samecniero enaze −
arabulze. amasTanave, avtorTa nisbebidan Cans, rom imamizmi farTod iyo
gavrcelebuli iranis platos qalaqebSi. qufasa da baRdadidan gamosulTa gverdiT
TandaTanobiT matulobda rogorc dasavleT iranis (nehavendi, hamadani, yazvini,
rei), ise aRmosavleT iranis qalaqebidan (niSaburi, Tusi, qiSi, samaryandi)
gamosulTa ricxvi.
iranSi Siizmis umTavresi bastioni iyo yumi. X s. yvelaze mniSvnelovani
imamiti avtori ibn ‘ali ibn baboie (ufro miRebulia babuia, arabizirebuli forma

141
bábavaÁhi), metsaxelad aí-íadåk (is, visac uyvars WeSmariteba) amave regionidan iyo
da iTvleba imamituri tradiciis erT-erT mamamTavrad. igi yumSi daibada daaxl. 918
w. da iyo cnobili imamiti swavlulis vaJi. tradiciebis Segrovebis mizniT man
Semoiara mTeli irani, cxovrobda baRdadSi, moixila meqa da 991 w. reiSi
gardaicvala. mas miewereba 300-mde Txzulebis avtoroba, romelTagan mxolod
Tormetia SemorCenili. maT Soris umniSvnelovanesia krebuli tradiciaTa Sesaxeb.
es Txzuleba imamituri tradiciis kanonikur oTxwigneulSi meore adgilze dgas
al-kulaÁnis Txzulebis Semdeg183. erT-erT mis traqtatSi pirvelad aris
reziumirebuli isna‘aSarituli Siituri doqtrina.
imamituri Siizmis doqtrinuli safuZvlebis CamoyalibebaSi ibn babuias
umniSvnelovanes wvlils warmoadgens mis mier “faruli” imamis arsebobis
damamtkicebeli sabuTebisa da argumentebis Sekreba. missave TxzulebaSi oTxi
warmomadgenlis misiam saboloo kanonikuri forma miiRo.
imamaTis isna‘aSarituli Teoria didwilad emyareba imam ja‘far aí-íádikisaTvis
miweril gamonaTqvamebs. Tumca eWvs iwvevs zogierTi Tanamedrove avtoris
Tvalsazrisi, rom swored man mianiWa Camoyalibebuli forma imamitur doqtrinas.
amis damadasturebuli realuri faqtebi, dausabuTebeli gviandeli gadmocemebis
garda, ar arsebobs. imamituri tradiciebis krebulebis Sedgena mxolod X s-dan
daiwyo da mravali tradiciis “utyuaroba”, bunebrivia, saeWvoa. rogorc Cans,
imamaTis koncefciam SedarebiT Camoyalibebuli saxe mxolod XI imamis
gardacvalebis Semdeg miiRo.
buveianTa saukune isna‘aSariti “eklesiis mamebis” epoqaa. swored buveianTa
Siituri dinastiis dros aRwevs imamituri literatura Tavis apogeas. X-XI ss-Si
Siitma avtorebma Seqmnes kanonikuri literatura, romelmac imamituri doqtrina
gamoacalkeva da gamijna sxva Siituri konfesiebisagan, Seqmna
arakeTilmosurneTagan moZRvrebis logikuri dacvis meqanizmi.
am TvalsazrisiT gansakuTrebuli roli Seasrules das. iranis qalaqebma,
zemoT Cvens mier ukve aRniSnulma yumma da reim, romlebic Tavidanve buveianTa
gavlenis sferoSi Sediodnen, Tumca sakmaod daSorebulni iyvnen baRdadisagan.
swored yumSi, al-kulainisa da ibn babuias krebulebis meSveobiT, moxda imamituri
tradiciis kodifikacia, romelic dResac warmoadgens Siituri samarTlis
safuZvels.
ibn bábåÁam, buveian ruqn ad-davlas (947-977) mfarvelobis qveS, cxovrebis
ukanaskneli wlebi reiSi gaatara. amasTanave igi, ramdenjerme xangrZlivi
periodebis manZilze, cxovrobda baRdadSi, sadac uamravi misi mowafe darCa,
romlebmac kritikuli xerxiT moaxdines misi naSromebis asimilireba da gaagrZeles
dawyebuli saqme. swored baRdadis skolidan wamovida is umTavresi impulsebi,
romlebmac imamituri Siizmi mkafiod gansazRvruli mimarTulebiT waiyvana.
baRdadelma imamitma eruditebma Seqmnes samarTlis safuZvelTa umTavresi nawili
(uíål al-fikh); iurisprudenciasa da TeologiaSi gonebiT gansjaze damyarebuli
argumentaciis Semotanam Siizmis momavali ganviTarebis safuZveli Seqmna, romlis
umaRlesi, damagvirgvinebeli wertili xomeinis islamuri respublika gamodga.
baRdadis “racionalisturi” skolis pirveli warmomadgeneli iyo
saxelganTqmuli muÐammad b. muÐammad b. al-nu‘mán al-Ðárisã — SaÁx al-mufãdi (“is,
vinc moZRvravs, aswavlis”). warmomavlobiT igi iyo kuraiSis tomis Ðárisãs
sagvareulodan. mas ekuTvnoda patara meCeTi baRdadis dasavleT nawilSi. igi ibn
babuias mowafe iyo da mis msgavsad cdilobda imamTa “gamonaTqvamebis” Sekrebas,

183 imamitTa kanonikur oTxwigneulSi Sedis: muhamad al-kulaÁnãs (gard. 941 w.) “is, rac
sakmarisia religiis codnaSi ”al-qáfi fi ’ilm ad-dãn), SaÁx íadåk b. bábåÁas (gard. 991 w.)
zemoT naxsenebi krebuli tradiciebis Sesaxeb “visac samarTlismcodne ar hyavs gverdiT
(rCevis misacemad)” (man lá ÁaÐÇuru-hu ’l-fakãh), SaÁx muÐammad at-tåsãs (gard. 1067 w.)
“dogmebis ganwmenda” (“gadawyvetilebaTa gadasinjva”) (Tahzãb al-aÐqám) da imave at-tåsãs
“Tvalis gadavleba tradiciaTa sxvaobaze” (al-isTibíár fã má xTulifa fihi min al-axbár).
ufro gviandeli xanis wignebidan maT ematebaT zogierTi naSromi, upirvelesad muÐammad
bákir majlisis mravaltomeuli “sinaTlis okeane” (biÐár al-anvár), romelsac Tanamedrove
islamisti reformatorebi xSirad akritikeben im mizeziT, rom did yuradRebas uTmobs
meorad sakiTxebs, gansakuTrebiT sqesobrivi urTierTobebis problemebs.

142
romlebic gaaerTiana TxzulebaSi qiTáb al-irSad (kargi (sanimuSo) winamZRolobis
wigni). man aseve kritikuli komentari miuZRvna ibn bábåÁas, romelSic Tavis
maswavlebels, upirveles yovlisa, akritikebda deduqciuri gansjis uaryofis gamo
iq, sadac tradicias ar gaaCnda precedenti. al-mufãdi dialeqtikuri meTodis, anu
qalamis momxre iyo, raSic igulisxmeboda gonebiT gansja, mtkiceba argumentebis
saSualebiT, daskvnebis gamotana iseT sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiTac ki, rogoric iyo
rwmena. amasTanave igi, iSviaTi gamonaklisis garda, uaryofda im tradiciebs,
romelTac mxolod erTi gadmomcemi (áÐád) hyavdaT, ris gamoc igi faqtobrivad
eWvqveS ayenebda tradiciaTa umravlesobis WeSmaritebas.
qalamis racionalisturi meTodebi basrasa da baRdadSi Camoayalibes da
ganaviTares muTazilitTa Teologiur-filosofiuri skolis warmomadgenlebma.
qalamis principebi 833-847 ww. saxalifos oficialur dogmas warmoadgenda, magram
Semdgom aikrZala adamianis nebis Tavisuflebisa da yuranis Seqmnadobis mtkicebis
gamo.
xalifa al-kádiris (991-1031) 1017 w. proklamacia muTazilizmisa da qalamis
winaaRmdeg faqtobrivad niSnavda “sunituri” anda tradicionalisturi aRorZinebis
epoqis dawyebas. qalamis moZRvreba erTsulovnad iqna uaryofili sunituri
skolebis mier. (Tumca, Semdgom sunizmic daupirispirda anTropomorfizms).
muTazilituri qalamis memkvidreebi ki gaxdnen Siitebi, upirveles yovlisa
zaiditebi da imamitebi da swored am memkvidreobam ganapiroba didwilad Siizmis
originaloba da unikaluroba. SeuZlebelia gaverkveT iranSi Siizmis warmatebis
mizezebSi am faqtis gaTvaliswinebis gareSe.
adreuli imamizmis xanaSi, rodesac imamebi realurad arsebobdnen, uaryofili
iyo ara marto Tavisufali gansja (ra’i), romelsac suniti avtorebi iyenebdnen
yuransa da sunaSi Sesatyvisi teqstebis ararsebobis SemTxvevaSi, aramed analogiis
(kiÁÁas) gamoyenebac. bunebrivia, aseve uaryofili iyo ijTihadi. imamTa epoqis
dasrulebis Semdeg ki am da sxva meTodebis damkvidreba imamitur
RvTismetyvelebasa da samarTalSi cxovrebiseulma aucileblobam gamoiwvia.
gansakuTrebuli roli ki zemoT naxsenebma qalamis moZRvrebam Seasrula.
garda qalamis meTodisa, al-mufãdi muTazilitebs sxva saRvTismetyvelo-
samarTlebriv koncefciebsac daesesxa. magaliTad, man mkacrad gaakritika ibn
babuias Sexeduleba, romlis mixedviTac RmerTi, sakuTari yovlisSemZleobis gamo,
adamianTa nebismieri saqcielis Semoqmedi iyo, maT Soris codvebisac.
muTazilitebis mier adamianis bedis winaswar gansazRvris uaryofa da TiToeuli
individis pirovnuli pasuxismgeblobis xazgasma, rac, maTi TvalsazrisiT,
aucilebelia gankiTxvis dRes saRvTo samsjavroze wardgenisas, sunitebisagan
gansxvavebiT, gaTavisebuli da SenarCunebuli iyo imamitTa mier, didi roli
Seasrula maTi moZRvrebis evoluciis procesSi.
rac Seexeba samarTals, al-mufãdma safuZveli Cauyara imamizmis zogierT
fuZemdeblur Tezas, miuxedavad imisa, rom am sakiTxTan dakavSirebulma misma
Txzulebam mxolod mogvianebiT Cawerili calkeuli citatebis saxiT moaRwia
Cvenamde. swored mis moRvaweobis Sedegad, Siitur iurisprudencias, romelic
suniturze gacilebiT ufro gvian Seiqmna, SesaZlebloba mieca dapirispireboda am
ukanasknels. magaliTad, ijmas anu konsensusis koncefcia, romelic sakmaod
SemzRudav normas warmoadgenda, gadamuSavebul iqna al-mufãdis mier da man miiRo
SiizmisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli saxe: Temis konsensusi mxolod im SemTxvevaSi
CaiTvleboda WeSmaritad, Tuki is emTxveoda imamis Tvalsazriss. amdenad, nebismier
SemTxvevaSi, swored imamis Sexedulebas eniWeba gadamwyveti mniSvneloba. amasTanave
al-mufãdi uaryofda analogiebiT deduqcias (kiÁás) da ijTiháds — gansjis
saSualebiT konkretuli (samarTlebrivi) daskvnis gamotanas. es angariSgasawevi
faqtia, vinaidan swored ijTihadis principi gaxda SemdgomSi Siiti ulemebis
mTavari instrumenti. al-mufidi gansjis, ganWvretis gamoyenebis SesaZleblobas
nawilobriv mainc uSvebs, magram mxolod damxmare meTodis saxiT, rac bolos
mouRebda im xSirad urTierTsawinaaRmdego tradiciebis gamoyenebas, romelTaganac
mxolod fragmentuli codnis (‘ilm) miReba iyo SesaZlebeli. saboloo jamSi, ibn
babuiasTan SedarebiT wingadadgmuli nabijis miuxedavad, al-mufãdisaTvis “sando”
normatiuli teqstis (naíí) moZieba aucilebeli iyo da am SemTxvevaSi mas ver
Secvlida racionaluri gansja.

143
 aseve aRsaniSnavia, rom al-mufãdma Seiswavla da Tavis TxzulebebSi
kritikulad ganixila imdroindeli yvela mniSvnelovani Siiti avtoris Semoqmedeba.
ori musavi (måsá al-qáûimis STamomavali), Sarifebi ar-raÇã (gard. 1055 w.) da
al-murTaÇá gansakuTrebul rols TamaSobdnen buveianTa dros baRdadis SiitTa
wreSi. maTi mama baRdadis SiitTa nakibi (winamZRoli) iyo. amave movaleobas, erTi
meoris miyolebiT, asrulebdnen Zmebic. maT didi gavlena hqondaT samefo karze.
rodesac xalifa al-kádirma da buveianma bahá’ ad-davlam 1011 w. gamoaqveynes
manifesti, romelSiac uaryofili iyo fatimiani antixalifas aliduri
warmomavloba, orive Zma xelismomwerTa Soris iyvnen.
ar-raÇãm, romelic ufro dainteresebuli iyo literaturiT, vidre TeologiiTa
da samarTliT, Seadgina ‘alãsadmi miwerili maqsimebis, gamonaTqvamebisa da
werilebis anTologia, romlebic filologiuri da ritorikuli TvalsazrisiT,
misi azriT, arabuli enis saukeTeso nimuSebs warmoadgendnen. es krebuli,
saxelwodebiT nahj al-balaRa (“mWermetyvelebis mwvervali”), sunitebis mieracaa
aRiarebuli klasikuri arabulis nimuSad.
‘alã ibn Tahir al-murTaÇá (gard. 1044 w.) iyo ara marto al-mufãdis, aramed
muTaziliti yadis ‘abd al-jabbáris (reidan) mowafec, romelic al-mufãdze ufro
Tavgadaklul damcvels warmoadgenda qalamisa. misTvis WeSmaritebis gansjiT
miRweva tradiciaze ufro maRla idga. al-murTaÇás SexedulebiT, mociqulisa da
imamebisadmi miwerili nebismieri tradicia unda ganxiluliyo logikuri gansjis
gziT: Tu amgvari tradicia gonebaze dayrdnobili logikuri daskvnis gamotanis
saSualebas ar iZleva, am SemTxvevaSi ganusjelad sxvaTa avtoritetze dayrdnoba
aucileblad migviyvans urwmunoebamde. magram amasTanave gansja unda xdebodes
tradiciis mier gansazRvruli CarCos SigniT. damoukidebeli gadawyvetilebis
gamotana — ijTihadi — momdevno epoqebSi iuriskonsultTa mTavari iaraRi, al-
murTaÇás TxzulebaSi asrulebs “kanonis safuZvlebTan misavali gzis” funqcias da
mas jer kidev SedarebiT umniSvnelo roli eniWeba. mag., im SemTxvevebSi aqvs
mniSvneloba, rodesac saqme exeba locvis mimarTulebis gansazRvras (kibla) anda
meoradi mniSvnelobis iuridiul sakiTxebs (mag., sakuTrebis samarTali,
memkvidreobiT qonebis miReba), rac ar aris yuranSi.
Saixi al-mufãdi Tvlida, rom religiis safuZvlebis SeqmnaSi goneba (gonebiT
gasja) da zegardmovlenili saRvTo kanoni SeTavsebadia. misi mowafe Sarif al-
murtada ukve mTlianad muTazilitur poziciebze dadga da Sesabamisad, am
TvalTaxedvamac gabatonebuli pozicia moipova.
al-murTaÇá sakuTari maswavleblis, muTazilit ‘abd al-jabbáris Teoriebis
polemikur TxzulebaSi jer kidev uaryofs kiÁáss da ijTiháds da xazs usvams, rom
‘ilmi imamitebisaTvis dafuZnebulia mxolod yuransa da tradiciebze. adreuli
imamizmis mier ijTihadis uaryofa albaT unda davukavSiroT idealistur survils
saRvTo kanoni yofiliyo mkafiod Camoyalibebuli da mis sisworeSi eWvis Setanis
safuZveli ar arsebuliyo.
Zmebis Tanamedrove imamiti avtori muÐammad b. al-Ðasan at-tåsã (995-1067) zogadad
SiizmSi erT-erT yvelaze angariSgasawev da “kanonikur” avtorad iTvleba. tusidan
baRdadSi gadasaxlebis Semdeg, igi gaxda al-mufãdisa da al-murTaÇás mowafe. 1056
wels, SiitTa darbevis dros, misi saxlic dawves da amis Semdeg igi sabolood
najafSi dasaxlda.
misi Txzulebebidan Cans, Tu ra iyo im periodSi SiitTa mTavari safiqrali:
upirvelesad unda momxdariyo WeSmariti tradiciebis gamocalkeveba mcdarisagan.
amisaTvis at-tåsã gansakuTrebul yuradRebas aqcevda da kritikulad ganixilavda
“gadmomcemTa” wignebs. swored misi moRvaweobis Sedegad gaxda SesaZlebeli
Siituri iuridiuli mecnierebis sistematizacia da misi koncefciebisaTvis
dasrulebuli saxis miniWeba. miuxedavad imisa, rom Tavis maswavlebel al-mufãdis
msgavsad, at-tåsãc xazs usvamda tradiciis pirveladobas da akninebda gansjis
mniSvnelobas, mas eWvqveS ar dauyenebia argumentirebuli gansjis mizanSewoniloba
da winaRoba ar Seuqmnia imamizmis Semdgomi evoluciisaTvis.
gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom Siitur samarTals am epoqaSi wminda Teoriuli
xasiaTi hqonda da mxolod Siitur TemebSi Tu gamoiyeneboda. Siituri mrwamsiT,
sanam XII imami dafaruli iyo, amqveynad tirania da usamarTloba mefobda, mxolod
misi movlinebis Semdeg damyardeboda sayovelTao samarTlianoba. zemoTqmulidan

144
gamomdinare, at-tåsã faqtobrivad iZulebuli iyo gaeTvaliswinebina arsebuli
mdgomareoba. RaÁbas periodSi upirvelesad aucilebeli iyo SiitTa
damokidebulebisa da urTierTobis gansazRvra amqveyniur, nebismier SemTxvevaSi
Teoriulad aralegitimur xelisuflebasTan.
XI s. imamiti avtorebi xSirad erTmaneTs ewinaaRmdegebian da alogikurni,
bundovanni arian RaÁbas Teoriaze msjelobisas. pirvelad al-mufãdma scada moeZia
imamis gauCinarebis aucileblobis logikur-racionaluri argumentebi. am periodSi
RaÁbas sxva adeptebis − qaisanitebis, navusitebis, vakufitebis Zala mniSvnelovnad
dakninda, rac, misi TvalsazrisiT, maTi Teoriis simcdaris damtkicebas ufro iols
xdida.
argumentebi, romlebzec al-mufãdi, al-murTaÇá da at-tåsã afuZnebdnen RaÁbas,
eyrdnoba muTazilitur princips, romlis Tanaxmadac RmerTi samarTliania da
adamiani erTaderTi pasuxismgebelia sakuTar saqcielze. vinaidan adamiani
codvilia da Sesabamisad winamZRoloba sWirdeba, kacobriobisaTvis marad arsebobs
zegardmovlenili RvTaebrivi madli Secdomebisa da codvisagan dazRveuli
samarTliani winamZRolobis saxiT. gamomdinare iqidan, rom mmarTveli xalifebi
codvilni, Semcdarni da tiranebi arian, aucileblad unda arsebobdes “faruli”
imami. misi ararsebobis SemTxvevaSi kacobrioba RmerTisagan mitovebuli iqneba,
samarTliani RmerTi ki ver mosTxovs pasuxs adamianebs maT saqcielze. sanam
gagrZeldeba uzurpatorTa batonoba da WeSmarit morwmuneTa devna, imams ar eqneba
saSualeba ganaxorcielos sakuTari uflebebi da misi sicocxlisaTvis safrTxe
iarsebebs. WeSmarit morwmunes ara marto ufleba gaaCnia, aramed movalecaa win
aRudges cru imamis tiraniis damyarebas. unda aRiniSnos, rom es sakmaod ucnauri
argumentia im pirisaTvis, visac metad axlo urTierToba hqonda abasian xalifasTan.
aucileblad gasaTvaliswinebelia es mniSvnelovani momenti: zemoTnaxseneb
imamit Zmebs sakmaod maRali pozicia ekavaT baRdadis samefo karze, rac imamitebs
zRudavda im arCevanSi, Tu rogori unda yofiliyo maTi damokidebuleba faqtobrivi
xelisuflebis mimarT RaÁbas periodSi: unda damorCilebodnen Tu ara da
gadaexadaT gadasaxadebi abasiani xalifasaTvis, romelic Teoriulad tirani da
uzurpatori iyo? hqondaT Tu ara maT ufleba Camdgariyvnen mis samsaxurSi, anda
buveianTa samsaxurSi da am aqtiT ar CaTvliliyvnen rjulgandgomilebad?
mogvianebiT, al-murTaÇám sakuTari pozicia daafiqsira misTvis damaxasiaTebeli
specifikuri formiT mcire zomis TxzulebaSi. misi TvalsazrisiT, fsevdosuverenis
samsaxurSi Cadgoma logikurad miuRebeli principia, magram garkveul SemTxvevebSi
SeiZleba gamarTlebuli iyos — magaliTad iZulebisa da Seviwroebis pirobebSi, da
es movaleobac ki xdeba, rodesac amgvari samsaxuri samarTlianobis
ganxorcielebis saSualebas iZleva. bibliuri iosebi faraons emsaxureboda,
romelmac mas qveynis beRlebis administrireba ando. ‘ali iZulebuli iyo
monawileoba mieRo ‘usmánis xalifad arCevis eleqtoralur kolegiaSi, miuxedavad
imisa, rom amgvari kolegia da ‘usmanis arCeva aralegitimuri iyo, vinaidan muhamadma
didi xniT adre miuTiTa ‘alize, rogorc sakuTar memkvidreze. is, vinc
aralegitimuri xelisuflebis samsaxurSia, amas akeTebs WeSmariti imamis saxeliT
da brZanebiT da vinaidan naTelia, rom es ukanaskneli samarTlianad moqmedebs, mas
unda daemorCilon. ja‘far as-sadikisadmi miwerili erTi hadisis mixedviT,
aralegitimuri suverenis msaxureba gamarTlebulia im pirobiT, Tuki imamitis
“mizania [morwmune] moZmeebis moTxovnilebaTa dakmayofileba”.
at-tåsã ufro TavSekavebulia am TvalsazrisiT: zogierT SemTxvevaSi
aralegitimuri mmarTvelis samsaxuri sasurvelia, magram arasdros araa
savaldebulo. sawinaaRmdegod, im suverenis samsaxuri, romelic aRiarebs WeSmarit
imams da mefobs misi saxeliTa da imamituri samarTlis principebis gamoyenebiT,
ara marto akrZaluli ar aris, aramed rekomendirebulicaa. amgvari droebiTi
mmarTveli (aq aSkara miniSnebaa buveianebze) gamoxatavs imam-mahdis neba-survils da
aRWurvilia uflebiT moiTxovos morCileba moZme Siitebisagan. am SemTxvevaSi,
imamis “farul mdgomareobaSi” yofnis periodSi saxelmwifo Zalauflebis
matareblis legitimurad miCnevisaTvis winaaRmdegoba ar arsebobs.
miuxedavad imisa, rom Zalaufleba SeiZleba legitimuri iyos imamis aryofnis
pirobebSi, mas mainc sWirdeba xeldasma imamisagan. magram vin SeiZleba CaiTvalos
amgvarad xeldasxmulad da faruli imamis romeli prerogativebiT SeiZleba

145
aRiWurvos mmarTvelobis uflebis mqone? es kiTxva dasabamidanve wiTel zolad
gasdevs imamizmis istorias. Teoriulad imamis prerogativebi – fizikuri dasja,
paraskevis locvis gaZRola, kanonikuri gadasaxadebis akrefa, jihadis gamocxadeba
miCneuli iyo droebiT SeCerebulad (saqiT) imamis aryofnis pirobebSi, vinaidan maTi
zusti, Seumcdari ganxorcieleba mxolod imams SeeZlo. magram praqtikaSi Siitma
swavlulebma da iuristebma TandaTanobiT gaiTavises es funqciebi. es procesi ki
saukuneTa manZilze grZeldeboda da garkveulad Camoyalibebuli, dasrulebuli
saxe Cvens epoqaSi miiRo.
am evoluciis pirveli niSnebi ukve buveianTa epoqaSi, “eklesiis mamebis”
TxzulebebSi ndeba. al-kulaÁnã imamitebs mouwodebs, rom urTierTdapirispirebis
dros ar emorCilon droebiTi suverenis — táRåTis (kerpi yuranSi) sasamarTlos,
anda “tiraniis erTgul msajulebs” da moiwvion maTive wris warmomadgeneli
samarTlismcodneni.
ibn bábåÁas mohyavs XII imamisaTvis miwerili gamonaTqvami: “Tuki axali
SemTxvevebi iqneba, mimarTeT maT, vinc gadmoscems Cvens (imamebis) sityvebs, vinaidan
isini Cemi mtkicebani (Ðujja) arian TqvenTvis, me ki RmerTis mtkiceba var maTTvis”.
al-mufãdi ki ulamebs aRWuravs fizikuri dasjis ganxorcielebis uflebiT. at-tåsã
vrclad msjelobs warmomadgenelTa rolis Sesaxeb da miiCnevs, rom aucileblobis
SemTxvevaSi ulemebs SeuZliaT gamoiyenon faruli imamis uflebebi: “mas, vinc
msajulia xalxisaTvis da dapirispirebul mxareTa Soris, WeSmaritma suverenma
[imamma] mTeli Zalaufleba mianiWa am sferoSi da maT [imamebma] am amocanis
Sesruleba andes TavianTi partiis [Sã‘a] iuristebs manamde, sanam TviTon ar
ganaxorcieleben amas”.
aq ukve ikveTeba “faruli imamis koleqtiuri warmomadgenlis” roli, romelsac
ulemTa fena momavalSi itvirTavs. amasTanave, swavlulebisaTvis imamis funqciebis
gadacemis Sesaxeb dava saukuneebis manZilze gagrZelda.
al-mufãdis, al-murTaÇása da at-tåsãs TxzulebebiT imamituri Siizmma
Camoyalibebuli da sistematizebuli saxe miiRo da ganisazRvra misi momavali
evoluciis mimarTuleba. aqve kidev erTxel xazi unda gaesvas, rom imamaTi rCeboda
yvelaze gamorCeul da yvelaze TvalsaCino imamitur dogmatad. magram religiuri
moZRvrebis am axali ganStoebis ganviTarebasTan erTad, romelic ar Seicavda
xelisuflebis an saero mmarTvelobis sistematizebul Teorias (amis mkafio
dadasturebaa at-tåsãs zemoT naxsenebi Txzuleba), imamaTis, rogorc
sazogadoebrivi kanonis qvakuTxedis, mniSvneloba dakninda. igi TandaTanobiT
martooden Teologiuri doqtrinis saxes iRebda da misi praqtikuli gamoyenebis
aspeqtebi sul ufro bundovani xdeboda. ufro gviandeli avtori ‘alláma al-
Ðillã imamaTs religiur principad (‘aíl ad-dãn) gansazRvravs da mas aTavsebs
imamitur Teologiur sistemaSi da ara iuridiulSi (rac xels Seuwyobda mis
ganviTarebas politikuri Teoriis saxiT). mociqulobis msgavsad, imamaTi
momdinareobs RmerTisagan, aris kacobriobisaTvis gacemuli misi wyalobis Sedegi.
msgavsad mociqulobisa mociqulis aryofnis pirobebSi, imamaTic imamis aryofnis
pirobebSi ganTavisuflebulia politikur mmarTvelobaSi pirdapiri CarTvisagan.
XIII saukunis Semdeg imamaTis cneba kidev ufro apolitikuri xdeba. XIII s.-idan
dawyebuli aRmavali tempiT viTardeba imamituri ezoTeriuli doqtrina,
nawilobriv sufiuri da ismailituri gavleniT. imamaTis maradiuli realoba
amieridan iwodeba valáÁad (válã — RmerTis axlobeli) da ganisazRvreba, rogorc
samociqulo misiis ezoTeriuli arsi.
Saix at-tá’ifas periodis Semdgomi saukune xSirad uZraobis xanad moixsenieba.
Tumca es arcTu ise zustad asaxavs sinadviles. am dros Siizmis mniSvnelovan
centrad iqca alepo. aq moRvaweobdnen imamiti swavlulebi abå ‘l-maqarim ®amza ibn
‘alã al-®alabã, igive ibn zuhra (gard. 1189 w.) da ibn SahráSåbi. aseve imamizmis
mniSvnelovan centrad iqca tabarisTáni. selCukTa periodSi aq moRvaweobdnen
gamoCenili imamiti swavlulebi — abå ja‘far muÐammad b. ‘alã at-tabarã amulidan
(gard. 1120 w.), romelmac dawera cnobili Txzuleba “biSaraT al-mustafa” da zia
ud-dãn fazlu’lláh ibn al-®usaÁn ar-rávandã (gard. 1178 w.). xorasanSi cxovrobda
al-faÇl b. al- Ðasan at-tabarsã (gard. 1153 w.), yuranis erT-erTi yvelaze
mniSvnelovani Siituri komentaris “majma‘ al-baÁáan”-is avtori.

146
 saerTo jamSi, miuxedavad SedarebiTi “uZraobisa”, selCukTa epoqam Siitur
literaturas mainc mravali mniSvnelovani Txzuleba Semata, romlebic dRemde
gamoiyeneba.

hilas skola. XII saukuneSi axlo aRmosavleTSi gamoCenilma monRolebma imamituri

Siizmis ori umTavresi mowinaaRmdege marTlac gaanadgures: iraneli ismailiti-
asasinebi da baRdadis ‘abasiani xalifebi. am movlenebSi mniSvnelovani roli
Seasrula Siitma swavlulma naíãr ad-dãn at-tåsãm (Tavdapirvelad is ismailiti
iyo). swored man moaxdina am epoqis SiitTa politikuri moTxovnebisa da
Sexedulebebis kristalizacia. garda imisa, rom at-tåsã aRiarebulia erT-erT
yvelaze mniSvnelovan imamit RvTismetyvel-samarTlismcodned (mis TxzulebebSi
Zlieria muTazilizmisa da falsafas gavlenis nakvalevi), igi aseve iyo islamis
istoriaSi erT-erTi yvelaze gamoCenili maTematikosi da astronomi.
adreul SiizmSi swavlulebis, rogorebic iyvnen al-kulaÁnã da ibn bábåÁa,
mTavari daniSnuleba iyo imamebTan dakavSirebuli tradiciebis gadmocema da
imamituri RvTismetyvelebisa da samarTlis maTze dayrdnobiT Camoyalibeba.
cxovreba ki TandaTanobiT rTuldeboda da martooden imamebis gamo-naTqvamebis
moSveliebiT yvelaferze pasuxis gamoZebna SeuZlebeli xdeboda. swored amis gamo
iZala muTazilizmis gavlenam, rodesac Tavisufali gansjis meTodis, ijTihadis
gamoyenebam TandaTanobiT gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba SeiZina rogorc
TeologiaSi, ise iurisprudenciis sferoSi.
bunebrivia, amgvari deduqciuri gansjis amosavali kvlavac yurani da
tradiciebi iyo. magram upasuxod darCenil kiTxvebze saTanado pasuxis gamosaZebnad
ukve daiSveboda Tavisufali gansjac. amieridan Siituri iurisprudencia oTx
“burjs”eyrdnoboda: yurani, hadisebi, ijma‘ (ulamTa Soris miRweuli konsensusi) da
‘akli (goneba, gansja). muTazilizmis gavleniT, termini ‘akl nel-nela daicala
Tavisi adrindeli Sinaarsisagan da amieridan ZiriTadad niSnavda racionalizebul
dialeqtikaze damyarebul gonebiT gansjas, logikur deduqcias da mxolod
racionalizmis sferoSi Sedioda.
Tavisufali gansjis meTodis saboloo damkvidrebaSi imamizmSi
gansakuTrebuli roli Seasrula e.w. “hilas skolam”.
monRolTa epoqaSi qalaqi hila (Ðilla) Siituri inteleqtualuri Ziebebis
centrad gadaiqca. am movlenas garkveulad Seuwyo xeli imamizmis iranuli centris,
yumis dakninebam. 1244 w. monRolTa pirveli Semosevis dros yumi daingra da
gaukacrielda. qalaqi welSi ver gaimarTa mTeli XIV s-is manZilze. am pirobebSi ki
imamizmis sayrdeni hila gaxda, sadac Zlieri iyo Siituri tradicia. hilas
marTavdnen beduinTa tomis banå mazÁadis amirebi, romelTa dominirebac samxreT
eraySi X s. miwuruls kanonierad aRiares buveianebma. hila maziadidTa dedaqalaqi
iyo 1001 wlidan. igi maSinve iqca Siizmis mniSvnelovan centrad. maziadidebi xazs
usvamdnen sakuTar imamitobas da yovelgvar daxmarebas uwevdnen isna‘aSarit
swavlulebs. hilas samarTlismcodneni al-murTaÇás racionalizms uWerdnen mxars
da upirispirebdnen Saix at-tåsãs tradicionalizms. amis mkafio magaliTia muÐammad
b. idris al-‘ijli al-Ðillãs (gard. 1202 w.) moRvaweoba, romelmac logikuri
gansjis nebismieri forma imamis aryofnis pirobebSi iurisprudenciis amosaval
principad aRiara.
imamizmis am mimarTulebiT evoluciaSi gansakuTrebuli wvlili Seitana orma
hilelma swavlulma. maTma namoRvawarma ki Semdgom imamitebisaTvis kanonis Zala
SeiZina. pirveli maTgani iyo abå-l-kasim ja‘far b. al-Ðasan al-Ðillã al-muhakiki
(is, vinc uwyis WeSmariteba) (1205-1277). igi aris imamituri samarTlis
saxelmZRvanelos avtori.
al-®illãs Txzuleba gamoiyeneboda da gamoiyeneba upirvelesad praqtikuli
TvalsazrisiT. misma umcrosma Tanamedrovem al-Ðasan b. Áåsuf b. ‘alã b. mutahhar
al-Ðillãm an ‘alláma al-Ðillãm (didma swavlulma) (1250-1325) ki daasrula
isna‘aSarituli samarTlis Teoriuli safuZvlebis Camoyalibeba. igi iyo at-tåsãs
mowafe. swored ‘allámas gavleniT moeqca yaeni oljaiTu (1304-1317) imamizmze da
aqedan gamomdinare, naTelia, rom ‘alláma uzarmazari gavleniTa da avtoritetiT
sargeblobda samefo karze. igi iyo yaenis maswavlebeli da moZRvari. misi saflavi
maShadTan dRes piligrimobis adgils warmoadgens.

147
 ‘alláma al-Ðillãm Camoayaliba hadisis literaturis kritikuli Seswavlis
meTodologia da terminologia, romelic mTlianad modelirebuli iyo sunitur
meTodebze. ‘alláma al-Ðillã pirveli imamiti swavluli iyo, romelic aiaTolas184
tituls atarebda. iuridiuli principis Teoriuli safuZvlebis Camoyalibebisas man
ZiriTadi aqcenti gaakeTa manamde sadavo individualur gonebriv Zalisxmevaze. am
principis damkvidrebiT, romlis Tanaxmadac fakihs individualuri, gonebrivi
gansjis safuZvelze SeuZlia Camoayalibos racionaluri da misaRebi Tvalsazrisi,
religiur sakiTxebis CaTvliT, man momavlisaTvis moxaza im rolis CarCoebi,
romelsac Seasrulebdnen, politikis sferoSiac ki, Siiti swavlulebi − ulamebi
da aiaTolebi.
gamoCenili ulamebis aRsaniSnavad am periodidan imamizmSi mkvidrdeba termini
mujTahidi (sp. mojTahedi). rogorc sunitTa iuridiul termonologiaSi, es termini
aRniSnavs pirovnebas, romelsac samarTlis safuZvlebis (usul al-fikh) codna
aniWebs normatiuli gadawyvetilebis gamotanis unars iuridiul da sakulto
sakiTxebSi “piradi gansjis safuZvelze, individualuri ZalisxmeviT”.
racionalizmze dafuZnebuli iurisprudenciis es principi mWidro kavSirSia
qalamis principTan − kerZod, gansjaze damyarebul argumentaciasTan, rac
upirvelesad damaxasiaTebeli iyo muTazilitebisaTvis. sunitur islamSi,
muTazilizmis kanongareSed gamocxadebis Semdeg, qalamis racionalizmi Secvala
sunituri iuridiuli skolebis tradicionalizmma, romlis principic iyo
“zegardmovlenil~ da tradiciiT gadmocemul sityvaze dayrdnoba. sunizmi
amieridan “ijTihadis karibWes” daxurulad miiCnevda. sapirispirod,
isna‘aSaritulma Siizmma Semoinaxa qalamis racionalisturi principebi, romlebmac
iuridiul azrovnebaSi al-mufidisa da al-murtadas wyalobiT gaikvlies gza.
evoluciis es procesi praqtikulad daagvirgvina al-‘alamam. Tavisi umTavresi
Txzulebis ukanaskneli Tavi man uZRvna ijTihadis principis zusti gansazRvrebis
Camoyalibebas da aqcia igi Siituri iurisprudenciiis centralur meTodologiad.
misTvis ijTihadis umTavresi maxasiaTebelia misi cdomilebis daSveba, vinaidan
gansjiT adamianis mier gamotanili daskvna Tanabarwilad SeiZleba mcdaric iyos
da WeSmaritic. mociqulTaTvis da RmerTis warmogzavnilebisaTvis gancxadebuli
yovelive ki dazRveulia cdomilebisagan. mociquli muhamadi elodeboda
gamocxadebas da ar iyenebda ijTihads. aseve imamebisTvisac ucxo iyo ijTihadi,
vinaidan isini Seumcdarni iyvnen – maTi gadawyvetilebebi eyrdnoboda an mociqulis
instruqcias, anda RvTiuri zeSTagonebis nayofi iyo. ‘aklisa da zemoT naxsenebi
danarCeni sami wyaros gamoyenebiT, Siiti samarTalmcodneebi maTi mimdevrebisaTvis
kanonis Zalis mqone gadawyvetilebebs iRebdnen da am process ijTihadi ewodeboda.
‘alláma al-Ðillãs TvalsazrisiT, swored ulamTa movaleobas warmoadgens
ijTihadi, anu “miRebul gadawyvetilebaTa sajarod gamotana yuranisa da sunas
zogadi miwerilobebisa da urTierTsapirispiro argumentebis gaTvaliswinebiT”.
miiCneva, rom samarTlismcodnes xelewifeba gamocxadebis kanonebis
erTmniSvnelovani monacemebis CarCoebis darRveva da axali problemebis Sesaferisi
gadawyvetilebebis gamotana. magram amisaTvis mas esaWiroeba gansakuTrebuli codna
da gamocdileba da swored amgvari pirovnebaa mujTahidi. pirvel rigSi igi unda
flobdes enis kanonebsa da wesebs, uwyodes sityvis martivi mniSvneloba iseve,
rogorc misi SesaZlebeli saxecvlileba ama Tu im konteqstSi. garda amisa, mas
unda SeeZlos urTierTsapirispiro argumentebis dadebiTi da uaryofiTi mxareebis
Sefaseba. bunebrivia, man zedmiwevniT kargad unda icodes gamocxadebis teqsti
(Tumca ar aris aucilebeli mTlianad zepirad icodes yurani, sakmarisia xuTasi
aucilebeli leqsis codna), mociqulTan da imamebTan dakavSirebuli tradiciebi,
raTa saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi swrafad monaxos aucilebeli magaliTi kanonikur
krebulebSi. ra Tqma unda, igi unda flobdes gadmomcemTa gansjis xelovnebas da
gadmocemaTa kritikuli Sefasebis unars. garda amisa, man unda icodes ama Tu im
sakiTxze swavlulTa mier miRweuli konsensusis Sesaxeb, raTa ar gamoitanos am
konsensusis sawinaaRmdego gadawyvetileba. ijTihadi ki mxolod im SemTxvevaSi
unda gamoiyenos, rodesac saRvTo kanoni ar iZleva pirdapir da zust miTiTebas.

184 udidesi mujaThidebis aRsaniSnavad termini aiaTola sabolood mkvidrdeba XIX saukunidan.
al-‘alamas SemTxvevaSi ki es ubralod pativiscemis niSnad misTvis wodebuli saxeli unda iyos.

148
 swavlulTa ijTihadis arss warmoadgens maTi cdomilebis SesaZlebloba
mociqulTa da imamTa Seumcdarobis winaSe. Tuki ori mujTahidi argumentaciis
saSualebiT or urTierTsapirispiro gadawyvetilebas gamoitans, naTelia, rom erT-
erTi maTgani scdeba, Tumca orive darwmunebulia sakuTar simarTleSi. bunebrivia,
is, vinc asrulebs Semcdari mujTahidis gadawyvetilebas, ar Cadis codvas.
morwmunes ar aqvs ufleba eWvi Seitanos sakuTari mujTahidis gadawyvetilebaSi,
igi ubralod unda daemorCilos mas.
SexedulebaTa gansxvavebis problema (ixTilaf) ulamTaTvis siZneleebs qmnida,
vinaidan Tuki isini erTmaneTis sapirispiro gadawyvetilebebs iRebdnen, Zneli iyo
sakuTari Tavi mieCniaT “imamis koleqtiur warmomadgenlad” da imamTa tradiciebis
gadmomcemebad. es winaRoba gadalaxulad iTvleboda im SemTxvevaSi, Tu mxolod
ori sapirispiro Tvalsazrisi arsebobda — maSin unda movleniliyo Tavad faruli
imami da ganerCia mtyuan-marTali. mis movlinebamde ki orive Tvalsazrisi misaRebad
iTvleboda.
ulamTa Soris sadavo sakiTxebis gadasawyvetad da azrTa sxvadasxvaobis
gadasalaxad aseve gamoiyeneboda ijma’. Tavdapirvelad imamitTaTvis ijmá‘ misaRebi
iyo mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu igi moicavda da gadmocemda hujas, e. i. imamis
mosazrebas, vinaidan imami marTalia yvelas winaSe. SemdgomSi ki axal kiTxvebze
pasuxebis moZiebis aucileblobam win wamowia ulamTa Soris miRweuli ijmá‘-s
mniSvneloba.
termini ijTihadi sakuTriv sityvis mniSvnelobidan gamomdinare, amarTlebda
eWvsa da daurwmuneblobas, magram aseve afiqsirebda gansxvavebas samRvdeloebis
korpussa da Tems Soris. am TvalsazrisiT, ijTihadis koncefciis sawinaaRmdegoa
Taklidi. igi iTargmneba, rogorc “damorCileba”. aRniSnavs mas, vinc ar
akmayofilebs im moTxovnebs, romelTa safuZvelzec SeiZleba iyo mujTahidi. e.i.
aRniSnavs ubralo morwmuneTa masas, romelsac swavlulis gareSe ar SeuZlia
gaerkves kanonTa mniSvnelobaSi da itvirTos msajulis pasuxismgebloba. amdenad,
xalxi gaTavisuflebulia “ijTihadis tvirTisagan”, raTa dausrulebelma fiqrma
igi ar mowyvitos yoveldRiur saqmianobas. “yvelasaTvis iuridiuli ijTihadis
uflebis miniWeba gamoiwvevda arsebuli wesrigis aRrevas da nebismieri adamiani
daiwyebda kanonis problemebze fiqrs, imis magivrad, rom sakuTar arsebobaze
ezruna”. zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, morwmune valdebulia moiZios avtoriteti -
mujTahidi, romelsac igi daemorCileba da miandobs sakuTar Tavs.
‘alláma al-Ðillãs naazrevSi Cans Siituri samarTlis mogvianebiT
Camoyalibebuli umniSvnelovanesi principis monaxazi: miuxedavad imisa, rom arc
erTi mujTahidi Teoriulad ar SeiZleba iyos Seumcdari, nebismieri mujTahidi
marTalia. ori iuridiuli Sexedulebis urTierTgamomricxaoba ar warmoadgens
winaRobas maTi ganxorcielebis savaldebulo xasiaTisaTvis, vinaidan imamis,
erTaderTi Seumcdaris aryofnis pirobebSi iuristTa nebismieri gadawyvetileba
mxolod droebiT xasiaTs atarebs. nebismieri mujTahidis mier miRebul
gadawyvetilebas kanonieri xasiaTi aqvs mxolod misi sicocxlis periodSi.
“rodesac aramujTahidi gamoTqvams azrs samarTlebrivi sakiTxis Sesaxeb im
mujTahidis damowmebiT, romelic cocxali aRar aris, ar SeiZleba daTanxmeba mis
naTqvamze, vinaidan mas gardacvlilis sityvebi mohyavs, mkvdrebs ki aRaraferi aqvT
saTqmeli”. konsensusi garkveul sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT SeiZleba gamoiZebnos
mxolod cocxalTan, romelic sakuTar Sexedulebas daicavs da ara
gardacvlilTan.
is Tormetiode gverdi, sadac ‘alláma al-Ðillã ayalibebs ijTihadisa da
Taklidis principebs, garkveulwilad imamituri “samRvdeloebis” - molebisa da
aiaTolebis rolis momavali evoluciis monaxazia. mis mier ijTihadis cdomilebis
daSveba, miRebul gadawyvetilebaTa gadasinjvis SesaZlebloba da mxolod cocxali
avtoritetiT Semofargvla simartivesa da dinamizms aniWebda ijTihads, rogorc
iurisprudenciis instruments. “swavlulTa kastis Seucdomlebad miCneva advilad
moaxdenda maT diskreditirebas kastis SigniT arsebuli urTierTsapirispiro
Sexedulebebis mizeziT. didi xniT adre gardacvlil avtoritetebze dayrdnoba
winaRobas Seuqmnida evoluciis nebismier mcdelobas da imamituri samarTlis
tradicionalisturi uZraobis gamomwvevi gaxdeboda”. arsebobda mxolod erTi
cocxali Seumcdari avtoriteti − faruli imami, romlis movlinebac am periodSi

149
ukve sakmaod bundovan Soreul momavalSi iyo gadasrolili. mis “cdomil”
warmomadgenlebs — RvTismetyvel-samarTlismcodneebs, amieridan SeeZloT ezrunaT
praqtikuli sakiTxebis gadawyvetaze da ar moqceuliyvnen kanonikuri teqstebis
avtoritetis tyveobaSi.
ijTihadi, romelsac esoden gametebiT uaryofda adreuli imamituri Siizmi,
amieridan iqca maTi iurisprudenciis sicocxlisunarian da dinamiur principad. aqve
xazgasasmelia, rom am periodSive iwyeba diskusiebi imamTa prerogativebis
ulemTaTvis gadacemis Sesaxeb, rac gansakuTrebul aqtualobas sefianTa xanidan
iZens. Tumca hilas skolis swavlulebi eWvis TvaliT afasebdnen am prerogativebis
ulemTaTvis gadacemis mizanSewonilobasa da kanonierebas religiuri
TvalsazrisiT. XIII s-Si al-muhakik al-Ðillãs ukanonod miaCnda fizikuri dasjis
ganxorcieleba imamis aryofnis pirobebSi. mxolod XVIII s.-is miwuruls daikanones
Siitma ulemebma es ufleba oficialurad. gadasaxadebis akrefisa da locvis
gaZRolis sakiTxi did davas iwvevda XVI s-Sic. ulemTa mier jihadis gamocxadebam
ki xorci Seisxa mxolod XIX saukuneSi. Tuki ulemebs hqondaT ufleba emoqmedaT,
rogorc faruli imamis warmomadgenlebs, maT ar SeeZloT sakuTari Tavis miCneva
mis Semcvlelebad. ar SeeZloT SeesrulebinaT is specifikuri funqciebi, rasac
imamituri samarTali imamis prerogativis sferod miiCnevs, garda im SemTxvevebisa,
rodesac am uflebas Tavad imami gascemda. imis mkafio magaliTi, rom imamizmi
uaryofs imamis xelisuflebis sruli delegirebis koncefcias, aris is, rom Siitur
iurisprudenciaSi ar moiZebneba arc erTi dekreti imamTa saxeliT, romlis
Tanaxmadac imamis “agentebs” SeuZliaT xumsis kanonikuri gadasaxadis akrefa didi
okultaciis periodSi.
marTalia, saukuneebi gaxda saWiro imisaTvis, rom hilaSi formulirebuli
ijTihadisa da Taklidis principebis Teoriis gamoyenebiT, Siiturma samRvdeloebam
politikaSic daiwyo winamavali rolis Sesruleba. iranSi amJamad arsebuli
situaciis safuZvlebis moZieba garkveulwilad SeiZleba ‘alláma al-Ðillãs
naSromebSi, magram misi ganxorcielebis procesi mxolod XVII s-dan daiwyo.

Siizmi da islamuri misticizmi. mistikurma tendenciam SiizmSi ukve islamuri eris

pirvel saukuneebidanve iZala, rodesac warumatebeli politikuri moRvaweobis
Semdeg imamebma xeli aiRes politikuri ZalauflebisaTvis brZolaze. Siitebi
zogjer sakuTar Tavs uwodebdnen ara marto ‘alãs mimdevrebs (Si‘a), aramed
“RmerTis megobrebs”. imamTa RvTaebrivi xelmZRvaneloba (viláÁa) RvTaebrivi
siyvarulis srulyofilebis gamoxatuleba gaxda”.
vilaias an velaiaTis arseboba rogorc SiizmSi, ise sufizmSi, gnostikuri da
ezoTeriuli xasiaTisaa, romlis bunebrivi gamoxatulebacaa Ta‘vãl (yuranis an
sunas simbolur-alegoriuli, anda racionalisturi axsnis meTodi) da swavlebis
gansakuTrebuli forma.
sunituri samociqulo Teoriis mixedviT, muhamadi aris mociqulTa beWedi da
kacobriobis religiuri istoria dasrulebulia. aRar iqneba axali mociquli.
ukanaskneli mociquli warsulis movlenaa, igi istorias ekuTvnis. Siituri
moZRvrebis mixedviT ki, miuxedavad imisa, rom samociqulo cikli dasrulda,
mociqulis RvTaebrivi qarizma da ezoTeriuli codna ar gamqrala da igi gadaecaT
imamebs.
a. korbeni miiCnevs, rom sunituri samociqulo Teoria Caketilia warsuliT,
Siituri ki Ria momavlisaTvis, misi xazgasmulad esqatologiuri perspeqtiviT.
arsebobs sunituri, mahdis mosvlasTan dakavSirebuli esqatologia, magram igi
uSualod samociqulo TeoriasTan ar aris dakavSirebuli. maSin roca SiizmSi,
imamologiaSi, XII imamis esqatologiuri lodini Siituri Teologiuri mrwamsis
umniSvnelovanesi Semadgeneli nawilia. imami aris mociqulis memkvidre, romelic
axdens vilaias qarizmis sakralizacias, rac warmoadgens samociqulo misiis
ezoTeriul arss.
yuranis samociqulo misia ganmartebulia yvela adamianisaTvis, magram misi
ezoTeriuli saidumlo aspeqti SeiZleba axsnili iyos mxolod imamTa mier –
mxolod maT aqvT mindobili es saidumloeba. amasTanave, ezoTerizmis xazgasma
SiizmSi ar niSnavs Sari‘aTis, wminda werilisa da ekzoterizmis (záhir) srul da
martiv uaryofas. piriqiT, is miuTiTebs, rom spiritualur realobasa (®akãkaT) da

150
ezoTerizms (bátin) moklebuli pozitiuri religia Seryvnili da WeSmariti
arsisagan daclilia - warmoadgens dogmebis ubralo katalogs, anda katexizms,
imis magivrad rom iyos gaxsnili axal da moulodnel mniSvnelobaTa warmoqnasa da
ganviTarebisaTvis”.
rogorc sufizmSi, rodesac nebismieri moZRvari kontaqtSia Tavis epoqis
polusTan (kutb), SiizmSic nebismier epoqaSi sulieri meTaurobis funqciebi akisria
imams. imamis, rogorc samyaros RerZisa da kutbis funqciebi praqtikulad
identuria. Siit imams bevri saerTo niSan-Tviseba aqvs suf moZRvarTan (arab. SaÁx an
murSid, spars. fãr). amasTanave, Tumca kavSiri mociqulTan imave saxisaa, magram am
kavSiris ganxorcieleba SeuZlebelia imamis ararsebobis pirobebSi. garda amisa,
sufi moZRvris absoluturi avtoriteti da Zalaufleba mowafis, muridis mimarT,
Znelad Tavsebadi iyo imamTa absoluturi Zalauflebis Siitur koncefciasTan.
saerTo jamSi, unda iTqvas, rom sufizms da Siizms mravali Teologiuri niSan-
Tviseba aerTianebs. upirvelesad es aris ‘alãs wregadasuli Tayvaniscema, romlis
“spiritualuri xalifoba” sufiebis rwmenis qvekuTxeds warmoadgens. sufiur
ordenTa umravlesoba sakuTar warmomavlobas ‘alãs ukavSirebs da mas
gansakuTrebuli Suamavlis rols aniWebs, romlis saSualebiTac sufiebs
zegardmoevlinaT RvTaebrivi codna. amasTanave, sufiur ordenTa umravlesoba
suniturad darCa. rogorc Siitebi, ise suniti sufiebi xSirad ixsenieben
muhamadisaTvis miweril gamonaTqvams: “me var codnis (sibrZnis) qalaqi da ‘alã aris
Cemi karibWe”. simboloebs Soris gansakuTrebuli adgili uWiravs mosasxams,
romelic gadmocemiT muhamadma moaxura fátimas, ‘alãsa da maT or vaJiSvils: es
warmoadgens samociqulo qarizmis gadacemis simbolos ‘alãsa da fátimas
STamomavlebze “farul” imamamde. sufiur tradiciaSi mosasxamis gadacema aris
spiritualuri ZalauflebiT investireba, rac warmoadgens RvTaebriv
saidumloebaTa codnis safuZvelis. rodesac sufi moZRvari Tavis Segirds mosavs
simboluri mosasxamiT (xirka) igi aRiarebs, rom mowafe Rirsia inicirebuli iyos
ezoTeriul moZRvrebebSi (®akãkaT, når mu®ammadiÁ¡a (muhamadis Suqi). gadamcemTa
“jaWvis” arseboba aucilebelia doqtrinis integralurobis SesanarCuneblad.
rogorc TiToeuli imami gadascems Tavis RvTaebriv codnas memkvidres, ise
TiToeuli sufiuri ordeni saTuTad inaxavs Tavisi moZRvrebis genealogias,
romelTa wyaroc Cveulebriv ‘alãmde midis.
mWidro kavSiri mistikur Ziebebsa da proalidur — igive proSiitur
ganwyobilebebs Soris, aseve axasiaTebs fuTuvas organizaciebs, romlebic
arsebobda rogorc iranSi, ise eraySi, siriasa da mcire aziaSi. am
organizaciebisaTvis ‘alã miiCneoda mfarvelad da misabaZ magaliTad. Tumca, Znelia
am saZmoebis Siiturad CaTvla. ‘abasiani xalifa an-ná¹iri (1180-1225) Tavad Seecada
saTaveSi Cadgomoda fuTuvas moZraobas. sufiuri tarikas saxiT igi vrceldeboda
mosaxleobis farTo fenebSi, romelSic arsebuli proaliduri ganwyobilebani
advilad SeeZlo gamoeyenebina proSiitur propagandas. ‘alãs, Ðasanisa da ÐusaÁnis
mimarT arsebuli saxalxo simpaTia, rasac sufizmi da fuTuva qadagebda, xels
uwyobda “garkveuli saxiT sunizmis Sinagan Siitizacias” da gzas uxsnida Siizmis
gavrcelebas, gansakuTrebiT aRm. anatoliaSi.
zogierTi sufiuri orientaciis mqone Siituri seqta, rogoricaa `siwmindis
Zmebi~ qurTistanSi da alavitebi siriasa da TurqeTSi, miiCnevdnen, rom ‘alã
muhamadzec ufro maRla dgas, vinaidan “RmerTis arsia”.
‘alãsa da imamebis gaRmerTeba farTod iyo gavrcelebuli sunitTa Sorisac
monRoluri periodidan dawyebuli, upirvelesad sufizmis popularizaciis Sedegad.
TeTrbatkniani da Savbatkniani Turqmanebisa da TemurianTa epoqaSic Siizmi imdenad
iyo gajerebuli misticizmiT, rom a. korbenis azriT, Siizmi da sufizmi erTi da
igive movlena iyo da isini medlis or mxares warmoadgendnen. Siizmi, sufizmis
msgavsad, iyo islamuri misticizmis ezoTeriuli forma. a. korbenis es koncefcia
SemdgomSi daicva da ganaviTara s. h. nasrma. es ukanaskneli miiCnevs, rom sunituri
TvalsazrisiT, sufizms bevri ram akavSirebs SiizmTan, imdenad, rom Siizmis
zogierTi aspeqtis asimilirebac ki moaxdina. Siituri TvalTaxedvidan ki, Siizmi
dgas imis saTaveSi, rasac mogvianebiT sufizmi uwodes. magram aq SiizmSi
gulisxmoben mociqulis ezoTeriul moZRvrebebs, e.i. asrar-ebs, rasac mravali
Siiti avtori aigivebs SiitTa TakiÁÁa-s principTan.

151
 s. h. nasris SexedulebiT, Siizmisa da sufizmis erTianobis koncefcia,
saboloo jamSi, ukavSirdeba iranel mistikoss ÐaÁdar ámulãs (gard. 1385 w. Semdeg).
s. nasri saerTod TavgamodebiT icavda Siizmisa da sufizmis erTiani
warmomavlobis Tvalsazriss. am mizeziT igi araerTxel da samarTlianad iqna
gakritikebuli istorizmis naklovanebebis gamo, gansakuTrebiT h. algaris mier,
romelic xazs usvams, rom Tormeti imamis gaRmerTeba monRolTa da TemurianTa
epoqis mistikuri saZmoebis mier ar iyo arc Siizmis gavlenis Sedegi da arc
protoSiituri elementis winwamowevis maCvenebeli, amgvari tendencia zogadad
axasiaTebdaT saZmoebs. Siiti imamebi gansakuTrebul rols asrulebdnen sufizmSi,
magram rogorc islamuri ezoTerizmis warmomadgenlebi da ara rogorc Siiti
imamebi.
XIV s. yvelaze TvalsaCino Siiti mistikosi iyo saÁÁid ÐaÁdar ámulã.
Tavdapirvelad igi iyo vaziri Tavis mSobliur qalaq mazandaranSi bavandidebis
patara samefo karze. magram Sinagani religiuri krizisisa da hajis Semdeg igi
damkvidrda eraySi da baRdadSi iyo al-‘alamas vaJis mowafe. igi gaecno
andalusieli mistikosis ibn al-‘arabãs (gard. 1240 w.) Txzulebebs da moaxdina am
ukanaskneli ideebisa da wminda Siituri koncefciebis metad originaluri sinTezi:
ibn al-‘arabãs mier interpretirebuli iesos 12 mociqulis msgavsad, ÐaÁdar ámulãs
“saidumloebaTa krebulSi” 12 imami gaxdnen RvTaebrivi sinaTlis momtanni da
Suamavlebi RmerTsa da kacobriobas Soris. maT gadaecaT muhamadze gardmovlenili
RvTaebrivi Suqi. amolim amgvarad gaaerTiana misticizmi da Siizmi da warmoadgina
igi, rogorc islamis ezoTeriuli mxare da RvTaebrivi sibrZnis gamoxatuleba.
ÐaÁdar ámulã Seecada sufizmis intergrirebas SiizmSi, imis Cvenebas, rom
orive moZRvrebis arsi erTi da igive iyo: “islamis yvela ganStoebas da muslimTa
yvela jgufs Soris ar aris jgufi, romelic imgvarad gakicxavda sufiebs, rogorc
Siitebi. msgavsad, ar arsebobs jgufi, romelic imgvarad aZagebda Siitebs, rogorc
sufiebi. da es im dros xdeba, rodesac maT orives erTidaigive warmomavloba aqvT.
wyaro, romelsac isini mimarTaven, erTidaigivea. terminebi, romlebsac isini
gamoiyeneben, erTmaneTis TanmTxevia”.
ÐaÁdar ámulãs mier Siizmisa da sufizmis Teologiuri daaxloebis
paralelurad, zogierTi sufiuri ordeni sefianebamde (mag., kubraviÁÁa) gadavida
Siizmze. XV s. Sua xanebis maTi moZRvari mohamad nurbaxSi imasac ki acxadebda, rom
iyo mahdi, faruli imami.
Tumca, unda vaRiaroT, rom sufizmi, mravali kuTxiT, SeuTavsebeli iyo
orTodoqsul imamizmTan. mistikosTa moRvaweoba, gansakuTrebiT ki eqstatiuri
mdgomareobis apologia, gakicxuli da dagmobili iyo rogorc suniti, ise Siiti
swavlulebis mier.
saerTo jamSi, ukve sefianTa epoqidan oficialuri imamizmi daupirispirda
sufizms da imamizmic TandaTanobiT gaemijna islamis am mistikur mimdinareobas.
sufizmi ki praqtikulad SeqmnisTanave farTod vrceldeboda masebSi,
Sesabamisad, sufiuri saZmoebis rigebi ivseboda “rjulgandgomili” sunitebisa da
imamitebis xarjze. sufiur ideebs farTo gamoZaxili hqonda upirvelesad qalaqis
vaWar-xelosanTa wreebSi. b. liusi sufizms ukavSirebs e. w. “komerciul
civilizaciebs”, romlebic xels uwyobdnen sxvadasxva mistikuri moZraobebis
gavrcelebas. aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom imamizmis saydenic swored es fena, e.w.
“bazris” xalxi iyo, romelmac umniSvnelovanesi roli Seasrula Siizmis Semdgom
istoriaSi. “vaWroba da xelosnoba iTvleboda RvTisaTvis sasurvel saqmed,
adamianebs uzrunvelyofda arsebobis wyaroTi da qmnida materialur bazas
RvTisaTvis aranakleb sasurveli saqmisaTvis – mociqulisa da imamebis cxovrebisa
da moRvaweobis Sesaxeb gadmocemaTa Segrovebisa da mogvianebiT maTi werilobiTi
fiqsaciisaTvis”. isic yuradsaRebia, rom ilxanebi da maTi vazirebi (raSãd ad-dãni,
RiÁas ad-dãni) mxars uWerdnen da exmarebodnen suf Saixebs.
monRolTa periodSi sufizmma gaiTavisa zogierTi Siituri cneba. miuxedavad
amisa, sufizmi mainc inarCunebda mistikuri CarCos da masSi Siituri ideebis SeWra
SemTxveviTi da arasistemuri xasiaTis iyo. a. bausanis TqmiT “es Siituri elferis
mqone sufizmi” am periodis umniSvnelovanesi religiuri maxasiaTebelia.
sufizmi, romelic aRiarebda RmerTTan pirdapiri da myiseuli kontaqtis
SesaZleblobas, qmnida noyier niadags mouwesrigebeli, arasistematizebuli

152
religiurobis asayvaveblad da iTavisebda mahdizmisa da hululis (inkarnaciis)
apokaliftur da “wregadasul” Zirebs, rac orTodoqsalurma imamizmma, Ruluvis
msgavsad, anaTemas, gadasca.
ukiduresi Siituri seqtebi umTavresad koncentrirebuli iyo Crd.-das. iransa
da anatoliaSi, sadac monRolebis mier gamodevnili mravali Turqmanuli tomi iyo
dasaxlebuli. am Turqmenuli tomebis islamizacia ZiriTadad zedapiruli xasiaTis
gamodga da maTSi Zlieri poziciebi SeinarCuna centraluri aziisaTvis
damaxasiaTebelma Samanisturma elementebma. sufizmi da RuluvTan asocirebuli
zogierTi rwmena-warmodgena Rrmad iyo SeWrili saxalxo religiaSi. farTod
gavrcelda ‘alis gaRmerTeba da zogierTi Siituri elementi zemodan “daedo” Sred
sunitur islams. k. kaeni laparakobs “sunizmis Siitizaciaze”, romelic
sapirispiroa “gacnobierebuli Siizmisa”.
am epoqaSi (es umniSvnelovanesi movlena iyo Siizmis Semdgomi istoriisaTvis)
sxvadasxva saZmoebi gasamxedroebul, mebrZol jgufebad gadaiqcnen da XVI s.
monRolTa imperiis daSlis Semdeg maTma moRvaweobam politikuri datvirTva
SeiZina.
ilxanTa saxelmwifos dezintegraciisa da religiuri garemos fermentaciis
pirobebSi xdeba mahdizmis (mesianizmis) ideis win wamoweva, romelic Siitma
Teologebma okultaciis doqtrinaSi Seitanes metad sublimirebuli saxiT da
romelic mahdizmis sxvadasxva religiuri Tu politikuri formiT gamoixata.
postmonRoluri epoqa xasiaTdeba politikuri arastabilurobiTa da moqiSpe
suverenebs Soris ganuwyveteli omebiT. Temur lengis laSqrobebis Semdeg iranis
qalaqebis didi nawili ganadgurda. am viTarebaSi SeuZlebeli iyo rogorc uzenaesi
religiuri xelisuflebis, ise stabiluri politikuri mmarTvelobis damyareba.
sapirispirod, qaosi da ngreva xels uwyobda samyaros dasasrulis rwmenisa da
mxsnelis uaxloes momavalSi movlinebis imedebis gaRvivebas. msxneli ki sanatrel
wesrigs da samarTlianobas moutanda esoden aRreul da danawevrebul islamur
samyaros. dRis sinaTle ixila sxvadasxva milenaristulma moZraobebma, romelTa
ideologiis tradiciul religiur CarCoebSi moqceva sakmaod rTulia. mahdis
dabrunebis dapirebam miizida mebrZol adeptTa masebi saZmo SaixiÁa-juriÁasaken da
legitimuroba mianiWa sarbadarebs. male gamoCdnen pretendentebi, romlebic Tavs
meTormete imamad anda mis reinkarnaciad acxadebdnen. xSiri iyo imamTa RvTaebrivi
arsis xazgasma, raSic, rogorc aRiniSna, Siitebi RulaTs xedavdnen.
pirveli aseTi mahdi iyo moxetiale darviSi asTarabadidan faÇl alláh
asTarábádã. 1386 w. man Tavi gamoacxada “misi [RvTaebrivi] udidebulesobis
gansaxierebad” da gamoTqva pretenzia, rom swored igi iyo WeSmariti imami. Temur
lengis vaJis, miranSahis brZanebiT, igi 1394 w. baqoSi daatyveves da odnav
mogvianebiT sikvdiliT dasajes alanjakSi, naxiCevanis maxloblad. mis mimdevrebs
ewodaT ÐuråfiÁÁa (anbanis saidumlo mniSvnelobis interpretaciaze pretenziis
gamo) da faÇl alláhs isini miiCnevdnen RmerTis gansaxierebad. seqtis mimdevrebs
SemdgomSi yovelmxriv devnidnen da, rogorc Cans, isini gaiTqvifnen Turqul
darviSTa orden beqTaSiÁÁaSi.
meore aseTi pretendenti iyo muÐammad b. ‘abd alláhi, metsaxelad nårbaxSi -
“sinaTlis saCuqari”. 1392 w. sufma moZRvarma, kubraviÁÁas saZmos darviSma xoja isa
al-xuTTalánãm igi måsá al-qáûimis STamomavlad da mahdid gamoacxada. amis Semdeg
mas uwodebdnen “yvela muslimis imamsa da xalifas”. Temur lengis memkvidrem
Sáhruxma mis mimdevarTa didi nawili 1445 w. amoxoca, Tumca nårbaxSis Tavis
pretenziebze uari ar uTqvams. igi 1464 w. reiSi gardaicvala. sefianTa iranSi
seqtam ver moikida fexi da isini gaixiznen qaSmirSi, hinduquSis maxloblad
balTisTanis xeobebSi, sadac isini dResac cxovroben.
imave xanebSi samxreT eraySi gamoCnda muSa‘Sa‘s seqtis damaarsebeli muÐammad b.
faláÐi. 1346 w. man Tavis meTormete imamis “safarvelad” gamoacxada da Tavi miiCnia
mociqulTa da imamTa reinkarnaciis ukanasknel gansaxierebad. man mimdevrebs wminda
omisaken mouwoda, gadawva da daangria hila, najafSi ‘alãs mavzoleumi da
baRdadsac ki daemuqra. yara yoiunlum misi formaluri suzerenoba aRiara
xuzisTanze. igi gardaicvala 1461 an 1465 wels da misma vaJma saÁÁd mavlá ‘alãm
Secvala, romelmac ganaviTara mamis doqtrina. misi moZRvrebis Tanaxmad meTormete
imamis RaÁbam mniSvneloba dakarga, arsebobs imamis maradiuli substancia, romelic

153
amqveynad sxvadasxva safarvels, sxeuls irCevs. dinastia XVII s.-mde arsebobda da q.
huvaiza seqtis centri iyo 1508 w. sefianTa mier misi aRebis Semdegac.
swored amgvar viTarebaSi, sxvadasxva eqstremistuli religiuri moZraobebis
gverdiT TandaTanobiT win wamoiwia da gaZlierda sefianTa sufiuri ordeni,
romelmac iranis teritoriaze axal, Zlier da centralizebul saxelmwifos
Cauyara safuZveli, romlis oficialuri ideologiac Siizmis imamituri
mimdinareoba gaxda da romelmac mravali, iranisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli da
islamisaTvis ucxo monarqiuli tradicia gaiTavisa.

Siizmi iranSi sefianTa da yajarTa dros. epoqa, romelic moicavs periods iranSi
sefianTa saxelmwifos Seqmnidan da maT mier imamizmis iranis saxelmwifo religiad
gamocxadebidan (1501 w.) XIX s. 90-ian wlebamde, rodesac xdeba pirveli seriozuli
dapirispireba monarqiasa da samRvdeloebas, saxelmwifo institutebsa da religiur
institutebs Soris, aris imamizmis poziciebis gamyarebis epoqa. miuxedavad imisa,
rom politikuri da religiuri viTareba am periodSi mudmiv cvalebadobas
ganicdida, ZiriTadad swored am dros iRebs Camoyalibebul saxes imamituri
Teologia da samarTali im saxiT, rogoriTac dResac arsebobs (da romelsac xSir
SemTxvevaSi bevri araferi aqvs saerTo adreuli periodis imamizmTan).religiuri
praqtikis TvalsazrisiT, sefianTa gabatonebisas yizilbaSuri Siizmi martivi
elementebiT Semoifargla: erTis mxriv es iyo imamTa kulti, mahdis mesianuri
lodini, suverenis gaRmerTeba, meores mxriv ki sunizmis Zageba, pirveli sami
xalifas sajaro wyevla, gamoCenili sunitebis saflavebisa da sunituri meCeTebis
iavarqmna, sunitebis sajarod sikvdiliT dasja.
iranis Siizmze moqcevam XVI s. dasawyisSi politikuri sazRvari gaavlo iransa
da danarCen muslimur samyaros Soris, sadac ZiriTadad suniti osmaloebi
dominirebdnen.
sefianTa survili, CamoeSorebinaT sufiuri eqtremizmis niSnebi da
orTodoqsuli imamizmis gamomxatvelebad CaTvliliyvnen, ganxorcielda iranSi
arab swavlulTa gadmosaxlebis xelSewyobiT – maTi saTanado religiur-
saxelmwifoebrivi uflebebiT aRWurviT da samRvdeloebis funqciebis amgvarad win
wamoweviT. amasTan erTad, swored imamiti swavlulebis gavleniT xdeba sefianTa
Zalauflebis dacla eqtremistuli sufizmisa da mesianisturi tipis Ruluvis
niSnebisagan.
Sah Tamazma Tavis karze moiwvia arabi imamiti swavlulebi – imdroindeli
imamizmis umniSvnelovanesi centrebidan – sparseTis yuredan (bahraini, al-kaTifi,
al-®asá − amJamindeli hufåfi) da jabal ‘amilidan (samx. libani), rac warmoadgenda
iranelTa Siizmze moqcevis pirvel mniSvnelovan nabijs.
iranSi gaatara cxovrebis didi nawili gamoCenilma imamitma swavlulma al-
qaraqim. al-qaraqis moRvaweobis Sedegad hilas skolam pirvelad moipova
oficialuri aRiareba da miiRo suverenisagan aSkara mxardaWera. amgvarad gaikvala
Siiturma samRvdeloebam momavali Zalovanebis gza iranSi.
al-qaraqis gavlena iranSi ar Semoifargla mxolod hilas skolis principebis –
qalamis meTodis, ijTihadisa da Taklidis damkvidrebiT. pirvelad moxda, rom
faruli imamis zogierTi funqciis praqtikuli ganxorcieleba droebiT daekisraT
kvalificirebul Siit swavlulebs: locvis warmarTva, gadasaxadebi.

usulis da axbaris skolebis dapirispireba SiizmSi. Siizmis istoriisaTvis

gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania gayofa tradicionalistebad (axbari) da
principalistebad (uíål). sqematurad es SeiZleba waagavdes protestantizmis
dapirispirebas kaTolicizmTan. erT mxares dgas pirovnuli religiuroba, wminda
werilebze dafuZnebuli rigorizmi, meore mxares ki – institucionalizebul
religiaze, sando pirebis (samRvdeloebis) SuamavlobiT gadmocemul tradiciaze
dayrdnoba.
forma, romliTac damyarda imamituri Siizmis iuridiuli azrovneba iranSi,
iyo al-qaraqis mier popularizebuli racionalizmi, deduqciisa da argumentaciis
meTodi qalami, asocirebuli hilas skolis mier Camoyalibebul da sistematizebul
ijTihadisa da Taklidis principebTan. swored “principebis safuZvlebis”
momxreebs (u¹ålã – arab. uíål, mx. r. aíl, spars. osul) upirispirdebodnen

154
“tradiciis” momxreni (arab. axbár, mx.r. xabar). al-kulaÁnãsa da ibn bábåias
tradiciebis krebulebze dayrdnobiT, rac jer kidev “ar iyo mowamluli qalamis
SxamiT”, maT araerTi Txzuleba miuZRvnes imis mtkicebas, rom ulamebs ar gaaCndaT
ufleba da unari yofiliyvnen faruli imamis warmomadgenlebi. isini aRiarebdnen
mxolod mociqulisa da imamebis sityvis WeSmaritebas, rac tradiciiT iyo
gadmocemuli. ZiriTadad uaryofdnen saero xelisuflebasTan Tana-mSromlobis
SesaZleblobas.
axbaris skolis warmomadgenlebi aRiarebdnen mxolod yuranis teqstis,
mociqulisa da imamTa tradiciebis utyuarobas da uaryofdnen ijTihads. am
mimdinareobis safuZvlebis Semqnelad iTvleba muÐammad amin al-asTarábádã (gard.
1626 w.), iraneli mola, romelic meqasa da medinaSi cxovrobda. misi umTavresi
Txzulebaa “medinis anotaciebi” (al-Fawā’id al-Madaniya). igi XVII s. pirvel
meoTxedSi gansakuTrebuli gavleniT sargeblobda. al-asTarábádã mujTahidebs
brals debda iurisprudenciaSi gonebaze damyarebuli gansjis gamoyenebas da
cdilobda aeRorZinebina tradicionalizmi mxolod da mxolod yuranze da imamTa
tradiciebze dayrdnobiT.
axbaris skolis safuZvelia ijTihadis racionaluri principebis uaryofa.
zogierTi axbari swavluli kidev ufro Sors midioda da saerTod uaryofda
muTazilitur (e.i. racionalur) princips Siitur doqtrinaSi. praqtikuli
TvalsazrisiT, es niSnavda sunituri iurisprudenciis principebTan daaxloebas da
aseve aSarituli (sunituri) poziciis gaziarebas TeologiaSi. sxva sityvebiT, isini
ukiduresad aaxloebdnen Siizms sunizmTan da angariSgasawevia, rom nadir Sahma
swored maSin moindoma mexuTe skolad eqcia jafarituli mazhabi, rodesac axbaris
skolam Tavisi Zlierebis piks miaRwia. usulis racionaluri safuZvlis uaryofis
Semdeg mravali axbari Semotrialda araracionaluri sferoebis kvlevisaken,
rogoricaa qaSf-i (codnis intuituri miRweva) da okulturi mecnierebebi.
axbaris skolis tradicionalizmma, saboloo jamSi, raoden paradoqsuladac
ar unda JRerdes, gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba SeiZina sefianTa legitimurobis
ganmtkicebis saqmeSi. gamomdinare iqidan, rom usulis skolis warmomadgenlebisagan
gansxvavebiT, axbariebi uars ambobdnen politikur cxovrebaSi nebismieri saxiT
monawileobaze, praqtikulad maT sefianebs mouxsnes is winaRoba, romelsac
uqmnidnen usulis skolis mimdevari ulemebi, romlebic mxars uWerdnen sefianebs,
magram amasTanave xelidan ar uSvebdnen SemTxvevas aqtiuri zemoqmedeba moexdinaT
politikur procesebze da SeemcirebinaT dinastiis Zalaufleba sakuTari
Zalauflebis gazrdis xarjze.
axbariebisaTvis Tormeti imami, rogorc istoriuli pirebi, maTi cxovreba da
gamonaTqvamebi, gaxda nebismieri religiuri diskusiis safuZveli. iqmneboda axal-
axali legendebi imamebTan dakavSirebT, romlebic egzaltirebuli Tayvaniscemis
obieqtebad gadaiqcnen. am gaRmerTebamde Tayvaniscemam imamebisa sefianTa
warmomavlobis qarizma kidev ufro gaamyara da gaaZliera midrekileba sefianTa
legitimurobaze daTanxmebisa (ra Tqma unda, “sefianTa imamebisagan warmomavloba
blefi iyo, magram erTxmad miRebuli da WeSmaritebad aRiarebuli”).
axbariebisaTvis nebismieri sakiTxi, romelic saTanadod araa ganmartebuli
imamTa mier, “saeWvoa” da umjobesia misi ganxilvisagan saerTod Tavis arideba.
ramdenadac misaRebia mxolod imamis mier gamoTqmuli Tvalsazrisi, arc Temis
erTsulovneba da analogiebiT gansja ar atarebs legitimur xasiaTs. axbariebi
miiCnevdnen, rom nebismieri morwmune mxolod imamis imatatoria da, aqedan
gamomdinare, ganswavlul mujTahids da rigiT morwmunes erTi da igive ufleba
gaaCniaT: maTi movaleobaa imamis moZRvrebis Seswavla da misi miTiTebebiT
moqmedeba.
axbaris skola uaryofda konsensussa da gonebiT gansjas, rogorc Siituri
samarTlis wyaroebs, misaRebad miiCnevda mxolod yuransa da mociqulisa da
imamebis zepir tradicias.
sapirispirod “principalistebi” (usuli) miiCnevdnen, rom saWiro ar aris
“gardacvlilis imitireba” (Taklid al-maiÁeT). nebismier Taobas esaWiroeba
mujTahidi, RvTismetyvel-samarTlismcodne, romelsac xelewifeba kanonis
interpretireba da garemoebaTa Sesabamisad gamoyeneba. naTelia, rom imamis
okultaciis Semdgom Seqmnili viTareba Tvisobrivad sruliad axalia da faruli

155
imamis molodinSi mravali gadawyvetilebis miReba gadaudebel saqmes warmoadgens.
gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWeba analogiebiT gansjis meTods (kiÁás), romelic
aucilebelia axali problemebis gadaWris gzebis mosaZieblad. usulis skolis
warmomadgenlebi gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas aniWeben maRali rangis ulamebs,
romelTaganac airCevian mujTahidebi. es ukanasknelni, garkveulwilad imamis
adgilsac ikaveben: maT ufleba aqvT akrifon religiuri gadasaxadebi, gamoitanon
sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebebi, waruZRvnen paraskevis locvas. yovelive amas ki
axbariebi uaryofen. umTavresi ki albaT is aris, rom principalistebi icaven
samRvdeloebis, rogorc RmerTsa da adamianebs Soris erTaderTi Suamavlis
prerogativas, rac maTi politikur procesebSi Cabmis legitimizacias axdenda.
axbarisa da usulis dapirispireba gansakuTrebiT mZafri iyo XVIII saukunis
manZilze. Tumca, XIX s. dasawyisSi usulis mimdevrebma, yajarTa dinastiis
mxardaWeriT, moaxerxes axbariebis damarcxeba da es mimdinareoba praqtikulad
ganidevna iranidan. davamatebT, rom swored usulis skolis gamarjvebam gansazRvra
imamizmis Semdgomi evoluciis mimarTuleba.
faruli imamis sruli Zalaufleba usulis skolam Secvala cocxali
adamianis xelisuflebiT, rasac swored imamis “warmomadgenlobis” idea edo
safuZvlad. imamis “koleqtiuri warmomadgenlebis” misia ki Siitma mujTahidebma
itvirTes. imamis roli Semoifargla wmindanobiT da misi TayvaniscemiT. im dros,
rodesac axbaris mimdevar morwmunes tradiciidan SeeZlo mieRo absoluturi
damarwmunebeli pasuxi (iaqin) religiis nebismier sakiTxSi, usulis ijTihadi
warmoadgenda mxolod garkveul (SesaZloa mcdar) mosazrebaze (zann) daTanxmebas.
Seumcdari mujTahidis ideam, romelic XVII s.-Si upirispirdeboda sefianTa
absolutizms, fexi ver moikida. rogorc ufro adre ukve amtkicebda ‘alláma al-
Ðilli, mujTahidi ar iyo daculi Secdomisa da codvisagan. imis gamo, rom igi
WeSmaritebas emsaxureba, is piriqiT, ar SeiZleba iyos Seumcdari. amdenad,
mujTahidi erTdroulad pasuxismgebelia imaze, Tu ras ambobs da ras akeTebs.
Tavisufal arbitraJsa da adamianis pasuxismgeblobaze aqcentis gakeTebis
TvalsazrisiT, Siizmi aseve warmoadgens Zveli muTazilituri racionalizmis
memkvidres. Sexedulebebisa da Tvalsazrisebis winaaRmdegoba mujTahidebs Soris
ara marto Seesabameboda sistemas, aramed ufro metic – mTeli sistema swored imas
efuZneboda, rom “iZulebiTi” xelisufali Seumcdari ar SeiZleba iyos. magram
imisaTvis, rom winaaRmdegoba minimumamde iqnas dayvanili, ZalauflebiT aRWurvilia
mxolod ramdenime adamiani da amasTan erTad isini yvelani aucileblad cocxlebi
unda iyvnen. akrZalulia gardacvlil mujTahidebze dayrdnoba. imavdroulad,
gaunaTlebel da religiis sakiTxebSi aragaTviTcnobierebul morwmunes miniWebuli
aqvs ufleba pasuxismgebloba gadaabaros erT-erT eqsperts.

imamizmi XIX saukuneSi. Tanamedrove Siituri samRvdeloebis Camoyalibebas

zemoTnaxsenebi hilas skolis principebi daedo. logikuri gansjis safuZvelze
gadawyvetilebis miRebis daSveba (Tuki gansaxilveli movlenis precedenti ar
arsebobda) da adre miRebul gadawyvetilebaTa gadasinjvis SesaZlebloba
usazRvro Zalauflebas aniWebda mujTahidebs morwmuneebze – maT SeeZloT
sakuTari, damoukidebeli gadawyvetilebebis gamotana, risi uflebac ar gaaCndaT
arc axbaris skolis ulemebs da arc sunituri mazhabebis warmomadgenlebs. m. momeni
ijTihads ganmartavs, rogorc “damoukidebeli gansjiT miRweul inovaciur
ganmartebas, eqsegezas”. ijTihadis es “moqniloba” mujTahidebs sul ufro xSirad
aZlevda saSualebas, XIX s-dan dawyebuli, rom saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi
gamxdariyvnen politikuri xelisuflebis opozicia. “ramdenadac usulis skolis
SexedulebiT ijTihadis ganxorcieleba savaldebuloa Raibas periodSi da
ikrZaleba gardacvlili mujTahidis Taklidi, umaRlesi rangis swavlulTa
prestiJma da avtoritetma uprecedento dones miaRwia”.
yajarTa epoqaSi kidev ufro TvalsaCino xdeba ulamTa klasis funqciaTa
mravalgvaroba – ara mxolod sulieri da inteleqtualuri, aramed ekonomikuric
(vakfebis marTva), socialuri (saqvelmoqmedo saqmianoba), politikuri da zogjer
samxedroc ki.
am periodis mujTahidTagan oTxi yvelaze cnobili unda gamoiyos:

156
 pirvelia mãrzá abu-l-kásim kummã, igive mirza-e yumi (gard. 1816 w.), romelic
Siituri samyaros erT-erT yvelaze did mujTahidad da marja‘ aT-Taklidad185
iTvleboda. daaxl. 1787 w. man dawera traqtati “irSad-name”. Sahi, romelsac yumim es
Txzuleba miuZRvna, albaT aRa mohamad xani iyo. Tavis TxzulebaSi yumi xazs usvams
Sahisa da monarqiis mniSvnelobas, ganmartavs “RmerTis aCrdilis” cnebis arss da
ukavSirebs mas Sahs. igi laparakobs ori uzenaesi avtoritetis, Sahisa da
mujTahidis aucilebeli TanamSromlobis Sesaxeb.
yumi gansakuTrebul yuradRebas amaxvilebs islamur TemSi mujTahidebisa
da mefeTa poziciebisa da movaleobebis gamocalkevebaze da miiCnevs, rom orive
maTgans mudmivad esaWiroebaT erTmaneTi: “RmerTma mefeebs miando xalxis amqveyniur
saqmeebze Tvalyuris devna da maTi dacva borotebisa da amboxebisaken
wamqezebelTagan. aqedan gamomdinare, ulamebisaTvis, rogorc saerTod xalxisaTvis,
arsebobs mefeTa saWiroeba. RmerTma aseve miando ulemebs religiaze zrunva da
xalxis amqveyniuri saqmianobisa da cxovrebisa gaumjobeseba. es funqciebi
maradiulia da maT Seadgens adamianTa Soris sadavo sakiTxebis gadawyveta,
korufciis mospoba, usamarTlobisa da samyaroseuli wesrigis darRvevis
winaaRmdeg brZola. am funqciebidan da WeSmariti gzis gansazRvris unaridan
gamomdinare, mefeebs, rogorc yvelas, esaWiroebaT ulamebi”. amasTanave, yumi
zogjer Tavs ikavebda monarqiis Teoriis mTliani gamarTlebisagan, gansakuTrebiT
maSin, rodesac igi werda usamarTlo mmarTvelebis Sesaxeb.
meore cnobili Siiti mujTahidi, romelic faTÐ ‘alã Sáhs uWerda mxars
praqtikulad, magram misi legitimurad CaTvlisaTvis aucileblad miiCnevda
ulemebis sanqcias amis Taobaze, iyo Saix ja‘far an-najafã, qáSif al-Ritá’ (gard.
1812 w.). igi erayis SiitTa religiuri lideri iyo. man Tavisi naSromi qaSf al-Ritá’
swored faT® ‘alã Sáhs miuZRvna. ruseT-iranis omis pirobebSi rusebis winaaRmdeg
“saRvTo omis” gamocxadebis aucileblobasTan dakavSirebiT, al-Ritá’ amtkicebda,
rom rodesac islamuri teritoria ganicdis urwmunoTa Semotevas, savaldebuloa
igi imamma daicvas. magram Tu imami okultirebulia, jihadis kampania mujTahidebma
unda warmarTon. magram zogierT SemTxvevaSi, rodesac ulemTa realuri
winamZRoloba SeuZlebelia, maSin kvalificirebulma adamianma (an adamianebma)
sakuTar Tavze unda aiRon es pasuxismgebloba. aqedan gamomdinare, xalxis
savaldebulo movaleobaa mxari dauWiros da daemorCilos am adamians (adamianebs).
is, vinc uars ganacxadebs amaze, realurad imams, mociqulsa da RmerTs ar
emorCileba. igi imasac amtkicebs, rom amgvar garemoebebSi RmerTisaTvis ufro
sasurveli iqneba da ufro gonieri gamosavali nebismieri mmarTvelisaTvis,
moexdina saxelmwifo saqmeebis organizeba mujTahidTa religiur avtoritetze
damorCilebiT. magram, miuxedavad amisa, igi dasZens: “Tu me, rogorc mujTahids,
SemiZlia gamovxato sxvadasxva saxis xelisufleba epoqaSi, me gadavwyvetdi ufleba
mimeca faTh ali SahisaTvis waremarTa jihadis kampania urwmunoTa winaaRmdeg”.
am periodis kidev erTi gamoCenili mujTahidi da moazrovne iyo mullá aÐmad
narákã. swored man gamoacxada jihadi rusebis winaaRmdeg da TviTonac
monawileobda masSi. narákãs erT-erT naSromSi, romelic mesnevis formiT aris
dawerili, igi maRal Sefasebas aZlevs Sahis xelisuflebas. sainteresoa, rom am
Txzulebas man uwoda “Takdãs” (“RmerTis Crdili”) da swored am saxeliTaa
cnobili islamamdeli iranis didi mefis, xosro farvizis legendaruli TaRovani
taxtrevani. meore naSromSi saxelwodebiT “al-xazá’vi”, narákã cdilobs faTÐ ‘alã
Sáhis legitimurobis damtkicebas astrologiuri kanonebiT da miiCnevs, rom
yajarTa mmarTvelobis damyareba bunebrivi da logikuri movlena iyo. miuxedavad
SahTan megobruli urTierTobisa da yajarTa mmarTvelobis legitimizaciisa, narákã
am TxzulebaSi sakmaod xmamaRla laparakobs mmarTvelobis Siituri Teoriis
Sesaxeb da ar yoymanobs imis aRiarebas, rom samarTliani fakihebi erTaderTi,

185 marja momdinareobs arab. zmnidan raja‘a – dabruneba, da aqedan “adgili, romelsac
ubrundebian”, romelsac mimarTaven pasuxisaTvis, instancia. Taklidi marjas damatebaa.
specialur literaturaSi ufro xSirad mocemulia marja-e Taylid-is (arab. marja aT-
Taklid) Tavisufali Targmani - “modeli pasuxis misaRebad”; “amosavali wertili
imitaciisaTvis”, “imitaciis wyaro”. sparsulSi xSirad ixmareba am wodebis Semoklebuli
forma maraji (anda marja).

157
zogadad legitimuri mmarTvelebi arian muslimur TemSi. narákã imasac aRniSnavs,
rom aravis SeuZlia ganaxorcielos suverenuli Zalaufleba sxvebze, Tuki es
ufleba mas ar eboZeba RmerTis, mociqulis da imamebis mier. amasTan erTad ki
narákã 19 hadiss CamoTvlis, romelTa Tanaxmadac swored fayihebi iReben
legitimurad Zalauflebas, rogorc faruli imamis warmomadgenlebi misi didi
okultaciis pirobebSi. “fakihebi arian mociqulis ndobiT aRWurvili pirebi da ar
unda iyvnen SeboWilni mefeTa mier da dakavSirebuli mefeebTan. Tuki isini
amgvarad imoqmedeben, maSin Tqven unda SewyvitoT maTTan kavSiri Cveni religiis
sakeTildReod”.
Tanmimdevruli da sistematizebuli argumentaciiT narákã mkafiod
miuTiTebs, velaiaT-e fayih-i (arab. al-vilaÁáT al-fakãh, upirobo da yovlismcveli
xelmZRvaneloba fakihisa da danarCen xalxze) erTaderTi misaRebi legitimuri
tipia mmarTvelobisa, romelic gansazRvrulia islamis mociqulisa da da
Seucdomeli Siiti imamebis mier muslimuri TemisaTvis. faqtobrivad swored
narákãm, TxzulebaSi — ‘avá‘id, Seqmna mniSvnelovani wyaro iranis amJamindeli
reJimis damaarseblisaTvis. igi pirveli ixseniebs wodebas velaiaT-e fayih. Tumca,
aiaTola xomeinisagan gansxvavebiT, romelmac velaiaT-e fayihis koncefciis
ukiduresi politizacia moaxdina, qaSfi am funqciis hipoTetur matarebels ufro
metad iuridiul funqciebs aniWebs. swored am TxzulebaSia gansakuTrebuli
simwvaviT dasmuli mmarTvelobis problema. Tumca isic unda aRiniSnos, rom
sicocxlis bolos narákã CamoSorda amqveyniur saqmeebs. cxovrebis ukanasknel
wlebSi igi sinanuls gamoTqvamda warsulSi politikuri aqtivobis gamo da imis
Taobaze, rom SahTan mWidrod TanamSromlobda.
am periodis kidev erTi cnobili mujTahidia saÁÁid ja‘far qaSfã (gard. 1850
w.). masac axlo urTierToba hqonda SahTan da gansakuTrebiT mis vaJTan, mohamad
Tayi mirzasTan, romelic borujerdis gubernatori iyo da romelsac qaSfãm
ramdenime Txzuleba miuZRvna. mmarTvelobis problemis ganxilvisas, qaSfã, romelic
eyrdnoboda meeqvse imamisaTvis miweril hadiss, acxadebda, rom muslimebi unda
damorCildnen imaT mmarTvelobas, romlebic arian hadisTa mcodneni, gadmomceni da
romlebic morwmuneTa cxovrebas hadisebis mixedviT moawyobdnen. es pirebi
ganisazRvreba imamis mier da maTi mmarTvelobisaTvis ardamorCileba aris RmerTis
mmarTvelobis uaryofa, rac poliTeizmis tolfasia. meoregan ki qaSfã wers, rom
kvalificiurma sultanma unda icodes zegardmovlenili kanoni (Sari‘aTi),
islamuri eTika, religiis safuZvlebi da ganStoebebi. sxva sityvebiT, mas unda
xelewifebodes ijTihadi. Tuki sulTani ar aris mujTahidi, kanonieri
gadawyvetileba man unda miiRos mujTahidis daxmarebiT da gverdiT unda hyavdes
adamiani, romelic zedmiwevniT erkveva religiaSi da ZaluZs ijTihadis safuZvelze
gadawyvetilebis gamotana.
Teoriulad qaSfã kvalificirebul fakihTa mmarTvelobis legitimizacias
axdenda da mefis mmarTvelobas dasaSvebad miiCnevda mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tuki
es ukanaskneli daeqvemdebareboda fayihTa instruqciebs. Tumca qaSfãsaTvis amgvari
Teoria mmarTvelobis mxolod idealur formas warmoadgenda. qaSfi aRniSnavda,
rom amis gansaxorcieleblad mujTahidTaTvis mravali winaRoba arsebobda da
garda amisa, rTuli iyo mujTahidTa Soris iseTi adamianis monaxva, romelic
Rirseulad gaarTmevda Tavs mmarTvelobas.
qaSfã Tvlida, rom korufcia, boroteba, sicrue, usamarTloba da mCagvreloba,
romelic axasiaTebda samefo karsa da sazogadoebas, faruli imamis axlo
momavalSi movlinebis niSani iyo. miuxedavad amisa, qaSfi gansakuTrebul
mniSvnelobas aniWebda saxelmwifos usafrTxoebasa da wesrigs da miiCnevda, rom
Zlier mefes ZaluZda wesrigis damyareba da usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofa. mas
mohyavda mociqulisadmi miwerili sityvebi: “Tuki mefe samarTliania, morwmuneni
unda daemorCilon mas, rogorc emorCilebian RmerTs. Tuki is mCagvrelia,
adamianebma daumorCilebloba SeiZleba gamoavlinon mxolod maSin, rodesac RmerTi
amis niSans gascems”. imavdroulad qaSfã gamoTqvamda rwmenas, rom mefeni iRebdnen
RmerTis emanacias (faiz) da wyalobas (TavajuhaT) da swored amgvar mefed miiCnevda
faT® ‘alã Sáhs. saboloo jamSi is pozitiuri, rasac mefeebsa da mefobis instituts
aniWebda qaSfi, konkretulad swored yajar Sahs ekuTvnoda.

158
 sxvadasxva, zogjer urTierTsapirispiro hadisebi mujTahidTa
mmarTvelobis da aramujTahidi mefeebis mmarTvelobis an aralegitimurobis Sesaxeb
seriozuli, SesaZloa yvelaze seriozuli problemacaa, romelic did davas iwvevda
mujTahidTa Soris.
swored am ulamebis mecadineobiT miiRo Camoyalibebuli saxe Siiturma
politikurma doqtrinam da am TeoriiT gamarTlda yajarTa dinastiis arseboba.
saÁÁid ja‘fars miaCnda, rom imami aRWurvili iyo rogorc religiuri, ise
politikuri ZalauflebiT. amasTanave, meTormete imamis gaqrobis Semdeg, misi
funqciebi orad gaiyo naibebs, mis warmomadgenlebs Soris. ulamebi
xelmZRvanelobdnen religiur sferos, politikis sferos ki – saero mmarTvelebi.
Tu am ori sferos warmomadgenlebi mWidrod ar iTanamSromlebdnen, maSin ulemebi
ver SeZlebdnen Sari‘aTis srulfasovan gamoyenebas da mmarTvelebi wesrigis
damyarebas, rac sazogadoebas daRupvamde miiyvanda. “mmarTvelebs ulemebi
esaWiroebaT, radganac maTi sulieri xelmZRvanelobis gareSe maT suli wasZlevT
da gadaixrebian usamarTlobisa da tiraniisaken”.
saÁÁid ja‘far qaSfãm ormagi warmomadgenlobis doqtrinac ki Camoayaliba
faruli imamis sulieri da saero warmomadgenlobis Sesaxeb. es funqciebi
Sesabamisad ulemebsa da Sahebs unda ganexorcielebinaT. rac Seexeba sasuliero da
saero Zalauflebis erTi pirovnebis xelSi gaerTianebas, es mxolod faruli imamis
prerogativa iyo. Raibas Semdeg am ormag Zalauflebas iyofs ori warmomadgeneli:
Sahma pativi unda sces da daicvas kanoni da wesrigi da amgvarad Seqmnas Sari‘aTis
gamoyenebisaTvis aucilebeli garegani pirobebi, ris ganxorcielebac ulemTa
prerogativas warmoadgens. amis mtkicebiT qaSfi dinastias religiuri
TvalsazrisiT esoden nanatr legitimurobas aniWebs, magram imavdroulad xazs
usvams, rom mxolod samRvdeloebas gaaCnia orTodoqsiaze da religiuri kanonis
gamoyenebaze Tvalyuris devnis ufleba.
amgvarad, saÁÁid ja‘farma ara marto daakmayofila yajarebi, aramed maTganac
miaRwia ulemebis uflebebis aRiarebas. misma naazrevma Seqmna is Teoriuli CarCo,
romelic met-naklebad moqmedebda iranis islamur revoluciamde. am CarCos SigniT
ulemebs, romelTac surdaT eTanamSromlaT xelisuflebasTan, SeeZloT amis
gakeTeba da visac es ar surda, saSualeba hqonda Tavisi survilis mixedviT
emoRvawa.
usulis skolis Semdgomi ganviTareba ukavSirdeba Saix murTaÇá aníárãs (gard.
1864 w.) saxels. man da misma mowafeebma legaluri gadawyvetilebebi oTx
kategoriad daajgufes:
1) ueWveli (káti‘) – SemTxvevebi, romelTa gadawyvetis Taobaze mkafio miTiTebebi
arsebobs yuransa da tradiciebSi da romlebTanac dakavSirebiT ar aris saWiro
gonebiT gansjis, ijTihadis gamoyeneba.
2) safuZvlis mqone deduqcia (ûann) – SemTxvevebi, rodesac mcire koreqtirebiTa
da zogierTi racionaluri principis gamoyenebiT SesaZlebelia individualurad
kavSirSi myofi gadawyvetilebebis gamotana.
3) saeWvo (Saqq) − SemTxvevebi, romelTa Sesaxebac pirvelwyaroebSi araferia
naTqvami da ar arsebobs pasuxi imaze, Tu ramdenad sworia miRebuli
gadawyvetileba. am sakiTxis mosagvareblad ansaris Camoyalibebuli aqvs oTxi
principi, romlebic garkveulwilad exmianeba al-murtadas naazrevs da maT igi
uwodebs “praqtikul principebs” (usål al-‘amaliÁa): 1. al-bará’ − maqsimalurad
SesaZlebeli Tavisufali moqmedebis daSveba. 2. aT-Ta®rãr − Tavisufleba sxav
iuristTa da aseve iuridiuli skolebis SexedulebaT SerCeva-gamoyenebisas. 3. al-
isTi¹®áb – nebismieri miRebuli gadawyvetilebis WeSmaritad CaTvla, sanam
sawinaaRmdegos marTebuloba ar damtkicdeba.
4) cdomilebis Semcveli gansja – SemTxvevebi, romelTa drosac didia Secdomis
daSvebis albaToba, amitomac am SemTxvevebTan dakavSirebiT miRebul
gadawyvetilebebs legaluri saxe ar gaaCniaT, ar arian kanonis Zalis mqoneneni da
mxolod rekomendaciis xasiaTiT Semoifarglebian.
zemoTqmul principebze dayrdnobiT, usulis skolis ulemebs gacilebiT ufro
Zlieri doqtrinuli poziciebi hqondaT, vidre sunit ulemebs. upirvelesad ki maT
gaaCndaT ucodveli XII imamis nebis interpretirebis kvalifikacia.

159
 murTa«á aníárã, sakuTar, rogorc iuriskonsultis, fakihis rols, sami
funqciiT gansazRvravs: 1) Zalaufleba gamosces “religiuri dekretebi” (faTva,
feTva) im meorexarisxovan problemebze, romlebsac morwmuneebi yoveldRiurad
awydebian; 2) Zalaufleba gansajos da sasamarTlo gadawyvetileba gamoitanos
pirovnebaTa Soris konfliqtis dros; da bolos 3) Zalaufleba moaxdinos qonebisa
da pirovnebebis administrireba (velaia).
swored mesame funqcia warmoadgens mravalgvari interpretirebis yvelaze
mniSvnelovan wyaros. ansarisaTvis, mxolod mociqulsa da mis Semdeg imamebs
gaaCndaT mTliani Zalaufleba sasuliero da saero sferoebSi. imamis okultaciis
periodSi Zalaufleba sasjelis gamotanisa da axal, gauTvaliswinebel
situaciebze pasuxis gacemisa, romlebic iurisprudenciiT ar aris
gaTvaliswinebuli, delegirebulia ulemebze. amasTanave es Zalaufleba, mxolod
“droebiTi velaiaTia” da aníárãs azriT igi SeiZleba ganxorcieldes, mxolod
Zalauflebis garkveuli formebis (da ara mmarTvelobis) saxiT da martooden im
muslimebTan dakavSirebiT, romlebic garkveuli mizezebis gamo (avadmyofoba,
arajansaRi mentaluri mdgomareoba da a.S) ar SeuZliaT TviTonve mixedon TavianT
saqmeebs. amdenad, ansari xSir SemTxvevaSi politikis sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT
metad frTxil pozicias amJRavnebs.
garda doqtrinuli Zalauflebisa, romelic politikazec iseve vrceldeboda,
rogorc religiasa da kanonze, iranel ulemebs gaaCndaT sakmaod mniSvnelovani
ekonomikuri da socialuri Zalaufleba. sunitTa umravlesobisagan gansxvavebiT,
isini pirdapir krefdnen da anawilebdnen zaqaTisa da xumsis gadasaxadebs, maT
aseve gaaCndaT vakfis uzarmazari samflobeloebi pirad sakuTrebaSi,
akontrolebdnen sasamarTlo xarjebis udides nawils, swavla-ganaTlebis sferos
(Tumca am monopolias saukunis Sua xanebidan Sahis mTavrobam Seutia), Tvalyurs
adevnebdnen mosaxleobis socialur keTildReobas, xSirad xelisuflebis
keTilganwyobasac imsaxurebdnen da saxelmwifosagan jamagirsac iRebdnen
(aRsaniSnavia, rom XIX s. Sua xanebisaTvis iranSi ramdenime mujTahidi iyo,
romlebic simdidriT Sahs utoldebodnen). amdenad, ulemebis ZiriTadi nawili karg
damokidebulebaSi iyo xelisuflebasTan da TanamSromlobda masTan. Tumca, XIX s.
miwurulisaTvis es harmonia dairRva.
yajarTa periodidan religiuri klasis wiaRSi ikveTeba ierarqizaciis
tendencia. ierarqiuli kibis yvelaze dabal safexurze mdgom ubralo molebs
mxolod imis ufleba da unari gaaCniaT, rom gamoiyenon islamur samarTalSi furu,
an “Stoebi” − mkafiod Camoyalibebuli miwerilobani, wesebi, maSin roca rCeulTa
mxolod maRalkvalificirebul mcirericxovan jgufs, samarTlis safuZvlebis
(fesvebis – u¹ål) codnidan gamomdinare, aqvs unari miiRos damoukidebeli
gadawyvetileba, romelic sxvis mier miRebulis sawinaaRmdego SeiZleba iyos.
nawilobrivi kompetenciis (ijTihád Tajzi’a) Zveli koncefcia, romelic miniWebuli
hqondaT swavlulebs religiuri samarTlis zogierT sferoSi, amieridan
daviwyebulia. avtoriteti gaaCnia mxolod absoluturi, sayovelTao kompetenciis
mqones (ijTihád mutlak). ganuxrelad izrdeboda mujTahidTa raodenoba. Tuki
saukunis dasawyisSi sul Tormetiode imamiti mujTahidi (sakuTriv iranSi oTxi)
iyo, saukunis Sua xanebisaTvis ki mujTahidi yvela mniSvnelovan qalaqSi iyo. násir
ad-dãn Sáhis dros (1848-1896) maTi ricxvi ukve 175-s aRwevs. rogorc Cveulebrivi
morwmune, ise rigiTi molac valdebulia daemorCilos mujTahids. yvelaze
kvalificirebuli mujTahidi xdeba marja-e Taylidi, anu mujTahidi, romelsac
“gadascems” morwmune sakuTar pasuxismgeblobas rwmenis sakiTxebSi da romlis
gadawyvetilebebsac man brmad unda misdios. amgvarad, XIX s-dan ikveTeba
mujTahidTa ierarqizaciis tendencia, romlis saTaveSic marja-e Taylidi dgas da
romelic uzenaesi religiuri xelisufalia.
saukunis Sua xanebSi erT-erTi mogzauri aRniSnavda, rom iranSi
samRvdeloebis ZiriTadi Semosavlebi Semdegi saxisa iyo: 1. vakfi, anu
meCeTebisaTvis gadacemuli samflobeloebidan miRebuli Semosavali. 2. qorwinebis,
winadacveTis, dasaflavebis, ganqorwinebis ritualebisagan miRebuli Semosavali. 3)
aqtebis, damadasturebeli sabuTebis, Tilismebis, arzebis (Txovna)
ganxorcielebisagan miRebuli Semosavali. 4) zaqaTi anu meaTedi.

160
 meore funqcia, romelic ulamebma sefianTa xanidan gaiTavises, iyo locvis
winamZRoloba da paraskevis xutbis wakiTxva. jer kidev al-qaraqim mTel iranSi
gaamwesa ulamebi fiS namazisa da imam jom’es postebze. garda amisa, samRdeloebam
miiRo ufleba gamoetana ganaCeni da ganexorcielebina damnaSavis fizikuri dasja:
mag., qurdobis SemTxvevaSi marjvena xelis mokveTa.
miuxedavad imisa, rom al-mufãdis, al-murTa«ás da ‘alláma ®illãsaTvis
dasaSvebi iyo fizikuri dasjis ganxorcieleba ulamTa mier, imamis aryofnis
periodSi es mainc iwvevda davas. magram XVIII saukunis miwurulidan imamisaTvis
mindobili saRvTo misia “daemyarebina sikeTe da aekrZala boroteba” mujTahidebis
mier miCneul iqna TavianT bunebriv uflebad. ukve naxsenebi iyo, rom qarbalaSi
muÐammad baqar bihbáhánis Tavadve gamohqonda sasikvdilo ganaCenebi da sisruleSi
mohyavda isini saidebis saSualebiT. misma mowafem saÁÁid mohamad baqer raSTim
(gard. 1844 w.), romelic isfahanis Saix al-islami iyo, specialuri traqtati dawera
mujTahidTa mier hududis (dasjis) gamoyenebis gasamarTleblad.
imamis ukanaskneli prerogativa, romelsac mujTahidebi “miuaxlovdnen”, iyo
urwmunoTa winaaRmdeg wminda omis – jihadis gamocxadeba da warmoeba. kvietisturi
ganwyobis ufro adrindeli avtorebisaTvis eWvis ar arsebobda, rom jihadis
gamocxadeba SeeZlo mxolod imamsa da mis mier uSualod daniSnul
warmomadgenels. al-mufids jihadi warmoedgina, rogorc araZaladobaze
dafuZnebuli brZola “islamis samflobelos” gadasaqcevad “sarwmunoebis
samflobelod” (dár al-ãmán), romliTac momavlisaTvis gadaiwevs Seteva
“urwmunoTa samflobeloze” (dár al-qufr). sxva sityvebiT, igi jihads mSvidobiani
propagandis funqcias aniWebs. ori saukunis Semdeg al-mu®akkik al-®illã
(gard.1326w.) miiCnevda, rom jihadi ar aris aucilebeli, sanam amas morwmunes Tavad
imami ar mouwodebs. sxva SemTxvevaSi, imamis aryofnis pirobebSi, jihadi
mowonebuli (musTa®abb) iyo mxolod islamis teritoriis sazRvris dacvisaTvis.
amdenad, al-mu®akkiki, realurad jihads TavdacviTi omiT Semofarglavda. es
koncefcia praqtikuli TvalsazrisiT ucvleli darCa sefianTa epoqaSic. mxolod
ruseTTan kavkasiuri omis dros (1804-1813) gamoxates ulemebma pretenzia
yofiliyvnen faruli imamis warmomadgenlebi am sakiTxSic. rogorc zemoT iTqva,
saÁÁid ja‘fari ganmartavda, rom imamis aryofnis pirobebSi mis warmomadgenlebs,
mujTahidebs, ufro zustad ki maT Soris saukeTesos, hqonda jihadis gamocxadebis
ufleba. man aseve misca Sahs rusTa winaaRmdeg saRvTo omis warmoebisa da imamis
kuTvnili nadavlis nawilis gamoyenebis ufleba muslimTa saWiroebisaTvis.
“vinaidan me var mujTahidi da erT-erTi imaTgani, romelsac ufleba aqvs sakuTari
Tavi CaTvalos droTa meufis [e.i. faruli imamis] warmomadgenlad, me uflebas
vaZlev faTh ali Sahs aiRos, rac aucilebelia meomarTa da jaris aRWurvisaTvis
da gamoiyenos es urwmunoebis, amboxebulebisa da moRalateebis ukusagdeblad.~
golesTanis 1813 w. zavis Semdeg, rusebis dapirispirebam CeCnebTan da CerqezebTan
kvlav wamoswia iranSi jihadis gamocxadebis moTxovna. am movlenis sulisCamdgmeli
iyo Tavrizis gamgebeli abas mirza, romelsac surda evropuli tipis armiis Seqmna
rusebis gansadevnad. qerbaladan mohamad behbahanis SviliSvilma mujTahidma aRa
said mohamad isfahanim mouwoda Sahs Seesrulebina Tavisi movaleoba. igi ulemebTan
erTad Cavida TeiranSi, Semdeg gahyva Sahs samxedro banakSi solTanieSi, sadac 1
ivliss gamocxadda jihadi rusebis winaaRmdeg. Tumca, rogorc cnobilia, omi
iranisaTvis katastrofuli aRmoCnda da 1828 w. TurqmenCais xelSekrulebiT
sabolood daikarga samxreT kavkasia.
XIX s.-Si dRis sinaTle ixila ulamebis kidev erTma axalma funqciam, romelic
manamde ar SeusrulebiaT arc sunit da arc Siit swavlulebs. es iyo
eqskomunikacia - `urwmunod gamocxadeba~ (Taqfir), romliTac muslimi qristianis,
iudevlis an zoroastrelis statusamde daiyvaneboda. Tumca, am funqciis
institucionalizacia ar momxdara da mas iuridiulad dakanonebuli Zala ar
SeuZenia. amasTanave ki, Tavisi efeqtiT, igi Zlier waagavda kaTolikur
eqskomunikacias. nebismier mujTahids SeeZlo Taqfiris gamocxadeba, romlis Zalac
damokidebuli iyo konkretuli mujTahidis religiur prestiJsa da mis socialur
gavlenaze. iSviaTi ar iyo, rodesac dapirispirebuli mujTahidebi erTmaneTs
anaTemas gadascemdnen. magaliTisaTvis, am axali iaraRis msxverplni gaxdnen
axbariebi behbahanis TaqfiriT. Semdeg sufiebis jeric dadga. saukunis dasawyisSi

161
indoeTidan dabrunda ne‘maTolahias sulieri meTauri firi ma‘sum ‘ali Sahi, ramac
sufizmis renesansis niSnebi gamoaSkarava. mujTahidebma mis winaaRmdeg
mxardaWerisaTvis faTh ali Sahs mimarTes. Sahic maT gverdi amoudga. ne’maTolahias
sufiuri ordenis meTauris indoeTidan iranSi dabrunebis Semdeg igi mohamad ‘ali
behbahanim moakvlevina, ramac Rrma savalalo kvali datova iranuli sufizmis
istoriaSi. manve Taqfiri warmoTqva derviSebis winaaRmdeg da imdenad gamoiCina
Tavi maTi devniT, rom miiRo metsaxeli `sufiebis mkvleli~.

babizmi
babizmi [bábãs] warmoadgenda religiur da socialur-politikur moZraobas XIX
s-is pirveli naxevris iranSi, romlis fuZemdebeli da pirveli xelmZRvaneli iyo
saÁÁid ‘alã mu®ammad Sãrázi, metsaxelad bábi (1821-1850). is daibada SirazSi, vaWris
ojaxSi. axalgazrdobaSi vaWrobda Zvirfasi qsovilebiT. Siitebis wminda qalaqebSi
qerbalasa da najafSi yofnis dros Sevida Saixitebis (aS-SaÁxã) seqtaSi, romlis
mimdevrebi elodnen me-12, e. w. faruli imamis, mahdis dabrunebas (raja‘a),
romelsac samarTlianoba da adamianTa Tanasworuflebianoba unda moetana. hijris
1260/1844 w., ukanaskneli me-12 imamis gauCinarebidan zustad aTasi wlis Semdeg, man
Tavi gamoacxada babad (arab. báb, “karebi”, “WiSkari”, am SemTxvevaSi - karebi
RvTaebrivi WeSmaritebis codnisken) romlis meSveobiTac mahdis Tavisi neba unda
gaecno xalxisTvis, xolo 1847 w. ukve rogorc mahdi moevlina Tavis mimdevrebs. man
uaryo yurani da mis nacvlad axal saRvTo werilad gamoacxada, arabulad da
sparsulad dawerili sakuTari Txzuleba “baÁán” (“gamocxadeba”), romelSic
ganxiluli iyo misi religiuri doqtrina. 1847 w. is daapatimres da 1850 w. 8 ivliss
sikvdiliT dasajes.
babis moZRvrebiT, sazogadoeba viTardeba aRmavali, epoqebis monacvleobis gziT.
yovel axal epoqas aqvs axali wesebi da kanonebi, romelTac RmerTi mociqulebisa
da saRvTo wignebis meSveobiT ugzavnis xalxs. ase cvlidnen erTmaneTs mose da
Tora, ieso da saxareba, muhamadi da yurani. babis mixedviT, muhamadis dro gavida da
dadga Jami mahdis gamocxadebisa, romelic Tavisi wigniT xalxs Tavisuflebasa da
bednierebas moutans. babma, romelmac Tavad ikisra mahdis misia da yurani Secvala
~baianiT~, iqadaga, rom momaval wminda samefoSi yvela adamiani, maT Soris
qalebic, Tanabari uflebebiT isargeblebda da Tavisufali iqneboda. is amtkicebda,
rom wminda samefo jer iranis erT garkveul nawilSi Seiqmneboda, xolo Semdeg
mTel qveyanas da samyarosac moicavda. yvela, vinc ar miiRebda babizms, am
samefodan ganidevnebodnen da mTeli maTi avla-dideba babidebze ganawildeboda.
babi SeRavaTebs hpirdeboda vaWrebs, xelosnebs, mevaxSeebs, moiTxovda msxvili
miwismflobelobis gauqmebas.
XIX s. Sua wlebSi babizmi iranSi mimdinare saxalxo moZraobis ideologiad
iqca. misma demokratiulma moTxovnebma ukiduresi ganviTareba hpova. moZraobis
radikaluri frTis warmomadgenlebis mu®ammad ‘alã bárfuråSisa da cnobili
mqadagebeli qalis kurraT al-‘aÁnis moRvaweobaSi. isini arwmunebdnen mimdevrebs,
rom dadga Jami axali mociqulis mosvlisa. amitom yuranma, SariaTma, Zvelma wesebma
da kanonebma dakarges Zala da unda gauqmdes yvela gadasaxadi da valdebuleba.
babidebis ajanyeba TiTqmis mTel CrdiloeT irans moedo. 1850 w. man marcxi
ganicada; bevrma babidma datova irani, nawili ki individualuri teroris gzas
daadga.

bahaizmi
bahaitebi [bahá’ã] arian mimdevrebi mãrzá ®usaÁn ‘alã nårãsa (1817-1892),
romelsac ewoda bahaula [bahá’ alláh, “alahis brwyinvaleba”, “dideba”). mãrzá
®usaÁn ‘alã daibada iranis kaspiispira provinciaSi, mazandaranSi, nurSi. 30 wlis
asakSi gaxda babis mimdevari. 1852 w. agvistoSi daapatimres iranis Sahze babidebis
warumatebeli Tavdasxmis mcdelobis gamo. 1853 w. ianvarSi gaasaxles eraySi, sadac
cxovrobda baRdadsa da sulaimaniaSi (rogorc gandegili). 1864 w. osmaleTis
xelisuflebam is gadaasaxla jer andrianopolSi, xolo 1868 w. - palestinaSi, q.
‘aqqáSi (akri). 1863 w. bahaulam Tavi gamoacxada winaswarmetyvelad, romlis
gamoCenac iwinaswarmetyvela Tavad babma. 1858 w. man baRdadSi dawera “qiTáb al-

162
ãmán” (“rwmenis wigni”), romelSic gadmosca Tavisi mrwamsi da damokidebuleba babis
moZRvrebisadmi, xolo 1873 w. palestinaSi - “qiTáb al-akdas” (“uwmindesi wigni”),
romelic Seicavda misi moZRvrebis - bahaizmis ZiriTad debulebebs. bahaulam Tavis
sulier memkvidred da bahaistebis Temis meTaurad daniSna ufrosi vaJiSvili abas
efendi (gard. 1921 w.), romelsac ewoda abdul-baha (‘abd al-bahá’, “bahas,
brwyinvalebis mona”). man miiRo mamis moZRvrebis ganmartebis sruli ufleba.
abdul-bahas Semdeg bahaistebis Tems xelmZRvanelobda misi ufrosi SviliSvili
SoRi-efendi (gard. 1956 w.).
bahaulas moZRvrebis - bahaizmis Tanaxmad RmerTi erTia yvela religiis
mimdevrisaTvis, mTeli kacobriobisaTvis. ar arsebobs raime saWiroeba religiebis
arsebobisTvis, romelTac ganasxvavebs mxolod ritualebi. dadgeba dRe, roca
yvela religia gaerTiandeba, radganac RvTis mier STagonebuli yvela religia
Tavis safuZvelSi erTia. erTia kacobriobac. RmerTis winaSe yvela adamiani
Tanasworia. warsuls unda Cabardes yovelgvari rasobrivi, erovnuli, religiuri,
klasobrivi, anda politikuri crurwmena. TiToeul adamians ZaluZs eZios
WeSmariteba. mecniereba da religia, rogorc realobis miRwevis sxvadasxva
saSualeba, erTmaneTs ki ar unda ewinaaRmdegebodes, aramed avsebdes. sazogadoeba,
sadac gabatonebulia religia, eSveba crurwmenis wyvdiadSi. sazogadoebas
religiis gareSe ki ar gaaCnia suliereba, ris gareSec, maRalganviTarebuli
mecnierebac rom hqondes, materializmis WaobSi Caefloba. mamakacebi da qalebi
Tanasworni arian da frinvelis or frTas hgvanan. srulyofili zogadi ganaTleba
misawvdomi unda iyos yvela bavSvisaTvis. ekonomikuri problemebis gadaWra
SeiZleba mxolod sulierebis gziT. msoflios esaWiroeba saerTaSoriso ena.
mTeli planetis adamianebma unda miaRwion sayovelTao mSvidobas, romelic unda
daicvas msoflio Tanamegobrobam. yoveli axali mociquli winamorbeds ki ar
uaryofs, aramed avsebs mas, vinaidan yvelani erTsa da imave principebs acxadeben
da warmoadgenen Suamavlebs adamianebsa da uzenaes suls Soris.
bahaizmi faqtobrivad axali, Tanamedrove religiaa. muslimi RvTismetyvelebi
da TviT bahaistebic ar cnoben mas islamis nawilad. bahaistebis Temi Riaa
yvelasaTvis, vinc aRiarebs bahaulas rwmenas da iziarebs mis moZRvrebas. maTTan ar
aris xelTdasxmis ceremoniali, ara hyavT sasuliero wodeba. yvela bahaistis
religiuri movaleobaa yoveldRiurad xuTjer locva da weliwadSi 19 dRe marxva.
bahaitebis Temis marTva xdeba im zogadi principebis Sesabamisad, romlebic
gamoacxada bahaulam da im institutebis mier, romlebic Seqmna da gaavrcela
abdul-baham. adgilobriv doneze Temis mmarTvelobas man axorcielebs
adgilobrivi sasuliero asamblea. qveynis bahaistur Temebze iurisdiqcia ekuTvnis
erovnul sasuliero asambleas. erovnuli asambleebi 5 weliwadSi erTxel iwveven
saerTaSoriso yrilobas, romelzedac irCeven mmarTvel organos - samarTlianobis
msoflio saxls.
1996 w. monacemebiT bahaitebis saerTo raodenoba msoflios 184-ze met qveyanaSi
6,1 mln-s Seadgens. maTi umravlesoba cxovrobs aziis qveynebSi (3 mln) da afrikaSi
(1,85 mln); arian evropaSi, amerikisa da okeaniis qveynebSic. bahaitebis Stab-bina
xaifaSia (israeli). maT moipoves farTo saerTaSoriso aRiareba da aqvT
warmomadgenloba gaero-Si.
1992 wlidan bahaitebi gaCndnen Tbilissa da saqarTvelos sxva qalaqebSic
(quTaisi, baTumi, gori, rusTavi...). arCeulia maTi erovnuli sasuliero asamblea,
romlis egidiTac gamoica biuletenebi da wignebi bahaulas cxovrebis da misi
moRvaweobis Sesaxeb.

Siizmis politizacia XX saukuneSi. XIX saukunis miwuruls Siituri sasuliero

wodeba iranSi aqtiurad erTveba xelisuflebis opozciur moZraobaSi. ulemebma
mniSvnelovani roli Seasrules 1892 wels e.w. “Tambaqos ambixebis” dros da Semdeg
1905-1911 ww. iranis konstituciur revoluciaSi.
iranis 1906 wlis konstitucia didwilad imeorebda belgiis 1831 w. konstitucias,
magram masSi ikveTeboda ulemTa gavlenis kvalic. mag., jafarituli mazhabi (e.i
imamizmi) cxaddeboda iranis saxelmwifo religiad. mejlisis wevrs unda daefica
yuranze. damatebiT punqtSi aRniSnuli iyo, rom mejlisis arcerTi gadawyvetileba

163
ar unda ewinaaRmdegebodes yurans. mejlisisa da mTavrobis wevrebs werilobiTi da
zepiri gamosvlebisas eniWebodaT Tavisufleba, magram dauSvebelia iyo iseTi
qmedeba, risTvisac islamuri kanoni sasjels iTvaliswinebda. aseve daSveuli iyo
`sazogadoebebis da asociaciebis Seqmna, Tu isini safrTxes ar uqmnidnen ...
saxelmwifo religias.~ gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani iyo konstituciis 1906 wlis 30
dekembris damateba, romlis Tanaxmadac aramuslim umciresobebs mejlisSi
kenWisyris, da Sesabamisad qveynis politikur cxovrebaSi CarTvis ufleba
eZleodaT. 1907 wlis 7 oqtomris damatebiT ki, sparseTis imperiis yvela
qveSevrdomis Tanasworuflebianoba gamocxadda. aseve gauqmda jizia, romelic
aramuslimebs araxelsayrel ekonomikur pirobebs uqmnida muslimebTan SedarebiT
da romelic “warmoadgenda maTi araTanasworuflebianobis TvalsaCino indikators”.
Tumca, amgvari aqtebis mowinaaRmdegeebic ar isxdnen gulxeldakrefilni da imave 7
oqtombris damatebaSi aRniSnuli iyo, rom mxolod muslimi SeiZleboda gamxdariyo
ministri.
1907 wlis konstituciis teqsti garkveuli kompromisia samRvdeloebis religiur
ganwyobebsa da saero liberalebis demokratiul ideebs Soris. Tumca
garkveulwilad paradoqsulicaa, rom samRvdeloeba daTanxma teqstSi Setanili
yofiliyo belgiuri da franguli konstituciuri samarTlisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli
iuridiuli koncefciebi. igi uSvebda parlamentis kanonierebas da samoqalaqo
samarTlis arsebobas, rac wminda religiuri TvalsazrisiT, saR azrs moklebuli
da arakanonieria, vinaidan mxolod yurania samarTlis erTaderTi wyaro. Tavis
mxriv, saero pirebi aRiarebdnen imamitur Siizms saxelmwifos oficialur
religiad da Tanxmdebodnen, rom nebismieri kanoni islamTan Sesabamisobis
TvalsazrisiT unda Seemowmebina zemoT naxseneb da mxolod “qaRaldze” arsebul
xuTi mujTahidisagan Semdgar sabWos.
fahlavianTa dinastiis xelisuflebis saTaveSi mosvlis Semdeg sasuliero
wodebis roli qveynis politikur cxovrebaSi dakninda, Tumca politizebuli
samRvdeloeba aqtiura iyo CarTuli opoziciur moZraobaSi da es aqtivoba
sabolood dagirgvinda iranis islamuri revoluciiTa da xelisuflebis saTaveSi
samRvdeloebis mosvliT aiaTola xomeinis meTaurobiT.
xomeinim SeZlo, erTis mxriv aeRorZinebina samRvdeloebis, rogorc
sazogadoebis sulieri moZRvris, fahlavianTa batonobis Sedegad esoden
dakninebuli roli, meores mxriv ki misTvis mieniWebina uaRresad politizebuli,
jerarnaxuli funqcia, rac ganxorcielda islamur respublikaSi xomeinis
mxardamWeri samRvdeloebis politikuri gabatonebiT.
Tavis umniSvnelovanes TxzulebaSi - “islamur mmarTvelobaSi”186, xomeini ukve
amtkicebda, rom islami ara marto eTikuri religiaa, aramed yvela is kanoni da
principebi gaaCnia, romlebic aucilebelia mmarTvelobisa da socialuri
administrirebisaTvis. aqedan gamomdinare, islamuri mmarTveloba aris WeSmariti
konstituciuri mmarTveloba, romelsac yurani da tradiciebi gaaCnia konstituciis
saxiT. imis gamo, rom yuransa da tradiciebSi ar aris specifikuri miTiTeba imis
Taobaze, Tu vin unda iyos mmarTveli okultaciis periodSi, Sari’aTis
srulfasovani amoqmedebisaTvis aucilebelia socialuri wesrigi. muslimi
gamgebeli unda iyos samarTliani. Sesabamisad, man zedmiwevniT kargad unda icodes
Sari’aTi, raTa misi qmedebebi saRvTo kanonis moTxovnebs Seesabamebodes. am
pirobebs akmayofilebs mxolod fayihi. igi aris pirovneba, romelsac yvelaze metad
xelewifeba muslimuri Temis marTva – velaiaT-e fayihi. man igive funqciebi unda
itvirTos, romelTac imami asrulebda, Tumca bunebrivia, mas ver gautoldeba.
amgvar mmarTvelobaSi ar aris adgili mefeebisa Tu sxva saero xelisufalTaTvis.
“monarqia da memkvidreoba is ori ram aris, romlis winaaRmdegac aRdga husaini da
ris gamoc daiRupa mowameobrivi sikvdiliT. man uari Tqva eRiarebina iazidis
mefoba, ajanyda da yvela muslims igives gakeTeba mouwoda”.

186aRsaniSnavia, rom “islamuri mmarTvelobis” ena teqnikuri TvalsazrisiT iuridiuli da

toniT elitisturia da Sesabamisad mis mkiTxvelTa ricxvis SezRuduli iyo. rac Seexeba
xomeinis werilebs da mowodebebs, isini yvelasaTvis gasageb enaze iyo dawerili da
mosaxleobisaTvis samoqmedo programa xdeboda.

164
damxmare literatura

1. sanikiZe g. Siizmi da saxelmwifo iranSi. Tb., 2005.

2. sanikiZe g. ismailianTa imamaTis doqtrina da misi politikuri aspeqtebi. −
axlo aRmosavleTi da saqarTvelo, II, Tb., 1999, gv. 88-102.
3. sanikiZe g. aiaTola xomeinis politikuri Sexedulebebi. − tipologiuri
Ziebani, IV, Tb., 2001, gv., 113-149.
4. qajaia i. muTaziluri moZRvrebis ZiriTadi debulebebi. — jevanmardi, IV, Tb.,
1990, gv. 96-105.
5. Ваххабиты масони. Тайны Востока и Запада. М., 2004.
6. Дорошенко E. А. Шиитское духовенство в современном Иране. М., 1985.
7. Ислам: основные направления, течения, секты, историческая хронология,
праздники. Составитель Т. Тожиддинов. М., 1988.
8. Ал-Кутб, Мухаммад ‘Али. Основатели четырех Мазхабов. Москва - Санкт-
Петербург, 2005.
9. Ан-Наубахти, ал-Хасан ибн Муса, Шиитские секты, пер. с араб., исслед. и
комментарий С.М. Прозорова. М., Наука, 1973.
10. Прозоров С. М. К Вопросу о “Правоверии” в Исламе: Понятие Ахл АС-Сунна
(Сунниты). − Проблемы Арабской Культуры, М., 1987, с. 213-218.
11. Сурдель Д. Имамитские концепции в начале XI в. в характеристике аш-шайха ал-
Муфида. − сб. Мусульманский мир 950-1150, с. 207- 220.
12. аш-Шахрастāни, Мухаммад ибн ‘абд ал-Карим, Книга о религиях и сектах, Китāб
ал-милал ва-н-нихал, Пер. с араб., введ. и коммент. С.М. Прозорова. М., 1984.
13. Шииты, сунниты, дервиши: вечные тайны ислама. М., 2005.
14. Algar H. Religion and State in Iran, 1785-1906. The Role of The Ulama in
the Qajar Period. Berkeley/Los Angeles, 1969.
15. Arjomand S.A. The Shadow of God and the Hidden Imam. Religion, political
Order and Social Change in Shi’ite Iran from the Beginning to 1890 (Chicago
/London,1984.
16. Arjomand S.A. The Turban for the Crown. The Islamic Revolution in
Iran.Oxford, 1988.
17. Bosworth E. (ed.), Iran and Islam. Edinburgh, 1971.
18. Brunshvig R. and Fahd T. (org.), Le Chi‘isme imamite, Colloque de Strasbourg,
6-9.05.1970. Paris, 1971.
19. Cole J. Sacred Space and Holy War. The Politics, Culture and History
of Shi’ite Islam. London-New york, 2002.
20. Corbin H. En Islam Iranien. Aspects spirituels et philosophiques, I-IV. Paris,
1971-72.
21. Halm H. Le chiisme, Trad. de l’allemand par H. Hougue, Paris, 1995.
22. Jafri H.M. Origins and Early Development of Shi’a Islam. London/New York,
1979.
23. Keddie N.R. Modern Iran. Roots and Results of Revolution. New Hawen and
London, 2003.
24. Laoust H. Comment definir le sunnisme et le chiisme. Paris, 1985.
25. Momen M. An Introduction to Shi’i Islam. The History and Doctrine of
Twelwer Shi’ism (New Haven-Londone: Yale University Press, 1985).
26. Nawas John A. A Reexamination of Three Current Explanations for al-Mamun’s
Introduction of the Mihna. − International Journal of Middle East
Studies, Vol. 26, No 4 (Nov., 1994), p. 615-629.
27. Richard Y. L’islam Chi’ite, Croyances et ideologies. Paris, 1991.
28. Scarcia-Amoretti B. Religion. − Cambridge History of Iran, VI, The
Timurid and the safavid Periods, Ch. 12, pp. 610-655 (Cambridge University
Press, 1986).

165
 29. Tabataba'i H. M. Introduction to Shi'ite Law. London, 1984.
30. Thual F. Géopoltique du chiisme. Paris, 1994.
31. Tritton A.S. Islam. Belief and Practices. London,1966.

Tavi IX

misticizmi da sufizmi

M muhamadis droidan moyolebuli, arabeTSi ukve iyvnen iseTi morwmuneebi,

romlebic ar kmayofildebodnen mxolod muhamadis miwerilobebis ubralo dacviT
da surdaT “uSualo” kavSiri daemyarebinaT RmerTTan. praqtikulad, isini
misdevdnen qristiani asketebis TiTqmis analogiur gzas, Tumca ar miiCnevdnen
aucileblad celibatis dacvas. isini cdilobdnen gaTavisuflebuliyvnen xorcieli
da miwieri survilebisagan da ganewmindaT sakuTari suli amqveyniuri mankierad
miCneuli siamovnebebisagan.
VII-VIII saukuneebis manZilze am arabi asketebis ricxi mkveTrad gaizarda.
amas, erTi mxriv, ganapirobebda is, rom amgvari msoflmxedveloba
konkurentunariani gamodga dapyrobil teritoriebze, da, meore mxriv, “amqveyniuri
siamovnebebis” uaryofis msgavsi forma ukve arsebobda islamze axladmoqceuli
xalxebis Zvel religiebSi.
RmerTTTan uSualo kavSiris damyarebis gzebis Zieba zogierT maTgans
ubiZgebda amqveyniuri saqmeebidan garidebisaken; sxvebi amjobinebdnen ufro
asketuri cxovrebis wesis dacvas sazogadoebis SigniT. rodesac maTi misticizmi da
RmerTTan kavSiris gzebis Zieba cdeboda islamuri orTodoqsiis sazRvrebs, maT
Zlieri winaaRmdegoba xvdebodaT. es adamianebi naklebad iyvnen dakavebulni
dogmatikiTa da metafizikiT Tu yuranisa da hadisebis iuridiuli da
filologiuri aspeqtebiT, aramed, upirveles yuradRebas aqcevdnen maTi
siRmiseuli, faruli mniSvnelobis Ziebas. amgvarad warmoiSva axali “Teologia”,
romelic orientirebuli iyo religiuri cnobierebisa da fsiqologiis Secnobaze
da sazrdoobda am perspeqtivis CarCoebSi arsebulad miCneuli islamuri
literaturiT.

166
 al-®asan al-ba¹rã (gard.110/728) da al-mu®ásibã (gard. 243/857) ori mTavari
warmomadgeneli iyvnen am farTo moZraobisa metad gansxvavebuli tendenciebiT,
dawyebuli yvelaze mkacri asketizmidan yvelaze abstragirebul spekulatiur
gansjamde, romelic aerTianebda islamuri sazogadoebis sruliad sxvadasxva
fenebs - ubralod mormuneebidan dawyebuli, yvelaze brwyinvale inteleqtualebiT
damTavrebuli. maTi religiurobis formam SemdgomSi sxvadasxva saxelebi miiRo,
maT Soris sakmaod orazrovanic: “Sinagani codna” da “gulis mecniereba” da a.S.

winaklasikuri sufizmi. VIII saukunis II naxevridan am morwmuneTa Soris gamoCdnen

sufiebi (¹åfiÁÁa, ¹åfiÁån, mx. r. ¹åfi, an muTa¹avvifa, mx. r. muTa¹avvif). es saxeli
maT im mizeziT miiRes, radganac zogierTi atarebda uxeSi matylis (¹åf − matyli)
tanisamoss, rac maT ganasxvavebda sxvaTagan.
beris uxeSi samoseli mWidro kavSirSi iyo monaniebis ideasTan. saukuneTa
manZilze is asocirebuli iyo maTTan (mag., qristian berebTan), romlebmac
religiuri mizezebiT airCies siRaribe. siRaribis cneba gardauvlad ar moiTxovs
RvTismosaobas, magram “Raribis” ganmsazRvreli sityvebi (arab. ფakãr, spars. darvãS)
TandaTanobiT iqca imavdroulad RvTismosavi adamianis aRmiSvneladac. zustad
ucnobia, kidev ra niSnebiT gansxvavdebodnen “sufiebi” sxva asketebisagan. zogierTi
maTgani, gansmWvaluli garkveuli siZulviliT arsebuli weswyobilebisadmi, misi
apologetebisa da Teologebis mimarT, Cans, rom eWvqveS ayenebdasazogadoebis
arsebuli mowyobis marTlzomierebas; meoreni gulgrilobas iCendnen misi
safuZvlebisa da faseulobebis mimarT; sxvebs swamdaT, rom mowodebulni iyvnen
masTan ebrZolaT; magram yvelani isini gansakuTrebul, sxva morwmuneTagan
gansxvavebul cxovrebis wess misdevdnen. ueWvelia, rom isini sakuTar religiur
gamocdilebas ufro meti Rirebulebis matareblad Tvlidnen, vidre tradiciuli
praqtika da miiCnevdnen, rom isini ufro axlos idgnen SemoTavazebul idealTan,
vidre RvTismetyvelebis oficialuri warmomadgenlebi – rom araferi iTqvas saero
xelisuflebaze.
zogierTi monacemi, Tumca arc Tu ise mkafio, SesaZleblobas iZleva, rom VIII
saukunis daTariRdes musikisa da poeziis (samá‘) sufiuri praqtikis dasawyisi.
amgvari praqtikis mizani iyo sulSi RvTaebrivi siyvarulis amaRleba da misi
gadasvla eqstatiur mdgomareobaSi, romliTac is RmerTs unda mierTeboda.
yuranis suliskveTebidan gamomdinare, romelic morwmunes mouwodebs axsenos
RmerTi (ziqr alláh) rac SeiZleba xSirad, jer kidev muhamadis cxovrebaSi
damkvirda Sekrebebis mowyoba, sadac ganixilavdnen religiasa da yuraniseul
kanons. es SenarCunda, sxvadasxva modificirebuli formebiT, sxvadasxva religiur
wreebSi. sufiebi, SesaZloa, VIII saukunidan ukve ikribebodnen, raTa erToblivad
warmoeTqvaT garkveuli formulebi, gansakuTrebiT muslimuri rwmenis
dadasturebis pirveli fraza, “ar aris RmerTi, garda alahisa”. amgvar ganmeorebas
SeiZleboda gamoewvia eqstatiuri mdgomareoba. sama da ziqric SeiZleboda imave
Sekrebis manZilze ganxorcielebuliyo. ueWvelia, sufiebi pativiscemas iCendnen
kanonis mimarT, magram misi dacva maTTvis ar iyo upirvelesi moTxovna da bevri
maTgani RmerTisken Sewymis gzaze mis gadalaxvasac dasaSvebad miiCnevda.
pirvandeli sufizmis warmomavloba sakmaod bundovania. SesaZloa, is
modioda arabeTis sazRvrebs gare regionebid: mesopotamiidan, palestinidan,
egviptidan da, gansakuTrebiT, centraluri siriidan. nebismier SemTxvevaSi, 200/815
wlisaTvis sufizmi ukve cnobili iyo meqaSi, iemensa da amudariis regionSi.

klasikuri sufizmi. Teologi swavlulebi ar ganixilavdnen sufizms imave doneze,

rogorzec maT sakuTar doqtrinas. Tumca, ukve III/IX saukunidan sufiurma ideebmna
gamoZaxili hpova arasuf religiur pirTa wreSiac. “Sinagani codnis” momxreebi
aRiarebdnen, rom sufizmi axdenda uzenaesi idealis SemoTavazebas, ise rogorc maT
xiblavda “WabukTa sazogadoebebis” (fiTÁán) keTilSobiluri TviTgandgoma,
idealebisadmi erTguleba da Tavdadeba. Uucnobia, Tu ram ufro meti gavlena
moaxdina maTze: survilma damdablebisa mawanwalisa da umecaris doneze,
adamianebis dabrunebisa WeSmaritebis gzaze, Tu maTi ucnauri cxovrebis wesis
xiblma, anda maT mier danergili RmerTis Ziebis meTodebis efeqturobis aRmoCenam.
nebismier SemTxvevaSi, IX saukunis manZilze, termini sufizmi, romelic amieridan

167
zogadad asocirebuli iyo mkacri asketizimis ideasTan, gamoiyeneboda ara mxolod
“Sinagani codnis” adeptebis revoluciuri memarcxene da sakmaod
diskreditirebuili frTis aRsaniSnavad, magram aseve maTi centris, dabolos,
mTeli jgufis saxelad. sufizmi, dasawyisSi marginaluri fenomeni ukve
saxelwodebas aZlevs mTlianonbaSi religiuri asketizmis moZraobasa da “Sinagan
codnas”, magram isic, Tavis mxriv, STanTqmulia am moZraobis mier.
hijris III-IV saukuneebis manZilze, “Sinagani codnis” didi moZRvrebi,
romlebsac Cvens droSi zogadad sufiebs uwodeben, abå sa‘ãd al-xarrázi, a®mad b.
‘atá’ da al-junaÁdi mesopotamiaSi, abå Áazãd al-bistámã, abå hafs an-nãSábåri da
abå baqr al-vásitã iranSi, da sxva mravali, jer kidev ixrebodnen religiuri da
eqstatiuri Ziebis sabaziso problemebis teqnikis kvlevisaken, magram sabolood
swored maTi ZalisxmeviT dasrulda klasikuri sufizmis SemuSaveba - islamuri
misticizmisa, romelmac Semdgom gaagrZela sxvadasxva variantebis SemuSaveba,
magram erTobliobaSi, Seiqmna homogenuroba.
aRiarebuli avtoritetebi cdilobdnen moecilebinaT misTvis yvelaze
radikalizebuli ganStoebebi; isini gansaxvavebdnen misaRebs dasagmobisagan;
gamoacalkevebdnen Rirsebebs da emociebs, aniWebdnen sulier funqciebs konkretul
organoebs (goneba, guli da a.S.), gansazRvravdnen Sinagani progresiis etapebs,
ayalibebdnen eTikuri da epistemologiuri principebis sistemas, ukanonebdnen
daSvebul sazRvrebs “sulier Tavgadasavals”, mokled, isini aviTarebdnen
kompleqsur moralur fsiqologias, romlis mizanic iyo ara adamianis codnis
gaRrmaveba, aramed misi sulis gaZRola ganwmendis gzaze. yvelgan da yovelTvis,
sxvadasxva formebiT, Canda monoTeizmis (Tav®ãd) safuZveli, RmerTis erTianobis
mtkiceba, romlis erTiani neba SesaZlebels xdida yovelives da dasaSvebs. adamiani
mxolod aCrdilia da RmerTisgan damoukideblad ar arsebobs araferi, garda mis
mier mier Seqmnili da misi xelmZRvanelobiT moqmedisa. am moZRvrebis mizani iyo
eCvenebina, rom azrsmoklebuli iyo adamianis mxridan winaaRmdegoba gaewia RmerTis
nebisaTvis, romelic ormxrivad iyo gancxadebuli bedisweriTa da miwerilobebiT
da individis bunebrivi mizani unda yofiliyo sruli da upirobo mindoba
RmerTisadmi.
ganwmendis gzaze damdgar mistikoss aqvs rwmena, rom RmerTi erTdroulad
is mizania, romliskenac iRwvis, da is Zalaa, romelic win ubiZgebs.
RmerTis, rogorc erTaderTi Semoqmedisa da moqmedis doqtrinis
gaTavisebiT, klasikuri sufizmi SeuerTda ibn kuTaÁbas (gard. 276/889)
tradicionalizms da xeli Seuwyo al-aS‘arãs (gard. 232/935) mier wamowyebuli
orTodoqsiis regeneraciis Zalisxmevas. am ukanasknelis Tanamedrove sufi abå baqr
al-vásitãm imdenad win wamoswia monizmi, rom dagmo vedrebis locvebi, rogorc
RmerTis Seulaxavi nebis morCilebis miwerilobis sawinaaRmdego.
misticizmi gansxvavdeba orTodoqsiisagan im TvalsazrisiT, rom is, mxars
uWers ra “ganwmendis” xelSemwyob praqtikebs, am miznisaTvis cdilobs sulieri
Zalebis mobilizebas, adamianisa “mes” da fsevdosubieqtis gaqrobas. filosofosebi
iwoneben ganwmendis am Zalisxmevas, magram uaryofen im im kuTxiT, rom sufizmi mas
ar misdevs spekulatiuri gaRrmavebis TvalsazrisiT, rac man unda gamoiwvios da
gansakuTrebiT, radgan is wiravs “mes” ganadgurebisaTvis.
swored am zogierTi mizeziT gansazRvra andalusielma swavlulma lisan
ad-dãn b al-xatãbma (gard. 777/1375) klasikuri sufizmi, rogorc “moraluri qcevis
misticizmi” (aT-Ta¹avvuf al-xulukã).

anTologiebi da gadmocemebi. IV-X saukunis dasawyisSi, al-®allájma, mistikosma

warmomavlobiT samxreT iranidan, gamoiwvia mZafri winaaRmdegobebi Tavisi
TavdasxmebiT tradiciul islamze da sufizmize, im saxiT, romliTac man evolucia
ganicada. misi amosavali Tezaa is, rom RmerTi ontologiurad warmodgenilia
adamianis sulis umcires nawilSic; magram misi uimedo swrafva RmerTSi ganSlisa
ar mimdinareobda sirTuleebis gareSe. misi Sexedulebebi aisaxa leqsebSi (romelTa
avtoric yovelTvis is ar iyo), romlebSic gamoiyenebda Seumecnebeli siyvarulis
terminologia. didi sifrTxilea saWiro maTgan al-®allájis Teologiis
elementebis amoRebis mcdelobisas. is intrigebis msxverpli gaxda da sikvdiliT
dasajes baRdadSi 310/922 wels. misi sikvdiliT dasja, romlis samiznec sufizmi,

168
rogorc aseTi, ar yofila da zogadad zianic ar miuyenebina misTvis, aCvenebs
misticizmis reglamentaciis da da misticizmisaTvis Tavsmoxvevis garkveuli
normebis tendenciis arsebobas. swored amitom, X-XI saukuneebSi dRis sinaTle
ixila mravalma sufiurma anTologiam, romlebSic Sekrebilia winapari
klasikosebis “Sinagani codnis” rekomendirebuli teqstebi, gadmocemuli zepiri
tradiciiT, ise rogorc dasagmobi teqstebi. mniSvnelovani detalia, rom al-
®alláji iSviaTad moixsenieba am krebulebSi. misma erT-erTma mowinaaRmdegem al-
kuldim (gard. 349/959) izruna amaze, daadgina ra misi sulieri genealogia, romelic
midis mociqulamde. male damkvirda praqtika, romelic Cveulebrivad iqca momdevno
Taobebis sufiebisaTvis – gamoetovebinaT al-®allájis saxeli da mis adgilze
moeTavsebinaT al-junaÁdi, rogorc misi mistikuri mama.

al-halaji [abå l-muRãs al-®usaÁn b. man¹år al-®alláj] (daaxl. 858-922)

warmoSobiT iyo samxreT iranidan. metsaxeli miiRo mamisgan, profesiiT bambis
mpentavisagan (®alláj). igi bevrs mogzaurobda da swavlobda Tavisi drois
gamoCenil sufiebTan; eweoda ukiduresad asketur cxovrebas. baRdadSi igi
regularulad qadagebda vaWrebis, xelosnebisa da qalaqis Raribobis winaSe.
mimdevrebi masSi xedavdnen mesias (mahdis), Tavisi epoqis “srulyofil” wmindans
(kutb). misi moRvaweoba xelisuflebisaTvis masobrivi areulobebis safrTxes
qmnida. 908 w., devnis gamo, igi iZulebuli gaxda gaqceuliyo q. susSi. magram sami
wlis Semdeg al-halaji daatyveves karmatuli ideebis propagandis braldebiT da
gadmoiyvanes baRdadis satusaRoSi. swored cixeSi dawera man Tavisi erTaderTi
prozauli traqtati “qiTáb at-tavásãn”. 922 w., sastiki wamebis Semdeg, igi
sikvdiliT dasajes.
al-®allájis poeziasa da eqstatiur gamonaTqvamebSi Tanamedroveni
xedavdnen islamis mier dagmobil ideebs “gardasaxvis” (®ulål) da RmerTTan
“gaerTianebis” (iTTi®ád) Sesaxeb. Tumca, mis SexedulebaTa saerTo konteqstidan
gamomdinare, SesaZlebelia gakeTdes daskvna, rom igi gulisxmobda ara
RvTaebrivi da adamianuri bunebis substanciur gaerTianebas, aramed
“siyvaruliT” Serwmas: RmerTi an misi suli “gardmoisaxeba” mistikosis sulSi da
maSin misi sityvebi da qceva RvTiuri nebis gamomxatveli “RvTaebriobis” niSnis
matarebeli xdeba.
sulier ZiebaTa procesSi al-®alláji mivida daskvnamde, rom
RmerTisadmi “WeSmariti siyvaruli” adamianisgan moiTxovs TviTgvemas, sakuTari
“me”-s msxverplad gaRebas, raTa mistikoss da RmerTs Soris gaqres ukanaskneli
zRude. am mizeziT, igi qadagebda ukidures asketizms da TviTgvemas.
sufizmis istoriaSi al-®allájis damsaxurebad miCneulia is, rom man
pirvelma iqadaga sajarod sufiuri ideebi. misma moRvaweobam sabolood gamijna
sufizmis “zomieri” da “ukiduresi” (romelsac TviTon ekuTvnoda) frTebi.
al-hallájis ideebma gansakuTrebuli gavlena moaxdina ibn al-‘arabãs,
Siháb ad-dãn as-suhravardãs, jalál ad-dãn råmãs da sxvaTa Semoqmedebaze.

imave epoqaSi, axladmoqceulebis swavlaSi Setanili iqna kidev ufro

mkacrad reglamentirebuli meTodebi, romelTac ormagi mizani hqondaT, miecaT
ufro soloduri ganaTleba momavali sufiebisaTvis da daecvaT isini ufro
efeqturad Secdomebisagan. manamde siaxle sakmaod Tavisuflad SeiZleboda
Teoriulad gamarTlebuliyo moZRvaris mier. amieridan WeSmariteba moZRvris
mkacri meTvalyureobis qveS kolegias unda gadaewyvita; ar unda daefaraT aranairi
gafiqrebac “cnobierebis am mmarTvelisaTvis” (arab. SaÁx, sp. fãr) da mas mTlianad
damorCilebodnen swavla-ganaTlebis dasrulebamde.

postklasikuri sufizmi. XI saukunis miwurulidan sufizmis dominirebadi Tviseba

xdeba vizioneruli da okulturi gamocdilebis da ezoTeriuli doqtrinebis
gazrdili mniSvneloba. sazogadoebrivi azri momzadebuli iyo amaze
dasaTanxmeblad. gansakuTrebulia muhamad al-Razálãs (gard. 505/1111) Rvawli,
romelic mistikur percefciebs miiCnevda profetologiis (samociqulo mecnierebis)
SesaZleblobis demonstrirebad da realobad, Sesabamisad, islamuri religiis
WeSmaritebis damadasturebel sabuTad. sxva sityvebiT, misticizmis “mcire

169
tradicia” axdenda religiis “didi tradiciis” WeSmaritebis dadasturebas.
klasikuri sufizmi gadaWarbebul mniSvnelobas ar aniWebs vizionerul
gamocdilebas, romelic ukana planzea gadaweuli da zogjer uaryofilic ki.

al-Razálã [abå ®ámid mu®ammad b. mu®ammad at-tåsã al-Razálã] - gamoCenili

RvTismetyveli, samarTalmcodne-Safiiti, filosofosi da mistikosi.
gansakuTrebuli Rvawli miuZRvis aSarituli qalamis ganviTarebaSi. xSirad miiCneva
islamuri “aRorZinebis” mTavar figurad. daibada da gardaicvala q. tusSi
(xorasani). niSaburSi swavlobda gamoCenil aSarit RvTismetyvelTan al-
juvaÁnãsTan. 1091 w., selCukTa vaziris niûám al-mulqis mowveviT, daiwyo leqciebis
kiTxva baRdadis nizamias madrasaSi da udidesi popularoba moixveWa. 1095 w. datova
baRdadi. cxovrobda damaskoSi, Semoiara islamis wminda qalaqebi meqa, medina,
ierusalimi, xebroni. 1106 wlidan aswavlida niSaburis nizamias madrasaSi.
al-Razálãs TxzulebaTa umravlesoba polemikuri xasiaTisaa. ramdenime
maTgani mimarTulia ismailitTa winaaRmdeg. rig nawarmoebebSi igi epaeqreba
aristotelizmis mimdevar muslim filosofosebs (al-fárábãs, ibn sãnás da sxv.)
samyaros maradiulobis, mizezobriobis Teoriisa da a.S. Sesaxeb. amasTanave, al-
Razálã xels uwyobda filosofosTa ideebis gavrcelebas. gansakuTrebul
mniSvnelobas aniWebda “utyuar monacemebze” dayrdnobiT WeSmaritebis amocnobis
filosofiur meTods. sufizmis praqtikul Rirsebad al-Razálã miiCnevda am
moZRvrebis gezs zneobrivi srulyofisaken, magram uaryofda sufiur Tvalsazriss
RmerTTan ontologiuri Serwymis Sesaxeb, aRiarebda “Serwymas” mxolod RvTaebis
Secnobis simbolod umaRlesi SemecnebiTi Zalis - inteleqtualuri intuiciis mier.

Tavis mTavar TxzulebaSi i®Áá’ ‘ulåm ad-dãn~ (“religiur mecnierebaTa

aRorZineba”) al-Razálãm Camoayaliba religiur-filosofiuri da eTikuri
doqtrina, romelSic sunituri tradicionalizmis dogmatebi gaaerTiana sufiur
idealebTan (mag., SariaTis normebs daumata sufiuri ritualebi). adamianis nebis
Tavisuflebisa da RvTaebrivi winaswar gansazRvrulobis sakiTxis ganxilvisas al-
Razálãm Camoayaliba “mikuTvnebis” (qasba) koncefcia, romlis Tanaxmadac adamians
SeuZlia arCevani gaakeTos alahis mier misTvis SeTavazebul karg da cud qmedebebs
Soris da am mizeziT, miuxedavad misi qmedebebis winaswar gansazRvrulobisa, igi
pasuxismgebelia maTze.
al-Razálãs Semoqmedebam didi gavlena moaxdina muslimur azrovnebasa da
evropul filosofiis ganviTarebaze. islamis istoriaSi igi erT-erTi pirveli
iwoda “islamis sabuTad” (®ujjaT al-islám).

adamianSi RvTaebrivi sxivis arsebobis Teoria epizodurad Cans

postklasikur periodis manZilze. is ueWvelad momdinareobs filosofiis
zegavlenidan, SesaZloa Siituri mrwamisagan, romelic nawilobriv eyrdnoba
gnosticizms. mistika amdenad warmoadgens sinaTlis swrafvas gaTavisufldes da
daubrundes Tavis pirvelwyaros.
es “gaTavisufleba” xSirad Tavsdeba arayuranuli filosofiuri
azrovnebis konteqstSi. misi amosavali Tezisis mixedviT, samyaro RmerTis emanaciaa,
romelic sxvadasxva xarisxiT xorcieldeba araorganuli materiis donemde.
Mmagram es xdeba RmerTTan SeerTebis inversuli gziT. es gza ki ar emTxveva imas,
romelic samyarom gaiara Tavisi arsebobis dasawyisidan, vinaidan adamians
samyaroSi ukavia yvelaze dabali da RmerTisagan yvelaze daSorebuli adgili,
magram es adgili asimetriulia, cisaken mimarTuli ylortia. amgvari amosavali
adgili “srulyofili adamianis” mdgomareobisaken progresuli amaRlebisaTvis –
sufiuri gamonaTqvamis mixedviT – Sinagani ganwmendis saSualebiT.
ia®Áá as-suhravardãsaTvis (gard. 587/1191), RmerTi warmoadgens absolutur
sinaTles; arasulierni – wyvdiads. swored am or ukidures wertils Soris
arsebobs yovelive; am amaRlebad kosmogoniur dasxivebas erTaderTi wyarodan
emateba meoradi dasxiveba, “gasxivosneba” (iSrák), romlis wyalobiTac arsebuli
naTebis sxvadasxva doneebi spiritualuard gadadis erTidan meoreze mravaljeradi
procesebis saSualebiT zevidan qveviT. swored es damatebiTi dasxiveba aZlevs
saSualebas adamianSi arsebul sinaTles gauCndes survili da Zala winaaRmdegoba

170
gauwios amqveyniur mizidulobas da gardacvlebis Semdeg ufro qveviT daiwios,
magaliTad gansxeuldes cxovelSi, romlidanac TavdaRwevis saSualeba mas aRar
eqneba.

as-suhravardã [Siháb ad-dãn ia®Áá b. ®abaS as-suhravardã] - filosofosi-mistikosi,

romelmac Seqmna moZRvreba “aRmosavluri gasxivosnebis” (al-iSrák). aqedanaa misi
sapatio tituli SaÁx al-iSrák) Sesaxeb. daibada q. suhravardSi iranis Crd.-
dasavleTiT. filosofiasa da fikhs swavlobda q. maraRaSi, cxovrobda
isfahanSic, sadac gaecno ibn sinas da misi mimdevrebis Semoqmedebas. aqve
sparsul enaze dawera pirveli traqtati “busTan al-kulub”. igi bevrs
mogzaurobda. halabSi dauaxlovda aiubian gamgebels, ¹alá® ad-dãnis vaJs al-
maliq aû-ûáhirs, ris gamoc adgilobriv fakihebSi mravali mteri da moSurne
gamouCnda. isini brals debdnen as-suhravardis Tavisufal azrovnebasa da
proSiitur propagandaSi. maTi waqezebiT salah ad-dinma Svils ubrZana
sikvdiliT daesaja is. aû-ûáhiri iZulebuli iyo Seesrulebina mamis brZaneba da
as-suhravardã halabis cixeSi moakvlevina. sxva versiiT, man uari ganacxada
satusaRoSi saWmelze da SimSiliT mokvda. amis Semdeg mowinaaRmdegeebma mas
uwodes “mokluli” (al-maktål), mimdevrebma ki - “rwmenisaTvis wamebuli” (aS-
Sahid).
as-suhravardãs moZRvrebaze Zlieri gavlena moaxdina zoroastrizmma.
igi farTod iyenebda mis simbolikasa da angeolologias, sesxulobda avestas
mxatvrul saxeebs; Tavs miiCnevda “RvTaebrivi logosis” (al-qalima) mcvelTa
sulier memkvidred; maT rigSi upirvelesad gamoyofda “brZenTa winapar” hermess,
romelmac dasabami daudo “sibrZnis” or ganStoebas - “aRmosavlurs” da
“dasavlurs”; “aRmosavluri sibrZnis” matareblebad is pirvel rigSi miiCnevda
avestas gmirebs - gaiomarTas, feriduns, qei xusraus, agreTve zaratustras;
islamSi maTi saqmis gamgrZeleblad Tvlida sufiebs - mistikuri eqstazis
mqadageblebs: al-bi¹támãs (gard. 874 w.), al-®allájs (mokles 922 w.) da al-
xarakánãs (gard. 1033-34 w.). “dasavlur” an “berZnul” ganStoebas warmoadgendnen
asklepiosi, empedokle, piTagore, platoni da muslimi mistikosebi zu-l-nån al-
mi¹rã (gard. 860-61 w.) da sahl aT-TusTarã (gard. 869 w.).
as-suhravardã miiCnevda, rom Tavis moZRvrebaSi man gaaerTiana
“dasavluri” da “aRmosavluri” sibrZne. ibn sinasTan da racionaluri Semecnebis
sxva momxrebTan polemikis dros igi icavda mistikuri intuiciis (zavk) da
RvTaebrivi gamocxadebis (qaSf) upiratesobas. imavdroulad ar uaryofda
filosofiur mecnierebaTa mniSvnelobasac, romlebsac miiCnevda auculebel
safexurad “aRmosavluri gasxivosnebis” gzaze.
as-suhravardãs Semoqmedeba naTeli magaliTia misi epoqisaTvis
damaxasiaTebeli religiuri sinkretizmisa. am sinkretizmis safuZveli ki iyo
rwmena imisa, rom samyaroSi yovelTvis arsebobda uzenaesi sibrZne - erTiani
yvela xalxisa da religiisaTvis. am zegardmovlenili sibrZniT dajildoebulni
iyvnen “rCeuli xelTdasxmulni”.
as-suhravardãs 20-mde Txzulebidan, romlebic dawerilia sparsul da
arabul enebze, unda gamoiyos misi “saprogramo” Txzuleba “qiTáb ®iqmaT al-
iSrák”, romlis mravalricxovani komentarebi arsebobs.

ibn al-‘arabã (+638/1240) sinaTlis am monizms umatebs egzistencialur

monizms, romelSic nebismieri fenomeni mxolod arsis manifestaciaa, romelic
erTaderTia RmerTTan erTad. am or sistemaSi misticimzmi Tavsdeba abstraqtul
codnasa da am erTiani arsis percefciis gamocdilebas Soris, romelic an
sinaTlea, an arsebaa.
momdevno saukuneebis manZilze ibn al-‘arabãs moZRvrebam ufro meti gavlena
moaxdina, vidre as-suhravardãsam da gavrcelda islamuri samyaros yvelaze
daSorebul adgilebamde, iwvevda ra cxare polemikas indoneziaSic ki XI/XVII
saukunis Semdegac.
Tu klasikur periodSi sufizmi darCenili iyo marginalur fenomenad,
romelsac aramistikuri literatura iSviaTad Tu axsenebda, postklasikur
periodSi is iWreba rogorc xalxis, ise mmarTvelebis wreSi. is adgils ikavebs

171
oficialuri religiis gverdiT, romlidanac sesxulobs zogierT atributs.
mravali sufi Saixi mmarTvelebTan kavSirSia, odebs uZRvnis maT da didZali
qonebis patronia. simdidris flobis zneobrivi gamarTlebis sakiTxi meore planze
gadadis, rogorc Suferebeli sazrunavi maTTvis, vinc yvelafer amaze maRla dgas.
is, rac angariSgasawevia, moraluri qcevaa.
mniSvnelovania, rom VII/XIII saukunidan did masStabs iRebs, Tu ara kulti,
Saixebis Tayvaniscema mainc. sul ufro xSirad aRiareben maT pretenzias
CaTvliliyvnen RvTaebrivi sibrZnis matareblebad da gamavrceleblebad.
transformacia, romelic ganicada sufizmma, waagavs mociqulis misiis
saxecvlilebas meqisa da medinis periodebs Soris.
adre, IV-X saukuneSi, sufiebs axasiaTebdaT Cveuleba Sekrebiliyvnen sakuTari
moZRvris saxlSi an meCeTebSi, raTa ganexorcielebinaT sulieri varjiSebi da
mieRoT codna moZRvrebisagan. SemdgomSi ki isini ukve specialur adgilebs
flobdnen SekrebebisaTvis, sadac xSirad saxlobdnen moZraobis wevrebi Tu
mgzavrebi da sadac sarCo-sabadebels uwiladebdnen, vinaidan sufiebi did
yuradRebas aqcevdnen oficialuri muslimobisagan xSirad daviwyebul
qvelmoqmedebas.
es “monastrebi” xSirad ekuTvnoda Saixs an mis ojaxs. zogjer isini
warmoadgenda mdidari Semomwiravebis sakuTrebas. VI/XII saukunidan dawyebuli ki
xSirad suverens an mis RvTismosav meuRles ekuTvnoda. Senaxvis da personalis
xarjebi ZiriTadad ifareboda kuTvnili samflobeloebidan an soflebidan, an
regularuli SemowirulobebiT. 656/1528 wlisaTvis mosulSi 27 monasteri iyo da
XVIII saukunis II naxevrisaTvis jer kidev 10 iyo darCenili.
xSirad Saixsa da mis memkvidreebs krZalavdnen monasterSi. magram zogjer
monasters agebdnen ukve arsebul saflavTan an is arsdeboda arasufis mier
sakuTari akldamis dasacavad. nebismier SemTxvevaSi, sufiebi xSirad iyvnen
mcxovreblebi im nekropolisa, romlis mosaxilvadac dadiodnen morwmuneebi, raTa
mieRoT wminda adgilisaTvis miwerili dalocva da mmarTvelebi sakuTari prestiJis
asamaRleblad axdendnen Semowirulobebs da aRadgendnen nangrevebs.
rogorc meCeTTa umravlesobisaTvis, monasteri da saflavi zogjer cvlida
winaislamur wminda alags da iq Tayvaniscemuli sufiebi iTvlebodnen Zveli
warmarTuli RvTaebebis memkvidreebad. magram muslimuri RviTsmosaobiT wmindanTa
kulti efuZneba rwmenas, rom gardacvlils, aris ra RmerTis megobari, SeuZlia
efeqturad Caerios maT dasaxmareblad, visac esaWiroeba zebunebrivi daxmareba.

saZmoebi. “gzebi” (tará’ik, mx. r. tarãka) formirebas iwyebs klasikuri periodidan

imis konteqstSi, rom zogierTi sufi amjobinebda ama Tu im Saixis moZRvrebas da
magaliTs damorCileboda. tarika gansxvavdeboda taifasgan (tá’ifa, mr. r. tavá’if),
mowafeTa jgufisagan, romlebic cxovrobdnen moZRvarTan, magram es ori termini
amJRavnebda urTierTSerwymis tendencias da SeiZleboda gamoyenebuliyo mTlianad
sufizmis, mogvianebiT ki sxvadasxva sufiuri ordenebisa Tu saZmoebis aRsaniSnavad.
ar SeiZleba saZmoebis, rogorc aseTebis Sesaxeb laparaki, sanam es jgufebi
amgvarad ar aRiqvmadnen sakuTar Tavs da iRebdnen mwyaloblis an damaarseblis
saxels. julabi, romelic V/XI saukuneSi sparsulad pirveli sufiuri krebulis
Semdgeneli iyo, icnobs mxolod “gzebs” da ara saZmoebs. misi Tanamedrove ansari
(gard. 482/1089) ixseniebs haraTis maxloblad, dRevandel avRaneTSi, CiCiianebs,
mowafeebs CiCidan gamosuli pirisa, an CiCis mcxovreblebs, romlebsac
Camoyalibebuli hqondaT organizebuli jgufi.

Tormet umTavres sufiur saZmod iTvleba: kádiriÁÁa, SáziliÁÁa, rifá‘iÁÁa,

suhravardiÁÁa, ‘ãsáviÁÁa, nakSbandiÁÁa, CiSTiÁÁa, qubraviÁÁa, mavlaviÁÁa, badaviÁÁa,
beqTáSiÁÁa da xalvaTiÁÁa.

arsebobs sufiebis Zveli asociaciebis arsebobis damadasturebeli sxva

magaliTebic. iranis samxreTSi Raribebze zrunvis gamo abu eshay-e qazarunim (gard.
426/1035) da misma mimdevrebma aages TavSesafrebi, rac minimaluri organizebis

172
arsebobas mainc moiTxovda. misi sikvdilis Semdeg misma mowafeebma misi saxeli
gamoiyenes sakuTari saZmos aRsaniSnavad.
amgvari SemTxvevebi arsebobs VII/XIII saukunidan, SesaZloa VI/XII saukunis
miwurulidanac. VII/XIII saukunidan arsebobda rifaiias (rifá‘iÁÁa) saZmo, romlis
saxelic ukavSirdeba a®mad ar-rifá‘ãs (+578/1182) biZas, romelmac codna gadasca
Tavis ZmiSvils. asociacias Semdgom saTaveSi edgnen misi pirdapiri STamomavlebi,
romelTa sagvareulo saxli mdebareobda um ‘abidaSi, mesopotamiaSi.
ganaTlebis dasrulebis Semdeg Saixebi iRebdnen “memkvidreebis” (xulafá’,
mx. r. xalãfa) an “delegirebulebis” (nuvváb, ná’ib) saxels da xSirad filialebis
marTvas axorcilebdnen, romlebiTac xdeboda axali mimdevrebis rekrutireba.
xalifad gaxdomamde axladmoqceuls unda gaeara ori Sualeduri gradacia,
TiToeuli maTganis gavla dadasturebuli unda yofiliyo um ‘abidas sagvareulo
saxlis, centris mier. miRebuli kandidati erTgulebis fics debda
damaarseblisadmi.
VII/XIII saukunidan dawyebuli, mavlaviias, anu mevlevis saxlis meTaurebi,
gansakuTrebiT anatoliaSi qmnidnen analogiur wesebs da ojaxis, romlis
rezidenciac koniaSi iyo, morCilebis qveS aqcevdnen mimdevrebs.
Tumca mravali saZmo, aRirebdnen ra damaarsebelsa Tu mwyalobels,
sakmaod avtonomiurni xdebodnen da xSirad iRebdnen damatebiT saxelebs. am
saZmoebSi miRebuli ganaTleba ara iyo ucvleli da arasakamaTo. erTi da imave
saZmoebSi iyvnen ibn al-arabis momxreebi da mowinaaRmdegeebi, magram doqtrinul
transgresias SeeZlo gamoewvia cvlileba afiliaciis pirobebSi. rodesac daaxl.
905/1500 wlisaTvis ardebiliias (sefianebis) sagvareulo saxli imamitur Siizmze
moiqca, mraval adepts sxva qveynebSi ar SeeZlo gaeziarebina es movlena da
daisporis filialebi amieridan gaxda damoukidebeli ganStoebebi da axali
mimdinareoebebi, maTi istoriuli da spiritualuri damakavSirebeli mxolod
ardebilidan warmomavloba iyo. daSorebas, subordinaciis mospobas da
dapirispirebas xalifasTan SeeZlo gamoewvia es sulieri kavSiris gawyveta.
saWiroa mkveTri gansxvaveba saZmoebsa da Saixis STamomavlebs Soris. es
ukanasknelni xSirad ayalibebdnen aristokratiul xazs, romlis wevrebic xan
ekuTvnodnen da xanac ara saZmoebs, an gafantulni iyvnen sxvadasxva saZmoebSi, anda,
Tavis mxriv, xdebodnen axali saZmoebisa da axali filialebis damaarseblebi. Crd.
afrikaSi isini qmnidnen marabutebis (arab. murabit - “gandegili” an “wmindani”)
sagvareuloebsa da tomebs.
ar arsebobs qalTa ordenebi, magram zogierTi monasteri swored
qalTaTvis iyo Seqmnili. sufi qalebi ekuTvnodnen ama Tu im mistikur saZmos, an
individualurad misdevdnen religiur cxovrebas. rodesac isini asocirebuli
iyvnen kacebTan mowafeebis an moZRvrebis saxiT, isini gamoyofilni iyvnen CadriT an
fardiT. VII/XIII saukuneSi auhad ad-din al-qermanis qaliSvili damaskos 17
monastris Saixa iyo.
postklasikuri periodis manZilze sufiebis cxovreba reglamantirebuli
iyo mravali wesiT, romelTa detalebic varirebda Saixebisa da saZmoebis mixedviT.
inicirebis ceremonialSi Sedioda berad aRkveca, matylis uxeSi qsoviliT Semosva,
rac SeiZleboda ceremoniis dasawyisSi an bolos ganxocielebuliyo saZmoebis
mixedviT.
fiqroben, rom samoselis sazeimo gadacemis tradicia ibn xafãfis, Sirazis
Saixis (gard. 371/1181) droidan iwyeba. mogvianebiT ceremoniis dros kandidats Tavs
uparsavdnen. wesebiT dadgenili iyo: ra saxis sakvebi unda mieRo axladmoqceuls
savaldebulo gandegilobis dros, romelic Cveulebriv 40 dRis manZilze
grZeldeboda; forulebi da “RmerTis xsenebis” ritualuri wesebi am periodis
manZilze; ritualis Tanmxlebi musika; gamoyenebuli instrumentebi; wesi samoselis
gaxdisa cekvis dros; wesebi, romelic daculi unda yofiliyo mowvevis miRebisas,
rodesac Sediodnen monasterSi an gamodiodnen; rogor unda warmarTuliyo
diskusiebi, mopovebuliyo sarCo-sabadebeli da a.S.

xirka [arab. zmnidan xaraka, “daxeva”, “dafleTa”] - dafleTili an dakonkili

mosasxami, tansacmeli-simbolo, romelic miuTiTebs imaze, rom misi patroni

173
mistikur gzas daadga, sufia da siRaribis aRTqma dado. xirkas qsovili calkeuli
naWrebisgan ikereboda (murakka‘a). xirkaTi Semosvas ori mniSvneloba hqonda. esenia:
1. sagamocdo vadis dasrulebis Semdeg mowafis (murãd) miReba mistikosTa saZmos
sruluflebian wevrad da 2. moZRvaris (murSid, SaÁx, fir) mier Tavisi mowafisaTvis
mociqulis kurTxevis gadacema saidumlo locvis (vird) arsis ganmartebiT. es
xdeba mas Semdeg, rac mowafe erTgulebis fics miscems moZRvars, saZmos
fuZemdebels da mociquls. xirkas mTeli sicocxlis manZilze atarebdnen, xolo
muridis gamosacdeli vada, romelic xirkaTi Semosvas uswrebda win, damokidebuli
iyo adgilze, droze da Zmobis tradiciebze da 40 dRidan 3 wlamde meryeobda.

sufizmis TeoriaSi droTa ganmvalobaSi gaCnda cneba al-xirka al-xi«riÁÁa.

sufid xelTdasxmis aqtis damuSaveba-detalizaciam ganapiroba xirkas ramdenime
saxeobis, rogorc gandobisa da investituris sxvadasxva xarisxebis gaCena. magram
muridis kurTxevis dros umTavresad mainc iyenebdnen xirkaT aT-Ta¹avvufs, romlis
aRsrulebiT igi sulierad samudamod ukavSirdeboda Tavis moZRvars, romelsac
muridi Tavis “WeSmarit mamad” aRiarebda.

abå ®af¹ ‘umar as-suhravardã (gard. 632/1234) baRdadSi friad pativcemuli

Saixi (ar unda avurioT ia®Áá as-suhravardãsTan) Seecada ganesazRvra zogadi
wesebi klasikuri sufizmis principebsa da praqtikebze dayrdnobiT da ufro
gviandeli fenomenebis gaTvaliswinebiT, rogoric iyo monastrebis evolucia. misi
naSromi didi avtoritetiT sargeblobda da farTod iyo gavrcelebuli, magram
mainc ver moxerxda universaluri praqtikis SemuSaveba.

suhravardia [as-suhravardiÁÁa] - sufiuri saZmo, romelic Seiqmna XII-XIII ss. mijnaze

mesopotamiis arabuli misticizmis skolis safuZvelze eraySi. sunituri (Safituri
mazhabis) mimarTulebis suhravardia Sedis 12 umTavres sufiur saZmoTa ricxvSi.
sulieri silsilaTi saZmo ukavSirdeba‘alã b. abã tálibs − zia ad-dãn abu-l-najãb
as-suhravardãs (gard. 1168 w.) meSveobiT. es ukanaskneli iyo biZa Siháb ad-dãn abå
®af¹ ‘umar as-suhravardisa (gard. 1234-35 w.), romelic iTvleba suhravardias,
rogorc mistikuri filosofiisa da sulier-religiuri praqtikis (tarãka)
damoukidebeli sistemis damfuZneblad. igi warmomavlobiT ukavSirdeboda xalifa
abå baqrs. zomieri Sexedulebebis suniti Siháb ad-dãn abå ®af¹i ar iyo misticizmis
Teoretikosi, magram iTvleboda sufiebis gamoCenil moZRvrad da aRmzrdelad. igi
kiTxulobda leqciebs baRdadSi, xalifa an-ná¹iris (1180-1225) mier specialurad
misTvis agebul savaneSi (ribát marzbania). mis mowafeTa Soris iyvnen didi
sparseli poeti saadi Sirazi, Tbilisuri warmomavlobis gamoCenili muhadisi, sufi
Saixi da poeti najm ad-dãn aT-Tiflisi da sxv. Siháb ad-dãn abå ®af¹is Txzuleba
‘avárif al-ma‘árif gaxda sufiuri eTikisa da praqtikis sakiTxebis saxelmZRvanelo
naSromi sufiebis Semdgomi TaobebisTvis. igi aqtiurad TanamSromlobda
xelisuflebasTan, araerTxel Seusrulebia diplomatiuri davalebebi. xalifam mas
mianiWa SaÁx aS-SuÁåxis, baRdadeli sufiebis meTauris wodeba. man didi roli
Seasrula fuTuvas (ix.) organizaciis CamoyalibebaSi. Siháb ad-dãn abå ®af¹i
aRiarebda individualur da koleqtiur ziqrs, rogorc Cums, ise xmamaRals, magram
gamodioda samá‘-s (xadra) saxis RvTismsaxurebis, rogorc SariaTis normebis
darRvevis winaaRmdeg.
suhravardia ver Camoyalibda erTian organizaciul struqturad. saZmom
gansakuTrebuli gavlena mxolod indoeTSi moipova, sadac SeiTvisa adgilobriv
religiaTa mravali elementi.

rifá‘iÁÁas mier Seqmnili detaluri wesebic aseve sayovelTaobis pretenzias

atarebda da amJRavnebda postklasikuri sufizmis sistematizebuli formulaciis
tendencias. locvebi da litaniebi ukve iyo klasikuri sufizmis Cveuli elementebi
gansakuTrebiT ziqris formula, magram amieridan miRebulad iqca litaniebis
Sedgena verbaluri da RvarWnili stiliT, xSirad saTauriT aRWurvili, romelTa
warmoTqmac saWiro iyo gansazRvrul momentebSi da romelTac mkafiod
gansazRvruli Sedegi unda moetanaT. salocavi saqmianoba, romlis SezRudul
sazRvrebSi arsebobis momxre iyo al-kuSairi V/XI saukuneSi, amieridan ikavebda

174
mTlian dRes da axladmoqceulis formirebaSi dominirebda. formulebis variantebi
ki xSirad is niSnebi iyo, romlebic erTmaneTisagan ganasxvavebda saZmoebs.
saZmoebis moZRvrebi da sufiebi sakuTar Tavs miiCnevdnen islamis
mamoZravebel Zalad, rac maTi TvalTaxedvidan amarTlebda maTi religiuri
praqtikis sajarod Sesrulebas, rogoricaa ziqris ceremonia da musikis mosmena
(sama‘). zogierTi saZmo mxolod ziqrs iyenebda, sxvebi – mxolod samas; sxvebi maT
cal-calke asrulebdnen, zogi erTdroulad SemTxvevis mixedviT, es mravalmxrivi
rituali zogadad ufro xSirad erTiani saxeliT ziqriT iwodeboda, magram sxva
saxelebsac iRebda.
musika gansakuTrebiT STambeWdav rols asrulebda anatolias mavlaviiasTvis.
mavlana jalál ad-dãn råmã (gard. 672/1273), romelmac saxeli misca am moZraobas,
rogorc Cans, misi sulieri wimaZRolis Sams-i Tabrãzãs memkvidreobidan, gamoiyena
cekva musikis efeqturobis intensifikaciisaTvis; droTa ganmvalobaSi cekva da
musika imdenad ganuyofeli gaxda, rom cekva iqca ritualad RmerTis didebis
zeimisa da xelSemwyobi harmoniis eqstatiuri percefciisaTvis. moZraobis
instiqturi reaqcia, rasac iwvevs adamianSi musikis smena, amgvarad mavlaviasTan
amaRlebuli iyo religiuri aqtis donemde.

jalál ad-din råmã [jalál ad-dãn mu®ammad b. bahá’ ad-dãn mu®ammad al-balxã ar-
råmã, igive mavlana, “Cveni batoni”] (1207-1273) - gamoCenili sparseli poeti da
sufi, sufiuri saZmos mavlavias (mavlavi, mevlevi) damaarsebeli-eponimi.
warmoSobiT iyo balxidan (Crd. avRaneTi). mamamisi bahá’ ad-dãn mu®ammadi (1148-1231)
xorezmSahTa saxelmwifoSi avtoritetul fakihad iTvleboda, iyo
popularuli mqadagebeli da mWidro kavSiri hqonda sufiur wreebTan.
Seviwroebam da devnam aiZula mama-Svili daetovebinaT balxi da xangrZlivi
xetialis Semdeg 1228 w. koniaSi (mcire azia) damkvidrebuliyvnen. aq bahá’ ad-dãni
saTaveSi Caudga mTavar madrasas. misi sikvdilis Semdeg igi vaJma Secvala. 1232-39
ww. jalál ad-dãn råmã damaskosa da halebSi iRrmavebda religiur codnas.
koniaSi dabrunebulma gaagrZela pedagogiuri da mqadagebluri moRvaweoba,
daarsa sufiuri saZmo mavlavia, romlis mTavari savanec koniaSi iyo. 1244 w.
rumim gaicno moxetiale “Tavisufali” mistikosi Sams ad-dãn mu®ammad aT-
Tabrãzã, romelic misi moZRvari da “mistikuri Seyvarebuli” gaxda. aT-Tabrãzãs
mkvlelobis Semdeg misi adgili konieli oqromWedlis Segirdma ¹alá® ad-dãn
feridunim daikava, romelic råmãm Tavis xalifad da naibad (ná’ib - moadgile)
gamoacxada. 1258 w. feridunis memkvidre da Semdgom saZmos meTauri gaxda ®usám
ad-dãn ®asan Celebi. swored is iyo iniciatori, raTa råmãs daewera Tavisi
saxelganTqmuli mistikuri poema “masnavã”, romelsac Semdgom uwodes “yurani
sparsul enaze”. masnavi mistikuri Semecnebisa da sufiuri codnis eqvstomiani
monumenturi naSromia. Sedgeba prozauli istoriebisa da poemebisgan.
råmãs msoflmxedveloba ekleqtikuria. misi SexedulebiT RmerTi
absoluturad Seucnobadia, igi yofierebis miRmaa, aris nebismieri realobis
Semoqmedi. adamianis gonebas RvTaebrivi arsis Cawvdoma ar ZaluZs, magram
mistikosebs SeuZliaT Seicnon misi atributebi intuiciiT, grZnobiT da
usazRvro siyvaruliT. arsebobs uwyveti, wriulad moZravi erTiani procesi. es
moZraoba moicavs yvela movlenas rogorc araorganul da organul samyaroSi,
ise absoluturi sulis samyaroSi. wriulad moZravi sagani SeiZleba gardaiqmnas
Tavis antipodad, adamiani ki - RvTis qmnileba - iRebs absoluturi sulis
substanciuri Tvisebebis nawils. swored aqedan momdinareobs adamianis mier
RvTaebasTan Serwymis gzis maradiuli Zieba.
råmã religiur movaleobaTa Sesrulebas (locva, marxva da sxv.)
aucileblad miiCnevda da simbolurad ganmartavda, rogorc Seyvarebulis
satrfosadmi miZRvnil saCuqars. igi amasTanave gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas
aniWebda koleqtiuri RvTismsaxurebis (samá’, xadra) dros musikis mosmenas da
rokvas, rac SariaTis normebis aSkara darRvevaa. mavlavias sufiuri ordenis
wevrebs “mbrunav, mrokav darviSebsac” uwodeben.
jalál ad-dãn råmãs ideebi iwama da misi muridi gaxda gurji-xaTuni,
igive dedofali Tamar, rusudan mefis asuli, romelic 1237 w. colad gayva mcire
aziis selCukTa saxelmwifos gamgebels, sultan qaixusrau b. qai-yubads. gurji

175
xaTuni iyo iniciatori mavlanas portretis Seqnisa da koniaSi misi
grandiozuli mavzoleumis (Turba) aSenebisa, romelic mavlavias saZmos
moRvaweobis centri gaxda.

tradiciuli sufiuri Teoriis mixedviT, nebismieri “saswauli”, miwerili

“RmerTis megobrisadmi” an “wmindanisadmi”, ramdenadac SeiZleba gasaidumloebuli
unda yofiliyo, gansxvavebiT mociqulis saswaulebisa, romlebic mas
emsaxurebodnen misi misiis legitimaciis saqmeSi. miuxedavad amisa, sufi wmindanebis
cxovrebebi savsea saswaulebis aRweriT da zogierTi saZmo saswaulis Cadenas
sajarod axdenda: misi wevrebi svamdnen sawamlavs, xtebodnen xaroSi an
simaRlidan raTa eCvenebinaT is RvTiuri Zala, romelic gaaCndaT.
rifá‘iÁÁas wevrebi igive doqtrinas misdevdnen. SesaZloa, maTi eponimi a®mad
ar-rifá‘ã ar axorcielebda amgvar saswaulebs. magram zogierTi arabi avtori mxars
uWres Teziss, rom TviTgGvemis amgvari forma islamSi uswrebda misTvis ucxo
monRolur gavlenas, rac mtkicdeba siriaSi, monRolTa pirvel Semosevamde ar-
rifais erT-erTi pirdapiri STamomavlis moRvaweobiT.

neoklasikuri tendenciebi. VII-VIII/XIII-XIV ss. gaCnda tendencia, romelic mimarTuli

iyo klasikuri epoqis naklebad ekzaltirebuli ritualebisa da miznebis, aseve
fuZemdebluri principebisaken Semobrunebisaken. Saixebs Soris am tendencias
emxrobdnen SáziliÁÁas axali saZmos ori brwyinvale warmomadgeneli: ibn ‘atá’
alláh al-isqandarã (gard. 709/1309) egvipteSi da ibn ‘abbád ar-runda (gard. 793/1390)
marokoSi. isini cdilobdnen moeSorebinaT ritualizmis ukiduresobebi da
dabrunebodnen religiuri sulis RmerTTan mimarTebis sakiTxs. xazs usvamdnen ra
RmerTis mier gardmovlenili yvela Txzulebis gamousadegarebas da RmerTTan
daaxloebis yvela “saSualebis” amaoebas, isini qadagebdnen RmerTis nebisadmi
morCilebas (uaryofdnen “nebismier adamianur Canafiqrs” da madlierebas RmerTis
mimarT. am “morCilebis religiis” saSualebiT, rogorc zogjer uwodeben islams,
interpretatorebs SeeZloT sufizmis eqstravaganturobis alagvma, magram
erTianobaSi Sadilia sulac ar warmoadgens neoklasikur saZmos.
dogmatikosi Teologi ibn TaÁmiÁÁa (gard.729/1328), ibn ‘atá’ alláhis
mowinaaRmdege da misi mowafe ibn kaÁÁim al-javziÁÁa (+751/135) aseve cdilobdnen
sruleyoT religiuri praqtika.
reformatoruli moZraobis xelmZRvaneli ibn TaÁmiÁÁa, romelic miznad
isaxavda aRedgina mTlianobaSi islami misi pirvelswayisi siwmindiT, unda
ganmdgariyo sufizmisagan, radgan is ar arsebobda muhamadis dros. miuxedavad
amisa, is aRiarebda, rom klasikuri da postklasikuri periodis mravali
saxelganTqmuli sufi Tavsdeboda pirvelsawyisi islamis “religiur tradiciaSi.
magram ibn Taimiia zogierT moazrovnes, rogorebic iyvnen al-Razálã da ibn al-
‘arabãsa da al-hallájis da sxvebi, xSirad gadaWarbebulad akritikebs, axdens maT
interpretirebas mikerZoebuli simZafriT. is dasaSvebad miiCnevs zemgrZnobeluri
codnis SesaZleblobas, magram moiTxovs, rom nebismier SemTxvevaSi is unda
emorCilebodes wminda tradiciis kriteriumebs. misi pirovnuli konstatacia
tramvatologiuri Zalisa aiZulebs aRiaros maTi realoba, magram masSi demonis
xels xedavs. misTvis yovelives Semfasebeli islamis pirveli Taobebis avTenturi
religiuri tradiciaa, gaTavisuflebuli nebismieri garegani gavlenisagan. is
uaryofs eqstatiur transs, rasac sufiebi mimarTaven, rogorc zeSTagonebuli
gamocdilebis miRwevis formas. sufiuri praqtikebi, rogoricaa musikis smena,
wmindanebisa da wminda adgilebis kulti, mociqulis saflavis ki, gauqmebulia.
es “gansawmendeli qariSxali” Cadga im “Semrigebluri” komentarebis
saSualebiT, romlebic gaakeTa ibn kaÁÁim al-javziÁÁam al-ansaris (gard. 482/1089)
sayovelTaod cnobil traqtatze, romelic eZRvneba mistikur etapebs.
buxaraSi, bahá’ ad-dãn nakSbandis (gard. 702/1380) aseve swamda, rom aRadgenda
Zvel wesrigs xmamaRali ziqris ritualis, gandegilobis periodebis, musikaluri
seansebis gauqmebiT da imis mtkicebiT, rom mxoloddamxolod mociqulis sityvaSi
gaJRerebuli rwmena saukeTesoa SesaZlebel xmaTa Soris. magram misi ordenis
Saixebi aRar gayolian mis gzas da ar gauziarebiTa yvela misi mosazreba

176
nakSbandiebi, naySbandiebi [nakSbandiÁÁa, Turq. nakSebendiÁe] - mimdevrebi sufiuri
saZmosi, romelmac Tavisi saxelwodeba miiRo gamoCenili Sua azieli mistikosis,
bahá’ ad-dãn nakSbandisagan (1318-1389).
bahá’ ad-dãni daibada da gardaicvala buxaris oazisis sof. ka¹r-i
hinduvánSi. xelobiT, mamis msgavsad, iyo liTonis mWedavi, arab. spars. nakSband,
saidanac warmodgeba misi nisba. nakSbandis aRzrdasa da sufizmiT dainteresebaSi
mTavari roli iTamaSa sufiur wreebTan daaxloebulma papam. SemdgomSi man didi
da safuZvliani skola ganvlo gamoCenil sufiebTan (mu®ammad sammásã, amãr
qulál, ‘abd al-xálik al-Ridjuvánã). nakSbandi qadagebda nebayoflobiT
siRatakesa da mcirediT dakmayofilebas, uaryofda garegnul RvTismosaobas. misi
mTavari moTxovnebi iyo sulieri siwminde, uaris Tqma momxveWelobaze da
xelisuflebasTan kavSirze (rasac XV s-Si misi mimdevrebi “xelisufalTa
sulebis dauflebisa” da politikaze zegavlenis mizeziT aRar icavdnen), sufis
cxovreba savaneSi; misi azriT, sufi unda icavdes mociqulisa da misi
mimdevrebis sunas, asrulebdes Cum individualur ziqrs (romelic SeiZleba iyos
koleqtiuric). nakSbandis cxovrebis wesi iyo martivi da Seesabameboda mis
qadagebas. misi qoneba Seadgenda mxolod doqsa da Zvel Wilofs. is cxovrebis
sufiuri wesis, saTnoebisa da siwmindis simbolod iqca, kanonizirebul iqna da
misi kulti farTod gavrcelda Sua aziasa da iranSi.
nakSbandim safuZveli Cauyara nakSbandiebis sufiur saZmos (nakSbandiÁÁa),
romelic, rogorc fiqroben, iyo Taifurias saZmos ganStoeba. man Teoriisa da
praqtikis rigi debulebebiT Seavso ahmad al-isavis skolisgan SeTvisebuli
moZRvreba tarik-i xvajigani, romelic Camoayaliba misma maswavlebelma ‘abd al-
xálik al-Ridjuvánãm.
nakSbandiebis msoflmxedveloba warmoadgens misticizmis ori Suaaziuri
mimdinareobis Serwyma-adaptacias. erTia “zomieri”, qalaquri, romelic aisaxa abd
al-xalik al-gidjuvanis doqtrinaSi, da ahmad al-isavis momTabare
“Turquli”doqtrina, romelSic Semoinaxa Turquli modgmis xalxebis
Samanisturi rwmenis elementebi. nakSbandiebis gza (suluq) Sedgeba 10
sadgomisgan (makam), romlebic maZiebelma unda dasZlios saZmos wevrebis qcevis
11 principis dacviT. nakSbandiebis praqtikis safuZvelia Cumi (hafi) ziqri; ¹u®ba -
umaRles sulier doneze intimuri urTierToba - saubari moZRvarisa da mowafisa
da bolos, mWidro kavSiri moZRvarsa da mowafes Soris (Tavajuh), romelic
sruldeba maTi sulieri erTobiT. samTviani gamocda-Semowmebis Semdeg muridi
xdeba saZmos sruluflebiani wevri. nakSbandiebis zogierTi ganStoebis emblemaa
konturi gulisa, romelSic Cawerilia sityva “alahi”. misi wevrebi atareben TeTr
dabal qeCis quds, romelSic amoqargulia yuranis aiebi.
nakSbandias saZmos gavrcelebisa da misi organizaciuli struqturis
CamoyalibebaSi gansakuTrebuli roli Seasrula Sua aziam. nakSbandiebis
organizaciebi, romlebic mWidrod iyvnen dakavSirebulni savaWro-saxelosno
wreebTan, daarsda TiTqmis yvela did qalaqSi. maTi gavlena gavrcelda
momTabare Turqul tomebze. nakSbandiebis politikurma da ekonomikurma gavlenam
zenits miaRwia xoja ‘ubaÁd alláh a®ráris (1404-1490) da misi memkvidreebis -
jubaireli Saixebis (XVI s. Sua xanebi - XVII s. miwuruli) dros. saZmom
gansakuTrebuli roli iTamaSa maverannahris, yirgizuli sagvareuloebis, yazaxTa
tomobrivi gaerTianebebisa da aRm. Turqestanis saboloo islamizaciaSi.
nakSbandiebis saZmo farTod gavrcelda Sua aziis farglebs gareT. maTi
Temebi iranSi Seiqmna XV s. meore naxevarSi. XVI s. Sua xanebSi gavrcelda
indoeTSi, sadac Saixma a®mad sirhindãm (1564-1624) Seqmna am saZmos axali
mimarTuleba - nakSbandia-mujadidi (mujaddidã). misma moZRvrebam or saukuneze
meti xnis manZilze Rrmad gaidga fesvebi indur-muslimuri sazogadoebis sulier
da politikur cxovrebaSi. osmaleTSi Tavdapirvelad gavrcelda nakSbandiebis
Suaaziuri Sto, mogvianebiT ki (daaxl. 1630 wlidan) imperiis arabul
provinciebSi - mujadidiac. hijazidan saZmo gavrcelda ceilonze, mozambikSi,
Crd. kavkasiaSi, sadac gaxda ideologiuri baza miuridizmisa Samilis
meTaurobiT. TurqeTSi saZmo aikrZala 1925 w., magram 50-ian wlebSi misi
moRvaweoba kvlav gamococxlda.

177
muhamadisa da imamebis mistikuri kulti. Tu qristianobam dasabamidanve
dadadastura da Semdgom SeinarCuna qristes identoba RmerTTan, islami yovelTvis
xvdeboda RmerTis muhamadisagan distancirebis sirTules. TviTon mociqulic
sayvedurobda qristianebs qristes gaRmerTebas da xazs usvamda mis adamianur
bunebas. qristiani loculobs qristeze. muslimi, sapirispirod, ara loculobs arc
muhamadze da arc sxva romelime mociqulze. swored am principis xelaxla
damtkicebda surda ibn Taimiias.
jer kidev sufizmis klasikur xanaSi mravalma garemoebam da Sexedulebam
ubiZga sufiebs ufro maRal statusze aeyvanaT muhamadis pirovneba. mociqulisadmi
kavSiri, misi miwerilobebi morwmunisadmi ar gamoiyofoda RmerTis siyvarulisagan.
is xels uwyobda religiuri movaleobebis Sesrulebas da imedis qonas misi
Suamdgomlobisa gankiTxvis dRes. garda amisa, maT swamdaT, rom misi suli
cocxali iyo, miuxedavad imisa, rom misi sxeuli dakrZaluli iyo medinaSi.
gabatonebuli SexedulebiT, wmindanoba miCneuli iyo ufro zogad koncefciad da
profetizmis dasayrdenad da am ukanasknelisadmi iyo daqvemdebarebuli. Sedegad,
faseulobaTa ierarqiis SenarCunebisaTvis, rac ufro metad scemdnen Tayvans
wmindanebs, miT ufro metad iyo saWiro profetizmis egzaltireba.
meore mxriv, sqolastikuri “realizmis” gavrcelebam, romelic
abstraqciebis dakonkretebisaken iyo mimarTuli, moiTxovda funqciis
identificirebas mis ganmaxorcielebelTan, anu profetizmisa mociqulTan.
ramdenadac muhamadi “mociqulTa beWedia”, is advilad warmodgeba, rogorc yvela
samociqulo misiis modeli, mociqulobis platoniseuli idea universalur sqemaSi.
yuranis mixedviT, RmerTi “pirveli da ukanasknelia”. muslimisaTvis mociquli
aucileblad aris karibWe, romelsac miyavxar RmerTTan ama Tu im mniSvnelobiT.
amdenad is “pirvelis Semdgomi” da “ukanasknelis winaa”. kosmogoniuri Teoria
warmoadgens “realoba-muhamads”, “sinaTle-muhamads”, romelic igive mdgomareobaSia,
raSic ioaniseuli sityva, uSualod RmerTis Semdeg, romlis Semdegac yovelive,
samoTxisa da angelozebis CaTvliT, Seiqmna.
es da kidev sxva ideebi, magaliTad saWiroeba mociqulis avtoritetis
damowmebisa zemgrZnobeluri percefciebis sferoSi igivenairad, rogorc
religiuri miwerilobebis sferoSi; da aseve adamianis siyvaruli im “xomaldis
amgebisadmi”, romelzec is imyofeba, TanmTxvevia postklasikur epoqaSi mwveli
survilisa uSualo kontaqtSi Sesvlisa aramxolod RmerTTan, aramed
mociqulTanac. amis misaRwevad aseve dausruleblad imeoreben mociqulis
ganzraxvis dalocvas (a¹-¹aláT ‘ala-l-nabã), romelic rekomendirebulia XXXIII
surasa da muhamadis gamonaTqvamebSi da romelic gaxda ziqris an “RmerTis
xsenebis” analogiuri rituali. sabaziso formulam “RmerTi dalocavs Cvens
mociquls da gadaarCens mas”, safuZveli misca mraval variantsa da maT sxvadasxva
saxiT ganviTarebas, litaniebs, ganmeorebebs, romelTa raodenoba an gansazRvrulia,
an ara da maTi mizani iyo yuradRebis aseve uSualod mociqulze koncentrireba,
maSin roca ziqri mis koncentrirebas axdens RmerTze. xSirad wakiTxuli da
citirebuli ganTqmuli krebuli am formulebisa, aris berberi al-jazålãs
dalá’il al-xaÁráT (IX/XV s.). 897/1492 wels misma ufro axalgazrda Tanamedrovem
aS-Sunim kairoSi safuZveli Cauyara yovelkvireul seansebs, romelTac ewoda mahyā
(Ramis, SeRamebis), romelic eZRvneboda erToblivad am formulebis warmoTqmas da
romelic grZeldeboda xuTSabaT saRamodan paraskevamde. ufro gvian centralur
aziaSi am miznisaTvis specialurad Seqmnil saxlebSi dalá’il -xán, zepirad
swavlobdnen al-jazulis wigns.
gonebisa da gulis mociqulze koncentirebis sxva saSualebas warmoadgenda
misi sadidebeli himnebis kiTxva; erT-erTi yvelaze popularuli iyo al-bå¹ãrãs
(VIII/XIII) burda. magram sulierad mociqulTan miaxloebis saSualeba aseve iyo misi
wminda sityvebis meditireba, mis saflavis moxilva medinaSi realurad an
warmosaxviT gonebaSi. medinaSi zogierT morwmunes swamda, rom esmoda muhamadisa,
romelic pasuxobda maT xotbas. magram uzenaesi mistikuri Rwva iyo erToba
mociqulTan, mociqulis danaxva ara warmodgenaSi da arc sikvdilis Semdeg, aramed
realurad.

178
 aRmosavleTSi mociqulis mistikuri kulti xelSewyobili iyo alidebis mier,
romelTa prestiJic didi iyo muhamadidan Camomavlobis gamo. am kults safuZveli
Caeyara ibn maxis (gard. 625/1228) dros da Tavis mwvervals miaRwia abd al-aziz ad-
dabaRis (gard. XII s. dasawyisi/XVIII s.). XIX s.-Si daarsebuli sanusias ordenisaTvis
religiuri Ziebis mizani muhamadTan SeerTeba, kavSiri iyo.
mociqulis dabadebis dRisadmi miZRnili dRsasawaulebis (maválid, mx. r.
mavlid) ritualizeba moxda mesopotomiaSi da Zalze swrafad iqna gaTavisebuli
mTlianad islamis mier VII/XIII saukuneSi.
‘alã da misi zogierTi STamomavali imamitur SiizmSi aRiWurven uzenaesi
avtoritetiT da gaxdnen pontifikuri xalifebi imamebis saxeliT. IV-V-X-XI ss.
sufieri krebulebi maT ukve warmoadgenen did moZRvrebad. imamitebisaTvis imamebi
faruli codnis matareblebi arian da imsaxureben “wmindanebis” an “RmerTis
megobrebis” saxels. mociqulis STamomavlebs Soris isini qmnian kastas. arsebobda
da dResac arsebobs Siituri sufizmi, romelsac imamebi da Saixebi modelebis
donemde ahyavs. imamebis amgvar Siitur Semkobas ar SeeZlo ar moexibla Siiti
sufiebi. eqstremisti rajab al-bursi (VIII-IX/XIV-XV ss.) iqamdec ki mivida, rom
CaTvala mociqulisa da misi ojaxisadmi sakuTari Tavis miZRvna yvela codvis
gamosyidvis tolfasia. amgvarad, sunituri muhamadis kultis gverdiT ganviTarda
imamTa Siituri mistikuri kulti, romelsac emateboda muhamadisa.
marxvis TveSi adamianebi fiqrobdnen, rom instruqcias iRebdnen ‘alãsagan.
suniti qurTebic ki eqceodnen religiuri emociis gavlenis qveS, rodesac esmodaT
imamebis sadidebeli himnebi. zogjer is azric ki iyo winwamoweuli, rom ali
mociqulTan da RmerTTan erTad qmnida erT ganuyofel mTlianobas. iranSi
meTormete gamqrali imamis saxeliT moqmedebis pretenzias acxadebda gunabadis
saZmo da mis magivradac ki iRebda erTgulebis fics.
es kultebi imgvaradve moicavda pirovnul progresirebad gaqrobas (faná’)
– mistikosi jer mTlianad erwymoda Tavis Seixs, Semdeg imams, upirvelesad alis,
muhamadsa da bolos RmerTs.

saZmoebisadmi kuTvnilebis simravle. klasikur periodSi jer kidev xSiri iyo

sufiebis praqtikaSi Tavisuflad SeecvalaT moZRvrebi da erTdroulad ramdenime
moZRvarTan eswavlaT. tranziciis periodSi, romelic win uZRoda postklasikur
epoqas, es Cveuleba TandaTanobiT icvleba. axladmoqceuli safuZvlebis codnas
iRebs mxolod erT moZRvarTan da mxolod Semdeg SeuZlia Tavisi codnis
srulyofa sxva moZRvrebTan. jvalos samosi, romelic postklasikuri epoqis
dasawyisSi simbolo iyo sufizmisadmi ubralod kuTvnilebisa, gadaiqca arCevanis
maCvenebel gansxvavebul niSnad, neofitis kuTvnilebisa ama Tu im Saixis da
mogvianebiT ama Tu im saZmosadmi.
gansakuTrebuli samosebi, romlebic erTmaneTisgan gansxvavdeboda formiT,
feriT da sxva detalebiT, saZmoebis Seqmnis Tanadroulad Cndeba, VII/XIII
saukunidan. radganac erTi mxriv, recipientebi didi mniSvnelobas aniWebdnen
SeZlebisdagvarad farTo da diversificirebuli codnis miRebas da meore mxriv,
Saixebi iRwvodnen, rac SeiZleba meti mowafeebi hyolodaT. erTi da igive pirovneba
SeiZleboda mravali saZmos wevri yofiliyo da Sesabamisad, hqonoda samosebis
mTeli koleqcia. erT sparseli sufis, romelic VII/XIII s-Si gardaicvala,
cxovrebis manZilze miRebuli hqonda 124 sxvadasxva jvalos naWeri, romelTagan
sikvdilis win 113 jer kidev mis mflobelobaSi iyo. aS-Sirani, X/XVII s. egvipteli
sufi, 26 saZmos wevri iyo. kuTvnilebis amgvari simravlis erTaderTi SesaZlebloba
iyo is, rom ama Tu im Saixisa Tu saZmos xelmZRvanelobis avtoriteti yovelTvis
SeuzRudavi ar unda yofiliyo, vinaidan veravin daemorCileboda usazRvro
raodenobiT moZRvrebs.
VII/XIII saukunis miwurulidan mravldeba imis momaswavebeli niSnebi, rom
sufizmi xdeba WeSmariti disciplina, romlis Seswavlac aucilebelia aRiarebul
Teologad gasaxdomad; es niSnebi auracxeli gaxda IX/XV saukuneSi. yvela gamocda
warmatebiT gamovlil mowafes SeeZlo sakuTari survilis mixedviT specializacia
an sufizmSi, an romelime sxva dargSi da Sesabamisad is dasaxelebbuli
biografiul TxzulebebSi rogorc sufi gramatikosi, samarTalmcodne da a.S.

179
sufiur saZmoebSi bevri asocirebuli wevri iyo, romlebic an romelime sajaro
dawesebulebaSi iyvnen, an ki sxvadasxva profesiebis warmomadgenlebi.
mTavrobebi zrunavdnen sufizmis auracxeli variantebiT wamoWrili
problemebis gadawyvetas maTi koordinirebis mcdelobiT. did qalaqebSi,
rogoricaa baRdadi, damasko da kairo didi Saixebis dasaxelebiT (SaÁx aS-SuÁåx),
romlis nominalur funqcias Seadgenda yvela sxvis meTvalyureoba da
warmomadgenloba. es sapatio posti zogadad asocirebuli iyo monastris
xelmZRvanelobasTan. Tu garemoebebi saSualebas iZleoda, didi Saixi aRwevda
lokaluri Zalauflebis memkvidreobiT formas, magram aucilebeli ar iyo misi
kuTvnileba sufiebis profesiuli klasisadmi. Teoriulad, misi posti warmoadgenda
saerYTo mmarTvelobis kontrolqveS saZmoebis moqcevis, Soreuli deda-saxlebis
gavlenis Semcirebisa da filialebis ganviTarebis saSualebas, magram praqtikaSi
didi Saixis Zalaufleba ar vrceldeboda erTi konkretuli ganStoebis farglebs
gareT da yvelaze Zlieri saZmoebi zogjer Tavisufldebodnen misTvis angariSis
gawevis valdebulebisagan. egvipteSi, XIX saukunidan dawyebuli yvela sufize
maRla mdgomi Saixi yovelTvis airCeoda xalifa abå baqris STamomavlebisagan da am
mizeziT maT ewodebodaT aS-SaÁx al-baqrã.AAAAAAAAAA A A A AAAA
sufiuri pluralizmisaTvis arasodes arsebula muqara didi Saixebis
mxridan, magram zogierTi saZmo ufro realur safrTxes warmoadgenda, Tavs iqebda
ra yvelaze saukeTeso Seixebis yoliT da yvelaze srulyofili meTodebis qoniT am
da imqveynad gadarCenis misaRwevad. saqme exeba maTi mxridan garkveul
retrospeqtiul propagandas, romliTac xdeboda wmindani mzrunvelebisa da
damfuZneblebis mier sakuTar Tavze miwerili Rirsebebis egzaltireba, an maTTvis
gansakuTrebuli sadidebeli titulebis miniWebiT. magaliTad, ‘abd al-kádir al-
jãlánãze (gard. 562/1166), kádiriÁÁas damaarsebelze, ambobdnen, rom mas fexi hqonda
dadgmuli yvela wmindanis kiserze. rifaiias saZmoSi a®mad ar-rifá‘ãi (+578/1182)
iwodeboda “wmindanTa beWdad” da muhamadis yvela atributis matareblad; nebismier
adamians, romelic Sevidoda am ZmobaSi uari unda eTqva yvela sxvaze, vinaidan
sxvagvarad is mociqulis WeSmarit gzas gadauxvevda. saZmoebis zogierTi
damaarsebeli sakuTari Tavis sadidebel zeimebs awyobda. marokoeli a®mad aT-
Tijánã (gard. 1230/1815) aseve Tavs iwonebda “wmindanTa beWdis” tituliT, pretenzias
gamoTqvamda, rom Tavad muhamadis mier iyo daniSnuli da Tavis mimdevrebs
ukrZalavda manamde arsebuli kavSirebi gaewyvitaT sxva saZmoebTan da momavalSi
arcerT maTganSi ar Sesuliyvnen.
iyvnen iseTebic, romlebic ver uZlebdnen bolo nabijis gadadgmis cdunebas
da mahdis, didi mxsnelis saxels irqmevdnen. islamuri samyaros yvela kuTxeSi
Cdebodnen adamianebi, romlebsac swamdaT, rom mowodebulni iyvnen im revoluciis
gansaxorcieleblad, romelic Tavad islamma iwinaswarmetyvela. sia grZelia da
mxolod sams davasaxelebT: IX/XV saukuneSi avRaneTsa da sparseTSi muhamad-i
nurbaxSi, kubraviias ordenidan da alidi, Tavs acxadebs mahdid fsevdoSiitur
ideebze daydnobiT, romlebic Camoayaliba kubravi ala ad-daula as-simnanim
(gard.737/1336). Temurainma suverenma moaxerxa misi neitralizeba sisxlisRvris
gareSe. 905/1500 wlisaTvis indoeTSi sxva alidma muhamad jaunpurim igive pretenzia
ganacxada. dResac rCebian misi mimdevrebi, romlebsac swamT rom gamocxadebuli
mahdid ukve ewvia qveyanas da elian mis mkvdreTiT aRdgomas. IX saukunis miwuruls
aRmosavleT sudanSi muhamad ahmadma samnanis da xalvaTis Seixma gamoacxada drois
dasasruli, wamoiwyo omSi egviptelebisa da britanelebis winaaRmdeg da Seqmna
imperia, romelic daiSala mxolod misi memkvidris dros 1898 wels.

sufizmi da saxelmwifo. sityva “misticizmi” asocirdeba amqveyniurobidan

gandgomasTan, amaoebaTagan gaucxoebasTan, maradiul faseulobebisaken
orientaciasTan. mistikosi warmodgenilia, rogorc SemTxveviTobisagan daculi.
xSirad Tavisi istoriis manZilze sufizmi qadagebda amqveyniur da adamianTagan
gandgomas da mravali irCevda am gzas. magram 370/980 wlisaTvis niSapuris regionSi
mcxovrebma gandegilebma gaakvirves stumrebi ukanskneli movlenebis mimarT
interesis gamoCeniT. sxva sufiebi zrunavdnen Raribebsa da gaWirvebulebze,
sufizmis fuZemdebluri principi Tavis adeptebs mouwodebda Tavi aeridebinaT
yovelgvar kontaqtisagan saero xelisuflebasTan. magram amasTan erTad

180
mmarTvelebisa da maRali Tanamdebobis pirebis garemocvaSi xSirad xvdebodnen
sufiebi, romlebic CagrulTa interesebis damcvelebad gamodiodnen maT winaSe.
mravali sufi srulad iyo Cabmuli wminda omSi, mTeli Temis movaleobaSi,
Tundac rom isini miiCnevdnen, rom brZola, romelsac isini awarmoebdnen sakuTari
Tavis winaaRmdeg, yvelaze mniSvnelovani wminda omi iyo. savaraudoa, rom isini
ixrebodnen imisken, rom ufro metad misionerebi yofiliyvnen, moeqciaT urwmunoebi
islamze da rom dapyrobluri iaraRis miRma isini asrulebdnen meomrebisaTvis
sulieri winamZRolebis rols. dapyrobili qveynebis kolonizatorebisa da zogjer
am qveynebis sazRvrebs gareTac saxldebodnen. isini aqtiur misonerul saqmianobas
eweodnen indoeTSi VI/XII saukuneSi, guridebisa da maTi memkvidreebis kvaldakval,
balkaneTSi, osmalebis kvladakval VIII/XIV saukunidan dawyebuli. beqTaSias saZmos
wevrebi, albaneTis islamze moqcevis mTavari Semoqmedni, ieniCrebis kapelanebi
iyvnen.

beqTaSia [beqTáSiÁÁa] - sufiuri Zmoba (tarãka), romelic Seiqmna XIII-XIV ss. mijnaze
mcire aziis Turqul mosaxleobaSi. Tavisi saxeli miiRo damaarsebel haji beqTaS
rumisagan, an xorasnel moxetiale mqadageblisgan − hájjã beqTáS valã (gard. 1270
w.). beqTaSias religiuri doqtrina rTuli da sinkretulia. oficialurad is iyo
sunituri, magram masSi arsebobda ezoTeriuli moZRvreba, romelic Zalze axlosaa
ukiduresi Siitebis - xurufitebis moZRvrebasTan. beqTaSiebs swamdaT sameba -
alahis, muhamadisa da ‘alãs SemadgenlobiT. ‘alã miaCndaT RmerTis gansaxierebad,
gansakuTrebul pativs cemdnen ja‘far a¹-¹ádiks, Tvlidnen, rom yvela religia
Tanasworia da ar aniWebdnen mniSvnelobas religiuri ritualisa da ziqris
Sesrulebas, atarebdnen TeTr tanisamoss da aseTsave quds. XV-XVI ss-Si maTi
Seixebi did gavlenas axdendnen saxelmwifo saqmeebze. dapyrobiTi omebis dros
beqTaSia gavrcelda balkaneTSi, siria-palestinaSi, egviptesa da eraySi. mas
kavSiri hqonda ianiCarTa korpusTan, aikrZala am ukanasknelis ganadgurebis (1826
w.) Semdeg da misi centri stambolidan albaneTSi gadavida. aRorZinda sultan ‘abd
al-majãdis (1839-1861) dros da 1925 w. aikrZala, rogorc yvela sxva sufiuri
ordeni TurqeTSi. misi mimdevrebi dRes arian TurqeTsa da eraySi.

Cans, rom III/IX saukunis I naxevridan sufiebi aqtiurad CaerTvnen politikur-

samxedro saqmeebSi, mosulSi, aleqsandriasa da kairoSi upirvelesad samarTlisa
da samarTlianobisabis dacvisadmi interesis gamomJRvanebiT. 251/865 wels zaiditi
sufiebi monawileobdnen qufas Siitur ajanyebaSi. VI/XII saukuneSi, espaneTSi
almoravidebisadn almohadebze xelisuflebis gadasvlisas, sufi ibn kasim
samxedro gziT daipyro portugaliis teritoriebi. iranSi gabatonda sufiuri
warmomavlobis sefianTa dinastia. nemaTolahiias saZmos wevrebi dinastiuri
qorwinebiT iyvnen dakavSirebulni sefianebTan da provinciaTa gamgeblebis maRali
postebi ekavaT. IX/XV sdaukuneSi naySbandiebi ukiduresad gaZlierdnen indoeTis,
avRaneTisa da centraluri aziis vrcel regionebSi da Seucvleli gaxdnen
zogierTi Temuriani gamgeblisaTvis. mogvianebiT maT mxari dauWires yvela imas,
vinc ewinaaRmdegeboda islamsa da induizms Soris gansxvevebebis mospobis
mcdelobebs. naYkSbandi Saixis STamomavalTa ori Sto erTmaneTs eqiSpeboda saero
xelisuflebas centraluri aziis regionSi sami saukunis ganmvalobaSi. bolos, 1800
wlamde da mis Semdeg buxaras marTavdnen derviSi amirebi.
koloniuri saxelmwifoebis mimarT sufiebis damokidebuleba ar iyo
erTgarovani. Crd. afrikaSi osmalebs winaaRmdegoba gauwies darkavas da TijániÁÁas
saZmoebma. alJirSi Tijaniias wevrebma garkveuli daxmareba aRmouCines frangebs,
magram tunissa da marokoSi daupirspidnen maT. 1852 wels TijániÁÁas SaÁxma al-
hajj al-‘umarma frangebisa da sxva saZmoebis winaaRmdeg sakuTari samefo Seqmna
zemo senegalisa da nigeris regionSi, romelic misi sikvdilis Semdeg samad
daiSala da bolos isev frangebis xelSi aRmoCnda. mu®ammad as-sanåsãm (gard.1859w.)
da mis mier daarsebuli ordeni mZafrad upirispirdeboda kolonializms. misi
gavlena libiaSi imdenad didi iyo, rom TiTqmis osmalebisagan damoukdeblad
marTavda qveyanas maT nacvlad. misma memkvidreebma iaraRi aiRes xelSi frangebis
winaaRmdeg samxreTSi da roca osmaleTma 1912 wels libia bedis anabara datova,

181
maT ganagrZes brZola CrdiloeTSi SemoWrili italielebis winaaRmdeg. 1951 wels
libiis damoukideblobis gamocxadebis Semdeg saZmos dammarseblis erT-erTi
STamomavali dajda taxtze. arabeTSi a®mad al-idrãsma, sanåsiÁÁas moZRvarma asirSi
1837 wels daarsa damoukidebeli saxelmwifo, romelic misi memkvidreebis xelSi
darCa 1923 wlamde.
saero xelisuflebis mimarT sufiebs ar gaaCndaT oipoziciis an
kooperaciis sistemuri damokidebuleba, zogjer erTs irCevdnen, zogjer meores.
zogierT mmarTvels sjeroda, rom xelisuflebas ver ganaxorcielebda derviSis an
wmindanis dalocvis gareSe. sufoebis devna umeteswilad motivirebuli iyo
surviliTa da intrigiT, zogjerac TeologTa da sufiebis sxva jgufebis
gulwrfeli surviliT SeenarCunebinaT “WeSmariti sarwmunoeba”. ukanaskneli
saukuneebis manZilze sufiebi iqcnen mZafri Setevebis obieqtad Siiti mujTahidebisa
iranSi, vahabitebisa arabeTSi, reformistuli moZraobisa TurqeTSi. maT aseve
safrTxe Seuqmna Tanamedrove civilizaciam.

marginaluri jgufebi. Tavisi istoriis manZilze sufizmi pirvelsawyisi

islamisaTvis ucxo doqtrinebis gaTavisebas da adaptirebas axdenda. gamocdili
sufiebi mkafiod avlebdnen xazs “adamianebsa” da “cud” inovaciebs Soris.
detalebSi zogjer gansxvaveba mJRavndeboda sufiebsa da saZmoebs Soris, magram
erTobliobaSi klasikuri periodis modeli rCeboda kriteriumad. amasTan erTad,
zogierTi jgufi, xSirad bundovani warmomavlobisa, imdenad daSorebuli iyvnen
klasikuri normebisagan, rom isini SeiZleba CaiTvalos wmindad marginalurad.
sufizmma maTze gavlena moaxdina, magram verasodes SeZlo maTi sruli asimilireba.
maTi islamisadmi kuTvnileba SesaZloa mxolod im saxiT mJRavndeboda, rodesac
TviTon acxadebdnen amas.
moxetiale derviSebi, romelTac kalandarabs uwodeben (arab. kalandariÁÁa,
mx.r. kalandar) (am sityvis mniSvneloba da warmomavloba ucnobia), arsebobdnen V/XI
saukunidan. malámaTiÁÁas msgavsad, romlebic III/IX saukunidan moRvaweobdnen, isini
Sors idgnen sakuTari umwikvloebis sajaro demonstraciebidan da piriqiT,
axdendnen sakuTari cudi gadaxrebis Cvenebas. magram Tu malámaTiÁÁa amgvar
principSi eZiebda daerTguna sakuTari amaoeba, kalandarebi, sapirispirod, arad
agdebdnen siwmindis gamovlenas, mxolod imas aqcevdnen yuradRebas, rom ecxovraT
“bednierad RmerTSi” da aseve gadaelaxaT morwmunis “kargi qcevis” pirobiTi
wesebi. zogierT malámaTiÁÁas, socialuri normebisadmi amgvari gulgriloba
gulwrfelia da zogjer siZulvilamdec midis. amgvarad, malamaTias ori saxe
SeiZleba gamoiyos, romelTagan ufro miuRebeli miesadageba kalandarebs.
dasawyisSi orive warmodgenili iyvnen skolebiT da ara saZmoebiT. Tumca
IX/XV saukuneSi omer dedem malámaTiÁÁas saxeli uwoda ordens anatoliaSi da
600/1200 wlidan cota xnis Semdeg, epoqaSi, rodesac sufiebi qmnidnen pirvel
ordenebs, sparselTa erTma jgufma siriaSi Seqmna kalandarTa saZmo, romlis
wevrebmac skandali gamoiwvies Tavisa da warbebis gaparsviT. es iyo praqtika,
romelic Seesabameboda antikur xanaSi hierapolisSi dea sirias wminda alagze
mimavali piligrimebis Cvevas da aseve zogjer arabul qveyynebSi damanSaveebs maTi
sajaro damcirebisaTvis. kalandarebis msoflmxedveloba gavrcelda egviptesa da
anatolaSi da Semdeg iranSi da ufro aRmosavleTiTac. es ordeni erT-erTma
mamluqma mmarTvelma akrZala VIII/XIV saukuneSi, Semdeg xelaxla IX/XV saukuneSi
erT-erTma Temuriani suverenma. masSi arsebobs ganStoeba, jalilianebi
(damaarseblis saxelis mixedviT), Tanamedrove pakistanSi, romlis ganayoficaa
savaraudod xaqsarebis sparsuli ordeni. xasqarebisaTvis gaparsva iniciaciis
mxolod erT-erTi ritualia.
VII/XIII saukunidan dawyebuli varaudobdnen, rom kalandarebi xmarobdnen
opiums da selis sxvadasxva saxeobebs da naklebad zrunavdnen islamuri religiuri
movaleobebis dacvaze. zogierTi maTgani qalebs tabud miiCnevda. igivenairad,
rogorc pirveli sufiebi iSviaTad iyenebdnen siwmindis praqtikas Tavis dros,
kalandarebi da malamaTiebi amieridan sufiebis mowinaaRmdegeebad gamodiodnen da
maT miiCnevdnen Seuferebeli iluziebis sabralo monebad.
sufizmis kontaqtma qurTul tradiciebTan gamoiwvia ori kuriozuli
religiuri hibridi. dasavleT iranis mTebSi ahl-i ®akk (RmerTis xalxi, an

182
WeSmaritebis, siwmindis Tayvamnismcemelni), romlebic aseve iyvnen ‘alã-iláhã-s
saxeliT (‘alãs gamaRmerTeblebi), oficialurad aRiarebdnen imamitur SariaTs,
magram mas amatebdnen sufiur an naxevrad-sufiur doqtrinul sistemas, axdendnen
ra Sinagani gzis (tarãkaT) Ziebis da transcendantaluri codnis kombinirebas
sulieri arsebebis kultTan da rwmenasTan. meore iazidiias SemTxvevaSi (iazidis
mimdevrebi), romlebic ZiriTadad saxlobdnen mespotamiis CrdiloeTis mTebSi, saqme
exeba dasawyisSi eqstremistul omaianTa mxardamWeri antiiSitur moZraobas,
romelsac misadagebuli hqonda sufiuri saZmos, badaviias struqturisa rwmenaTa
sistemis saxeebi. es seqtebi erT donze aTavseben lokaluri wmindanebisa da
angelozebis kults. xalifa ali Tayvaniscemulia, rogorc angelozi ahli hakTan
da iazidi iazidiias mier. oriveni monoTeistebi arian, magram sufiuri elementebi
masSi im saxiT aris Serwymuli xalxur rwmena-warmodgenebTan, rom fuZemdebluri
islamuri principis gamorCeva Zneli xdeba. ahl-i ®akki xazs usvams Siizmisadmi
kuTvnilebas, magram iazidebi Tavs muslimebadac ki ar miiCneven. isini Tayvans cemen
angeloz-farSevangs, romelic asimilirebulia islamur (da iudevlur-qristianul)
demonTan, magram maT akrZales sakuTar leqsikonSi satanis xmareba. SesaZloa, is
warmoadgens adgilobriv kults, romelsac Semdeg daedo sunituri koncefcia −
zogierTi sufi demonSi Tayvans cems monoTeizmis prototips, romelic yuranis
mixedviT, daupirispirda RmerTis mier damyarebul wesrigs (e.i. is unda
ganTxmuliyo adamis winaSe).

sufizmi da literatura. klasikuri periodidan sufiebis wreSi gavrcelebuli

moTxrobebi anu ®iqáÁáT (mx. r. ®iqáÁa) romlebSic erTdroulad gadmocemuli iyo
warsulis sufiebisa da wmindanebis cxovrebis epizodebi da maTi gamonaTqvamebi. am
moTxrobebis Cawera iwyeba III/IX saukunidan da magaliTad gamoiyeneba sufiuri
swavlebisas. is gamodis “Sinagani codnis” sferodan da Tavsdeba erTi mxriv
yuransa da mociqulis gamonaTqvamebs, meore mxriv ki religiur gamocdilebasa da
meditaciebs Soris. isaxavda ra miznad mkiTxvelisaTvis rCevis micemasa da mis
Camoyalibebas, magram misi iZulebis gareSe, is qminda sufiebisaTvis yuransa da
hadisebTan erTad mesame literaturul tradicias. abu tårab an-nakCabi (gard.
245/859) da al-junaÁdi (gard. 298/910) am nawerebs uwodeben “RmerTis damxmareebs”,
romelic aZlierebs “guls”. IX/X saukuneSi zogierTma specialistma zepirad icoda
asobiT da aTasobiT amgvari istoria. maTi Caweris faqti saSualebas iZleoda
damyarebuli pirdapiri kavSiri Zvel moZRvrebsa da gviandel Taobebs Soris,
kiTxvac ki daisva SeiZleboda Tu ara wigns Seecvala moZRvrebis uSualo swavleba.
bevri neofiti ganaTlebas wigniT iwyebda, magram zogadad moZRvari aucileblad
iTvleboda. xSirad rTulia am istoriebSi biografiebis da warmosaxvis
gamocalkeveba. mraval SemTxvevaSi poeturi gamonagonebi materializebulia realur
movlenebSi da piriqiT.
II/IX saukuniT TariRdeba aseve pirveli sufiuri traqtatebi miZRvnili kerZo
sakiTxebisadmi an sufizmis zogadi aspeqtebisadmi. yvelaze Zvelebis umravlesoba
dakargulia, magram ufro gviandeli sakuneebis literaturuli memkvidreobis
mniSvnelovanma nawilma Cvenamde moaRwia. IV/X saukunemde yvelaferi arabulad
iwereboda; Semdgom gamoiyenebdnen sparsuls, sxvadasxva Turqul enebs, aseve aziur
da afrikul idiomebs. zogierTi Txzuleba ikribeboda moZRvris leqciis dros
mowafeebis Canawerebisagan.
“eqstatiuri konfesiebi” gulisxmobda istoriebis gadmocemas okulturi
gamocdilebis Sesaxeb, romelic zogjer iRebda moZRvarsa da mowafeebs Soris
gacvlili werilebis formas da ufro axlos idga yoveldRiur cxovrebasTan,
vidre sufiuri teqstebis umravlesoba. postklasikur periodSi vizioneruli
fenomenebisaTvis micemulma mniSvnelobam aiZula bevri damwyebi Caewera sul
sawyisi magaliTebic da maTTvis mieca wignis forma – cduneba, romlis winaaRmdeg
maT afrTxilebdnen. magram simnanis yvela derviSs hqonda rveuli (madjmå‘a)
romlebSic isini iwerdnen moZRvris rCevebs da leqciebsac ki. swored mowafeebis
survilsa da literaturul ambiciebs unda mivaweroT, rom vflobT aramxolod
mraval biografias, aramed maTi moZRvrebis karnaxebis krebulebs, magram aseve
istoriuli movlenebis agiografiul deformacias.

183
sufiebi uzomod xSirad mimarTavdnen leqsebs, TavianT skolebSi, kerZo saubrebis
dros an ritualuri musikaluri seansebis dros. es leqsebi, romelTa avtorebic
xSirad TviTon ar iyvnen da romlebic auciileblad ar iyo mistikuri Sinaarsis,
iRebda mistikur interpretacias an sruliad sxva xasiaTs garemoebebisda mixedviT.
ori arabulenovani yvelaze ganTqmuli da popularuli poeti iyo ibn al-fári«i
(gard. 633/1235), siriuli warmomavlobis egvipteli da andalusieli abu-l-®asan al-
SuSTarã (gard. 668/1269). al-fári«i urevda Tavis grZel odebs beduinur Temebs, rom
xotba Seesxa mistikuri siyvarulisaTvis, upirvelesad mociqulisadmi. aS-SuStari
upiratesobas aniWebda stroful formebs da sakuTar enas zogjer amdidrebda
dialeqturi nasesxobebiT.
sparsulenovani didaqtikuri poezia saTaves iRebs VI/XII saukuneSi saná’ãs
(VI/XII saukune), ‘attáris (VI-VII/XII-XIII ss.) da råmãs (gard. 672/1273) SemoqmedebiT. am
Zlierad STagonebul epikur poemebSi axali Tema iWreba da Txrobis sasargeblod,
poeti gadmocems Tavis abstragirebul ideebs. am leqsebisa da maTi imitaciebis
wyalobiT zogierTi poeti sufiur wreebis gareTac gaxda cnobili.
gavixsenoT, rom misticizmi da literatura mkafiod gansxvavebuli
sferoebia. ibn al-‘arabã ukiduresad nayofieri Semoqmedi iyo, råmãs Sedgenili aqvs
aTasobiT leqsi da Sams-i Tabrãzis ekuTvnis prozauli nawarmoebebi - makáláT.
bevrma uari Tqva poetobaze sufizmze moqcevis Semdeg. sxvebma gadasces leqsebi
mimdevrebs, romlebic maT wminda wignebis darad scemen Tayvans.

damatebiTi literatura

1. Ал-Газали Абу Хамид. Воскрешение наук о вере (Ихйа’ ‘улум ад-дин), Избранные главы.
Пер. в араб., исслед. и коммент. В.В. Наумкина. М., 1980.
2. Аль-Газали, Абу Хамид. “Наставление правителям” и другие сочинения. Пер. с
арабского, персидского. М., 2005.
3. Бертельс Е. Э. Суфизм и и суфийская литература. М., 1965.
4. Ибн ал-Араби. Мекканские откровения. Введ., пер. с араб., примеч. и библиогр. А. Д.
Кныша. СПб., 1995.
5. Степанянц М. Т. Философские аспекты суфизма. М., 1987.
6. Суфизм в контексте мусульманской культуры. М., 1989.
7. Тримингем Дж. Суфийские ордены в исламе. Пер. с англ. Под. ред. О. Ф. Акимушкина.
М., 1989.
8. аш-Шахрастāни, Мухаммад ибн ‘абд ал-Карим, Книга о религиях и сектах, Китāб ал-
милал ва-н-нихал, Пер. с араб., введ. и коммент. С.М. Прозорова. М., 1984.
9. Шиммель А. Мир исламского мистицизма. Пер. с англ. Н. И. Пригариной, А.С.
Раппопорт М., 1999.
10. Хисматулин А. А. Суфийская ритуальная практика (на примере братства
Накшбандийа). СПб., 1996.
11. Хисматулин А. А. Суфизм. СПб., 1999.
12. Corbin H. En Islam Iranien. Aspects spirituels et philosophiques, I-IV. Paris, 1971-
72.
13. Iwanow W. The Truth-Worshippers of Kurdistan: Ahl-i Haqq Texts. Leiden, 1953.
14. Massignon L. La Passion de Husain ibn Mansūr Hallāj, I, Paris, 1975.
15. Mazzaoui M.M. The Origins of Safavids: Shi‘ism, Sufism and the Ghulat. Wiesbaden,
1972.

184
 Tavi X

islamuri civilizacia
(VII-XVII ss.)

1. arabul-muslimuri kultura
(VII-XV ss.-Si)

Sua saukuneebis arabuli kultura Camoyalibda VII-X ss.-Si arabi da maT mier
dapyrobili xalxebis kulturebis urTierTzemoqmedebis procesSi. samecniero
literaturaSi “arabul-muslimuri kultura” pirobiTi mniSvnelobiT ixmareba da
sruliadac ar gulisxmobs sakuTriv “arabuls” an “muslimurs”. es gansazRvreba
emyareba imas, rom arabul-muslimuri kulturis warmoqmnasa da ganviTarebaSi
arabebTan erTad monawileobdnen araarabuli warmoSobis moRvawenic (poetebi,
mwerlebi, istorikosebi, filologebi, maTematikosebi da sxv.). aseve pirobiTi
mniSvnelobaa nagulisxmevi “muslimuri kulturis” cnebaSi, radgan mis
Camoyalibebasa da ganviTarebaSi mniSvnelovani wvlili miuZRviT aramuslimebsac.
terminma “arabuli kultura” da TviT cnebam “arabebi” axlo aRmosavleTis
xalxebis istoriis mravali saukuneebis manZilze araerTxel Seicvala Tavisi

185
mniSvneloba. VII saukunemde “arabebSi” igulisxmeboda ZiriTadad arabeTis
naxevarkunZulis momTabare mosaxleoba da agreTve samxreT arabeTis binadari
Temebisa da SedarebiT mcirericxovani oazisebis mosaxleoba qveynis CrdiloeTsa
da centralur raionebSi. axlo aRmosavleTis mimdebare qveynebSi cxovrobdnen
xalxebi, romlebic laparakobdnen sxvadasxva enaze. esenia: berZnuli, sparsuli,
arameuli da kopturi, berberuli – CrdiloeT afrikaSi, romanuli da goTuri –
espaneTSi. am xalxebs hqondaT sxvadasxva religia, rwmenebi da kultebi. arabulma
kulturam ganicada islamamdeli arabeTis, Zveli iemenuri, siriul-elinisturi,
iudevelTa da iranuli kulturebis gavlena.
VII saukuneSi arabeTis naxevarkunZulis mosaxleobam miiRo axali religia –
islami. isini gaerTiandnen axal arabul-muslimur saxelmwifoSi da daiwyes
TavianTi grandiozuli dapyrobebi. SedarebiT mokle periodSi maT daipyres
uzarmazari teritoria indoeTidan espaneTamde da Seqmnes erTiani imperia –
saxalifo. arabul-muslimuri saxelmwifos Seqmnas dauyovnebliv da yvelgan ar
Seucvlia dapyrobili xalxebis kulturuli saxe. zogierTma (magaliTad, somxebma
da qarTvelebma) SeZlo enobrivi damoukideblobis da sarwmunoebrivi
aRmsareblobis SenarCuneba; isini nominalurad rCebodnen saxalifos
SemadgenlobaSi da faqtobrivad male moipoves damoukidebloba. mravalwliani
brZolis Semdeg arabTa batonobisagan gaTavisufldnen espanelebi, romelTac aseve
SeinarCunes sakuTari ena da religia. iranis, Sua aziis da samxreT kavkasiis
xalxebma SeinarCunes erovnuli enebi, magram dampyroblebisagan miiRes islami,
ramac arsebiTad Secvala maTi kulturis xasiaTi. arabTa mier dapyrobil zogierT
provinciaSi (siria, erayi, nawilobriv egvipte da CrdiloeT afrikis qveynebi) ki
erTdroulad ganxorcielda arabizaciis da islamizaciis procesi. Tumca
arabizaciis procesi xangrZlivi periodis manZilze mimdinareobda da dasrulda
mTeli rigi adgilobrivi arabuli dialeqtebis warmoSobiT. amasTan, “arabizacia”
swrafad mimdinareobda im olqebSi, romelTa xalxebi laparakobdnen semituri
jgufis monaTesave enebze.
arabul-muslimuri kulturis formirebaze gadamwyveti gavlena moaxdina
islamma da arabulma enam. nebismieri muslimi, upirveles yovlisa, iyo saerTo
muslimuri Temis wevri da Semdeg ama Tu im qalaqis, provinciis mcxovrebi, an ama
Tu im eTnikuri jgufis warmomadgeneli. uzarmazari muslimuri Temis erToba
ganmtkicebuli iyo saerTo religiuri kanonebiT, wes-CveulebebiT da qcevis wesebiT,
sulieri kulturis erTobiT, rac emyareboda yurans da muslimur gadmocemebs
(hadisebs). yvelaze mniSvnelovani faqtori, ramac xeli Seuwyo arabuli enis
swrafad gavrcelebas, iyo saxalifos SemadgenlobaSi Semaval xalxebSi erTiani
enis ararseboba. literaturuli arabuli ena miiReboda ara mxolod rogorc
dampyrobelTa ena, aramed rogorc saerTo kulturis elementi. arabuli ena iyo
muslimTa wminda wignis — yuranis ena. am enaze laparakobda TviT islamis
fuZemdebeli muhamadi, romelic qadagebebiT mimarTavda Tavis Tanatomelebs.
arabuli enis codna aucilebeli iyo, raTa waekiTxaT yurani da saRvTismetyvelo
literatura. yvela ganaTlebuli muslimi — iraneli, Turqi, espaneTis Tu
indoeTis mcxovrebi — miiswrafoda daufleboda wminda yuranis enas da
saRvTismetyvelo literaturas. umaÁÁanma xalifa ‘abd al-maliqma (685-705) arabuli
ena saxalifoSi administraciis enad gamoacxada. misive brZanebiT yvela umaRlesi
saxelmwifo Tanamdeboba SeiZleboda daekavebina mxolod muslims. saxalifos
teritoriaze arabuli enis gavrcelebam keTilismyofeli gavlena moaxdina arabul-
muslimuri mecnierebis ganviTarebaze, xels uwyobda mecnierTa Soris urTierTobas
da kulturul centrebs Soris kavSiris damyarebas. saxalifos teritoriaze
arabuli enis gavrcelebam iseTi farTo masStabebi miiRo, rom Su‘åbitebi187
antiarabul propagandas arabul enaze eweodnen.
‘abasianTa xelisuflebis saTaveSi mosvlis Semdeg arabTa saxalifom miaRwia
Tavisi social-ekonomikuri, politikuri da saerTod sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis

187 VIII-IX ss. saxalifoSi araarabi muslimebi (mavalebi) da saerTod damorCilebuli

mosaxleoba Tavisi kulturuli doniT arabebze gacilebiT maRla idga. arabebze istoriul-
kulturuli upiratesobis Segnebam warmoSva erovnul-kulturuli moZraobani, romlebic
gaerTianebuli iyvnen saerTo saxeliT Su‘åbiÁa. am moZraobam didi roli iTamaSa Sua
saukuneebis muslimuri sazogadoebis msoflmxedvelobis CamoyalibebaSi.

186
ganviTarebis maRal safexurs. islamuri kulturis ganviTareba da gavrceleba
swored am periods ukavSirdeba. meore abasiani xalifa al-maníåris TaosnobiT 762w.
daarsebuli axali sataxto qalaqi baRdadi (baRdád), muslimur samyaros adre
dawinaurebul qalaqebTan erTad (damasko/dimaSk/, fustáti, baíra, qåfa, da sxv.),
mokle droSi imdroindeli msoflio civilizaciis erT-erTi wamyvani centri
gaxda188.
“klasikuri islami” warmoiSva eraysa da siriaSi VIII-X saukuneebSi da gaaerTiana
arabTa mier dapyrobili xalxebis kulturuli monapovari. arabTa dapyrobiTi
omebis warmatebis Sedegad islami gaxda ganviTarebis sxva safexurze mdgomi
sazogadoebis ideologia. Sua saukuneebis arabuli kulturis SeqmnaSi
monawileobda saxalifos SemadgenlobaSi Semavali yvela xalxi da man SeiTvisa
eTnikuri TvalsazrisiT Zalze Wreli tradiciebi. amasTan es iyo islamuri
kultura, romelic moicavda islamuri samyaros yvela regions: medina (al-madina),
damasko, baRdádi, niSaburi (nãSápårã), kairo (al-káhira), kordova (kurtuba), granada
(Rarnáta), konia (kånÁa), konstantinopoli, qabuli (qábul), lahore (láhavr) da deli
(dihlã). amiT mniSvnelovanwilad iyo ganpirobebuli islamuri kulturis ayvaveba
VIII-XII saukuneebSi. es iyo axali epoqa, roca islamurma civilizaciam
memkvidreobiT miiRo aRmosavleTis da dasavleTis Zveli kultura: aRmosavleTidan
(irani, Sua azia, indoeTi) momdinareobda humanitaruli mecnierebebi, dasavleTidan
(berZnul-romauli samyaro) — sabunebismetyvelo dargebi. Tumca is ar iyo
warsulis kulturuli tradiciebis ubralo mibaZva an gagrZeleba, aramed
kulturaTa sinTezi. arabebma SeiTvises da gadaamuSaves antikuri samyaros da
aRmosavleTis Zveli civilizaciebis rigi kulturuli tradiciebisa da gaacnes
isini evropas. amiT Seitanes Tavisi wvlili aRorZinebis xanis evropis kulturul
aRmavlobaSi. swored arabebis meSveobiT evropa pirvelad eziara antikur da
aRmosavlur mecnierebas — filosofias, maTematikas, astronomias, medicinas da
sxv.
saxalifos daSlam, romelic daiwyo ukve VIII saukunis II naxevarSi, gamoiwvia
garkveuli kulturuli dezintegracia. saxalifos calkeul provinciebSi sul
ufro da ufro Zlierdeboda adgilobrivi kulturuli tradiciebi, romelTa
ganviTarebam sabolood gamoiwvia adgilobrivi erovnuli kulturebis formireba.
muslimur espaneTSi, romelic ‘abasianTa saxalifos jer kidev VIII s-Si gamoeyo,
daiwyo e. w. arabul-espanuri kulturis damoukidebeli ganviTareba. saxalifos
aRmosavleT provinciebSi IX s-is dasasruls warmoiqmna iranuli kulturul-
erovnuli aRorZinebis kerebi. sparsulma enam arabuli Secvala Tavdapirvelad
literaturasa da poeziaSi, Semdeg zogierT humanitarul mecnierebaSi. Tumca
muslimTa wminda wignis enas, rogorc muslimuri kulturis SemoqmedebiT iaraRs,
saxalifos daSlis Semdegac ar daukargavs Tavisi mniSvneloba. am enaze werdnen
Tavis Sromebs RvTismetyvelebi, mecnierebi da filosofosebi, imis da miuxedavad
Tu romel eTnikur jgufs ekuTvnodnen. cnobilma Sveicarelma mecnierma adam mecma
IX-X ss-is arabTa saxelmwifos kulturul monapovars pirobiTad muslimuri
renesansi uwoda. arabuli kulturis centrma X saukunidan gadainacvla siriaSi,
egvipteSi, espaneTSi. CrdiloeT afrikaSi fatimianTa (X-XIIss.) da aiubianTa (XII-
XIIIss.) dros grZeldeboda arabuli kulturis saukeTeso tradiciebis ganviTareba
mecnierebis, literaturis, xelovnebis da material;uri kulturis sxva sferoSi,
Tumca igi nakleb gavlenas axdenda muslimuri aRmosavleTis xalxebis saerTo
kulturul progresze.
XV saukuneSi (1492w.), qristianebis mier granadis dakavebis Semdeg, daeca
arabuli kulturis ukanaskneli centri espaneTSi.
Sua saukuneebis arabul-muslimurma kulturam did gavlena moaxdina evropul
kulturaze. evropelma mecnierebma, eruditebma, poetebma, mwerlebma TavianTi
nawarmoebebis did nawili Seadgines arabul enaze.

188f. hiTTis sityvebiT, baRdadi yvaoda, rogorc mecnierebis msoflio centri, maSin roca
“karlos didi da misi sasaxlis kari tkbebodnen Taviseburi xelovnebiT, cdilobdnen
sworad daeweraT TavianTi saxelebi”. muslimebma TavianT uzarmazar imperiaSi miaRwies imas,
razedac qristian imperatorebs da sparsel mmarTvelebs mxolod ocneba SeeZloT.

187
arabTa mTargmnelobiTi saqmianoba. arabuli samecniero da filosofiuri
azrovnebis ganviTarebaze didi gavlena moaxdines antikuri, sparsuli da induri
teqstebis Targmanebma arabul enaze. evropaSi moRvawe mTargmnelebisagan
gansxvavebiT, romlebic moRvaweobdnen qristianuli samRvdeloebis
xelmZRvanelobiT da kontroliT, arabi mTargmnelebis saqmianoba ar iyo
nakarnaxevi religiur-didaqtikuri miznebiT. isini, pirvel rigSi, Targmnidnen
berZnul da indur Txzulebebs, romlebic Seicavda praqtikul da sasargeblo
codnas. maT ainteresebdaT astrologia da astronomia, alqimia, medicina,
filosofia da logika. arabTa orientaciam “praqtikulad sasargeblo codnaze”
ganapiroba is faqti, rom mTargmnelebi uaryofdnen yvelafers, rac scildeboda
mecnierebas da filosofias. amis gamo berZnuli gavlena, rac ase nayofieri iyo
zusti da sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebebis da filosofiis dargSi, saerTod ar
Sexebia arabul poezias da mxatvrul literaturas. tradiciuli islamuri
ideologia ver urigdeboda berZnul literaturas da miTologias. arabebi Sua
saukuneebSi ar gacnobian arc homeross, arc udides dramaturgebs da arc
ZvelberZnul lirikas.
Targmanis xelovneba ganixileboda, rogorc specialoba, romelic moiTxovda
gansakuTrebul niWs da enebis karg codnas. es xelovneba Taobidan Taobas
gadaecemoda. samecniero Sromebis pirveli Targmanebi arabul enaze Sesrulda
oumaÁÁanTa dinastiis mmarTvelobis dros. umaÁÁani xalifa Éazãd I-is vaJi _ xálidi
(gard. 704w.) didad iyo gatacebuli berZnuli mecnierebiT. mas miewereba ramdenime
naSromis Targmna astronomiaSi, medicinasa da qimiaSi189. mTargmnelobiTi
saqmianobis “oqros saukuned” iTvleba ‘abasianTa periodi. xalifa al-ma’munis
“sibrZnis saxlSi” mTargmnelobiTi kolegiis saqmianobam xeli Seuwyo arabuli enis
ganviTarebas da gansakuTrebiT samecniero terminologiis, romelic sabolood iqna
SemuSavebuli IX s-is bolos mecnierebis yvela dargSi _ filosofia, astronomia,
maTematika, medicina da sxv.
mTargmnelTa Soris gansakuTrebiT ganTqmuli iyvnen: berZnulidan _ sirieli
qristiani-nestoriani ®unain b. is®áki190 (810-873) da misi vaJi ií®ák b. ®unaini (gard.
911w.), sabieli sábiT b. kurra (836-901)191, sirieli kustá b. låká (820-912), xolo
sparsulidan— al-®asan b. sahli (gard. 850w.) da ‘abd al-láh b. al-mukaffa‘ (721-
757).
arabebma am Targmanebis meSveobiT mniSvnelovani wvlili Seitanes dasavleTis
da aRmosavleTis codnis saganZuris SenaxvaSi.

arabuli mecniereba. arabul-muslimuri mecnierebis ganviTarebaSi gamoirCeva ori

periodi: pirvel etapze xdeboda civilizebuli erebis mecnieruli memkvidreobis
Targmna, meore etapze ki arabebma ara marto SeiTvises, aramed ganaviTares da
Semdeg Taobebs gadasces gacilebiT meti, vidre TviTon miiRes.
mecnierebis Sesaxeb warmodgena saukuneebis manZilze icvleboda da
viTardeboda. adreul islamSi mecnierebis qveS, upirveles yovlisa, igulisxmeboda
wigniereba, xolo Semdeg yuranis da RvTismetyvelebis codna. VIII saukunis
dasawyisidan mecnierebis gageba farTovdeba da moicavs sxvadasxva disciplinebs,
maT Soris maTematikas da astronomias.
Sua saukuneebis filosofosebi da istorikosebi did yuradRebas uTmobdnen
maTTvis cnobili mecnierebebis klasifikacias: arabul-muslimuri mecnierebebi,
romelTac specifikur islamur dargebTan (yurani, hadisebi da islamuri
samarTali) erTad isini miakuTvnebdnen filologiasac da “ucxouri mecnierebebi”
— codnis yvela dargi, romlebic SeiTvises arabebma sxva xalxebisagan.
upiratesoba eniWeboda im mecnierebebs, romelTac kavSiri hqondaT religiasTan.
al-xvárazmã (Xs.) gamoyofs 6 wminda muslimur mecnierebas — iurisprudencia,
RvTismetyveleba, gramatika, dokumentebis Sedgenis xelovneba (qiTába), poetika,

189 amtkiceben agreTve, rom xálidma moaxerxa epova “filosofiuri qva” (XVI s-mde
gabatonebuli warmodgenebis mixedviT, nivTiereba, romelsac unari aqvs magiurad gardaqmnas
arakeTilSobili liTonebi oqrod an vercxlad).
190 ®unain ibn is®ákma icoda berZnuli, siriuli, sparsuli da arabuli enebi. mas didi
damsaxureba miuZRvis arabuli mecnieruli enis ganviTarebaSi.
191 is iyo agreTve cnobili maTematikosi da astronomi.

188
istoria. “ucxod” iTvleboda 9 — filosofia, logika, medicina, ariTmetika,
geometria, astronomia, musika, meqanika, alqimia. mecnierebaTa klsifikacia mocemuli
aqvs agreTve cnobil istorikoss da sociologs — ibn xaldåns (1332-1406) Tavis
naSromSi “mukaddam” (Sesavali). tradiciul arabul mecnierebebSi yuranis,
hadisebis da muslimuri samarTlis garda, mas CarTuli aqvs islamuri misticizmi
(Taíavvuf), sizmrebis ganmarteba da filologia farTo gagebiT — upirveles
yovlisa arabuli enisa da arabuli poeziis Seswavla. ucxouri mecnierebebs,
saerTo saxelwodebiT — filosofia, man miakuTvna logika, fizika (aq man CarTo
medicina, soflis meurneobis mecniereba, magia, moZRvreba avgarozebze, fokusebis
Cvenebaze da al-qimia), metafizika, maTematika (vaWrobis sakiTxebis da memkvidreobis
CaTvliT), optika, astronomiuli tabulebis Sedgena, astrologia da musika.
wminda arabuli mecnierebebis, gansakuTrebiT filologiis Seswavlis
centrebi iyo qåfa, baíra da baRdádi. “ucxouri mecnierebebis” Seswavlis centrebi
iyo aleqsandria (isqandariÁÁa) da antioqia (antáqiÁa), jundeSapuri (jundaÁsábår
— qalaqi xuzisTanSi, daarsebuli sasanianTa dros), ®arráni, ar-ruhá (dasavluri
wyaroebis edesa), sadac yvaoda saero mecnierebebi (medicina, maTematika,
astronomia). amdenad, “arabuli kulturis” ganviTarebaSi aSkarad SeiniSneba ori
nakadis gavlena: erTi aRmosavleTidan momdinareobda (iranul-induri samyaro),
meore — dasavleTidan (berZnul-romauli samyaro).
VIII-X ss-Si arabul samyaroSi aRmocenda ori mniSvnelovani saswavlo da
samecniero dawesebuleba: “sibrZnis saxli” da “mecnierebis saxli”. meCeTebisagan
gansxvavebiT aq swavla akademiur xasiaTs atarebda. yvela islamur qalaqSi
meCeTebTan fuZndeboda agreTve biblioTekebi (xizánaT, maqTaba), romelTa kari Ria
iyo yvela studentisa da mecnierisaTvis. biblioTeka gaxda pirveli akademiebis
Semadgeneli nawili.
“sibrZnis saxli” (baiT al-®iqma; xizánaT al-®iqma) daarsda 830 wels, xalifa
al-ma’munis (813-833) mmarTvelobis periodSi baRdádSi. abasianTa xalifam gaagzavna
Tavisi xalxi bizantiis imperatoris (leoni – 813-820) karze, raTa isini
gacnobodnen berZnul literaturas da CamoetanaT baRdadSi. konstantinopolidan
gamogzavnili berZnuli wignebis saTargmnelad xalifam daarsa “mTargmnelTa
kolegia”, romelsac uwoda “sibrZnis saxli”. al-ma’munma “sibrZnis saxli”
Camoayaliba ZiriTadad jundeSapuris akademiis gavleniT. swored am akademiidan
cnobili mecnierebi da mTargmnelebi mecnierul moRvaweobas eweodnen baRdádsa da
samarrá’Si. “sibrZnis saxli” warmoadgenda mTargmnelobiTi saqmianobis da
mecnieruli moRvaweobis centrs. aq moRvaweobdnen sxvadasxva religiis
warmomadgenlebi, romlebic flobdnen siriuls, berZnuls, arameuls da xSirad
sparsulsac. maTi umetesoba, pirvel rigSi, werda siriul enaze. “baiT al-®iqma”
ganTavsebuli iyo specialur SenobaSi da hqonda Tavisi biblioTeka, romelSic
iyo wignebis didi raodenoba sxvadasxva enebze. es dawesebuleba finansdeboda
saxelmwifo xazinidan. mogvianebiT, rodesac samara gaxda ‘abasiani xalifebis
droebiTi rezidencia, “baiT al-®iqma”-m dakarga akademiuri xasiaTi da cnobili iyo
saxeliT: “xizánaT al-ma’mån”. is arsebobda X s-mde. mxolod mogvianebiT
fatimianebma daarses msgavsi akademiebi, romelTa Soris mniSvnelovani iyo “dár
al-®iqma” kairoSi. is daaarsa fatimianma xalifa al-haqimma 395/1005 wels. mas hqonda
biblioTeka (4000,000 tomi), samkiTxvelo darbazi da samuSao oTaxi. wignebi
iTargmneboda berZnulidan siriulze da sparsulad, umTavresad arabul enaze.
mogvianebiT daiwyes ukve pirdapiri Targmani berZnulidan arabulze, Tumca jer
kidev Warbobda Targmanebi berZnulidan siriulze da mere ukve arabulze. “dár al-
®iqma” iyo Sexvedris adgili muhaddisebis, iuristebis, gramatikosebis, eqimebis,
astronomebis da maTematikosebis. dár al-®iqma ZiriTadad SiitTa ismailituri
moZRvrebis propagandas emsaxureboda, mis saTaveSi idga dá‘‹ ad-du‘áT (mTavari
misioneri, mqadagebeli), romelic iwvevda swavlul mamakacebs, raTa Sekrebiliyvnen
aq kviraSi orjer — orSabaTs da xuTSabaTs. aq momzadda katalogi 1045 wels,
romelic 6 500 toms iTvlida astronomiaSi, arqiteqturaSi da falsafaSi (al-
falsafa, berZn. filosofia). es instituti daixura XI s-is bolos da 1123 wels
isev gaixsna sxva SenobaSi. fatimianTa dinastiis dacemis Semdeg (1171w.) biblioTeka
kvlav daixura. salá® ad-dãnma gayida sasaxlis saganZuri, maT Soris wignebic
(daaxloebiT aTi wlis manZilze yidda). mravali wigni dawves an nilosSi gadayares.

189
 mecnierebis ganviTarebisaTvis ZiriTadi impulsi gaxda qaRaldis warmoeba.
qaRaldis damzadebis xelovneba cnobili gaxda arabebisaTvis samaryandis
dapyrobis (751w.) Semdeg. aq ukve awarmoebdnen qaRalds tyved Sepyrobili Cinelebis
daxmarebiT. daaxl. 800 wels baRdadSi ‘abasianebma daiwyes qaRaldis warmoeba
administraciuli saWiroebisaTvis. Zalze mokle droSi, qaRaldis warmoebam
SeaRwia siriaSi, egvipteSi, siciliaSi, fessa da andaluziaSi da mxolod XIII
saukuneSi miaRwia evropamde. al-ma’månis mmarTvelobis dros, roca evropam ar
icoda jer kidev qaRaldis arsebobis Sesaxeb, baRdadSi qaRaldis farTo warmoeba
iyo. amasTan qaRaldis fasi ufro dabali iyo, vidre papirusis da pergamentis. aman
xeli Seuwyo wignebis gamocemas da biblioTekebis qselis gafarTovebas. IX s-Si
baRdadSi iyo daaxl. 100 jixuri, romlebic wignebiT vaWrobdnen. iqve mimdinareobda
wignebis gadawera, rac xels uwyobda biblioTekebis muSaobis gaumjobesebas.
ukve X saukuneSi Cndeba specialuri Senobebi biblioTekebisaTvis. 991 wels
sábår b. ardaSãrma, buveianTa vezirma aaSena 1-li biblioTeka baRdádis axlos,
qarxis kvartalSi. is iwodeboda, rogorc “xizánaT al-quTub” an “dár al-quTub”
da yvela qveynis mecnierTaTvis iyo gaxsnili. am biblioTekaSi daaxl. 10 000 wigni
iyo, magram mogvianebiT selCukebma gaanadgures. biblioTekebs Cveulebriv hyavda
direqtori (¹á®ib), 1 an 2 biblioTekari (xázin) misi sididis Sesabamisad,
gadamwerebi (násix, al-varrák) da agreTve koreqtorebi (muía®®i®). biblioTekebi
ZiriTadad dakavSirebuli iyo inteleqtualur da religiur moZraobebTan, romelTa
gavrcelebasac isini xels uwyobdnen. sajaro biblioTekebTan erTad iyo kerZo
biblioTekebic. XI-XII ss-dan moxda maTi integracia medreseebTan.
biblioTekebis paralelurad daarsda samecniero dawesebulebebi, sadac
wignebic inaxeboda, swavlebac mimdinareobda da samecniero saqmianobac. aq
swavlobdnen da ganixilavdnen mecnierebisaTvis problematur sakiTxebs. amdenad,
“dár al-‘ilm” aRniSnavda mecnierebis saxls, biblioTekas da samecniero instituts.
poetma da mecnierma al-hamdánãm (gard. 935w.) mosulSi daarsa “dár al-‘ilm”,
romelsac hqonda biblioTeka, sadac inaxeboda wignebi codnis yvela dargSi. is Ria
iyo codnis SeZenis yvela msurvelisaTvis, xolo uqonelT qaRaldic eZleodaT.
yadi ibn ®ibbánma (965w.) uanderZa qalaq niSaburs Tavisi saxli biblioTekiT. aq
Camosul mecnierebs SeeZloT Ramis gaTeva da maTTvis gaTvaliswinebuli iyo
stipendiebi. wignebi saxlSi ar gaicemoda. “dár al-‘ilm” daarsda al-fustátSi
xalifa al-Ðáqimis (996-1021) mier. is faqtobrivad warmoadgenda xalifas karis
biblioTekas, sadac inaxeboda asi aTasobiT wigni. al-Ðáqimi yovelwliurad
xarjavda wignebis SeZenaze 207 dinars. xalifa al-musTaníiris dros (1020-1035)
wignebis raodenobam 200 000-s gadaaWarba. mecnierebi am wignebiT ufasod
sargeblobdnen. 994 wels buveianTa vezirma ardaSãr b. sábårma (gard. 1024) baRdádis
dasavleT nawilSi daarsa “dár al-‘ilm”. mis biblioTekaSi inaxeboda 10 400 wigni,
maT Soris yuranis 100 egzemplari, romlebic gadawerili iyo saukeTeso
kaligrafebis mier. kordovaSi umaÁÁanma xalifam — Ðaqam II-m (961-976) aaSena “dár
al-‘ilm”, romlis biblioTekaSi inaxeboda 400 000 wigni. mxolod katalogi am
wignebis Seadgenda 44 toms. xalifa regularulad agzavnida Tavis
warmomadgenlebs baRdadSi da siriaSi, wignebis SesaZenad da sasaxlis karze axali
avtorebis misazidad. aq iyvnen maswavleblebic. samelne, kalami da qaRaldi ufaso
iyo. 1015 wels daarsda agreTve amgvari “dár al-‘ilm” studentebisaTvis —
“talabaT al-‘ilm”, romelTaTvisac gaTvaliswinebuli iyo stipendia (ijrá’). es
magaliTebi imaze miuTiTebs, rom muslimebi iyvnen damaarseblebi sajaro
biblioTekebis, sadac inaxeboda didi raodenobiT wignebi mecnierebis sxvadasxva
dargSi.
cnobebi am biblioTekebSi arsebuli wignadi fondis Sesaxeb daculia
bibliografiul krebulebSi. pirveli bibliografiuli krebuli “qiTáb al-fihrisT”
(arabuli wignebis indeqsi) ekuTvnis pirs, romlis biografia naklebad aris
cnobili. es aris ibn an-nadãmi, abå-l-faraj mu®ammad b. abã Áa‘kåb is®ák al-varrák
al-baRdádã (gard. 995 an 998w.). is iyo wignebiT movaWre (al-varrák — is, vinc
akeTebda xelnawerTa kopioebs da yidda maT). misi biografebi xazs usvamen, rom is
Siiti iyo. ibn an-nadãmis naSromi aris erTgvari anotirebuli katalogi arabuli
wignebis, romlebic dawerilia arabi da araarabi avtorebis mier. is gamoqveynda
1938 wels da dayofilia 10 nawilad (makáláT). pirveli eqvsi eZRvneba wignebs

190
islamur mecnierebebze, xolo oTxi — araislamur mecnierebebze daweril wignebs.
TiToeul TavSi avtori CamoTvlis yvela cnobil wigns am sferoSi, moaqvs mokle
biografiuli SeniSvnebi am wignis avtoris Sesaxeb da agreTve sxva mniSvnelovani
cnobebi axlo aRmosavleTis kulturis istoriidan. wigni gamocemuli g.
fliugelis mier XIX saukunis 70-ian wlebSi. “al-fihrisTi” gviCvenebs, ramdenad
vrceli iyo arabuli literatura islamis pirvel sam saukuneSi da ra cota
SemorCa Cven dromde. ibn an-nadãmis am naSromiT isargebles ibn al-kiftãm, ibn abã
uíaÁbi‘m, ibn ®ajarma, hájjã xalãfam192 da sxvebma.
Sua saukuneebis mravali cnobili mecnieri flobda enciklopediur codnas,
mraval enas, Tumca arabuli ena rCeboda mTeli muslimuri samyaros samecniero
enad. Sua saukuneebis muslimi mecnieris nimuSad iTvleba al-bãrånã (XIs.), mecnieri-
enciklopedisti, romelmac Seiswavla teqnika, mineralogia, optika, astronomia,
zusti da gamoyenebiTi mecnierebebi, filosofia, istoria. is cnobili iyo, rogorc
“al-usTáz” (maswavlebeli, profesori). mas ekuTvnis daaxl. 180 naSromi codnis
sxvadasxva dargSi.
arabuli kulturis ayvavebis periodSi (VIII-XII) sazogadoebis yvela fenaSi
didi pativiscemiT sargeblobdnen mecnierebi. Sua saukuneebSi mecnieri sanimuSo
iyo yvela muslimisaTvis. arabuli prozis brwyinvale warmomadgeneli al-jáhizi
(775-868) werda: “adamians, Tundac didebulTa wridan, ar SeuZlia gverdi auaros
oTx rames — ar SeiZleba mamis win wasvla, ar SeiZleba ar moemsaxuro stumars, ar
SeiZleba ar izruno Sens cxenze da pativi ar sce mecniers”.
mecnierebi didi pativiT sargeblobdnen xalifas karzec, iRebdnen
gasamrjelos (jámaq‹Áa; javámiq; ma‘låm). Xs bolos, XI s-is dasawyisSi mecnierebma
miiRes umaRlesi sapatio titulebi: mag. axalgazrda al-isfaráÁãnã (gard. 1027w.)
pirveli iyo niSaburis mecnierebs Soris, romelmac miiRo tituli “ruqn ad-dãn”
(“islamis burji”). tituli “Saix al-islám” me-X saukunidan eZleodaT calkeul
gamoCenil fakihebs da sxv.

muslimuri ganaTlebis sistema. jer kidev yuranSi aris xazgasmuli codnis

mniSvneloba da rekomendebulia codnisaken swrafva “Tundac mis saZieblad
[muslims] mouxdes gamgzavreba Soreul mxareSi”. mociquli muhamadi Tavis
mimdevrebTan saubarSi yovelTvis xazs usvamda codnis mniSvnelobas. swavlulebi
islamSi ganixilebodnen, rogorc samociqulo sibrZnis memkvidreebi. mociqulma
Tqva: ,,is, vinc Sors midis codnis saZieblad, is aris alahis gzaze, vidre
dabrundeba~. yuranis aiebi [58:9; 39:9; 20:113 da sxv.], romlebic codnis SeZenas exeba,
mimarTulia orive sqesisadmi _ mamakacebisa da qalebisadmi Tanabrad. goldcieris
azriT, gazviadebulia is azri, rom TiTqos islami ganixilavs ‘ilm-s (codna),
rogorc gamorCeulad mamakacTa privilegias. amas adasturebs is faqti, rom
muhamadi TviTon aswavlida qalebs mamakacebTan erTad meCeTSi, qadagebis dros. is
miuTiTebda Tavis mimdevrebs, eswavlebinaT ara marto TavianTi colebisaTvis,
aramed mona-qalebisaTvis.
muhamadis meqidan medinaSi gadasvlis Semdeg (622 w.), mociqulis meCeTi
muslimTa saswavlo centrs warmoadgenda. muslimTa swavlebis procesi jer kidev
mociqulma muhamadma daiwyo, rodesac is TviTon aswavlida Tavis mimdevrebs
islamis moZRvrebis ZiriTad principebs. muhamadis miTiTebiT, badrTan brZolis
Semdeg (624 w.), TiToeul meqel wignier tyves gaTavisuflebis sanacvlod 10
muslimisaTvis wera-kiTxva unda eswavlebina. medinaSi muhamadma swavluli

192 meore bibliografiuli krebulis avtoria qáTib Celebi, romelic cnobilia hájjã
xalãfas saxeliT (1609-1657). is iyo XVII saukunis osmalTa imperiis istorikosi,
bibliografi, geografi da swavluli, upiratesad araislamur mecnierebebSi. armiaSi 10
wlis samsaxuris Semdeg, man xeli mohkida mecnierebas. mas mravali naSromi hqonda. misi
bibliografiuli naSromi “qaSf az-zunån ‘an asámã-l-quTub va-l-funån” — didi
bibliografiuli leqsikoni arabulad, moicavs literaturis da mecnierebis yvela dargs.
naSromSi mocemulia 14,500 dasaxeleba alfavitze dalagebuli. mas CamoTvlili aqvs misTvis
cnobili yvela arabuli da nawilobriv Turquli da sparsuli naSromebi. haji xalifa
miuTiTebs naSromis saTaurs, avtoris saxels, xSirad moaqvs misi mokle biografia da
naSromis Sinaarsi. es naSromi gamosca fliugelma (1835-1858 wlebSi) 10 tomad laTinur
TargmanTan erTad. arsebobs agreTve konstantinopolis gamocemac.

191
mamakacebisagan Camoayaliba wreebi, sadac aswavlidnen yurans. is agreTve agzavnida
yuranis maswavleblebs sxvadasxva tomebTan. codna ZiriTadad zepiri gziT
gadaecemoda. TviTon muhamadis miTiTebiT misma mimdevrebma daiwyes mecnierebis
sxvadasxva dargebis daufleba193. pirvel rigSi rekomendebuli iyo yuranis
swavleba, Semdeg yuranis komentarebis, literaturis da sxv.
muslimuri ganaTlebis sistemis pirveli safexuri iyo ,,yuranis skolebi~
(dawyebiTi skola — maqTab, quTTáb)194, sadac elementaruli swavleba
mimdinareobda. XVIII-XX ss.-Si sityva maqTab dawyebiTi skolebis aRsaniSnavad
ZiriTadad gamoiyeneboda TurqeTSi, volgispireTSi, yirimsa da Sua aziaSi, xolo
arabul qveynebSi ZiriTadad quTTáb. gadmocemiT, maqTabSi mimdinareobda swavleba 5
wlamde, xolo quTTábSi — momdevno aTi weli. swavlebis asaki SezRuduli ar iyo.
quTTáb iyo dawyebiTi skola, sadac aswavlidnen anbans, yurans, ariTmetikis
safuZvlebs, mociqulis cxovrebas. gadmocemiT, xalifa umar I miuTiTebda
eswavlebinaT dawyebiT skolebSi poetika da sxva literaturuli mimarTulebebi. es
skolebi ZiriTadad muslimebisaTvis iyo gankuTvnili. Tumca iyo gamonaklisi
SemTxvevbic iransa da egvipteSi. xalifa al-muTavaqilma (847-861) akrZala
aramuslimebis daswreba. sxva cnobebiT, skolebSi aikrZala qristiani avtorebis
mier dawerili wignebis swavleba. mu®Tasibi periodulad akontrolebda, rom
moswavleebs skolaSi ar esargeblaT amoraluri Sinaarsis wignebiT. es ki imaze
miuTiTebda, rom muslimTa ganaTleba da aRzrda saxelmwifos kontrolis qveS iyo.
dawyebiTi skolis maswavlebels erqva — muddaris an mu‘allim. maswavlebels
hyavda asistentic — mu‘‹d. miRebuli iyo dasjis meTodis [arab. falaka] gamoyenebac.
iyo SemTxvevebi, rodesac dawyebiTi skolis maswavleblebs damamcirebeli
epiTetebiT moixseniebdnen. msgavs movlenebs adgili hqonda antikur samyaroSic.
Tumca al-jahizi amtkicebs, rom es xdeboda mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac
maswavlebels ar hqonda saTanado kompetencia. saukeTeso maswavlebelTa Soris
dasaxelebuli arian cnobili qufeli poeti _ al-qumaÁT b. zaidi (680-743) da erayis
gamgebeli al-hajjáj b. iåsufi (661-714). IX_X ss.-Si yvelaze sapatio iyo taxtis
memkvidreTa skolaSi maswavleblis Tanamdeboba, sadac iwvevdnen cnobil
filologebs.
arabul samyaroSi ganaTlebis ganviTarebaSi did rols TamaSobda meCeTebTan
arsebuli wreebi [®alakáT], romlebic swavlebis meore etapad iTvleboda yuranis
skolebis Semdeg. islamis warmoSobis Semdeg, ganaTlebis miReba ZiriTadad
meCeTebSi mimdinareobda. pirveli maswavleblebi meCeTebSi iyvnen kuííáí —
mTxrobelebi, gadmomcemni, romlebsac evalebodaT yuranis surebis interpretacia.
meCeTebSi iyo specialuri saleqcio oTaxebi (dár al-kurrá’)
yuranTmcodneebisaTvis. meCeTis saswavlo centrad gamoyenebam udidesi roli
iTamaSa arabuli sazogadoebis ganviTarebaSi. arabul samyaros swavlebis sakuTari
normebi hqonda. mecadineobebisas studentebi maswavleblis garSemo sxdebodnen
fexmorTxmiT. maswavlebeli ki meCeTis svets eyrdnoboda zurgiT, an ijda
xaliCaze (sajjáda) an amaRlebul adgilas, Tu msmenelTa raodenoba didi iyo.
cnobil maswavleblebs Sesabamisad hyavdaT studentTa didi raodenoba.
swavleba mimdinareobda agreTve kerZo saxlebSi, sastumroebSi (xán), biblioTekebSi
(xizánaT al-quTub) da saavadmyofoebSi (márisTán). YTumca RvTismetyvelebis
swavleba ZiriTadad meCeTebSi mimdinareobda. baRdadSi yvelaze popularul
saswavlo dawesebulebad iTvleboda al-mansuris meCeTi. yvelaze meti msmeneli
hyavdaT kanonikuri samarTlis maswavlebelebs, radganac es codna momavalSi
aZlevda maT arsebobis saSualebas. am periodSi SemuSavda swavlebis meTodebic
(turuk al-Ta‘lãm). swavlebis forma ZiriTadad iyo karnaxi (imlá’)195. mecnieri-
RvTismetyveli TanaSemwis meSveobiT karnaxobda Tavis daweril wigns. maswavlebeli

193 adreul islamSi mecnierebis qveS, upirveles yovlisa, igulisxmeboda wignieroba (wera-
kiTxvis codna), Semdeg yuranis da RvTismetyvelebis codna. VIII saukunis dasawyisidan
mecnierebis gageba farTovdeba da moicavs sxvadasxva disciplinebs, maT Soris maTematikas,
astronomias da codnis mraval sxva dargs.
194 maqTab (spars. da Turq. meqTeb) — adgili, sadac weren; dawyebiTi skola; saweri magida,
kabineti.
195 karnaxis forma pirvelad gauqmda filologiaSi, X saukuneSi. isini ifarglebodnen
mxolod ganmartebiT (Tadrãs).

192
mxolod komentarebiT ifargleboda. meqanikuri daswavla zepirad (Talkãn) mxolod
yuranTan mimarTebaSi iyo aRiarebuli. xSirad, cnobili maswavleblebi Tavis
mowafeebTan muSaobdnen saxlSi. farTod iyo gamoyenebuli kamaTis, diskusiebis
tradicia (tarãkaT an-naûár). swavlebis meTodebis cvlilebam ganapiroba axali
tipis saswavlo dawesebulebis Seqmnis aucilebloba, radganac Tadrãs-Tan
(ganmarteba) mWidrod iyo dakavSirebuli im dros aRiarebuli disputebi (munaûára)
da meCeTi ki ar iyo amisaTvis Sesaferisi adgili.
X saukuneSi daarsda specialuri saswavlo dawesebuleba _ madrasa (arab.
darasa — swavleba), romelic umTavresad meCeTTan arsebobda da erTsa da imave
dros Seesatyviseboda skolas, kolejs da sauniversiteto ganaTlebas.
medrese warmoadgens 1 an 2 sarTulian Senobas. igi moicavs gegmiT marTkuTxa
ezos irgvliv ganlagebul senakebs studentebisaTvis, meCeTs, auditoriebs.
sxvadasxva mxaris medreseebi erTmaneTisagan gansxvavdeba konstruqciulad da
dagegmarebiT. medreseebs uxvad amkobdnen qvasa da xeze amokveTili ornamentiT.
medreseebSi amzadebdnen sasuliero (yadi, imami, xatibi) da saero moxeleeebs.
pirveli medrese gaCnda iranSi, q. niSaburSi — al-isfaráÁãnãs da ibn fårakis
medrese196. saswavlo dawesebulebis axali tipi gavrcelda muslimur qveynebSi Sua
aziidan espaneTamde. XI saukunidan medrese gaxda saswavlo dawesebulebis wamyvani
tipi. Sua ss.-is arabul samyaroSi cnobili medreseebi iyo al-azhari (971w.) —
kairoSi, an-niûámiÁÁa (1065-1067) da al-musTaníiriÁÁa (1234w.) — baRdadSi. damaskoSi
or mmarTvels — når ad-dãn b. zangãs (1146-1163) da íalá® ad-dãns (1174-1193) miewereba
didi aqtivoba medreseebis mSeneblobasTan dakavSirebiT. swored salah ad-dinis
damsaxurebaa agreTve meCeTebis mSenebloba ierusalimSi, egvipteSi da hijazSi.
aiubianTa da mamluqTa periodSi medreseebis raodenoba eqstraordinaluri gaxda.
al-makrãzã (gard. 1442w.) ixseniebs 73 medreses kairoSi, romlebic aSenda sxvadasxva
dros. swored medreseebis qselis saSualebiT selCukebma miaRwies garkveul
politikur stabilurobas saxelmwifoSi da sunituri orTodoqsiis ganmtkicebas.
medreseebi funqcionirebda adgilobrivi mmarTvelebis mkacri kontrolis qveS.
axali maswavleblis e.w. “sainauguracio gakveTils” eswreboda umaRlesi
xelisufali, raTa pativi miego im mecnierisaTvis, romelsac is niSnavda. medreseebi
arsebobda ZiriTadad vakfis xarjze da maTi damfuZneblebi iyvnen mecenatebi:
vaWrebi, saZmoebi, sultnebi, mxedarTmTavrebi (mag. nizam al-mulqi).
medreseebi gaxda samecniero saqmianobis centrebic. maTi maswavlebelebi
iyvnen Tavisi drois cnobili mecnierebi. am centrebSi moxvedras cdilobdnen
mecnierebi islamuri samyaros yvela kuTxidan. msoflios am uZveles
universitetebSi mecnierebi uzrunvelyofili iyvnen sacxovrebliT da saTanado
anazRaurebiT (ma‘låm, javámiq, jamaqiÁÁa)197. amis garda, maT SesaZlebloba hqondaT
esargeblaT biblioTekebiT, saavadmyofoebiT. islamur universitetebSi
maswavleblebs hqondaT samecniero xarisxi da atarebdnen Sesabamis formas. swored
madrasas ukavSirdeba profesorTa Savi mantiiT Semosvis tradicia. dasavluri
terminis “profesoris” eqvivalenti aris arab. “Saix”. mag. “Saix al-®adãs”, “Saix al-
kirá’a” da sxv. “mudarris” gamoiyeneboda samarTlis profesoris aRsaniSnavad. mas,
iseve rogorc yadis, hyavda moadgile (ná’ib al-mudarris), romelic atarebda
leqcias misi aryofnis dros. termini — usTáz iyo erTgvari sapatio tituli,
romelic gamoiyeneba dRemde da Tanamedrove arabul enaSi is aris dasavluri
terminis — profesoris ekvivalenti. termini — ra’ãs aRniSnavda im swavluls,
romelmac miaRwia mwvervals Tavis dargSi. is ZiriTadad gamoiyeneboda samarTlis
sferoSi. aris cnoba, rom medreses maswavleblebi gaerTianebuli iyvnen gildiebSi.
TiToeul maswavlebels medreseSi 20 studenti hyavda mimagrebuli. wyaroTa

196 abå is®ák al-isfaráÁãnã (gard. 1027w.) — aSariti Teologi da Safiti iuristi. is ibn
furakTan (gard. 1015w.) erTad eweoda aSarituli Teologiis propagandas niSaburSi.
baRdadSi ganaTlebis miRebis Semdeg is miwveuli iqna niSaburSi maswavleblad. medrese
aSenda misTvis da ewoda misi saxeli.
197 yovelTviuri anazRaureba iyo saSualod 50 dinari. Sua saukuneebis islamur samyaroSi ar
iyo tradicia, rom medreses maswavlebels ecxovra meCeTSi. Tumca iyo aseTi gamonaklisebic
da maT hqondaT TavianTi oTaxebi meCeTebSi. ukve adreul medreseebs hqonda specialuri
sacxovreblebi maswavleblebisaTvis.

193
monacemebiT, medreseSi iyvnen qali studentebic da specialuri dReebi iyo maTTvis
gamoyofili. arsebobda qalTa medreseebic.
medreseSi specialuri saswavlo programa ar arsebobda. ZiriTadi saswavlo
disciplina iyo muslimuri samarTali. SedarebiT maRal safexurze -
hadisTmcodneoba da yuranTan dakavSirebuli disciplinebi; agreTve Sua saukuneebis
triviumi (gramatika, logika, ritorika), arabuli filologia, tradiciuli
maTematika (abjad) da iSviaTad medicina. madrasas hqonda swavlebis ori kursi:
“®if½” kursi, romelic iTvaliswinebda yuranis swavlebas da ‘álim kursi _
srulyofili ganaTleba, rac students saSualebas aZlevda gamxdariyo SemdgomSi
cnobili swavluli. álim-is sertifikatis misaRebad aucilebeli iyo 12 wliani
swavlebis kursi. TiToeuli madrasas profili romelime Teologiur-iuridiuli
skolis (mazhab) mixedviT ganisazRvreboda. Tumca iyo medreseebi, sadac 2, 3, an 4
mazhabi iyo warmodgenili, ZiriTadad hanafituri, Safituri an hanbalituri198. aseT
SemTxvevaSi swavleba TiToeuli mazhabis mixedviT gancalkevebiT mimdinareobda.
mag., al-musTaníiriÁÁas medreseSi 4 mazhabi iyo warmodgenili. es aisaxa Senobis
arqiteqturaSic. mas oTxi frTa hqonda, romelic calkeuli mazhabs ekuTvnoda.
TiToeulSi 75 moswavle iyo. hyavdaT erTi yuranis maswavlebeli, erTi hadisebis da
erTi eqimi. medreses hqonda meCeTi, abano, saavadmyofo da samzareulo.
medreseebma mniSvnelovani roli iTamaSes ara mxolod politikur an
religiur sferoSi, ra mizniTac iyo daarsebuli maTi umravlesoba, aramed maT
didi wvlili Seitanes muslimuri kulturis gavrcelebasa da ganviTarebaSi.
medreseebis paralelurad sakrebulo meCeTebis umravlesoba did qalaqebSi
rCeboda inteleqtualur centrebad. dRes medrese aRniSnavs, upirveles yovlisa,
Tanamedrove saSualo skolas.
muslimur samyaroSi arsebobda agreTve specializirebuli hadisebis
Semswavleli institutebi — dár al-®adãsáT. pirveli dár al-®adãs daarsa når ad-
din b. zangãm (gard. 1173-74w.) damaskoSi. am institutSi mu®addisi (hadisebis
gadmomcemi) utoldeboda madrasas maswavlebels. XIV saukuneSi ukve gaCnda
institutebi saxeliT: dár al-kur’án va-l-®adãs, sadac iswavleboda yuranic da
hadisebic. Sua saukuneebSi did kamaTs iwvevda sakiTxi imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra asakSi
SeiZleboda hadisebis Seswavlis dawyeba. kordovas yadim — ‘iÁad b. måsám (gard.
1149w.) specialistTa azris gaTvaliswinebiT daadgina, rom qveda zRvari aris 5
weli. ar arsebobda erTiani azri im sakiTxSic, Tu ra asakSi SeiZleboda daewyo
mecniers RvTismetyvelebis swavlebis procesi. Safiti iuristi an-navavã (gard.
1277w.) miuTiTebda, rom nebismier asakSi SeiZleboda, roca mas eyoleboda
msmenelebi. xolo asakovan RvTismetyvels Tavi unda daenebebina codnis
gadacemisagan maSin, roca moxucebulobis an sibrmavis gamo SeiZleba areoda
hadisebi. unda aRiniSnos, rom Teoretikosebi metad mkacrad gansjidnen brma
RvTismetyvelebs da zogierTi maTgani Tvlida maT hadisebis arasando gadamcemebad.
swavlebidan miRebuli Semosavali ar iyo maRali. mag., hanafitebis religiur-
iuridiuli skolam saerTod dauSveblad gamoacxada yuranisa da hadisebis
swavlebisaTvis gasamrjelos aReba. RvTismetyvelebi da kanonTmcodneebi, romlebic
sasaxlis karis keTilganwyobiT sargeblobdnen, iRebdnen gasamrjelos.
Sua saukuneebis evropuli sauniversiteto sistemisagan gansxvavebiT, muslimi
mecnieri-RvTismetyveli TiToeuli saswavlo kursis mosmenis Semdeg, romelic
xSirad ramdenime weli grZeldeboda, students gadascemda “ijázas” (kvalifikaciis
mowmoba, licenzia, sertifikati). es iyo nebarTva, romelsac maswavlebeli aZlevda
Tavis moswavles, raTa mas gadaeca miRebuli codna sxvebisaTvis. Tu studenti
Seiswavlida misi maswavleblis yvela Sromas, maSin is iRebda “ijáza ‘ámma”-s199. rac
ufro cnobili da avtoritetuli iyo maswavlebeli, miT ufro meti SesaZlebloba
hqonda mis mowafes gamxdariyo codnis erTi romelime dargis kargi specialisti da

198 maliqituri iyo Zalian cota. espaneTSi, sadac suniti muslimebi upiratesad maliqitur
skolas ekuTvnodnen, ar iyo medreseebi XIII saukunemde.
199 SeiZleboda ijazas gadacema mesame, kompetentur pirze, da mas ewodeboda ijázaT al-
ijáza. aseTi praqtika ar iyo dazRveuli misi borotad gamoyenebisagan: mravali mecnieri
akritikebda amas, radganac zogjer aseTi “diplomi” gadaecemoda jer kidev daubadebel
bavSvs. ijázas gadacema bavSvebze da im pirebze, romlebsac ar miuRiaT codna uSualod
maswavleblis xelmZRvanelobiT, mudmivad kamaTis sagani iyo.

194
SemdgomSi daekavebina fak‹his, yadis an religiuri skolis maswavleblis
Tanamdeboba. amdenad, saTanado ganaTlebis misaRebad (talab al-‘ilm) axalgazrdebi
Cadiodnen muslimuri ganaTlebis centrebSi, gadadiodnen maswavleblidan
maswavlebelTan da agrovebdnen ,,ijazebs~. imisaTvis, rom studentebs moepovebinaT
samarTlis swavlebis ufleba, maT es kursi unda moesminaT kanonTmcodnesTan da
mieRoT “ijázáT al-Tadr‹s va l-faTvá”. samarTlis swavleba Cveulebriv oTxi weli
grZeldeboda. amis Semdeg studenti muSaobda TanaSemwed da am periodSi werda
komentarebs (Ta‘lãka)200. es iyo im komentarebis kompilacia, romelsac studenti
iRebda Tavisi maswavleblis leqciebidan an Sromebidan. zogierTi Ta‘lãka
ramdenime tomisagan Sedgeboda. wyaroTa monacemebiT, Tu studenti ver gaxdeboda
iuristi da ver miiRebda Tanamdebobas, aseTi mecnieri saarsebo saxsrebis gareSe
rCeboda da wignebis gadaweriT irCenda Tavs.
Sua saukuneebis arabul aRmosavleTSi medreseebis garda arsebobda dár al-
kur’án, ribát, xánkáh, záviÁa, sadac mimdinareobda islamuri mecnierebebis swavleba.
arsebobda agreTve saswavlo dawesebulebebi, romlebic aerTianebda ramdenime
saswavlebels. mag., madrasa-ribát-dár al-®adãs. muslimuri ganaTlebis sistema Sua
saukuneebSi vakfs efuZneboda.
muslimuri medreseebi gaxda garkveuli modeli evropuli kolejebisa da
universitetebisaTvis (mag., salernos universiteti italiaSi). evropis iseTi didi
universitetebi, rogoricaa boloniis, parizis, monpelies da oqsfordis, gaCnda
mxolod XII saukunis Semdeg. zogierTi tradicia da terminologia, gamoyenebuli
evropis universitetebSi, dasesxebul iqna islamuri tradiciidan da terminebidan,
rac gavrcelebuli iyo egviptis, siriis da andalusiis skolebSi (mag., termini
bakalavri [baccalarius] aris arab. “bi®akki riváia” — gadacemis uflebiT).

arabuli medicina. arabebma sasanianTa iranis dapyrobis Semdeg (651w.) memkvidreobiT

miiRes axlo aRmosavleTSi saukeTeso samecniero da samedicino centri —
jundiSaburis akademia, romelic daarses sasanianebma III saukunis bolos. aseve
arabebis mier egviptis dapyrobis Semdeg (642w.) medicinis berZnul-elinuri
tradiciebis da sparselebis da indoelebis (isini gansakuTrebiT ganTqmuli iyvnen
farmakologiaSi) praqtikuli da Teoriuli codnis Serwyma, agreTve jundiSaburis
akademiis gamocdileba ZiriTadi safuZveli gaxda islamuri medicinis
ganviTarebisaTvis. gadmocemiT pirveli arabi eqimi iyo muhamadis Tanamedrove al-
®áris b. kalada (gard. 643), romelsac ganaTleba miuRia sparseTSi. gadmocemiT is
mkurnalobda xalifa abå baqrs da ‘umars. umaÁÁanTa dros, xalifa mu‘áviÁas piradi
eqimi iyo qristiani ibn usáli. marván I b. al-haqamis dros (684-685) moRvaweobda
sparseli iudeveli _ másarjavaihi, romelic cxovrobda baíraSi. mas ekuTvnis
pirveli mecnieruli naSromi Targmnili arabul enaze (siriulidan).
xalifa al-valãd I-is dros (705-715) daiwyes keTriT daavadebul pirTa
gancalkeveba da maTi specializirebuli mkurnaloba (daaxl. 707 w.). mkurnaloba
ufaso iyo da eqimebs jamagirs saxelmwifo xazinidan uxdidnen. umar II-is brZanebiT
samedicino skolebi gaixsna antioqiasa da ®arránSi. umar II-is piradi eqimi iyo ‘abd
al-maliq b. abjar al-qinánã, romelic swavlobda aleqsandriis samedicino
skolaSi201. al-mansurma 765 wels samefo karze miiwvia cnobili eqimi, jundiSaburis
akademiis xelmZRvaneli — jibrá’ãl b. buxTãSå‘. es iyo qristianuli ojaxi. 12
wevri am ojaxidan, VIII s-dan XIIs-mde periodSi, emsaxureboda xalifebs, rogorc
eqimi da mrCeveli.
VIII-IX ss.-Si intensiurad iTargmneboda da iwereboda samedicino naSromebi.
arabi xalifebi agzavnidnen “delegaciebs” bizantiaSi xelnawerebis SesaZenad,
romelTa Soris samedicino Sromebs mniSvnelovani adgili ekava. ®unain ibn is®ákma,
romelic iyo xalifa al-muTavaqilis dros sasaxlis karis eqimi, Targmna
hipokrates, halenis, orivasiusis, dioskoridis Sromebi. is iyo agreTve
originaluri Sromebis avtori. cnobilia misi Sroma ofTalmologiaSi “al-‘aSr

200 Ta‘lãka gamoiyeneboda agreTve samarTlismcodneobaSi silabusis aRsaniSnavad, romlis

mixedviTac swavluli aswavlida Tavis disciplinas.
201 aris cnoba, rom xalifa ‘umar II-m medicinis skola aleqsandriidan gadaitana harránSi. am
qalaqma didi roli iTamaSa saxalifos kulturul cxovrebaSi pirveli ‘abasiani xalifebis
mmarTvelobis periodSi.

195
makáláT fã al-‘ain” (“aTi traqtati Tvalis Sesaxeb”) da sxv. IX saukunis II
naxevarSi baRdadSi mcxovrebma sparselma eqimma da mTargmnelma ‘alã b. rabban at-
tabarãm (gard. 850w.) dawera arabul enaze pirveli samedicino traqtati “firdavs
al-®iqma” (“sibrZnis samoTxe”), romelic 30 Tavisa da 360 qveTavisagan Sedgeba da
moicavs samkurnalo medicinis im dros arsebul yvela dargs. islamuri medicinis
udidesi warmomadgeneli iyo cnobili filosofosi da eqimi-klinicisti abå baqr
mu®ammad b. zaqariÁa ar-rázã (gard. 925w.). pirvelad swored man Caatara
diagnostikuri gamokvleva da gamoavlina gansxvaveba wiTelasa da yvavilis
infeqciur daavadebebs Soris. man praqtikaSi Semoitana avadmyofebis gamokvlevisa
da mkurnalobisadmi fsiqosomaturi midgoma. ar-rázãs ekuTvnis 200-mde Sroma, maT
Soris samedicino enciklopedia — “qiTáb at-tibb al-man¹år‹”, romelic moicavs
berZeni, sirieli, sparseli, indoeli, arabi eqimebis da TviTon avtoris miRwevebs
sxvadasxva daavadebebis mkurnalobaSi da “al-®ávã” (“yovlismomcveli”) an “qiTáb
al-®ávã fi-l-tibb” (“yovlismomcveli wigni medicinaSi”), romelic studentebisaTvis
iyo gankuTvnili. es ukanaskneli XIII s.-Si gadaiTargmna laTinur enaze
saxelwodebiT “Liber continens”. ibn sãná (evropaSi cnobili gaxda avicenas
saxeliT, gard. 1037w.) iTvleba udides eqimad ar-rázãs gverdiT. mas ekuTvnis
fundamenturi naSromi, samedicino enciklopedia “al-kánån fi-t-tibb” (“medicinis
kanonebi”), romelic Sedgeba 5 wignisagan da eZRvneba anatomias, higienas, sxvadasxva
daavadebebs, maT gamomwvevi mizezebs da mkurnalobis meTodebs. avtori
gansakuTrebul yuradRebas uTmobs wamlebs: fxvnilebs, nayenebs, miqsturebs da sxva.
aRwers agreTve plevritis diagnostikas da tuberkulozis infeqciur bunebas.
IX saukuneSi warmoiSva samedicino literaturis axali Janri — at-tibb an-
nabavã (samociqulo medicina). am tipis naSromebSi mocemuli iyo tradiciuli
samedicino praqtika, rac moxseniebuli iyo yuransa da hadisebSi. yurani, iseve
rogorc hadisebi Seicavs zogadi xasiaTis samedicino miTiTebebs, romlebic
ZiriTadad exeba higienas da kvebis reJims.
medicinis ganviTarebaSi didi wvlili Seitanes andalusielma eqimebma.
cnobilma filosofosma da eqimma, ibn ruSdim (1126-1198) mecnierulad daasabuTa,
rom adamiani ar SeiZleba meorejer daavaddes yvavilis infeqciuri daavadebiT. abå
marván b. zuhrim (evrop. avenzoari, gard.1162w.)202 Tavis naSromSi — “TaÁsãr fi-l-
mudáváT va-l-Tadbãr” (“praqtikuli saxelmZRvanelo mkurnalobebis da dietebis”)
man pirvelad mogvca traqeotomiis da analuri gziT xelovnuri kvebis reJimis
rekomendacia da sajdomis nervis anTebis mkurnalobis meTodi. muslimma
mecnierebma mravali siaxle Seitanes agreTve qirurgiaSi. magaliTad, andalusielma
muslimma mecnierma da qirurgma abå-l-kásim az-zahrávãm (gard. 1009w.), romlis
Sromebi iTargmna jer ivriTze, XIII s-Si ki laTinur enaze da didi gavlena
moaxdines evropuli medicinis ganviTarebaze.

abå-l-kásim az-zahrávã — Sua saukuneebis udidesi qirurgi. is gaizarda kordovaSi,

sadac iyo karis eqimi. mTeli evropidan Camodiodnen masTan pacientebi da
studentebi samkurnalod da staJirebisaTvis. az-zahrávã cnobilia miRwevebiT
qirurgiul teqnikaSi. man gamoigona ramdenime mniSvnelovani qirurgiuli
instrumenti, romelTa Sesaxeb is dawvrilebiT wers 30 tomian samedicino
enciklopediaSi — “Taírãf li-man ‘ajiza ‘an aT-Ta’lãf” (“samedicino codnis
wesrigSi moyvana”), romelic sami tomisagan Sedgeba. misi naSromi safuZvlad daedo
dasavlur qirurgias.
man mogvca mravali qirurgiuli operaciis (kenWis amoReba saSarde
buStidan; Tvalis, yuris da yelis operaciebi; ginekologiuri operaciebi),
sxvadasxva amputaciebis da trepanaciebis detaluri aRwera. pirvelma aRwera
agreTve hemofilia da pirvelma gamoiyena abreSumis Zafi Wrilobaze nakeris
dasadebad. az-zahrávãm saTave daudo amowviT mkurnalobas da daasaxela 50-mde
daavadeba, romelic SeiZleba ganikurnos am meTodiT. is iyo agreTve eqsperti
kbilebis mkurnalobis dargSi. man aRwera kbilebis mkurnalobis procedurebi (maT
Soris kbilis amoReba) da xelovnuri kbilebis damzadeba da Casma.

is memkvidreobiT eqimTa ojaxidan iyo. mis winaprebs Soris dasaxelebulia qali-eqimic,

202
romelic iyo Wrilobebis Sexorcebis saukeTeso specialisti.

196
 cnobili literatori, poeti da istorikosi ibn al-xatãb al-andalusi
(metsaxeli lisán ad-dãn, gard. 1375w.) iyo samedicino Sromebis avtoric. roca
mTels evropaSi da aziaSi Savi Wiris daavadeba mZvinvarebda, man Tavis traqtatSi
— “tá‘ån” (“Savi Wiri”) aCvena am daavadebis warmoSoba infeqciebidan da ganixila
misi profilaqtikis meTodebi.
wyaroebSi dafiqsirebulia 30-ze meti cnobili saavadmyofo islamur
samyaroSi, romelTagan TiToeuli iyo samecniero da samkurnalo centri. arabul
enaSi sityva “márisTán” samedicino dawesebulebebis aRsaniSnavad nasesxebia
sparsulidan da aris Semoklebuli varianti sityvis b‹márisTán. ase iwodeboda
sasanianTa samecniero centr jundiSaburSi Semavali samedicino dawesebulebebi.
islamis klasikur periodSi saavadmyofo iyo erT-erTi mTavari saswavlo
dawesebuleba, radganac medicina ganekuTvneboda muslimur samecniero
disciplinebs. saavadmyofoSi mowmdeboda axalgazrda eqimebis codna, romelsac
isini iRebdnen universitetebSi da msxvil biblioTekebSi.
pirveli saavadmyofo muslimTa mier daarsda daaxl. 800 w. ‘abasiani xalifa
hárån ar-raSãdis (786-809) iniciativiT baRdádSi, Tumca ar aris cnobili rodemde
iarseba. es saavadmyofo gaxsna jibrá’ãl b. baxTãSå‘m, jundiSaburis skolis
maswavlebelma. erTi saukunis ganmavlobaSi baRdádSi saavadmyofoebis ricxvi
xuTamde gaizarda. am periodSi baRdadSi moRvaweobda nestoriani qristiani ibn
másavaihi, romelic iyo avtori cnobili ofTalmologiuri traqtatis. ibn másavaihi
Targmnida agreTve samedicino traqtatebs. is regularulad atarebda majliss
(sxdoma, Sekreba), sadac konsultaciebs uwevda pacientebs da mowafeebs, romelTa
Soris iyo ®unain ibn is®áki.
muslimma istorikosebma Semogvinaxes cnobebi am saavadmyofoebis mowyobis,
maTSi avadmyofebis raodenobis, maTi saCivrebis Sesaxeb eqimebisa da momsaxure
personalisadmi. islamur qveynebSi saavadmyofoebi arsebobda vakfis, saqvelmoqmedo
Semowirulebebis xarjze. fsiqiurad daavadebuli avadmyofebis Sesanaxad da
samkurnalod arsebobda specialuri fsiqiatriuli saavadmyofoebi. mag. aseTi
saavaadmyofo arsebobda monasterTan — “dair hi½kil” vásitsa da baRdáds Soris.
is arsebobda xalifa al-muTavaqilis dros (847-861).
X s.-Si saxalifoSi daarsda moZravi saavadmyofo, romelSic iyo samkurnalo
saSualebebi, raTa daxmareba aRmoeCinaT ara marto muslimebisaTvis, aramed
aramuslimebisaTvisac. amave periodSi sakuTriv qalaq baRdádSi iyo 5 saavadmyofo.
CvenTvis cotaa cnobili provinciebSi samedicino momsaxurebis Sesaxeb.
Zalian cnobili gaxda saavadmyofo q. reiSi, romelic daaarsa zaqariÁa ar-rázãm da
TviTonve iyo misi direqtori 932 wlamde. aq iyo SemoRebuli mkurnalobis
gansakuTrebuli wesebi, eqimTa kvalifikaciisa da rangidan gamomdinare. msubuq
SemTxvevevbSi avadmyofebs mkurnalobdnen axalgazrda eqimebi. gamocdili eqimebis
movaleobas Seadgenda yoveldRiuri dakvirveba yvela avadmyofze. 982 wels daarsda
saavadmyofo (saxelad, ‘aÇud‹) ‘aÇud ad-davla ar-rázãs mier. am saavadmyofoSi
Tavdapirvelad muSaobda 24 eqimi — ofTalmologebi (qa®®álån), qirurgebi
(jará’®iÁån), fiziologebi (tabá’i‘iÁun) da sxv. SemoRebul iqna eqimebis sadReRamiso
morigeoba. erTi eqimis xelfasi iyo 300 dirhami (kviraSi ori dRe da Rame
morigeoba). am saavadmyofoSi ufaso iyo kveba da wamlebi. aq mkurnalobdnen
muslimebsac da sxva sarwmunoebis warmomadgenlebsac. saavadmyofoSi tardeboda
leqciebic medicinisa da farmakologiis sxvadasxva mimarTulebebis Sesaxeb.
students unda mieRo diplomi, romelic mas uflebas aZlevda emkurnala
xalxisaTvis. aucilebeli iyo hipokrates ficis dadeba.
uyuradRebod ar iyvnen datovebuli patimrebic. ‘abasianTa veziris — ‘alã b.
sãnás (860-946) davalebiT eqimebi moinaxulebdnen patimrebs da Semdeg ganixilavdnen
msjavrdebulTa janmrTelobas. avadmyofebis mosavlelad cixeebSi igzavneboda
sanitrebi da Tavmdgomebi.
XI s-dan dawyebuli samedicino dawesebulebebi gaCnda muslimuri samyaros
yvela qalaqSi — centraluri aziidan andalusiamde. TiToeul saavadmyofos hyavda
eqimTa brigada (qirurgebi da sxva specialistebi) da sxva samedicino personali
orive sqesis, radganac mamakacebi da qalebi cal-calke mkurnalobdnen. iyo
ofTalmologiis, orTopediis, qirurgiis da sxva kabinetebi. did saavadmyofoebs

197
hyavda sakuTari administracia, romlis ZiriTad movaleobas Seadgenda angariSebis
Sedgena gaweuli samuSaos Sesaxeb. saavadmyofoebs hqonda dispanseri, afTiaqi,
romelic eqimis mier gamoweril wamlebs amzadebda, agreTve maRaziebi, meCeTi da
xSirad biblioTeka specialuri literaturiT. garkveul regionebSi praqtikosi-
eqimebis saqmianobas akontrolebda ra’ãs al-atibbá’ an mu®Tasibi.
damaskoSi da alepoSi når ad-dãn b. zangãm (1147-1174) gaxsna kargad
aRWurvili saavadmyofo (nårã). eqimis dRis ganrigi aseTi iyo: avadmyofebis Semovla,
wamlebis gamowera, kerZo pacientebis monaxuleba, Semdeg isev saavadmyofoSi
dabruneba, raTa waekiTxa leqcia sami saaTis ganmavlobaSi.
jer kidev a®mad b. tålånma (877-884) 874 w. daarsa patara saavadmyofo,
romelic ZiriTadad mdidrebisaTvis (mamakacebisa da qalebisaTvis) iyo gankuTvnili
da ar daiSvebodnen monebi da jariskacebi. 1184 wels salá® ad-dãn iåsuf b. aiÁåbma
mis nacvlad daarsa saavadmyofo, saxelad “ná¹irã”, romelic 8 aTasi
avadmyofisaTvis iyo gaTvaliswinebuli. aq iyo ganyofilebebi specializaciis
mixedviT, biblioTeka da tardeboda leqciebi. am saavadmyofoSi muSaobda 18 eqimi,
romelTagan 8 muslimi iyo, 5 ebraeli da 5 qristiani. egvipteSi arsebobda agreTve
saavadmyofo, saxelad man¹år‹, romelic gankuTvnili iyo im avadmyofebisaTvis, visac
uZiloba awuxebda. maT sxvadasxva samkurnalo saSualebebTan erTad, asmeninebdnen
msubuq musikas da mouTxrobdnen gasarTob istoriebs. imaT, vinc ewereboda
saavadmyofodan, aZlevdnen garkveul Tanxas Semweobis saxiT, raTa ar hqonodaT
materialuri siZneleebi. es saavadmyofo aSenda 1284 wels da nawilobriv dRemde
SemorCa.
Sua saukuneebis muslimuri saavadmyofoebis muSaobis gamocdileba gamoiyenes
frangma da italielma eqimebma. medicinis zogierT dargebSi muslimebs hqondaT
unikaluri gamokvlevebi. pirvelad msoflioSi maT ganaxorcieles gamokvlevebi
keTris simptomebis gamosavlenad. berZnebTan SedarebiT did warmatebebs miaRwies
meanobasa da ginekologiaSi, SeimuSaves mkurnalobis mravali axali meTodi. mag.,
qvebis gamodevna organizmidan. muslimi eqimebisaTvis cnobili iyo anesTeziis
sxvadasxva saSualeba qirurgiuli Carevebis dros. muslimi eqimebi warmatebiT
mkurnalobdnen fsiqikur moSlilobas. kustá b. låkás (820-912) naSromidan —
“risála fã Tadbãr safar al-®ajj” (“samedicino reJimi meqaSi piligrimebisaTvis”)
cxadi xdeba, rom ukve IX saukuneSi muslimebisaTvis kargad cnobili iyo elinuri
samyarosaTvis ucnobi iseTi medikamentebi, rogoricaa: qafuri (qáfår), muSki
(misk), niSaduri (nåSádir). mravali eqimi did mniSvnelobas aniWebda sakuTari
gamocdilebis srulyofasa da gamoyenebas. swored piradi samecniero gamocdilebis
analizi aisaxa ibn sãnás naSromSi — “al-kanån fi-l-tibb” (“medicinis kanonebi”),
romelic iTvleboda “medicinis bibliad” dasavleTSic da aRmosavleTSic. ibn
sãnás es wigni laTinur enaze evropaSi 20-jer gamoica (mxolod XVIs-Si).
samkurnalo fizkultura rekomendebuli iyo ukve ibn sãnás naSromSi da
aRwerilia misi gamoyenebis Tanmimdevroba. 1588 wels ibn sãnás naSromi da ar-rázãs
“qiTáb al-man¹år‹” Sevida frankfurtis samedicino saswavleblebis programaSi. XVII
s-Si safrangeTSi da germaniaSi iyvnen eqimebi, romlebic muSaobdnen arabul
medicinaze dayrdnobiT. XVIIIs-mde inglisuri ofTalmologia iyenebda damxmare
saxelmZRvanelod ‘alã b. ‘isás (baRdadis xalifebis karis eqimi IXs-Si) —
“TazqiráT al-qa®®álãn”-s (“okulistebis anTologia”) da medicinaSi sxva cnobil
muslim mecnierTa Sromebs. mag., ibn an-nafãs dimaSkãs (warmoSobiT sirieli, gard.
1288w.) samedicino enciklopedias — “qiTáb aS-Sámil fi-l-tibb”, sadac Tavmoyrili
iyo arabTa mTel codna medicinaSi (gadmocemiT, 300 tomisagan Sedgeboda, magram 8 aris
dasrulebuli), gansakuTrebiT ofTalmologiaSi. amasTan man pirvelad aRwera
sisxlis cirkulacia sisxlis mimoqcevis sistemaSi. inglisSic da germaniaSic XIX
s-mde kataraqtas samkurnalod iyenebdnen muslimi qirurgi-ofTalmologebis
meTodebs. ibn al-haÁsamma (gard. 1039w.) Seadgina muslimur medicinaSi yvelaze
sruli naSromi ofTalmologiaSi — “qiTáb fi-l-manázir” (“wigni optikaze”),
romelic laTinur enaze iTargmna saTauriT “optikis saganZuri” (Thesaurus
Opticus). amasTan man optika aqcia damoukidebel dargad.

198
 ibn sina — udidesi eqimi

abå ‘alã al-®usaÁn ibn ‘abd al-lah ibn sãná (980-1037) daibada afSanaSi,
buxaris raionSi (Sua azia). Tavisi enciklopediuri codniT (arabuli gramatika,
geometria, fizika, astronomia, samarTali, Teologia da medicina) da didi
kulturiT is iyo Sua saukuneebis “inteleqtualis” nimuSi. dasavleTSi ibn sina
cnobili gaxda avicenas saxeliT. 17 wlis asakSi is miiwvies eqimad samanianTa
karze, sadac gankurna buxaris mmarTveli seriozuli daavadebisagan, maSin roca
mraval cnobil eqims ar hqonda misi gadarCenis imedi. ibn sina 20 wlis asakSi ukve
cnobili mecnieri iyo. is muSaobda aTasobiT pacientTan Tavis mier daarsebul
ufaso klinikebSi. man aRwera tuberkulozis infeqciuri xasiaTi, gamoTqva
Tvalsazrisi daavadebaTa gavrcelebis Taobaze wylisa da niadagis meSveobiT,
miuTiTa fsiqikis gavlenaze adamianis organizmze. ibn sina pirveli iyo, vinc
aRwera meningiti. man Seitana mniSvnelovani wvlili anatomiaSi, ginekologiasa da
pediatriaSi.
ibn sina cxovrobda da moRvaweobda mravali mmarTvelis karze, maT Soris
isfahanSi, sadac man daasrula Tavisi ZiriTadi naSromi — 5 tomiani “medicinis
kanonebi”, romelSic aRwerilia medicinis aTaswlovani istoria da tradiciebi. is
gadaTargmnil iqna laTinur enaze ukve XII s.-Si da samagido wigns warmoadgenda
ebraeli eqimebisaTvis me-XVII s.-mde. XV s-is bolos arsebobda am wignis 16 gamocema
— 15 laTinur enaze, 1 ebraulze. samedicino sakiTxebze arc erTi diskusia ar
mimdinareobda ibn sinas naSromebze miTiTebis gareSe.
ibn sina dReSi daaxloebiT 50 striqons werda. is aris 250-mde naSromis
avtori, ZiriTadad arabul da sparsul enaze. misi naSromi — “gankurnebis wigni”
aris filosofiuri enciklopedia, romelic moicavs mraval wminda filosofiur da
sxva samecniero Temebs. ibn sina cnobili iyo dasavleTSi, rogorc “medicinis mama”,
xolo aRmosavleTSi, rogorc udidesi filosofosi da mistikosi.
ibn sina gardaicvala 1037 wels hamadanSi (das. irani).

199
arabuli maTematika. didia arabebis wvlili maTematikis [‘ilm al-®isáb] ganviTarebaSi.
maT SeiTvises berZnuli da induri maTematikuri tradiciebi, gadaamuSaves isini,
ganaviTares da gadasces evropas. pirveli muslimi maTematikosi iyo iraneli mu®ammad ibn
måsa al-xvárizmã (gard. 846w.), romelic cxovrobda da moRvaweobda baRdádSi.
arabi mecnierebi sargeblobdnen numeraciis ori ZiriTadi saxeobiT: indoeTidan
SeTvisebuli "arkám al-hind" ("induri cifrebi"), saidanac warmoiqmna “arabuli cifrebi”
da numeracia, romelic asoebiT gamoixateboda (abjad). TiToeuli aso Seesabameboda
ricxvs.
induri cifrebi axlo aRmosavleTSi cnobili gaxda VII saukuneSi. 773 wels baRdadSi
mu®ammad al-fazárãm arabul enaze Targmna erT-erTi induri astronomiuli traqtati
"siddhanta", arabulad saxelwodebiT "sindhind". iq gadmocemuli induri sistemis axsna
mogvca al-xvárizmãm.
numeraciis indurma sistemam farTo gavrceleba hpova axlo aRmosavleTSi mu®ammad
al-xvárizmãs astronomiuli traqtatiT. ucnobia, sad gaecno al-xvárizmã indur
mecnierebas, Tavis samSobloSi — xorezmSi Tu baRdádSi. am Txzulebis arabuli
originali daikarga da mis Sesaxeb msjeloba SeiZleba mxolod damaxinjebuli laTinuri
Targmanis meSveobiT. Txzuleba iwyeba detaluri aRweriT numeraciisa 9 “induri cifriT”
da “patara wriT” — nuliT. es cifrebi gamoyenebulia mis maTematikur traqtatSic
"qiTáb al-muxTasar fã ®isáb al-jabr va’l-mukábala” (“mokle traqtati aRdgenis da
Sepirispirebis angariSis Sesaxeb”). wigni daiwera daaxl. 825 wels. is gadaiTargmna
laTinur enaze da XI s-mde gamoiyeneboda ZiriTad saxelmZRvanelod evropis
universitetebSi. wignis saTaurSi moxseniebuli sityva “al-jabr” gaxda termin —
algebras safuZveli. algebra gamoiyeneboda geometriis problemebis gadasawyvetad, ramac
saSualeba misca xorasanis mkvidrs, muslim astronomsa da maTematikoss — abå l-vafá’s
(gard. 998w.) daemuSavebina trigonometria.
al-xvárizmãs wignma xeli Seuwyo induri warmoSobis Tvlis “aTobiTi poziciuri
sistemis” (nulis gamoyenebiT) gavrcelebas arabul samyaroSi, xolo XII saukunis Sua
xanebidan, roca espaneTSi Sesrulda misi laTinuri Targmani (De numero indorum) —
evropaSic. al-xvárizmãs laTinizirebuli forma “lgorithmus” gaxda aRmniSvneli
aTobiTi poziciuri numeraciisa da masze damyarebul ariTmetikul moqmedebebisa. aqedan
modis sityvac “algoriTmi”, rac niSnavs “amocanis gadawyvetis saSualebas”. al-xvárizmãm
ganaviTara agreTve mravali ariTmetikuli moqmedeba, maT Soris wiladebis sistema.
mecnierma gansazRvra sinusis funqciebi, srulyo konusuri segmentebis geometriuli
gamosaxva.
induri cifrebis formam ganicada mniSvnelovani cvlilebebi rogorc arabul
samyaroSi, ise evropaSi. aRvniSnavT, rom nuls indurad erqva "sunia” – “carieli”.
arabebma ki is Targmnes sityviT “íifr” (sicariele), saidanac warmodga sityva “cifri”,
romelic Tavdapirvelad evropul literaturaSi aRniSnavda nuls. aRsaniSnavia, rom
swored al-xvárizmãm Semoitana mimoqcevaSi sityva — nuli. amis Semdeg induri cifrebi
iwodeba “arabulad”.

arabuli cifrebi
Tanamedrove arabuli
cifrebi cifrebi
0 ۰
۰
1 ١ ١
2 ۲
3 ۳
4 ۴
5 ۵
6 ۶
7 ۷
8 ۸
9 ۹
 ariTmetikis da algebris ganviTarebas arabul-islamur samyaroSi xeli Seuwyo rTuli
gamoTvlebis aucileblobam, rasac moiTxovda memkvidreobis praqtikis reglamentacia da
gansazRvruli gadasaxadebis dawesebam. geometria aucilebeli iyo moxeleTaTvis, raTa
ganesazRvraT miwis farTobi, radganac dadgenili iyo fiskaluri gadasaxadebi farTobis
Sesabamisad.

arabuli astronomia. didia arabebis wvlili astronomiis [‘ilm al-haÁ’a] ganviTarebaSi.

am SemTxvevaSic SeiZleba iTqvas, rom arabebma SemoqmedebiTad ganaviTares induri da
berZnuli astronomiis tradiciebi.
Tavdapirvelad astronomiuli kvlevebi emorCileboda religiur miznebs — mTvaris
kalendris Sedgena, locvis drois gamoTvla (amisaTvis XIII s.-Si meCeTebSi SemoRebul
iqna astronomis Tanamdeboba — muvakkiT), kiblas (meqisaken mimarTuleba)203 gansazRvra.
mxolod mogvianebiT astronomia Sevida mecnierebis ZiriTadi dargebis ricxvSi da farTo
gamoyeneba hpova, gansakuTrebiT sanavigacio saqmeSi. ukve VIII saukuneSi axalmTvareobaze
dakvirveba ramadanis dasawyisis gansazRvrisaTvis, did problemas warmoadgenda. 800
wlidan swrafi tempebiT ganviTarda arabebTan “mecniereba [planetebis] konfiguraciebze”.
am warmatebebs xeli Seuwyo Targmanebma berZnulidan, sanskritidan, sparsulidan da
siriulidan. pirvelma muslimma astronomma al-fazárãm (gard. daaxl. 777w.) Semoitana
induri astronomia muslimur kulturaSi.
IX s.-is dasawyisSi arabul enaze gadaiTargmna ptolemeosis astronomiuli traqtati
13 tomat “al-majistã” (didi krebuli) da induri astronomiuli Txzulebebi _ sidhantebi.
ciur sxeulTa moZraobis modelirebis berZnul meTodebsa da gamoTvlis indur wesebze
dayrdnobiT arabma astronomebma daamuSaves ciur sferoze mnaTobTa koordinatebis
gansazRvris xerxebi. IX-X saukuneSi moRvaweobdnen cnobili astronomebi, romlebmac ara
marto safuZveli Cauyares am mecnierebas, aramed sagrZnoblad ganaviTares kidec. maT
Soris: abå ma‘Sari (gard. 886w.); al-baTTánã (929w.), romelmac SeimuSava axalmTvareobis
gansazRvris, mzisa da mTvaris dabnelebebze dakvirvebis sakuTari meTodi; al-farRánã
(gard. 861w.), romelmac gamoigona specialuri dguSi wylis donis gasazomad nilosis
wyaldidobis periodSi204. XI saukuneSi, muslimuri mecnierebis ayvavebis periodSi, al-
bãrånãm (abu-l-raÁ®án mu®ammad b. a®madi, gard. 1050 wlis Semdeg) SeimuSava koordinatebis
sistema da Seasrula ramdenime kardinaluri gamoTvla. misi “qiTáb al-kanån al-mas‘ådã
fi-l-ha’Áa va-l-nujåm” (“mas‘udis kanoni astronomiasa da varskvlavebze”), romelic
eZRvneba Raznevian sulTan mas‘åd b. ma®måds (1030-1041), yvelaze ufro srulyofili
naSromia am dargSi.
astronomiis Teoriuli problemebi arabebs naklebad ainteresebdaT, vidre
astronomiuli tabulebis (zãj) Sedgena, romlebsac hqonda praqtikuli daniSnuleba.
arabuli astronomiuli Sromebis Targmnis Semdeg laTinur enaze XII s-Si, zogierTi
arabuli termini gavrcelda evropaSi (mag. as-sumåT gaxda azimuti).
IX saukunis eraySi astronomiis ganviTareba moxda xalifa al-ma’månis xelSewyobiT,
romelmac daarsa ori observatoria – baRdadsa (sibrZnis saxlTan) da damaskoSi.
xelaxla iqna gamoTvlili dasaxlebuli punqtebis koordinatebi, Tumca maTi sawyisi
meridiani sxva iyo. mogvianebiT observatoriebi gaixsna muslimuri samyaros sxvadasxva
kuTxeSi. X saukuneSi iranis qalaq hamadanSi daarsda observatoria, romelSic muSaobda
avicena. XI s-Si selCukianma maliq-Sáhma aago observatoria isfahanSi, sadac mecnierTa
jgufTan erTad kvlevebs awarmoebda ‘umar xaÁÁámi (gard. 1123w.), cnobili sparseli
swavluli da poeti. man Seadgina mzis kalendari (ewoda maliqã an jalálã, sultnis
sapativsacemod), romelSic iyo ufro zusti astronomiuli monacemebi, vidre berZnul
kalendarSi (cdomileba iyo mxolod 1 dRe 3700 welze). am Sedegs man miaRwia maliq-Sáhis
astronomiuli tabulebis (zãj) Sejerebis safuZvelze. 1050 wels toledoSi
andalusielma astronomma az-zarkálãm aago uzarmazari rofi mTvaris fazebis
gansazRvrisaTvis. cnobili astronomis ulug begis gardacvaleba (1449w.) niSnavda

203 samyaros romel nawilSic ar unda yofiliyo muslimi, mas unda Seesrulebina yoveldriuri
xuTjeradi locva da pirisaxiT meqisaken unda yofiliyo mimarTuli. kibla ganisazRvreboda
kuTxis gamoTvliT adgilobriv meridiansa da rkals Soris, romelic gadioda meqaze da morwmunis
adgilmdebareobis wertilze. amisaTvis saWiro iyo trigonometriuli funqciebis da rTuli
geometriuli figurebis agebis wesebis codna.
204 xalifa al-ma’månis dros fustátSi aigo nilometri, sadac gamoyenebuli iqna es dguSi. es
nageboba dRemde SemorCa.

201
muslimur samyaroSi astronomiuli kvlevebis daqveiTebis periodis dawyebas. mogvianebiT
astronomiuli mecnierebis ganviTarebas axali impulsi mieca monRolTa dros, roca XIII
saukuneSi hulagum (1217-1265) maraRaSi (iranis azerbaijani) aago im droisaTvis yvelaze
srulyofili observatoria.
astronomiis paralelurad muslimur samyaroSi ganviTarda astrologia. Sua
saukuneebis islamur samyaroSi farTod gavrcelda magia da mkiTxaoba, romlebic
islamamdeli warmoSobisaa da ukavSirdeba uZveles xalxur tradiciebs. religiuri
moRvaweebi ganasxvavebdnen “akrZalul magias” da “daSvebul magias”. hadisebze dayrdnobiT
iTvleboda, rom morwmune adamianma SeiZleba mimarTos alahis mier gamogzavnil keTil
jinebs da Tavi daicvas demonebisagan daficebiT an TalismanebiT. zogierTi sagani, ufro
xSirad Zveli wminda qvebi, Talismanis rols asrulebda. mkiTxaoba mWidrod iyo
dakavSirebuli astrologiasTan, aqedan modis agreTve horoskopebis Sedgenis tradicia.

arabuli filosofia. filosofiuri mecnierebebi arabul enaze aRiniSneba terminiT _

“falsafa”. Tavdapirvelad arabuli filosofia iyo erTgvarad berZnuli filosofiuri
azris gamgrZelebeli, magram gadaamuSava da SeaTanxma is islamur dogmebTan.
orTodoqsaluri islami mtrulad iyo ganwyobili yovelgvari filosofiuri azrisadmi.
arabuli filosofiis warmoSoba dakavSirebulia mu‘Tazilitebis _ qalámis (racionaluri
RvTismetyveleba) adreuli warmomadgenlebis _ moRvaweobasTan, romlebmac daiwyes
adamianis nebis Tavisuflebisa da RvTaebrivi atributebis Sesaxeb sakiTxebis ganxilviT
da daamTavres iseTi koncefciebis SeqmniT, romlebic cdebodnen religiis CarCoebs. IX s.-
Si arabebi farTod gaecnen antikurobis sabunebismetyvelo-mecnierul filosofiur
memkvidreobas. maTi yuradRebis centrSi aRmoCnda aristoteles [arab. ariståtálãs]
filosofia, bunebismetyvelebisa da logikis sakiTxebisadmi Tavisi upiratesi
dainteresebiT. Tumca aristoteles filosofias isini iTvisebdnen gviandeli
komentatorebis (aTenisa da aleqsandriis neoplatonuri205 skolebidan) SromebiT.
filosofiuri Sromebis Targmnas gansakuTrebiT didi yuradReba miaqcia xalifa al-
ma’månma. mTargmnelebma SeimuSaves arabuli filosofiuri terminologia (istilá®áT).
muslimuri aRmosavleTis qveynebSi filosofia iTvleboda “mecnierebaTa mecnierebad”,
romelsac unda ganexila sakiTxTa farTo wre.
arabuli filosofiis wamyvani mimarTuleba gaxda aRmosavluri peripatetizmi
(peripatetikosebi, romlebic TavianT TeoriebSi eyrdnobodnen berZnul filosofiur
azrovnebas), romlis istoria iyofa or periodad. pirveli periodi (IX-XIss.) ZiriTadad
dakavSirebuli iyo saxalifos aRmosavleTi provinciebis moazrovneTa moRvaweobasTan.
arabuli filosofiis fuZemdeblad iTvleba mu‘Taziliti al-qindã (gard. 873w.), “arabTa
filosofosad” wodebuli206. xalifebis al-ma’månis da al-mu‘Taíimis dros, roca
mu‘Taziloba saxelmwifo ideologias warmoadgenda, al-qindãs ekava astrologis da
filosofiuri Sromebis mTargmnelis Tanamdeboba sasaxlis karze207. mas ekuTvnis daaxl.
270 naSromi mecnierebis sxvadasxva dargSi. mis naSromebSi naTlad Cans neoplatonizmis
gavlena, Seecada Tavis naSromebSi SeeTavsebina platonisa da aristoteles filosofiuri
moZRvrebebi. al-qindãs moRvaweobis wyalobiT, filosofia aRiarebul iqna islamuri
kulturis Semadgenel nawilad. al-qindã xazs usvamda sabunebismetyvelo da zusti
mecnierebebis mniSvnelobas filosofiisaTvis. man filosofia dayo or ZiriTad nawilad:
Teoriuli mecnierebani, romlebSic Sedioda fizika, maTematika, metafizika da praqtikuli
mecnierebani — eTika, ekonomika, politika. swored al-qindãs Sromebis wyalobiT
gavrcelda eqsperimentuli kvlevis meTodebi islamuri samyarodan dasavleT evropaSi. mas
didi wvlili miuZRvis agreTve muslimuri samyarosaTvis berZnuli filosofiis
gadacemaSi. is iyo mravali filosofiuri naSromis mTargmneli, redaqtori da
komentatori. warmoSobiT Turqma, al-fárábãm (974-950) gaagrZela al-qindãs

205 neoplatonizmi — antikuri filosofiis idealisturi mimarTuleba (III-VIss.), romelic miznad

isaxavda platonis filosofiis winaaRmdegobrivi elementebis sistematizacias da maT SeerTebas
aristoteles mTel rig ideebTan.
206abå Áåsuf Áa‘kåb ibn is®ák al-qindã (800-873) iyo wminda arabuli warmoSobis pirveli filosofosi.
207 al-muTavaqilis dros, roca daiwyo muTazilitebis devna, al-qindã moxvda devnilTa ricxvSi,
xolo mis biblioTekaSi arsebuli wignebi gaanadgures. mas ekuTvnoda 16 naSromi astronomiaSi,
22— medicinasa da filosofiaSi, 32 — geometriaSi, 12 — fizikaSi, 11 — ariTmetikaSi, 4 —
gamoTvlis sistemebSi, 9 — logikaSi, 7 — musikaSi da 5 — fsiqologiaSi. misi naSromebis
umetesoba ar Semonaxula Cvenamde.

202
enciklopediuri tradicia filosofiis dargSi. is iTvleboda “meore maswavleblad”
(aristoteles Semdeg), “mistikos-inteleqtualad”. al-fárábã cdilobda sistemaSi moeyvana
filosofiuri sistemebi, romlebic moulodnelad SemoiWra muslimur azrovnebaSi. is
dakavSirebuli iyo Siit TeoretikosebTan. did interess iwvevs misi moZRvreba, sadac
goneba daayena rwmenaze, samociqulo “gamocxadebebze” maRla. is iyo aristoteles
moZRvrebis brwyinvale komentatori. ibn sãná (avicena) swored am komentarebis saSualebiT
gaecno berZnul filosofias. Tumca avicenas filosofiuri moZRvreba ar aris “arc
mibaZva da arc nasesxoba”. misi talanti kargad gamoCnda neoplatonizmis filosofiis
analizisas. avicenas Sromebi _ qiTáb aS-Sifá’ (“gankurnebis wigni”) da qiTáb an-najáT
(“gadarCenis wigni”) _ dRemde iTvleba islamuri neoplatonizmis enciklopediad.
neoplatonizmis mimdevarTa kvaldakval is amtkicebda, rom samyaro warmoiSva RmerTis
emanaciis gziT, magram ara am ukanasknelis nebiT, aramed obieqturi aucileblobis
Sedegad. kosmiuri da bunebrivi movlenebi ar aris damokidebuli RvTis gangebaze. is
cdilobda “islamis aRmosavluri sibrZnis” gamocnobas. avicena didi popularobiT
sargeblobda evropel mecnier-sqolastikosebs Soris (gansakuTrebiT XIII s-Si). avicenas
“iSáráT” (“miTiTebani”), romelic moazrovnis bolo naSromad iTvleba, eZRvneba sufizmis
sakiTxebs da mistikur simbolizms.
peripatetizmis meore periodi moicavs XII-XIII ss-s da ZiriTadad warmodgenili
iyo saxalifos dasavleTi nawilis, pirvel rigSi andalusiis arabi moazrovneebiT. maT
Soris iyvnen cnobili filosofosebi: ibn bájja (1070-1138), romelsac muslimi Teologebi
aTeistad miiCnevdnen; ibn tufaili (1110-1185), romelmac Seqmna deisturi moZRvreba
bunebrivi religiis Sesaxeb; ibn ruSdi (averoesi, 1126-1198), romelic dasavleTSi cnobili
gaxda aristoteles Sromebze brwyinvale komentarebiT (“Tafsãr”). Tumca misi komentarebi
dafuZnebuli iyo ara pirvelwyaroebze, aramed arabul Targmanebze. moZRvrebam (averoizmi)
WeSmaritebis ormagi bunebis Sesaxeb mniSvnelovani kvali daamCnia qristianul
filosofias. man ara marto gawminda aristoteles filosofia gviandeli neoplatonuri
danaSrevebisagan, aramed Seqmna kidec damoukidebeli sistema. ibn ruSdi afuZnebda
rwmenis mimarT gonebis upiratesobas da asabuTebda, rom RvTismetyvelni ar arian
uflebamosilni daamuSaon filosofiuri problemebi. misi azriT, ar aris winaaRmdegoba
religisa da filosofias Soris. winaaRmdegoba aris mxolod im xalxis SexedulebebSi,
romelTac ar SeuZliaT filosofiis sibrZnis Semecneba. is ebrZoda al-Razalãs
(gard.1111w.) antifilosofiur Sexedulebebs208 da akritikebda avicenas neoplatonizms.
Tumca udaoa avicenas gavlena ibn ruSdis filosofiuri msoflmxedvelobis
Camoyalibebaze. ibn ruSdi iZulebuli gaxda gaqceuliyo espaneTidan, magram mainc
agrZelebda brZolas. dasavluri filosofiuri azri misi Sromebis gavlenis qveS iyo XII-
XVIss-Si.
arabul-muslimuri filosofiis erT-erTi mimarTuleba warmodgenili iyo Teologi-
muTaqalimebiT, romlebic TavianT koncefciebs afuZnebdnen yuranze, Tumca maT
naSromebSic SeiniSneba berZnuli filosofiuri skolis gavlena. isini ZiriTadad islamis
apolegetikiT iyvnen dakavebuli da ebrZodnen rogorc araislamur, ise saerTod
antireligiur ideebs. am mimarTulebamac Tavisi ganviTarebis periodSi gaiara ori etapi:
1. VIII-IX ss — am dros ZiriTadad upiratesi iyo muTazilituri doqtrinebi; 2. X-XIIss —
qalámis saboloo Camoyalibebis periodi al-aS‘arãs (gard. 935w.) da al-Razálãs SromebSi.
al-Razálãm Tavis naSromSi “TaháfuT al-falásifa” (“filosofosebis ususuroba”)
gaakritika naturalisturi da racionalisturi elementebi aRmosavluri
peripatetikosebis filosofiaSi muTaqalimebisa da sufiebis koncefciaTa sinTezis
safuZvelze209. misi filosofiuri Sexedulebebi gadmocemulia naSromSi — “al-munkiz
min aÇ-Çalál” (“cdomilebebisagan Tavis daRweva”), romlis meSveobiTac man Semecnebis
Teoria gaacno islamur samyaros.
Sualeduri mdgomareoba ukaviaT islamur misticizms (sufizmi), romlis
Teosofiuri doqtrinebi amJRavnebs gnosticizmis, neoplatonizmisa da zogierTi
aRmosavlkuri religiis gavlenas da ismailizms, romelic aRmocenda Siizmis wiaRSi da
SeiTvisa elinisturi filosofiuri moZRvrebis mravali elementi. neoplatonuri
“aRmosavluri iluminaciis” Teoretikosi iyo sparseli mistikosi-filosofosi as-
suhravardã (1155-1199), cnobili rogorc “iluminatoruli Teosofiis uxucesi”. man

208 ibn ruSdi Tavis cnobil naSromSi — “TaháфuT aT-TaháфuT” [“ususurTa ususuroba”]
filosofias icavda imam Razalis Tavdasxmebisagan.
209 ix. kilaZe nana. al-Razálã da misi “TaháфuT al-фalásiфa”, Tb., 1970.

203
dagvitova 50-mde naSromi mistikur filosofiaSi. misTvis “aRmosavleTi” warmoadgenda
sinaTles _ RvTiuri emanaciis simbolos da erTdroulad yvelaferi arsebulis
fundamentur safuZvels, xolo “dasavleTi” — sibnelis materialuri samyaros. man
daarsa filosofiuri skola — “iluminaciis filosofia” (®iqmaT al-iSrák), romelic
dRemde axdens gavlenas iranuli Siizmis mistikur azrze. basraSi X-XIss-Si Camoyalibda
e. w. Tavisufali moazrovneebis, filosofosi-diletantebis sazogadoeba, masonTa loJis
msgavsi. eseni iyvnen mecnieri-enciklopedistebi — “wminda Zmebi” (ixván aí-íafá’), romelTa
mier daiwera 52 wigni filosofiaSi saerTo saTauriT — rasá’il ixván aí-íafá’ (“wminda
Zmebis” traqtatebi), sadac aSkarad Cans neoplatonizmis da aSrakizmis gavlena.
arabul-muslimur filosofiaSi gamorCeuli adgili ukavia cnobil Crd. afrikel
istorikoss, filosofoss da sociologs — ibn xaldåns (gard. 1382w.), romelic ar
ekuTvnis arc erT mimarTulebas. man erT-erTma pirvelma wamoayena istoriul movlenaTa
zogadi kanonzomierebis Seswavlis moTxovna da Seqmna sakuTari sociologiuri Teoria.
politikuri problemebi, saxelmwifos samoqalaqo organizacia ainteresebdaT arab-
muslim filosofosebs im drois religiur da politikur problemebTan mWidro kavSirSi.
maTi azriT, saxelmwifom erTis mxriv, unda uzrunvelyos xalxis keTildReoba, xolo
meores mxriv — moamzados isini imqveyniuri cxovrebisaTvis. arabi filosofosebi
idealuri saxelmwifos Sesaxeb warmodgenebSi eyrdnobodnen platonis moZRvrebas. aseTi
idealuri saxelmwifo aris aRwerili al-fárábãs naSromSi — “fã mabádi’ ará‘ ahl al-
madãna al-fá«ila” (“debulebebi idealuri qalaqis mcxovrebTa Sexedulebebze”).

arabuli geografiuli literatura. arabTa islamamdeli geografiuli warmodgenebi

asaxulia Zv. poeziasa da yuranSi. VIII-IX ss. mijnaze iTargmna da gadamuSavda antikuri
avtorebis, gansakuTrebiT ki ptolemeosis (90-168), astronomiul-geografiuli Sromebi,
ramac safuZveli daudo arabul mecnierul geografias. al-xvárizmãm ara marto Targmna
ptolemes Sroma, aramed gadmosca mTeli masala tabulebis saxiT da Seavso arabuli
geografiis [juRráfiÁa] axali monacemebiT. manve Seadgina pirveli muslimuri
geografiuli ruqa. IX saukuneebSi safuZveli Caeyara aRweriT geografias, romelic
sakuTriv arabul niadagze aRmocenda. misi ganviTareba ganpirobebuli iyo praqtikuli
mizniT. am periodSi Tavi iCina mTelma rigma saxelmwifoebrivi mniSvnelobis sakiTxebma.
droTa ganmavlobaSi gadasaxadebis gansazRvrisaTvis saWiro gaxda axali cnobebis miReba
provinciebis da dasaxlebuli punqtebis ganawilebis Sesaxeb. marTvis centralizebuli
sistema moiTxovda wesrigSi moyvanil gzebs da maT Sesaxeb zust cnobebs, safosto
sadgurebis CamoTvlas zusti manZilebis miTiTebiT. erT-erTi pirveli geografiuli
Txzuleba Sedgenilia swored íá®ib al-barãdis (fostis ufrosis) mier. aRweriTi
geografiis Camoyalibebas xeli Seuwyo agreTve vaWrobis ganviTarebam da ucxo qveynebTan
diplomatiuri urTierTobis damyarebam.
IX s-is meore naxevramde damoukidebeli geografiuli Txzuleba ar mogvepoveba,
gvxvdeba mxolod calkeuli geografiuli xasiaTis cnobebi. IX s-is meore naxevarSi
iwereba calkeuli damoukidebeli geografiuli Txzulebebi. erT-erTi pirveli avtori,
romlis Sromam Cvenamde moaRwia sruli saxiT iyo sparsi ibn xordádbihi (daaxl. 912w.),
jibalis provinciis íá®ib al-barãdi. mas ekuTvnis naSromi: “qiTáb al-masáliq va-l-
mamáliq” (“wigni gzebisa da samefoebis Sesaxeb”). ibn xordádbihis es Txzuleba
samagaliTo gaxda yvela geografiuli nawarmoebisaTvis, romlebic emyareba 4 ZiriTad
elements: 1. siebi gadasaxadebis amoRebis Taobaze; 2. dokumenturi saxis masala-
marSrutebi; 3. sxvadasxva mogzaurTa nawarmoebebis nawyvetebi. mag., evropeli vaWrebis mier
marSrutebis aRwera; 4. pirveli geografiuli Sromebi, romlebic safuZvlad daedo
sxvadasxva nawilebis — mTebis, tbebis da a.S. aRweras. aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom arabebi,
berZnebis msgavsad, dasaxlebul teritoriebs yofdnen 7 klimatad (sartyelad).
IX s-is II naxevarSi moRvaweobda cnobili istorikosi da geografi — al-Áa‘kåbã
(gard. 897w.). misi naSromi “qiTáb al-buldán” (“wigni qveynebis Sesaxeb”) moicavs yvela im
qveyanas, romelsac icnobdnen arabebi. aRweras iwyebs baRdadiT, romelsac eTmoba
naSromis 1/4 nawili, Semdeg modis samara, mere ZiriTadi arabuli qveynebi, romlebic
Sedioda saxalifos SemadgenlobaSi. xSirad istoriuli da geografiuli xasiaTis masala
Sereulia. did yuradRebas uTmobs vaWrobas, mrewvelobas. ibn xordádbihis naSromisagan
gansxvavebiT, misi naSromi mkiTxvelTa farTo wrisaTvis iyo gankuTvnili. xolo
xordadbehis naSromi umTavresad damxmare saxelmZRvaneloa Tanamdebobis pirebisaTvis.

204
 aRweriTi geografia Tavisi ganviTarebis zenits aRwevs X saukuneSi. swored am dros
yalibdeba e. w. geografTa klasikuri skola, romlis SesaniSnavi warmomadgenlebi arian
al-istaxrã, ibn ®aukali, al-mukaddasã da abå zaid al-balxã (gard. 934w.), romlis
saxelic ewoda am skolas. maT ekuTvniT muslimuri samyaros savaWro gzebisa da mxareebis
aRwerilobisadmi miZRvnili Sromebi, romlebic uxvad Seicavdnen geografiul da
istoriul-kulturuli xasiaTis cnobebs. al-balxãs ekuTvnis naSromi: íuvar al-aka. al-
istaxrãs naSromis saTauria “qiTáb al-masáliq va-l-mamáliq”. aRniSnuli skolis
warmomadgenelTa msgavsad al-istaxrãs ZiriTadad ainteresebs muslimuri qveynebi. Tumca
masSi mniSvnelovani cnobebi moipoveba aramuslim qveynebsa da xalxebze. al-istaxrãs
naSromSi aris agreTve cnoba q. Tbilisis aRwerilobaze. al-istaxrãs gamgrZelebelia ibn
®aukali (Xs.). is iyo arabi geografi, mogzauri da vaWari. arsebobs misi Txzulebis ori
redaqcia da cnobilia sxvadasxva saxeliT: “qiTáb al-masáliq va l-mamáliq” da “qiTáb
íuráT al-ard” (“wigni dedamiwis gamosaxulebis Sesaxeb”). evropaSi ibn ®aukalis Sroma
gamoica orjer. ibn ®aukalma Tavis Sromas safuZvlad daudo al-istaxrãs cnobili “qiTáb
al-masáliq va l-mamáliq”, gadaamuSava igi da Seavso mis mier mopovebuli mTeli rigi
axali masalebiT. TxzulebaSi didi adgili aqvs daTmobili fizikuri geografiis
monacemebs, agreTve ekonomikuri da kulturuli xasiaTis movlenebs. naSromSi aris
istoriul-eTnografiuli masalac. bevria saintereso dakvirvebebi da piradi
STabeWdilebebi Tbilisis aRweraSic. al-mukaddasãm (gard. daaxl. 990w.) geografia
samecniero disciplinad gadaaqcia da Seadgina naSromi — “a®san aT-Takásãm fã ma‘rifaT
al-akálãm” (“saukeTeso danawileba provinciebis Sesacnobad”), romelic ori nawilisagan
Sedgeba: “mamlaqaT al-‘arab” (“arabuli qveynebi”) da “mamlaqaT al-‘ajam” (“araarabuli
qveynebi”).
al-mas‘ådãm (gard. 956/7w.) Tavis geografiul naSromSi “qiTáb aT-Tanbãh va l-iSráf”
(“wigni darigebisa da gadasinjvisa”) Seajama is geografiuli miRwevebi, romlebic manamde
hqondaT arabebs. is did interess iCens mrewvelobis, vaWrobis Sesaxeb mopovebuli
cnobebisadmi. al-‘idrãsã (XIIs.), idrisianTa dinastiis STamomavali, iyo pirveli arabi
geografi, romelmac evropuli qveynebis detaluri aRwera mogvca. misi Txzuleba — “al-
qiTáb ar-rujárã” (“rojeris wigni”)210, romelsac Tan erTvis msoflios atlasi, Sua
saukuneebis evropaSi saukeTeso geografiul traqtatad iyo miCneuli. es naSromi
warmoadgens komentarebs planisferoze da 7 Tavisagan Sedgeba. muslimuri aRmosavleTis
aRweris garda, igi Seicavs sxvadasxva cnobebs dasavleT da aRmosavleT evropis xalxTa
da qveyanaTa Sesaxeb. amasTan misi naSromi pirveli iyo, romelic gamoica evropaSi jer
kidev 1592w.
IX saukuneSi Camoyalibda samogzauro literaturis (riÐla) Janri, romlis
ganviTarebaSi didi wvlili miuZRviT ibn faÇláns (Xs.), andalusiel ibn jubaÁrs (gard.
1217w.) da marokoel ibn battåtas (gard.1368 an 1377w.).
XI-XIV ss-Si aRmocenda Janrebi geografiuli leqsikonebisa da samyaros zogadi
aRwerilobisa — kosmografiisa, romlebSic Sejamebuli iyo adre dagrovili
geografiuli masala. arabuli kosmografiis TvalsaCino warmomadgeneli iyo zaqariÁá’
al-kazvãnã (gard. 1283w.). am Janris warmomadgenlebis mTavar mizans Seadgenda sadad da
martivad daeweraT Txzuleba arabul enaze, romelSic gadmocemuli iqneboda
mkiTxvelisaTvis mimzidveli “saocari” da “sakvirveli” ambebi. Tumca aseTi saxis
TxzulebebSi aris mTeli rigi istoriuli Rirebulebis cnobebi. al-kazvãnãs ori naSromi
— ‘ajá’ib al-maxlåkáT va Rará’ib al-mavjådáT (“qmnilebaTa saocrebani da arsebulTa
sakvirvelebani”) da ásar al-bilád va axbár al-‘ibád (“qveynebis Zeglebi da xalxTa
istoria”) kosmografiis saukeTeso nimuSs warmoadgens. geografiuli leqsikonebis Janri
ganviTarebis umaRles mwvervalze aiyvana ÁákåT al-®amavãm (gard. 1229w.). misi naSromi
“qiTáb mu‘jam al-buldán” (“qveynebis anbanze gawyobili leqsikoni”) Sedgeba
winasityvaobis, 5 Sesavali Tavisa da sakuTriv leqsikonisagan. winasityvaobaSi avtori
mogviTxrobs nawarmoebis Sedgenis mizezebis Sesaxeb. igi CamoTvlis agreTve Tavis
winamorbedTa Sromebs, romlebsac is iyenebda. sakuTriv leqsikonSi geografiuli
saxelebi dalagebulia anbanze, pirveli asos mixedviT. saxelwodebis Semdeg
ganmartebulia sityvis warmoTqma, zogjer mocemulia calkeuli sityvis etimologia. amas
mosdevs astronomiuli geografiis monacemebi, Semdeg istoriuli cnobebi. moTxrobilia
qalaqebis istoria da ZiriTadi gadmocemebi am qalaqebTan dakavSirebiT. TiTqmis

210 es wigni siciliis normani mefis rojer II-is brZanebiT daiwera.

205
sistematurad dasaxelebulia cnobili mecnierebi, umetesad kanonmdeblebi da
hadisTmcodneebi, romlebic dakavSirebuli arian aRniSnul adgilTan. leqsikoni
warmoadgens erTgvar Sejamebas arabuli geografiuli da istoriuli literaturis
miRwevebisas XIII saukunemde.
geografiis Semdgomi ganviTareba umTavresad vrceli kompilaciebis Seqmnisa da
calkeuli qalaqebisa da qveynebis istoriul-topografiuli aRweris gziT warimarTa.
arabuli geografiuli mecnierebis didi SenaZeni iyo vasko de gamas arabi locmanis —
ibn májidis (XVs.)211, agreTve sulaimán al-mahrãs (XVIs.) Sromebi, romlebSic
ganzogadebuli iyo arabuli sazRvaosno Teoria da mravalsaukunovani praqtikuli
gamocdileba.

arabuli istoriografia. muslimuri kulturis saerTo aRmavlobasTan mWidrod iyo

dakavSirebuli arabuli istoriografiis ganviTareba, romelic sakuTriv arabul niadagze
aRmocenda da misi ganviTareba islamis warmoSobis Semdeg iwyeba. istoriul TxzulebaTa
Sedgenas praqtikuli biZgi misca yuranisa da winaswarmetyvelis cxovrebisa da
moRvaweobis Seswavlam. arabuli istoriografia, rogorc damoukidebeli disciplina,
gamoiyo VIII-IX ss. mijnaze. arabuli istoriografia iqmneboda istoriuli masalis
gadmocemis sxvadasxva formebis Serwymis safuZvelze. VIII-X ss.-Si istoriuli masalis
gadmocemis Semdegi formebi gvaqvs: hadisebi (®adãs), s‹ra, maRáz‹, tabakaTebis sistema da
masTan dakavSirebuli qalaqebis istoria, genealogiebi, dapyrobiTi omebis istoria da
bolos msoflio istoria.
istoriuli literaturis erTi kategoria warmoiSva winaislamur xanaSi
centraluri arabeTis teritoriaze. es iyo arabTa istoriul-epikuri Semoqmedebis Zegli,
samxedro xasiaTis moTxrobebi, romlebic cnobilia “aÁam al-‘arabis” (“arabTa dReebi”)
saxelwodebiT. isini gamoxataven arabTa momTabare cxovrebas winaislamur xanaSi da
gadmogvcemen im mravalricxovani saomari operaciebis da brZolebis Sesaxeb, romelTac
adgili hqonda arabeTis naxevarkunZulis CrdiloeTi da centraluri raionebis calkeul
tomTa Soris. adgilis saxelwodeba, sadac moxda brZola, rogorc wesi xdeboda “dRis”
saxelwodeba. calkeuli epizodis gadmocema ar Semoifargleba mxolod sakuTriv
brZolis dRiT, masSi moTxrobilia agreTve tomTa Soris dapirispirebis mizezebze da mis
Sedegebze. “aÁam al-‘arab”-is moTxrobebis Cawera daiwyes hijridan 1-2 saukunis Semdeg.
pirveli, yvelaze popularuli Camweri am moTxrobebis iyo arabi filologi-
tradicionalisti — abå ‘ubaida (728-824/5), romelic iTvleboda arabul siZveleTa did
mcodned. man Seadgina 2 wigni: “qiTáb aÁam al-‘arab al-qab‹r” da “qiTáb aÁam al-‘arab a¹-
¹aR‹r”. did wignSi Sevida 1200 moTxroba, xolo patara wignSi — 75. Cvenamde am wignebs ar
mouRwevia, vicnobT mxolod nawyvetebs, romelTa Sinaarsi CvenTvis cnobili gaxda
mogviano xanis avtorTa meSveobiT.
“aÁam al-‘arab”-is moTxrobebi iyo istoriuli literaturis ZiriTadi forma
islamamdel epoqaSi. isini iyo wminda erovnuli Semoqmedebis nayofi, Tumca arabebi
iyenebdnen ucxo literaturul siuJetebsac, romlebic aRwevda arabebTan siriidan da
bizantiidan. es iyo istoriuli legendebi, romlebic sxva qveynebidan momdinareobda da
romelTa werilobiTi fiqsacia moxda umaÁÁanTa dros samxreT arabeTis masalebSi da
ebraul-qristianul gadmocemebSi.
umaÁÁanTa epoqaSive warmoiSva istoriuli literaturis mesame mimarTuleba,
romelic sabolood adgens arabuli istoriuli literaturis formasa da Sinaarss.
istoriuli literaturis mesame mimarTuleba Seiqmna islamis epoqaSi da man Tavisi forma
miiRo hadisebis (®ad‹s) saxiT. hadisebma didi gavlena moaxdina arabuli mxatvruli
literaturis, gansakuTrebiT prozis ganviTarebaze. isini miCneulia islamisa da misi
Sesabamisi epoqis istoriis Seswavlis erT-erT wyarod. Tumca, hadisebis WeSmaritebisa da
utyuarobis sakiTxi mkvlevarTa davas iwvevs.
hadisi warmoadgens im erTeuls, romlis saSualebiTac iqmneboda arabuli
istoriuli nawarmoebebi. Tavdapirvelad hadisi niSnavda movlenas, axal faqts, xolo
meores mxriv Txrobas, moTxrobas. TandaTanobiT man miiRo Txrobis mniSvneloba
muhamadisa da misi mimdevrebis Sesaxeb.

211Шумовский Т. А. Три неизвестные лоции Ахмада ибн Маджида, арабского лоцмана Васко да Гамы, в
уникальной рукописи Института востоковедения АН СССР. М.; Л., 1957.

206
 hadisebis sistematizacia moxda erTi mxriv, muhamadisa da misi mimdevrebis
biografiebis (s‹ra) da, meore mxriv, arabTa dapyrobiTi omebis istoriis (maRáz‹) xaziT.
s‹ras pirveli arabi avtori, romlis Txzulebamac Cvenamde moaRwia, iyo ibn is®áki
(gard. 767w.). man Seadgina istoriuli naSromi - “as-sãra an-nabaviÁÁa” (“muhamadis
biografia”), romelic Sedgeboda sami nawilisagan: qiTáb al-mubTada’ (dasawyisi), romelic
exeboda islamamdel istorias samyaros Seqmnidan, moTxrobilia muhamadis winamorbed
mociqulebze; al-mab‘as (muhamadis samociqulo misia), mogviTxrobs mociqulis cxovrebaze
hijris pirvel wlamde; qiTáb al-maRáz‹ (laSqrobebi), mogviTxrobs muhamadis cxovrebaze
da laSqrobebze mis gardacvalebamde.
naSroms sruli saxiT Cvenamde ar mouRwevia. CvenTvis cnobilia misi Txzulebis ibn
hiSámis (abå mu®ammad ‘abd al-máliq ibn hiSámi, gard. 833 an 828w.) mier gadamuSavebuli
redaqcia, romelsac gadmogvcems ziád al-baqqá’‹ (gard. 799w). cnobilia, rom ukve al-
baqqá’‹-m mniSvnelovnad Seamokla Tavdapirveli teqsti. TviTon ibn hiSamma erTis mxriv
Sekveca teqsti da naSromi wminda muhamadis biografiad aqcia, meores mxriv ki daamata
garkveuli cnobebi, daurTo faqtobrivi da gramatikuli komentarebi212. ibn hiSámis
naSromma miiRo saxelwodeba — qiTáb s‹raT rasål al-láh (alahis mociqulis biografia)
s‹ras mixedviT TandaTan ganviTarda biografiuli xasiaTis literatura. iwyeba ara
marto muhamadisa da misi mimdevrebis, aramed sxva pirTa biografiebis Seswavla. islamis
winaSe damsaxurebul pirTa biografiebis klasifikacia moxda am pirTa sazogadoebrivi
mdgomareobisa da profesiaTa ganrigis mixedviT. am sistemam, romelmac miiRo
saxelwodeba — at-tabakáT (rigi, fena, klasi), warmoiSva VIII s-is bolos da IX s-is
dasawyisSi. Tavdapirvelad warmoiSva muhamadis mimdevarTa rigebi, xolo Semdeg ukve
mecnierTa, poetTa, iuristTa, eqimTa da sxvaTa ganrigebi. tabakaTebis sistemam didi
ganviTareba hpova arabebTan da Seiqmna specialuri ganyofileba — ‘ilm ar-rijál.
erT-erTi pirveli tabakaTebis sitemis krebulis avtoria IX s.-is pirveli naxevris
istorikosi ibn sa‘di (844/5 w.). is iyo warmoSobiT basridan, magram erT xans cxovrobda
meqasa da medinaSi. sakuTriv misi moRvaweobis Sedegebi mniSvnelovnad dafuZnebulia al-
vákid‹s Sromebze. ibn sa‘dma Seadgina 2 krebuli: “qiTáb at-tabakáT al-qabãr” (“tabakaTebis
vrceli wigni”) da “qiTáb at-tabakáT” (tabakaTebis wigni). Cvenamde moaRwia pirvelma
krebulma. is aris yvelaze adreuli wyaro, romelic originalSi Semoinaxa. masSi
daculia muhamadis, misi pirveli mimdevrebis da meore Taobis cnobil pirTa biografiebi.
avtori ZiriTadad exeba muhamadis cxovrebisa da moRvaweobis, islamis Casaxvisa da
gavrcelebis pirvel periods. aq cnobil pirTa biografiebs win uswrebs zogadi
istoriuli xasiaTis Sesavali. wigni gamocemulia berlinis mecnierebaTa akademiis mier
— 9 tomad. am tomTa Sinaarsi Semdegia: 1. muhamadis biografia; 2. yuranis,
hadisTmcodneebis da muhamadis uaxloes mimdevarTa biografiebi; 3. im muslimTa
biografiebi, romelTac monawileoba miiRes badrTan brZolaSi (624w.). am brZolis
monawileni Rebulobdnen yvelaze maRal pensiebs; 4. muhajirTa, ansarTa da yvela ashabis
biografia, romelTac islami miiRes meqis aRebamde (630w.); 5.6.7. nawilebi exeba qalaqebis −
qufis, basris ashabTa da momdevno Taobis biografiebs; 8. cnobil qalTa biografiebi.
sul 4 250 piris biografia, aqedan 629 qalia; 9. SeniSvnebi. islamis pirveli wlebis
moRvaweTa biografiebis saxiT gadmocemulia imdroindeli arabuli saxelmwifos
politikuri da social-ekonomikuri istoria.
tabakaTebis sistema metad moxerxebuli aRmoCnda arabTaTvis da momdevno epoqebSi
SeiZleba Tvali gavadevnoT istoriuli literaturis am Janris did ganviTarebas
humanitaruli mecnierebis yvela dargSi. Tu muhamadis mimdevarTa tabakaTis
klasifikaciisas safuZvlad iyo aRebuli ama Tu im piris damsaxureba islamis winaSe,
poetebis, mecnierTa da a.S. tabakaTebis klasifikaciisas sxva principebi iqna aRebuli.
biografiul literaturas aqvs Tavisi damaxasiaTebeli niSnebi: Cveulebriv mimarTaven
isnads, aRiniSneba qronologiuri monacemebi, gansakuTrebiT gardacvalebis TariRi,

212[Ibn Hishām] Das Leben Muhammed’s nach Muhammed Ibn Ishak bearbeitet von Abd el- Malik Ibn Hishâm...
Hrsg. von F. Wüstenfeld. Bd. 1-2. Göttingen,1858-1860; [Ibn Isḥāḳ] Life of Muhammad. The Translation
of Ibn Ishaq’s „Sirat Rasul Allah“ with introduction and notes by A.G. Guillaume, London, 1955.
Ибн Хишам. Жизнеописание Пророка Мухаммада. Расказанное со слов аль-Баккаи, со слов Ибн
Исхака аль-Мутталиба (первая половина VII века). Перевод с арабского Н. А Гайнуллина. М.,
2003.

207
mokled moTxrobilia ama Tu im piris cxovrebis ZiriTadi momentebi, emateba mas Sromebis
CamoTvla, rodesac saqme exeba mecniers da leqsTa nawyvetebi, rodesac saqme exeba poets.
tabakaTebis sitemam warmoSva regionaluri biografiuli literatura —
nawarmoebebi calkeuli qalaqebisa da olqebis Sesaxeb. es ar iyo qalaqis istoria
Cveulebrivi gagebiT, aramed warmoadgenda ama Tu im qalaqTan dakavSirebul cnobil
pirTa biografiebis krebuls. cnobebi TviT qalaqis Sesaxeb am biografiebis fonzea
gadmocemuli. gamonakliss warmoadgenda meqa da medina. muslimTa wminda qalaqebis
istoria gadmocemulia muhamadis biografiis fonze. didi yuradReba eTmoba qalaqis
topografiasa da wminda adgilebs. am kategoriis naSromebs ganekuTvneba: al-azrak‹s (al-
azrak‹, a®mad b. mu®ammad b. al-val‹d b. ukba, gard. 837w.) — “Ta’r‹x maqqa al-muSarrafa”
(“wminda meqis istoria”), al-fáqih‹s (al-fáqih‹, mu®ammad b. is®ák, gard. 885/6w.) — “qiTáb
maqqa”(“wigni meqas Sesaxeb”). isini warmoadgenen adreul, upiratesad aRwerilobiTi
istoriis tipur nawarmoebebs, romlebic dakavSirebuli iyo muhamadis biografiasTan da
legendebTan muhamadis Sesaxeb. qalaqTa istoriidan sayuradReboa a®mad b. ab‹ táhir
taifåris (819-893) naSromi “Ta’r‹x baRdád” (“baRdadis istoria”); a®mad b. ‘al‹ al-xat‹b al-
baRdád‹s (1002-1071) “Ta’r‹x baRdád av mad‹naT as-salám” (baRdadis istoria); ibn ‘asáqiris
(gard. 1176w.) “Ta’r‹x mad‹naT ad-dimaSk” (“damaskos istoria”); qamal ad-din ibn al-‘adimis
(gard. 1262w.) alepos istoria da sxva.
biografiuli literaturis dagrovebasTan erTad gaCnda saWiroeba didi
biografiuli leqsikonebisa, romlebic moicavdnen yvela mecnierisa da gamoCenili piris
biografias, ganurCevlad maTi dabadebis adgilisa da profesiisa. daiwyo saerTo xasiaTis
biografiuli leqsikonebis Seqmna, paralelurad specialur biografiul leqsikonebTan
erTad an maTgan gancalkevebiT. arabebTan gansakuTrebiT popularuli gaxda ori
biografiuli leqsikoni: ÁákåT b. ‘abd al-láh al-®amav‹ ar-råm‹s (1178/9-1229) “qiTáb irSád
al-ar‹b ilá ma‘rifaT al-ad‹b”, an mu‘jam al-udabá’, romelSic mocemulia yvela piris
biografia, vinc adãb-is kategorias ekuTvnis (lingvistebi, filologebi, literatorebi,
kaligrafebi da sxv.) da a®mad b. mu®ammad ibn xalliqánis (681/1282w.) biografiuli
leqsikoni — “vafaiáT al-a‘ián va-anbá’ az-zamán” (“wigni saxelganTqmuli adamianebis
gardacvalebisa da cnobebi TanamedroveTa Sesaxeb”), romelSic motanilia yvela
swavlulis (a‘‹án-s) biografia (865), visi gardacvalebis TariRic zustad icoda avtorma.
ÁákåTisa da ibn xalliqánis biografiulma leqsikonebma arabul mwerlobaSi warmoSva
mTeli literatura. Tavdapirvelad es gamoixata damatebebis saxiT am leqsikonebze.
arabTa dapyrobiTi omebis istoriis pirveli kodifikatori aris al-vákid‹ (gard.
822/3w.). ixsenieben al-vákid‹s mraval nawarmoebs, magram Cvenamde moaRwia mxolod erTma
maTganma: “qiTáb aT-Tá’r‹x va-l-maRáz‹ va mab‘as”. Tavis TxzulebaSi igi aRwers ara marto
muhamadis brZolebs, aramed Semdgomi periodis sxva movlenebsac, kerZod siriisa da
erayis dapyrobas, siffinTan momxdar brZolas, osmanis sikvdils da sxva. al-maRáz‹s
xazi Tavis Semdgom ganviTarebas ganicdis IX saukuneSi.
al-maRáz‹ gaxda safuZveli Txzulebebis dapyrobaTa istoriis Sesaxeb, romelTa
umetesoba dawerilia IX-X ss-Si. am TxzulebaTa safuZvels warmoadgens VIIs. dapyrobiT
omebSi monawile muslimTa moTxrobebi, romlebic zepirad gadaicemoda. VIIIs-Si es
moTxrobebi ukve literaturulad damuSavda da Caweril iqna. magram pirvel
tradicionalistTa (saif b. ‘umari, al-vákid‹, al-madá’inã) am Sromebs Cvenamde ar
mouRwevia. swored IX s-is II naxevridan Cven pirvelad vxvdebiT qronologiuri principis
mixedviT daweril istoriul Txzulebebs. muslimma avtorebma safuZvlad aiRes ara
romelime calkeuli Sroma, aramed masalis ganlagebis matianiseburi idea. am avtorTa
rigs ganekuTvneba al-balázur‹, aÐmad b. iahiá (gard. 892w.). mas ekuTvnis naSromi — “qiTáb
fuTå® al-buldán” (“wigni qveynebis dapyrobis Sesaxeb”). TiToeuli didi regionis
dapyrobas eZRvneba calke Tavi, sadac masala dalagebuli qronologiuri
TanamimdevrobiT _ muslimTa pirveli laSqrobebidan provinciis saboloo dapyrobamde.
avtori gadmoscems agreTve kulturuli, ekonomikuri da administraciuli xasiaTis
cnobebs (dapyrobili teritoriis marTva, gadasaxdebiT dabegvra, samoneto saqme da a. S.).
al-qåf‹m (abå mu®ammad a®mad ibn a‘sam, gard. 926 w.). Seadgina samtomiani (rva nawilad)
naSromi — “qiTáb al-fuTå®” (“wigni dapyrobaTa Sesaxeb”), romelic mxolod 1968-1975 ww-
Si gamoica haidarabadSi. naSromi qronologiurad moicavs periods xalifa abå baqris
taxtze asvlidan (632w.) — xalifa al-musTa‘‹nis sikvdilamde (866 w.). specialur
literaturaSi al-qåf‹s naSromis mniSvneloba jer kidev ar aris saTanadod dadgenili.
erTi ki cxadia, masSi xSirad motanilia iseTi cnobebi, romlebic sxva arabul istoriul

208
wyaroebSi ar gvxvdeba. aseT cnobebs ganekuTvneba arabeT-saqarTvelos istoriuli
urTierTobis adrindeli periodis amsaxveli masalebi.
VIII s-is bolos da IXs-is dasawyisSi safuZveli Caeyara arabuli tomebis
genealogiis Seswavlas. es iyo istoriuli literaturis antikvaruli mimarTuleba,
romlis pirveli warmomadgeneli iyo hiSám b. mu®ammad al-qalbã (gard. 820-8w.). mis
naSromSi — “qiTáb al-aínám” (“wigni kerpebis Sesaxeb”) daculia sayuradRebo cnobebi
winaislamuri periodis arabuli tomebis genealogiebis Sesaxeb. es krebuli Semdgomi
periodis istorikosebisaTvis iqca pirvelwyarod. al-balázur‹m Tavis naSromSi — “al-
ansáb al-aSráf” (“keTilSobilTa genealogiebi”) gadaamuSava tabakaTebis sistema da
genealogiebi erT uwyvet Txrobad warmoadgina, amasTan garkveul gegmas dauqvemdebara.
mogvianebiT Seiqmna zogadi xasiaTis genealogiuri leqsikonebi, romelTa Soris
gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania as-sam‘anis (gard. 1113w.) “qiTáb al-ansáb” (“genealogiis
wigni”). is warmoadgens islamis winaSe damsaxurebul pirTa nisbebis (warmomavlobis
saxelebis) krebuls. aq daculia CvenTvis saintereso ori nisba: aT-Taflãsã (Tbiliseli)
da al-qurjã (qarTveli). aqve aRvniSnavT, rom nisba aT-Taflãsã SeiZleboda mieRo yvelas,
vin ki raimeTi iyo dakavSirebuli TbilisTan. al-qurjã ki mxolod qarTvels SeiZleba
niSnavdes.
ibn vadih al-Áa‘kåb‹ (gard. 897w.) — “Ta’r‹x” (istoria) ori nawilisagan Sedgeba:
pirveli eZRvneba islamamdel xanas da warmoadgens msoflio istoriis mokle aRweras.
meore nawili aris saxalifos istoria. is iwyeba mociqul muhamadis dabadebis Sesaxeb
moTxrobiT da mTavrdeba avtoris Tanadrouli ambebiT (872 wlamde). masala ganlagebulia
qronologiuri TanamimdevrobiT, xalifebis zeobis wlebis mixedviT. TiToeul TavSi
mocemulia xalifas Sidapolitikuri saqmianobis da mis dros ganxorcielebuli samxedro
laSqrobebis mokle aRwera. Tavi mTavrdeba xalifas gardacvalebis Sesaxeb moTxrobiT da
misi nacvlebis da cnobili Tanamedroveebis CamoTvliT. msoflio istoriis tips
ganekuTvneba ibn kuTaibas (gard. 882w.) — “qiTáb al-ma‘arif” (istoriis saxelmZRvanelo),
romelic Sedgenilia mdivnebisaTvis da abu hanãfa ad-dãnavarãs (gard. 891 an 895 w.) qiTáb
al-axbár at-tivál (“grZeli gadmocemebis istoria”).
msoflio istoriis tipis nawarmoebebi Tavisi ganviTarebis umaRles mwvervals
aRwevs ori istorikosis saxiT, romlebic sxvadasxva mimarTulebas ganekuTvnebian: at-
tabarã da al-mas‘åd‹.
at-tabar‹s (abå ja‘far muÐammad b. jar‹r, 839-923) ekuTvnis sxvadasxva Temebisadmi
miZRvnili aTamde didtaniani naSromi. maT Soris “Ta’r‹x ar-rusål va-l-mulåq”
(“winaswarmetyvelTa da mociqulTa istoria”), romelic gamocemulia leidenSi 13 tomad,
1879-1901. naSromi iwyeba samyaros Seqmnidan da grZeldeba avtoris Tanadroul epoqamde.
masSi ganxilulia imdroindeli arabebisaTvis cnobili yvela didi kulturuli xalxis
istoria. Txzulebis I tomi eZRvneba samyaros Seqmnas, uZvelesi patriarqebis, mociqulebis
da gamgeblebis istorias. es nawili Zveli qristianuli da ebrauli legendebis
safuZvelzea Sedgenili. II tomSi mocemulia sasanianTa iranis istoria. Semdeg 4 tomSi _
muhamadisa da misi mimdevrebis, marTlmorwmune xalifebis istoria. VII, VIII, IX tomebi
mTlianad eTmoba omaianebs. xolo bolo 4 tomi — ‘abasianTa periods. Txroba grZeldeba
913 wlamde. tabaris popularoba gamoixata agreTve imaSi, rom yvela momdevno avtori
gadmoscems Tavis winamorbed istorias misi Txzulebis mixedviT.
al-mas‘åd‹, abu l-®asan ‘al‹ b. al-®usaini (gard. 956/57w.) iyo arabi istorikosi-
enciklopedisti da geografi. al-mas‘åd‹s ekuTvnis 20-ze meti naSromi codnis sxvadasxva
sferoSi (filosofia, istoria, muslimuri RvTismetyveleba da samarTali). Cvenamde
moaRwia orma naSromma — erTi istoriuli da erTi geografiuli. istoriuli xasiaTis
naSromi “qiTáb muråj az-zahab va-l-ma‘ádin al-javhar” (“wigni oqros samrecxloebisa da
Zvirfasi qvis sabadoebis Sesaxeb”) gamocemulia 9 tomad. Txroba iwyeba samyaros SeqmniT,
patriarqTa da winaswarmetyvelTa istoriiT. Semdeg is gadadis calkeuli qveynis
istoriis gadmocemaze. Txzuleba mTavrdeba ‘abasianTa istoriiT. arsebobs naSromis
franguli Targmani: Mas‘ūdī, Murūj al-Dhahab (Les Prairies d’or), ed. C. Barbier de
Meynard. 9 vols. Paris,1861-77.
ibn al-asãri, ‘izz ad-dãn abu-l-®asan ‘alã (1160-1233) _ arabi istorikosi, romelmac
Seadgina msoflio istoriis tipis kompilaciuri naSromi saTauriT: “qiTáb al-qámil fi-T-
Ta’rãx” an “Ta’rãx al-qámil” (“sruli istoria”). samecniero literaturaSi orive
dasaTaureba figurirebs. am naSromis pirvel nawilSi 922/23 wlamde, moTxrobilia at-
tabaris “istoria” SemoklebiT. meore nawili 1231 wlamde, originaluria. ibn al-asãrisa

209
da at-tabarãs naSromTa Sedarebas specialuri gamokvleva miuZRvna k. brokelmanma.
gamovlinda damatebiT 17 winamorbedi, romelTa naSromebsac farTod iyenebs ibn al-asãri
Tavisi Txzulebis calkeul TavebSi. am naSromis pirveli kritikuli mecnieruli gamocema
ekuTvnis k. tornbergs 1851-1876 wlebSi, 14 tomad.
istoriuli literaturis ori ZiriTadi mimarTulebis ganviTarebis Semdeg
(Txzulebebi dapyrobaTa istoriis Sesaxeb da msoflio istoriis tipis nawarmoebebi), IX
s-is meore naxevridan aRar gvxvdeba istoriuli Txzulebis agebis axali meTodi, Tumca
SeimCneva erTgvari gansxvavebac — axali masalis, oficialuri dokumentebis moSvelieba.
X s-is meore naxevridan saxalifos daSlis Sedegad warmoqmnil damoukidebel
saxelmwifoebSi Seiqmna dinastiuri da adgilobrivi qronikebi. saxalifos calkeul
qveyanaSi istoriul literaturas hqonda Tavis Taviseburebani, rac gamowveuli iyo am
qveynis ganviTarebis specifikiT. Tumca calke aRebuli arcerTi qveyana ar iyo mowyvetili
saxalifos erTiani istoriuli tradiciidan. aRniSnul periodSi istoriuli Txzulebis
ZiriTadi forma xdeba Tanamedrove analebi, romelTa avtorebi iyvnen karis istorikosebi,
saxelmwifo moxeleebi da ara istorikosi-swavlulebi. maT maRali Tanamdebobebi ekavaT
(uwyebaTa xelmZRvanelebi, kancelariis mdivnebi, zogjer ministrebic ki) da amdenad maT
xeli miuwvdebodaT saarqivo masalebze. isini iyenebdnen agreTve pirad kontaqtebs samefo
karTan. isini gamoxatavdnen oficialur saxelmwifo Tvalsazriss, gabatonebuli klasis
ideologias atarebdnen da aSuqebdnen istoriul faqtebs sasurvel aspeqtSi. amasTan
ifarglebodnen im olqis sazRvrebiT, romelSic isini cxovrobdnen. Tumca Cndeba
monacemebi sakancelario muSaobisa da wliuri biujetis sistemaze, cnobebi gadasaxadebis
da fulis moWris Sesaxeb, aqtebi taxtis memkvidreobiTobaze, sigelebi olqis gamgebelTa
daniSvnis Taobaze da a.S. oficialuri tipis istorikosTa ricxvi didia. mravali
istorikosi iZleva magaliTad, administraciuli mmarTvelobis istorias, rogorc vezirTa
istorias. aí-íålã (gard. 946w) pirveli iyo, vinc dawera naSromi vezirTa istoriaze (qiTáb
al-vuzará’). vezirTa istoriis mimarTulebam TandaTan arabebTan Seqmna tradicia. am
mimarTulebis warmomadgenlebi arian: al-jahSiÁárã (gard. 942/3w.), ibn misqavaihi (gard.
1030w.) da hilál as-íábi’ (gard. 1056w.).
XIV-XVI ss-Si arabul istoriografiaSi wamyvani adgili ekavaT egviptel
istorikosebs — mamluqebis istoriis, istoriuli enciklopediis, msoflio qronikebis
avtorebs. istoriul Txzulebebs arabul enaze werdnen ara marto arabul qveynebSi,
aramed muslimuri aRmosavleTis sxva qveynebSic: indoeTSi, iranSi, osmaleTSi da
aRmosavleT afrikaSi.
Sua saukuneebis arabul istoriografiaSi uxvi cnobebi moipoveba saqarTvelos
Sesaxeb.

arabuli literatura. zusti da sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebebisagan gansxvavebiT,

romlebic aRmocenda berZnuli, iranuli da induri tradiciebis safuZvelze, arabuli
filologiis yvela dargi (lingvistika, poezia, oratoruli xelovneba) sakuTriv arabul
niadagze warmoiSva. Tumca mis formirebas garkveulwilad xeli Seuwyo berZnulma
filosofiurma azrma. swored VII-IX ss-Si gamoiyo enaTmecniereba arabuli filologiis
damoukidebel dargad.
arabuli literaturis istoria jer kidev V saukunis dasasruls iwyeba. daaxloebiT
am droiT TariRdeba Cvenamde moRweuli pirveli literaturuli nimuSebi.
poezia. VIII saukuneSi al-juma®ãm (gard. 845w.) mogvca arabuli poeziis ganviTarebis
periodizacia: winaislamuri (kudamá’); Sereuli periodi (muxaÇramån — am periods
miekuTvnebian is poetebi, romlebic cxovrobdnen islamamdel xanaSic da islamis
warmoSobis adreul wlebSic)213; islamis xana (avá’il al-islámiÁãn — ZiriTadad
omaianTa xanis poetebi); Tanamedrove (mu®dasån — VIII-IX ss. poetebi).
Sua saukuneebis arabebi didad afasebdnen mWermetyvelebas, versifikaciis xelovnebas
da poeturi tradiciebis codnas. am tradiciis safuZveli iyo zepiri poezia, romelic
Camoyalibda islamamde arabeTis naxevarkunZulis momTabare-beduinTa wreSi. swored
islamamdel periodSi miiRo dasrulebuli saxe arabuli poeziis formebma, saleqso
zomebma da Janrebma. arabuli poeziis uZvelesi forma aris kaíãda. es aris mcire poema,
romelic Sedgeba erTiani riTmiTa da metriT gawyobili baiTebisagan (20-100 an meti).

213aseT poetTa ricxvs ganekuTvneboda ®assan b. sábiTi (gard. 659 an 669 an 673 w.), romelmac dawera
poemebi muhamadis Sesaqebad da cnobili iyo, rogorc “mociqulis poeti”.

210
kaíãda moicavs ramdenime nawils, poetur nawyvets, romlebic ar aris dakavSirebuli arc
siuJeturad da arc stilisturad, magram logikurad dasrulebulia. VII-VIII ss-Si moxda
maTi werilobiTi fiqsacia. erT-erTi uZvelesi krebulia “al-mu‘allakáT” — islamamdel
poetTa (imru-l-kaisi, zuhairi, tarafa, labãd b. rabã‘a, ‘amr b. qulsåmi, ‘anTara b. Saddádi,
al-®áris b. ®illiza) Svidi rCeuli kaíãda. TiToeuli kaíãda arabuli poeziis klasikur
nimuSad iTvleba214. kaíãda, rogorc poeturi forma SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnes Sesaqebad
(oda), TanagrZnobis gamosaxatavad, satirasaTvis. 762-784ww-Si iqna Sedgenili Zveli
arabuli poeziis anTologia — al-mufaÇalãÁáT215, romelSic Setanilia 68 avtoris (maT
Soris ori qristianis) 126 poema. islamamdeli arabuli poeziis yvelaze gavrcelebuli
Temebia: hijá’ — satira; marásã, marsiÁa _ elegia, sevdiani lirikuli leqsi216; mufáxara,
faxr — sakuTari Tavis an tomis Seqeba. islamamdeli poeziis (aS-Si‘r al-jáhiliÁa)
saukeTeso nimuSebis warmodgena xdeboda ‘uqáû-is bazrobaze (meqis axlos), sadac
regularulad imarTeboda poetTa paeqroba. gadmocemiT, saukeTeso kaíãdas Zvirfas
qsovilze werdnen da qaabas taZris kedelze kidebdnen.
mogvianebiT, islamis warmoSobisa da arabTa saxalifos Camoyalibebis Semdeg, Zveli
arabuli poezia gaxda arabizirebuli da islamizirebuli xalxebis saerTo kulturuli
monapovari. islamamdeli xanis poeturma Tematikam Rrma kvali daamCnia arabuli poeziis
istorias, gansazRvra misi mimarTuleba da Taviseburi saxe. mravali wlis manZilze (VIII-
XVIIIss.) arabeTis, erayis, siriis, egviptis, maRribis qveynebis da muslimuri espaneTis
mcxovreblebi qmnidnen poezias Zveli arabuli tradiciebis Sesabamisad.
ukve VII s-is bolos Sua saukuneebis poeti Tavis Semoqmedebas ganixilavda, rogorc
profesias da rogorc Semosavlis wyaros. umaÁÁanTa dros (661-750), xalifebisa da
princebis mecenatobis gamo, romlebic iyvnen poeziis moyvaruli, mieniWa poets kaíãda-
panegirikebis Semoqmedis roli. sasaxlis karis panegiristebis Semoqmedeba
reglamentirebuli iyo normatiuli poetikiT. poets wesisamebr unda Seeqo Tavisi
mmarTveli da mfarveli, miewera misTvis Semdegi Tvisebebi — simamace, islamisadmi
erTguleba, keTilSobileba. arabi filologi abå a®mad al-‘asqarã (gard. 1010 wlis
Semdeg) ase gansazRvravda aRniSnul periodSi poetis movaleobas: “erTxel filosofoss
uTxres, rom mavani da mavani poeti Tavis panegirikebSi ambobs tyuils. filosofosma
upasuxa: poets moeTxoveba mxolod lamazad Tqma, gulwrfeloba ki moeTxovebaT
mociqulebs”. umaÁÁanTa sasaxlis karis panegirist poetebs Soris gansakuTrebiT
ganTqmulni iyvnen: sirieli qristiani, epikuri poeti al-axtali (640-710); Tavisuflad
moazrovne al-farazdaki (daaxl. 641-732), romelic cnobili iyo Tavisi inveqtivebiT da
rigoristi jarãri (daaxl. 653-728/9). swored umaÁÁanTa epoqaSi Seiqmna ori axali Janri: e.
w. “politikuri poezia”, romelic umaÁÁanTa dinastiis interesebs emsaxureba da
satrfialo lirika. unda aRiniSnos, rom sxvadasxva politikur jgufebs hyavdaT TavianTi
poetebi, romlebic icavdnen gansazRvrul politikur an religiur doqtrinas da Tavs
esxmodnen mis mowinaaRmdegeebs. aseT poetur polemikaSi gamoyenebuli iyo uZvelesi
tradiciuli Janrebi — qeba (xotba) da ganqiqeba (satira). am periodis hijazSi satrfialo
lirikis ganviTarebaSi ikveTeba ori ZiriTadi mimarTuleba: beduinuri (uzriuli) da
qalaquri (omarituli). uzriuli mimarTuleba wminda, amaRlebul siyvarulsa da Soreul
satrfos umReris. uzriul mimarTulebaSi (‘uzrã Razal) mTavari elementi erTi
qalisadmi sasiyvarulo Tavis miZRvna, am siyvarulSi umwikvloeba da sikvdilamde
erTgulebaa. arabuli anTologiebis Tanaxmad is dakavSirebulia beduinTa tomis ‘uzras
(nisba — ‘uzrã) CveulebebTan. uzriuli siyvaruli (“al-®ubb al-‘uzrã”) arabuli
kulturis istoriaSi sulieri (platonuri) siyvarulis sinonimad, literaturisa da
filosofiis klasikur Temad iqca. am mimarTulebis warmomadgenlebi arian jamãl b.
ma‘mari (daaxl. 660-701), romelic Tavis satrfo busainas umReris, da kais b. al-mulavva®i,
metsaxeli majnån (gard. daaxl. 700w.), romelmac leqsebi miuZRvna Tavis Seyvarebuls —
leilas (laÁlá). kaisi da leila Seyvarebul wyvilTa sazogado saxelebad iqca da
arabulidan igi Sevida sparsul literaturaSi — niûámãs (gard. 1203 an 1209 w.) “leila da
majnuni”. uzriuli mimarTulebis poetebma garkveulwilad xeli Seuwyes arabuli

214 islamamdel poeziasTan dakavSirebuli sxvadasxva sakiTxi dawvrilebiT aris gaSuqebuli

naSromSi: mualakebi, Targmani n. furcelaZisa, Tb., 1985.
215 saxeli ewoda anTologiis Semdgenelis — mufaÇal b. mu®ammadis saxelis mixedviT.
216 saukeTeso elegiebi ekuTvnis arab poet qals (575-daaxl.643) — al-xansá’s. misi elegiebi
Sekrebil iqna ‘abasianTa dros divanSi (dãván).

211
misticizmis Camoyalibebas217. qalaquri (omarituli) poezia aris Tavisufali sasiyvarulo
poezia, sadac Warbobs mravalricxovani sasiyvarulo TavgadasavlebiT miRebuli
siamovneba. am tipis poeziis mimdevar poetTa Soris gamoirCeva medineli ‘umar b. abã rabã‘a
(644-712), romelic umReroda wminda da usityvo siyvaruls. sxva gamorCeul omarit poetebs
Soris dasaxelebuli arian: al-a®vaíi (gard. 728w.), al-‘arjã (gard. 738w.)218. “satrfialo
elegiis” an “satrfialo-elegiuri Janris” mniSvnelobiT arabulSi ixmareba “Razal”
(“ormxrivi siyvaruli”) romelic an kaíãdis nawili, an damoukidebeli, mokle leqsia (7-
dan 15 baiTamde). Razali (igive nasãb) Zvel odebSi erTgvari sasiyvarulo preludiaa,
romliTac islamamdeli da adreuli islamis xanis kasidebis umravlesoba iwyeba. Razali
dakavSirebulia musikasTan da simRerasTan da dRemde popularulia mTel muslimur
samyaroSi.
ukve VII-VIIIss. mijnaze Cndeba arabul enaze “qalaquri poeziis” aRmocenebis
pirveli niSnebi. xolo VIII-IX ss-Si iwyebs aRmocenebas da gavrcelebas arabul poeziaSi
sagangebod qalaqisadmi miZRvnili leqsebi — sxvadasxva formiT da saleqso zomiT
Sedgenili panegirikebi qalaqze.
‘abasianTa periodis arabuli literatura warmoadgens ara wminda arabuls, aramed
arab dampyrobTa da islamze moqceuli sxva sarwmunoebis xalxebis, kulturuli
integraciis Sedegad Camoyalibebuli sinkretuli arabul-muslimuri kulturis nawils,
arsebiTad islamur literaturas arabul enaze. aman xeli Seuwyo arabuli literaturis
ayvavebas VIII-XIIss.-Si. arabuli literaturis “oqros saukunes” (750-1055)219 1-li etapi
iwodeba “ganaxlebad” (al-®araqa aT-TajdidiÁa) da grZeldeboda VIIIs-is Sua wlebidan
IXs-is 30-ian wlebamde. “ganaxlebis” poetebi akritikebdnen Zvel arabul tradiciebs da
arsebiTad gardaqmnes arabuli poezia. arabuli tradiciuli poeziis “ganaxlebis”
iniciatorebi iyvnen islamizirebuli sparsuli ojaxebis warmomadgenlebi. axali
mimarTuleba mWidrod iyo dakavSirebuli moZraobasTan — Su‘åbiãa, e. i. politikur
brZolasTan, romelsac eweoda islamizirebuli xalxebis aristokratia, upirveles
yovlisa iranelebi, raTa moepovebinaT arab dampyrobelTa Tanabari uflebebi. am brZolam
asaxva pova poeziaSic. SemTxveviTi ar aris, rom “ganaxlebis” yvelaze TvalsaCino
warmomadgenlebi iyvnen iranuli warmoSobis arabi poetebi: baSár ibn burdi (714-783),
romelic Tavis leqsebSi dascinoda “velur” beduinebs da adidebda sparsul kulturul
tradiciebs220; abå nuvási (756-815), romelic akninebda islamur morals da Tavis poemebSi
umReroda miwier siamovnebebs, WabukTa siyvaruls (muzaqqaráT). abå nuvásis kalams
ekuTvnis TiTqmis yvela tradiciuli Janris leqsi, magram man didi reputacia moipova
Rvinis leqsebiT, romelic calke Janrad Camoayaliba (xamrãÁa — Rvinis poezia)221; abå-l-
‘aTáhიÁa (748-826), romelmac Camoayaliba filosofiur-asketuri Sinaarsis meditaciuri
poezia. man safuZveli Cauyara filosofiur-refleqsiur mimarTulebas arabul poeziaSi
(zuhdãÁáT). is kicxavda mmarTveli fenis TavaSvebulobas da medidurobas, islamis
normebis darRvevas. “ganaxlebis” poeziaSi, arabTa islamamdeli cxovrebis tradiciuli
aqsesuarebis aRweris nacvlad, didi adgili eTmoba qalaqelTa Tavyrilobisa da
mxiaruli drostarebis poeturad asaxvas.
IX s-is 30-iani wlebidan arabuli literaturis ganviTarebaSi iwyeba axali etapi:
“Zveli tradiciebisaken dabruneba”. IX-Xss-is poetTa panegirikebSi did adgils ikavebs
sagmiro motivebi, rac ukana planze iyo gadaweuli “ganaxlebis” poeziaSi. TandaTanobiT
Camoyalibda arabuli “klasicizmi”. sasaxlis karis panegiristebis poetur SemoqmedebaSi
Serwymuli iyo Zveli da avtoris Tanadrouli tradiciul-poeturi sistemebi. maT

217 ix.: gardavaZe d. uzriuli Razali da gadmocemebi uzriel poetTa Sesaxeb. filologiis
mecnierebaTa kandidatis samecniero xarisxis mosapoveblad warmodgenili sadisertacio naSromis
avtoreferati. Tb., 2003.
218 ix.: gardavaZe d. hijazuri (‘umarituli) Razali — aRmosavleTi da kavkasia, #2, Tb., 2004, gv. 178-
185.
219 evropelma mkvlevarma h. gibma mogvca arabuli literaturis aseTi periodizacia: oqros saukune
(750-1055), vercxlis saukune (1055-1258) da mamluqTa xana (1258-1800).
220 is Txzavda ZiriTadad satrfialo leqsebs, agreTve satirebs (hijá’), da ganaviTara es Janri. aman
xalifa al-mahd‹s risxva da poetis iZulebiTi sikvdili gamoiwvia. mas brali dasdes religiur-
filosofiuri moZRvrebis — maniqeizmis mxardaWeraSi, Tumca Cvenamde moRweuli leqsebiT es faqti
ar dasturdeba.
221 ix.: oZelaSvili m. Sua saukuneebis arabuli poeziis poeturi enis zogierTi Tavisebureba (Rvinis
metaforebi da epiTetebi abu nuvasis xamriaTis mixedviT). — aRmosavleTi da kavkasia, #2, Tb., 2004,
gv. 218-226; kervaliSvili v., Rvino yuranSi. — aRmosavleTi da kavkasia, #1, Tb., 2003, gv. 148-152.

212
ganaviTares da gaafarToves tradiciuli arabuli Janri _ vaíf (“aRwera”), ZiriTadad
bunebis himni. arabulenovan poeziaSi pirveli avtori, romelmac vrceli leqsebi miuZRvna
specialurad qalaqis arqiteqturuli Zeglebis (sasaxleebi, meCeTebi, Sadrevnebi da sxv)
aRweras, iyo al-bu®Turã (gard. 897w.). IX saukunis poeziaSi gamorCeuli adgili ukavia ibn
al-mu‘Tazzs (861-908), xalifa al-muTavaqilis SviliSvils, “erTdRian xalifas”. is ar
imcirebda Tavs tradiciuli panegirikebis SeTxzviT dajildovebis ZiebaSi. misi poeziis
mTavari Temebi iyo “Tanamedrove” siuJetebi _ mxiaruli Tavyrilobebi, bunebis silamaze
da sasiyvarulo Tavgadasavlebi. is icavda sakuTriv arabul kulturas, magram ganicdida
aristoteles “ritorikis” gavlenas. IX s.-is II naxevris arabi poetebis miswrafebam _
miebaZaT islamamdeli xanis poetebisaTvis _ gamoiwvia Zveli poeziis nimuSebis Segroveba
da poeturi anTologiebis Sedgena. gansakuTrebuli popularoba moipova orma
anTologiam, romlebic Seadgines abå Tammámma (gard. 846w.) da al-bu®Turãm. islamamdeli
teqstebis mniSvnelovani nawili Sekriba filologma ibn kuTaibam (gard. 882w.) Tavis
biografiul leqsikonSi — qiTáb aS-Si‘r va-l-Su‘ará’ (“wigni poeziasa da poetTa Sesaxeb”)
da abå l-faraj al-iífahánãm (gard. 967w.) anTologiaSi — “qiTáb al-aRánã” (“simReraTa
wigni”).
IX saukuneSi, sasaxlis karis panegiristebis gverdiT, moRvaweobdnen poetebi,
romelTa mtruli damokidebuleba xelisuflebisadmi iRebda religiuri opoziciis
(ZiriTadad Siituri) formas. swored aseT poetTa ricxvs miekuTvneboda warmoSobiT
berZeni poeti-satirikosi ibn ar-råmã (836-896), romlis satira mimarTuli iyo rogorc
konkretuli pirebis, ise zogadsakacobrio mankierebebis (siZunwe, Suri, veragoba)
winaaRmdeg. is warmoaCenda Tavs “neoklasicizmis” warmomadgenlad. Tumca misi poeturi
memkvidreoba, romelic misi gardacvalebis Semdeg Sekrebil iqna dãván-Si, imdenad
mravalferovania, rom Znelia mivakuTvnoT poetTa erT romelime skolas.
arabuli literaturis “oqros saukunes” bolo etapi moicavs X-XII saukuneebs da mas
pirobiTad uwodeben literaturuli sinTezis periods: am periodis literatura iyo
Zveli arabuli tradiciebis, romelmac gauZlo drois gamocdas da arabTa mier
dapyrobili xalxebis mravalsaukunovani tradiciebis sinTezi. aman xeli Seuwyo poeturi
Janrebis mravalferovnebas. X saukunisaTvis, saxalifos daSlis procesis dasrulebis
Semdeg, damoukidebel saxelmwifoTa mmarTvelebi erTmaneTs ejibrebodnen TavianTi
provinciuli dedaqalaqebis “brwyinvalebis” warmoCenaSi. isini TavianT rezidenciaSi
iwveevdnen poetebs da mecnierebs da guluxvad ajildoebdnen maT. am periodSi
popularuli gaxda Janri — munáûara (kamaTi upiratesobis gamosavlenad). alepos
mmarTvelis — hamdaniani saÁf ad-daulas (gard. 967w.) karze Camoyalibda literaturuli
wre. aq mravali weli moRvaweobda sagmiro Janris ganTqmuli poeti — al-muTanabbã (arab.
“is, vinc Tavs Tvlis winaswarmetyvelad”, 915-965). misi panegirikebi asaxavda samxedro
laSqrobebs da cxovrebis Sesaxeb filosofiur Sexedulebebs, rac arabTa aRtacebas
iwvevda mTeli Sua saukuneebis manZilze. mis sagmiro paTosiT gamsWvalul poezias
gamoarCevda metaforebis simravle. istorikosebi aRniSnavdnen, rom al-muTanabbãs
panegirikebiT SeiZleboda bizantiasTan misi mfarvelis omebis mTeli istoriis aRdgena.
poeti-panegiriki gamodioda sasaxlis karis JamTaaRmwerlis rolSi. al-muTanabbãs metoqe
poetur sarbielze iyo saif ad-daulas Zma — abå firás (932-968). is ganTqmuli iyo
leqsebiT, romlebic SeTxzuli iyo bizantiaSi tyved yofnis dros. saÁf ad-daulas karze
moRvaweobda agreTve poeti da biblioTekari, deskripciuli poeziis (xmlis, cxenis,
varskvlavebiani Ramis, gazafxulis bunebis aRwera) saukeTeso warmomadgeneli — aí-
íanavbarã (gard. 945w.). is aris pirveli poeti arabul literaturaSi, vinc aRwera soflis
peizaJi. misma Semoqmedebam didi gavlena moaxdina poet kuSájimze (gard. 941 da 971 wlebs
Soris), romelsac ekava qáTib-is da astrologis Tanamdeboba saÁf ad-daulas karze.
X saukuneebSi poetebi didi xalisiT adgendnen e. w. muáraÇebs — mibaZva winamorbedi
poetebisaTvis an cnobili poemis an leqsis dasawyis strofze Sedgenili variaciebi.
sirieli abu-l-‘alá’ al-ma‘arrãs (973-1057) filosofiuri lirika Tavisi TematikiT
da poeturi eniT mkveTrad gansxvavdeba Tavisi winamorbedebisa da Tanamedroveebis
poeziisagan. misi poeturi nawarmoebebis didi nawili dawerilia filosofiur-religiuri
suliskveTebiT. Tavis leqsebSi is saubrobs sikeTesa da borotebaze, adamianis moralur
pasuxismgeblobaze Tavisi qmedebebis gamo, WeSmarit rwmenaze, sicocxlisa da sikvdilis
saidumloebebze. misi “epistole patiebis Sesaxeb” (“risálaT al-Rufrán”) da “epistole
angelozTa Sesaxeb” (“risálaT al-malá’iqa”) msoflio literaturaSi erT-erTi pirveli

213
nawarmoebia, sadac saiqioSi mogzaurobaa aRwerili. arabuli samyaros qalaqebis Sesaxeb
satiruli leqsebis saukeTeso nimuSs warmoadgens misi satira q. alepoze.
arabuli literaturis “vercxlis xanad” iwodeba 1055-1258ww. aRniSnul periodSi
muslimur qveynebSi didi popularoba moipova sufiurma lirikam222. sufiuri literaturis
warmoSobis Semdeg gaCnda e. w. sufiuri Razali (satrfialo leqsi). arab mistikos-poetTa
Soris gamorCeuli adgili ukaviaT egviptel ‘umar ibn al-fáriÇs (1181-1235), romelic
iTvleba sufiuri azrovnebis erT-erT fuZemdeblad arabul literaturaSi223 da
andalusiel ibn al-‘arabãs (1165-1240). mkvlevrebi miuTiTeben andalusiis satrfialo
poeziis kavSirze trubadurul poeziasTan. siyvarulis gageba trubadurebTan
dakavSirebulia arabul “al-®ubb al-‘uzrã”-sTan, romelic atarebda platonur xasiaTs.
miuTiTeben, rom TviT sityva “trubaduri” an “trobar” (trobar) aris saxeSecvlili
arabuli sityva “tarab” (“sixaruli, mxiaruleba”).
arabuli poezia gaxda mibaZvis magaliTi mTel muslimur samyaroSi. islamuri
imperiis erT-erT nawilSi — andalusiaSi poetebi Tavdapirvelad misdevdnen baRdáds,
magram X saukunidan andalusiis poezia gamoirCeva originalurobiT. is iqca “espanurad”
da gaCnda musikasTan dakavSirebuli poeturi formebi: zajal (melodia)224 _ araklasikuri
prosodia da muvaSSa® (Semkobili)225 — preludia. am poeturma formebma daarRvies kasidas
mkacri CarCoebi da amiT andalusiam mniSvnelovani wvlili Seitana arabul poeziaSi.
yvelaze cnobili andalusieli poeti iyo ibn ®azmi (gard. 1064w.). man saxeli gaiTqva
siyvarulze neoplatonuri suliskveTebis poeturi naazreviT, nawilobriv
avtobiografiuli naSromiT: “tavk al-®amáma” (“mtredebis samkauli”), romelmac didi
gavlena moaxdina aRmosavlur da evropul Sua saukuneebis literaturaze.
XIII saukunidan sruldeba arabulenovani literaturis da Sesabamisad arabuli
poeziis dominirebis periodi da iwyeba sparsulenovani poeziis aRmavloba. axali poeziis
cnobili warmomadgelebi arian rådaqã (gard. 940 w.) da firdavsã (firdousi, gard.1020w.),
romelmac gaamdidra is monumenturi “nacionaluri” epopeaTi — “mefeTa wigni” (Sáh-náma).
iranulma kulturam Tavisi kvali daamCnia arabuli saleqso zomis tradiciul formebze,
maT Soris kasidaze, romelsac kvlav gabatonebuli mdgomareoba ekava sasaxlis karis
poeziaSi da gaamdidra es formebi, gansakuTrebiT masnavã (arab. ormagi. es aris didi
moculobis poema, romelic efuZneba ortaepeds) da Razali226. amis paralelurad ki Seqmna
axali — rubá‘ã (oTxetapiani leqsi), romlis saukeTeso warmomadgenelia ‘umar xaÁÁámi
(1048-1123). sparsuli poeziis didi klasikuri tradiciis bolo warmomadgenlad iTvleba
jámã (når ad-dãn, gard. 1492w.), romelmac didi gavlena moaxdina mogviano xanis sparsel,
Turq da indoel poetebze.
proza. Sua saukuneebis arabuli proza sakmaod mravalferovani iyo Janrobrivi
TvalsazrisiT. jer kidev islamamdel arabeTSi arsebobda arabuli moTxrobebis zepiri
gadacemis tradicia, rodesac arabeTis beduinebi Taobidan Taobas gadascemdnen
Tqmulebebs tomTa Soris omebze da arabTa sagmiro saqmeebze.
arabuli literaturis istoriaSi yurani Sevida rogorc pirveli werilobiTi
prozauli nawarmoebi. yurani dawerilia ZiriTadad gariTmuli proziT (saj). yuranma
daaCqara saliteraturo arabuli enis Camoyalibeba da xeli Seuwyo misi gramatikuli da
stilisturi normebis damkvidrebas. man didi gavlena moaxdina momdevno periodis arabi
da muslimi xalxebis literaturaze — poeziasa da prozaze.

222 sufiuri poeziis saukeTeso warmomadgeneli iyo poeti qali — valláda binT mu®ammadi
(espaneTis umaÁÁanTa ojaxis warmomadgeneli, gard. 1091w.), romelsac hqonda literaturuli saloni
kordovaSi.
223 ‘umar ibn al-fáriÇis xamrãÁa aris Rvinisadmi miZRvnili sufiuri nawarmoebi, mistikuri poema,
sadac yvela sityvas aqvs simboluri datvirTva. misTvis Rvino aris RmerTTan miaxloebis
saSualeba da RmerTis simbolo. dawvrilebiT ix.: mkervaliSvili v., ‘umar ibn al-faridis sufiuri
Razali — perspeqtiva-XXI, V, Tb., 2003, gv. 129-133. misive, ‘umar ibn al-faridis xamria. —
_aRmosavleTi da kavkasia, II, Tb., 2003, gv. 217.
224 am formis warmomadgeneli iyo ibn kuzmáni (gard. 1159w.), romelmac Semoitana arabuli enis
dialeqtis gamoyeneba musikaluri TanxlebisaTvis.
225 aRniSnuli formis warmomadgenlebi iyvnen: ibn zaÁduni (gard.1070w.) da ibn al-xatãbi (gard.1375w.).
226 msoflio literaturis margalitad iTvleba sparsulenovani mistikosi poetis — jalál ad-dãn
råmãs (gard. 1273w.) mistikur-didaqtikuri nawarmoebi “masnavã”. mistikuri mimarTulebis saukeTeso
warmomadgenelia niûámã, romelsac ekuTvnis 5 epikuri poema (arab. xamsa), romlebic Sedgenilia 1174-
5 — 1203-4 wlebs Soris. ukanaskneli sparseli mistikosi poeti iyo ®áfiûi (gard. 1390w.), didostati
Razalis, romelic dafuZnebuli iyo triadaze — “siyvaruli, Seyvarebuli, sayvareli”.

214
 arabuli prozis ganviTarebas pirveli biZgi misca mravalricxovanma Targmanebma
codnis sxvadasxva dargSi. werilobiTi produqciis Seqmnas xeli Seuwyes qaTibebma
(saxalifos kancelariis mdivnebi da mwerlebi), romelTagan mravali sparseli iyo da
komivoiaJorebma, romlebic Canawerebs akeTebdnen an karnaxobdnen mwerlebs TavianTi
mogzaurobebisa da Tavgadasavlebis STabeWdilebebs. ase Camoyalibda adabi (arab. “adab”)
— didaqtikur-saganmanaTleblo xasiaTis literatura (krebulebi, anTologiebi,
traqtatebi). es iyo arabuli prozis wamyvani Janri, kurtuazuli literaturis da
beletristikis Serwyma. Tavdapirvelad adabi moicavda wminda arabul mecnierebebs:
arabul gramatikas, poezias, metrikas, arabTa genealogias, magram VIII saukunidan misi
Sinaarsi gafarTovda indur-iranuli da berZnul-elinuri tradiciebis safuZvelze
(ritorika, eTika, filosofia da sxv.). es Janri, romelic nawilobriv anekdoturia,
xasiaTdeba ukiduresad zusti fsiqologiuri dakvirvebebiT. Sua saukuneebis muslimur
saogadoebaSi Camoyalibda warmodgena adibze — farTod ganaTlebul adamianze, romelic
aris literaturis kargi mcodne. arabebi ganasxvaveben adibs mecnieri specialistis —
‘álimisagan. “gansxvaveba adibsa da ‘álims Soris imaSia, rom adibi iRebs yoveli sagnidan
saukeTesos da aerTianebs erT mTelSi, ‘álimi ki cdilobs Seicnos codnis romelime erTi
dargi da miaRwios masSi srulyofas”.
adabis Janris erT-erTi fuZemdebeli iyo sparsuli warmoSobis arabi avtori ibn al-
mukaffa‘ (gard. 757w.). is cdilobda muslimuri sazogadoebisaTvis gaecno sparsuli
didaqtikuri da mxatvruli literaturis saukeTeso nimuSebi. mas ekuTvnis Targmanebic da
originaluri naSromebic. ibn al-mukaffa‘s dideba moutana induri didaqtikuri
moTxrobebis krebulis — “qilila da damana” [arab. “qalãla va dimna”] Targmnam saSualo
sparsulidan227. is upirveles yovlisa mimarTuli iyo xalifasa da misi garemocvisadmi.
avtori cdilobs aswavlos maT politikuri sibrZnis gakveTili, rac dafuZnebulia Sua
saukuneebis pragmatizmis principebze. mas samagaliTod miaCnia sparsuli saxelmwifo
wyoba. cnobilia agreTve ibn al-mukaffa‘s risálaT al-aí®áb [“traqtati mimdevrebis
Sesaxeb”].
adabis literaturis tradicia warmatebiT gaagrZela mecnierma-Teologma da
religiur-politikurma mweralma — al-já®iûim (775-868). is cdilobda SeeTanxmebina rwmena
Tavisi drois moTxovnebTan. misi Sromebis katalogi 200 dasaxelebas moicavs, Tumca
Cvenamde mxolod 30-ma moaRwia sruli saxiT. isini aris ZiriTadad samecniero,
filosofiuri da politikur-publicisturi xasiaTis. is iyo fuZemdebeli mu‘Tazilobis
erT-erTi mimdinareobis, romelsac ewodeboda “já®iûiÁa”. al-já®iûi iyo agreTve
literatori-satirikosi. mas ekuTvnis satiruli traqtati “qiTáb al-buxxala” (“wigni
Zunwebis Sesaxeb”) — moTxrobebis da anekdotebis krebuli Zunwebisa da maTi qmedebebis
Sesaxeb. al-já®iûis gmirebi arian xorasanisa da iranis sxva olqebis mcxovreblebi,
romelTac aqvT es nakli xelgaSlilobis arabuli tradiciis sapirispirod. al-já®iûis
naSromebSi STambeWdavad aris asaxuli inteleqtualuri, politikuri, religiuri da
socialuri cxovreba IX s-is I naxevris saxalifoSi. amave periodSi moRvaweobda agreTve
ibn kuTaÁba (gard. 889w.). romelmac sabolood daadgina adabis literaturuli gegma. is
cdilobda daecva arabuli kultura da literatura beduinTa poeturi tradiciebis
aRdgeniT. mis literaturul memkvidreobaSi mniSvnelovania: qiTáb ‘uÁån al-axbár (“codnis
wyaro”); “qiTáb adab al-qáTib” (“filologiis saxelmZRvanelo mdivnebisaTvis”) da sxv.
adabis JanrSi mravali naSromi Seqmnes gviani Sua saukuneebis mecnierebma da
kompilatorebma. Cvenamde moaRwia egvipteli mecnieris jalál ad-dãn as-suÁåtãs (1445-1505)
krebulma — “®avã”, romelSic Sesulia gasarTobi istoriebi da fsevdo-istoriuli
xasiaTis anekdotebi. am tipis Txzulebebi gankuTvnili iyo mkiTxvelis gasarTobad, Tumca
masSi aRwerilia realuri istoriuli movlenebic.
X saukunis arabul mwerlobaSi Camoyalibda originaluri prozaul-poeturi Janri
makáma (arab. TavSeyris adgili) — pikareskuli (TaRliTuri) novela, romelSic
moTxrobilia ganaTlebuli moxetiale Ratakis Tavgadasavali. iwereboda leqs-CarTuli
gariTmuli proziT (saj‘). krebulSi (makámáT) Tavmoyrili makamebi siuJeturad ar aris
dakavSirebuli erTmaneTTan, maT aerTianebs 2 mudmivi personaJi: ganaTlebuli, Wkviani,
amave dros moxetiale upovari adamiani da misi oinebis mowme mTxrobeli (rávã), romelic
maRalfardovnad, gadmoscems mis Tavgadasavals. makamebSi Tematika da fabula TamaSobda
meorexarisxovan rols, da eyrdnoboda siuJetur motivebs da situaciebs, romlebic

227 “qalãla va dimna” uSualod arabulidan Targmna g. lobJaniZem.

215
mWermetyvelebis gamovlenis sababi xdeboda. am Janris fuZemdebelia arab-sparseli
mwerali — badã‘ az-zamán al-hamadánã (968-1008), xolo mis saukeTeso mTxzvelad iTvleba
erayeli al-®arãrã (1054-1122)228, romelmac srulyo es Janri. makáma klasikuri arabuli
mxatvruli formaa, romelic al-®arãrãs makamebis krebulis ebraulad Targmnis (1218w.)
Semdeg gavrcelda indoeTsa da espaneTSi, sparsul, siriul, ebraul literaturaSi.
monRolTa Semosevebisa da ‘abasianTa saxalifos dacemis Semdeg (1258w.) daqveiTebis
gzas daadga klasikuri arabuli literatura. es aris imitaciisa da kompilaciis xana.
swored am periodSi arabTa kulturul memkvidreobaSi mniSvnelovani adgili ukavia
xalxur literaturas, romelic Camoyalibda da didi popularoba moipova qalaqebSi,
xelosnebisa da vaWrebis wreSi. es literatura warmodgenilia poeziis sxvadasxva
JanrebiT, novelebiT (fantastikuri, sayofacxovrebo, didaqtikuri da sxv.) da
mravaltomiani sagmiro romani-epopeaTi (e. w. sãra). xalxuri literaturis nawarmoebebs ar
hyavdaT konkretuli avtori. isini aRmocenda folkloris bazaze da saukuneebis manZilze
muSavdeboda da ixveweboda profesionali deklamatorebis mier. arsebobda
gansakuTrebuli profesia Sá‘irebis (poetebis) da muhaddisi-mTxrobelebis, romlebic
deklamirebas axdendnen am teqstebis musikis TanxlebiT bazrebSi, moednebze, yavaxanebSi.
Tumca maT hqondaT winaswar momzadebuli teqstebi, ramac xeli Seuwyo werilobiTi
tradiciis ganviTarebas. amasTan isini aqtiurad amuSavebdnen winamorbedi anonimi
avtorebis teqstebs, avsebdnen axali detalebiT, dialogebiT, da mTeli rigi epizodebiT.
xalxuri literatura gankuTvnili iyo sxvadasxva kategoriis adamianebisaTvis. Sua
saukuneebis arabuli saavtoro prozisagan gansxvavebiT, xalxur literaturaSi
gamefebuli iyo mdidari, ukidegano fantazia.
xalxuri literaturis Zeglebidan evropuli civilizaciis qveynebSi yvelaze
metad cnobili gaxda “aTas erTi Rame” (“alf laÁla va laÁla)”, romelic 7 saukunis (VIII-
XV) manZilze iqmneboda da Sekrebilia xalxuri sityvierebis sxvadasxva Janris
nawarmoebebi: sasiyvarulo Sinaarsis moTxrobebi, jadosnuri zRaprebi, sayofacxovrebo
novelebi, moTxrobebi mogzaurobebze da sxvadasxva istoriuli anekdotebi da
TavSesaqcevi istoriebi. am moTxrobebSi moqmedeba aucileblad viTardeba RamiT, radganac
aRmosavleTSi Rame yovelTvis iyo aseTi gadmocemebisaTvis Sesaferisi dro. roman-eposebs
Soris aRsaniSnavia “sãraT ‘anTara” (“anTaras cxovrebis aRwera”), romelic Sedgenil iqna
arabi filologis — al-aíma‘ãs (gard. 828w.) mier da “sãraT aû-ûahir baibars” (“baibarsis
cxovrebis aRwera”, Cvenamde moaRwia 60 tomma), romlis idealizebuli gmiri aris
mamluqTa didi sultani baibarsi (1260-1277). sayofacxovrebo novelebis gmirebi
Cveulebriv iyvnen baRdadis mcxovreblebi, xolo TavSesaqcevi sasiyvarulo istoriebis
aqtiuri monawile — hárån ar-raSãdi, romlis idealizirebuli saxe didxans darCa
xalxis cnobierebaSi da xalxuri folkloris prototipi gaxda. “aTas erTi Rame” 1704
wels gadaiTargmna frangul enaze antuan galanis mier da mTeli msoflio gaecno
zRaprul, magiur aRmosavleTs, romelic mas Semdeg SemoqmedebiTi STagonebis wyaro
gaxda. “aTas erTi Rame” Targmniliaa sxvadasxva enaze, maT Soris qarTul enaze229.
Sua saukuneebis arabuli literaturis yvela Janri ama Tu im aspeqtSi gvaZlevs
mdidar masalas saxalifoSi mcxovrebi xalxebis kulturisa da yofis Sesacnobad.

saxviTi xelovneba. islami qristianobisa da iudaizmisagan gansxvavebiT, saxviT

xelovnebas naklebad iyenebda religiis propagandisaTvis. arabul-muslimur kulturas ar
Seuqmnia plastikuri xelovneba — ferwera da skulptura evropuli da antikuri gagebiT.
islamSi ikrZaleba cocxali arsebebis gamosaxva (adamianebi, cxovelebi, Citebi, mwerebi da
a.S.) kerpTayvanismcemlobis Tavidan asacileblad da erTRmerTianobis dasacavad. amasTan
ar SeiZleba, rom adamianma Tavisi SemoqmedebiT konkurencia gauwios RmerTs. islami
Tvlis, rom cocxali adamianis Seqmna RmerTis saqmea, romelic aris Semoqmedi (al-xalik).
adamiani, romelic gamosaxavs cocxal arsebas, verasodes ver gaacocxlebs mas da
moiyvans moZraobaSi. hadisebis Tanaxmad, alahis mociqulma Tqva: “[gankiTxvis dRes]
yvelaze mkacri sasjeli elodebaT imaT, vinc cdilobs mibaZos alahis qmnilebebs”.

228 mas ekuTvnis naSromi saxelwodebiT — “makámáT”. ix.: doliZe n., al-hariris — “al-makamaTi”.
misi kompozicia. — Tsu Sromebi, aRmosavleTmcodneoba, Tb., 2002; misive, makamis adgili arabul
dramaturgiaSi. — aRmosavleTi da kavkasia, #2, Tb., 2004, gv. 189-192.
229 ix. “aTas erTi Rame”. 8 tomad. Targmnes da komentarebi daurTes n. furcelaZem da T.
margvelaSvilma. g. wereTlis redaqciiTa da winasityvaobiT. Tb.,1968-19

216
ikrZaleba agreTve mociqulebis, angelozebis gamosaxva, rac farTod aris gavrcelebuli
“saRvTo werilis” xalxTan. Tumca akrZalva ar gavrcelda dekoratiul ferweraze. islami
uSvebs mcenareebis, peizaJebis da geometriuli figurebis gamosaxvas. cocxali arsebebis
gamosaxvis akrZalvas kidev ufro didi yuradReba eTmoba IX saukuneSi, roca muslimuri
imperiis SemadgenlobaSi iyvnen xalxebi, romelTa religiebi (qristianoba, budizmi) da
samxatvro tradicia centralur adgils uTmobda adamianis gamosaxvas. muslimuri
“anikonizmi” (figurul gamosaxulebebze uaris Tqma) SesaZloa gaZlierda VIII-IXss-Si
bizantiaSi warmoSobili xatmebrZoleobis moZraobis zegavleniT. cocxali arsebebis
gamosaxvis Teologiur akrZalvas aZlierebda istoriuli faqtorebic. araerTi
SemTxvevebi iyo, roca nadgurdeboda qandakebebi an naxatebi Zeglebze da metalis
nakeTobebze, maT Soris muslimurzec: nadgurdeboda egvipturi da berZnul-romauli
skulpturebi, qristianuli eklesiebi, budisturi Zeglebi. am movlenam ukiduresi forma
miiRo muslimTa mier indoeTis dapyrobis dros. swored am pirobebSi ganviTarda arabeska
da kaligrafia. religiuri gamosaxulebis mniSvneloba SeiZina kaligrafiuli xeliT
dawerilma wminda teqstma. arabul-muslimur kulturaSi plastikuri xelovnebis
ekvivalentebs qmnida mxatvruli kaligrafia, ornamenti da miniaturuli ferwera. amas
xeli Seuwyo VIII-IX saukuneebSi muslimur samyaroSi antikuri nawarmoebebis (elinisturi,
sparsuli, induri) Targmanebma da maTSi arsebuli ilustraciebis gacnobam.
dRes islamur samyaroSi warmodgenilia ferweris yvela ZiriTadi mimarTuleba
(naklebad skulptura) sagnobrividan abstraqtulamde. ganviTarda fotografia da
kinematografiac.

kaligrafia. [berZn. lamazad da mkafiod weris xelovneba] — arabul enaSi damwerlobis

da kaligrafiis gageba gaerTianebulia erTi terminis qveS (xatt), rac gamowveulia
TviTon arabuli enis, rogorc yuranis enis, wminda xasiaTiT. arabuli damwerloba,
romelic yuranis gardmovlenis dros Casaxvis mdgomareobaSi imyofeboda, emsaxureboda
wminda teqstis Senaxvas da fiqsacias. mxolod mogvianebiT moxda misi srulyofa da
reformireba gramatikosebis da kaligrafebis mier.
islamis adreul periodSi umTavresad gavrcelebuli iyo arabuli damwerlobis
ori saxeoba: 1. qufuri, romelsac gamoarCevda mkacrad sworxazovani grafika. misi
ganviTareba gagrZelda XII s-mde da am droidan man SeiZina dekoratiuli funqcia. is
gamoiyeneboda meCeTebze ornamentuli warwerebis, monetebis zedwerilebisa da yuranis
xelnawerebisaTvis230. qufuridan ganviTarda arabuli damwerlobis kidev erTi saxeoba —
maRribi, romelic gavrcelebulia marokoSi, Tunissa da alJirSi. 2. nasxi — ufro
momrgvalebuli, ufro damyoli. mas iyenebdnen papirusze da qaRaldze sawerad. nasxiT
aris naweri Cvenamde moRweuli arabuli xelnawerebis umetesoba. misgan ganviTarda
arabuli damwerlobis mravali saxeoba, Cvenamde moaRwia 6 maTganma (aklám-i siTTa):
sulus, nasx, mu®akkak, rã®án, riká‘ da Tavkã‘. damwerlobis es saxeobebi farTod
gamoiyeneboda klasikur muslimur kancelariebSi, magram yuranis teqstis gadasawerad
gamoiyeneboda mxolod pirveli sami da ukanaskneli. nasxi safuZvlad daedo Tanamedrove
arabul sastambo Srifts. es eqvsive saxeoba pasuxobda samecniero moTxovnebs, romlebic
daawesa ‘abasianTa periodis vezirma da genialurma kaligrafma abå ‘ali b. muklam (gard.
940w.): asoebis sigrZe, sigane da diametri gamoTvlili iyo proporciaTa sistemiT (al-xatt
al-mansåb), romelic Semdeg ganaviTara ibn al-bavvábma (gard. 1022w.). sawerad iyenebdnen
lerwmis an bambukis kalams. sami saukunis Semdeg, es saxeobebi gaxda ufro lamazi da
daxvewili cnobili arabi kaligrafis — ÁákåT al-musTa‘íimãs (gard. 1298w.) Semoqmedebis
wyalobiT. mas uwodebdnen “kiblaT al-quTTáb”-s (“kaligrafTa models”)231. is iyo
‘abasianTa sasaxlis bolo didi kaligrafi. amis Semdeg baRdadma dakarga Tavisi
mniSvneloba da arabuli kaligrafiis ganviTareba xdeba sparseTis qalaqebSi: heraTi
(haráT), maShadi, Tavrizi da mogvianebiT Teirani. sparselma kaligrafebma damatebiT
SeimuSaves kaligrafiis sparsuli stili — Ta‘lãk da nasTa‘lãk, romelic sabolood
damkvidrda XV s-Si. osmalebma Seqmnes sakuTari kaligrafiuli stili, maT Soris
mTavaria dãvánã (kancelariisaTvis). Sua saukuneebis islamur samyaroSi kaligrafia
gamdidrda ornamentebiT, sxvadasxva saxis gamosaxulebebiT (frinvelebi, cxovelebi).
kaligrafia gaxda muslimi xalxebis mxatvruli kulturis safuZveli.

damwerlobis am saxeobam Tavis srulyofilebas miaRwia q. qufaSi.

230
gadmocemiT, is yovel dRe yuranis ori nawilis [juz‘a] da TveSi ori yuranis kopios asrulebda.
231
sul gadawera yuranis 1001 egzemplari. mas hqonda skola baRdádSi.

217
wignis miniatiura. xelnawer wignebSi ferweruli da grafikuli gamosaxulebebis
pirobiTi saxelwodeba aris wignis miniatiura [“Taívãr”]. mecnierTa azriT, swori iqneba
miniatiurebi ewodos mxolod mravalferian ilustraciebs, romlebic Sesrulebulia
guaSiT, akvareliT an sxva saRebavebiT, magram am saxelwodebiT ixsenieba agreTve Sua
saukuneebis xelnawer wignebSi erTferiani naxatebic da gaformebis saxviT-dekoratiuli
elementebic — “xatulobebi”, “inicialebi” da sxva. miniatiura ganuyofelia wignis
xelovnebisagan, romelic aris arabul-muslimuri xelovnebis ZiriTadi saxe. manuskripti
— es aris mravali profesiis (gadamwerebis, kaligrafebis, ornamentalistebis,
miniatiuritebis, momvarayeblebis, amkinZvelebis, qaRaldis mwarmoeblebis, pigmenturi
saRebavebis damamzadeblebis da sxv.) adamianis TanamSromlobis nayofi. am specialistTa
jgufis Sekreba SeiZleboda mxolod sasaxlis karze da mecenatebis daxmarebiT. arabTa
saxalifoSi did warmatebebs miaRwia gadamweri-kaligrafebis xelovnebam. cnobili
mecenatebi, mdidari moqalaqeebi, mecnierebi erTmaneTs ejibrebodnen xelnawerebis
SegrovebaSi da gadamwerebs ukveTavdnen ZviradRirebul kopioebs. Sua saukuneebis arabma
JamTaaRmwerlebma da mogzaurebma dagvitoves ‘abasianTa da fatimianTa biblioTekebis
aRwera, romelTagan mxolod mcire nawilma moaRwia Cvenamde. wignis xelovnebas
garkveuli biZgi misca qaRaldis warmoebam VIII saukunidan. nebismieri xelnaweris
gadawera xdeboda erTnairi gulmodginebiT. Tumca yuranis teqtebis kopioebis
Sesrulebas gansakuTrebuli yuradReba eqceoda. yuranis gverdiT, religiuri
xelnawerebis kategorias ganekuTvneboda hadisebi da mistikuri literatura. religiuri
teqstebis calke jgufs Seadgenda “mi‘ráj-námas” xelnaweri — muhamadis Ramis
mogzaurobis Dda misi zecad aRmasvlis Sesaxeb. islamSi cocxali arsebebis gamosaxvis
akrZalvis miuxedavad, am teqstis mravali kopio Seicavda miniatiurebs (XVI s-dan).
wignadi produqciis meore kategorias, religiuri teqstebis gverdiT, Seadgenda
literaturuli teqstebi. mas miekuTvneboda poeturi nawarmoebebic, Sromebi gramatikaSi,
zRaprebi, igavebi, epikuri moTxrobebi. istoriul literaturas ganekuTvneboda matianeebi
da zogadistoriuli Txzulebebi. literaturis meoTxe kategorias Seadgenda samecniero
da enciklopediuri xasiaTis naSromebi, romlebic warmoiSva mTargmnelobiTi saqmianobis
aRmavlobis periodSi Xs.-Si. muslimur samyaroSi wignis xelovnebis gansakuTrebul saxed
iTvleba kaligrafiuli warwerebis, miniatiurebis, leqsebis albomebi. maTi Sinaarsi
ganisazRvreboda damkveTebis gemovnebiT.
umaÁÁanTa periodSi araferi ar iyo cnobili wignis xelovnebis Sesaxeb. ‘abasianTa
dros am xelovnebam Tavis ayvavebas miaRwia. VIII-IX saukuneebSi mimdinareobda berZnuli
teqstebis Targmna, xolo XII-XIIIss-s ganekuTvneba maTi arabuli ilustrirebuli versiebi.
miniatiuram, rogorc gamomsaxvelobiTma mxatvrobam, muslimur aRmosavleTSi ganviTarebis
sxvadasxva etapi gaiara. XV saukuneSi miniatiuristi ayvanili iqna mxatvris rangSi. is
ukve Tavis xelmoweras tovebs nawarmoebebze da uars ambobs anonimurobaze. miniatiuris
skolebi arsebobda azerbaijanSi, eraySi, iranSi. miniatiurebis pirveli skolebis Seqmna
ukavSirdeba abasianTa mmarTvelobis periods, saxeldobr “sibrZnis saxlis” daarsebas,
romelic dakavebuli iyo antikuri Txzulebebis TargmniT. cnobili iyo e. w. “baRdádis
skola”. arabulad Targmnil xelnawerebSi ilustraciebi ganicdis originalis gavlenas,
magram ukve misgan gansxvavdeba. Tumca am periodis miniatiurebi ar asaxavs sinamdviles.
arabi mxatvrebis miniatiurebSi Warbobs siuJetebis siuxve. mxatvari-miniatiuristebi
gamosaxavdnen scenebs xalxis yoveldRiuri yofidan, sasaxlis karis cxovrebas, qadagebas
meCeTSi, dResaswaulebs, monaTa bazars, Soreul ekzotikur qveynebs saocari frinvelebiT
da cxovelebiT. Tumca maTi samxatvro ena elementarulia, naklebad aris gadmocemuli
adamianis xasiaTi. saero Sinaarsis xelnawerebze (samecniero da mxatvruli
literatura232) miniatiura gaCnda XIIs.-Si.
1258 wels monRolTa mier baRdadis aRebis Semdeg, arabuli kulturis centrebma
gadainacvla siriaSi da egvipteSi, sadac mamluqTa sultnebi da amirebi ukveTavdnen
TavianTi biblioTekebisaTvis xelnawerebis ganusazRvrel raodenobas. XIII saukunis
bolos kvlav gaCnda pirobebi wignis xelovnebis aRmavlobisaTvis, romelic sparsuli

232 safrangeTisa da sanqt-peterburgis erovnul biblioTekebSi inaxeba al-®arãrãs makamebis

krebulis unikaluri xelnaweri miniatiurebiT, romlebic Sesrulebulia e. w. “baRdadis skolis”
normebiT. es skola ganicdida bizantiuri xelovnebis gavlenas da gamoirceoda “naturalizmis”
tendenciebiT. SemorCenilia agreTve “baRdadis skolis” mxatvrebis miniatiura-ilustraciebi
arabuli Sua saukuneebis literaturis sxva nawarmoebebzec. mag., “qalãla va dimna”.

218
gavlenis qveS moeqca. sparsuli miniatiuris centrebi iyo — heraTi (haráT), Sirazi,
Tavrizi, buxara. iranSi wignis xelovnebas did yuradRebas uTmobda ori dinastia:
ãlxánãanebi (1256-1353) da Tãmårianebi (1370-1506). pirveli dinastiis mmarTvelobis periods
ganekuTvneba raSãd ad-dãnis msoflio istoriis (“jámi‘ aT-Tavárãx”) cnobili kopios
Seqmna da firdavsã’s Sah-names (“Sáh-námas”) manuskriptis Sedgena. miniaturebSi, romlebic
amSvenebda am nawarmoebebs, igrZnoba Soreuli aRmosavleTis (saxeldobr CineTis) Zlieri
gavlena. TãmårianTa xelisuflebis saTaveSi mosvlis Semdeg, miniatiurulma mxatvrobam,
kaligrafiulma damwerlobam, mooqrovisa da wignis kinZvis xelovnebam ganviTarebis
umaRles dones miaRwia. Tavrizma wamyvani adgili dauTmo heraTs, romelic XVI saukunis
bolomde darCa aRmosavluri islamuri samyaros msxvil kulturul centrad da sadac
muSaobda miniatiurebis didostati, mxatvari da kaligrafi — bihzádi (1450-1536). iranSi
wignebisadmi gansakuTrebul interess iCendnen Sah Tamazi (1527-1576) da misi SviliSvili
(Sah abasi, 1587-1629), romelTa mecenatobam xeli Seuwyo saukeTeso naSromebis Seqmnas.
TandaTanobiT, wignis miniatiuris xelovneba daeca, rasac xeli Seuwyo wignebis
beWdvam. Tumca Cvenamde moRweuli nimuSebi warmodgenas gviqmnis aTaswlovan islamur
civilizaciasa da mis evoluciaze.

bihzád, qamál ad-dãn — yvelaze cnobili sparseli mxatvari da kaligrafi (heraTi,

avRaneTi, 1450 — irani, daaxl. 1536). Tavdapirvelad is muSaobda biblioTekarad sultan
— ®usaÁn báÁkarásTan, romelmac saTave daudo TãmårianTa dinastiis (1370-1506) meore
“oqros saukunes”. TãmårianTa dinastiis dacemis Semdeg, is gadavida TavrizSi, sadac
xelmZRvanelobda pirveli sefiani mmarTvelebis — Sah ismailis da Sah Tamazis
biblioTekas. ukve sicocxleSi bihzadi sargeblobda didi avtoritetiT, xolo misi
saxeli imdenad cnobili iyo, rom sami saukunis ganmavlobaSi saukeTeso miniatiurebze
iyo misi apokrifuli xelmowera.
bihzadis miniatiurebi amSvenebda niûámãs “xamsa”-s (1493w.), sa‘dãs “båsTán”-s (1488w.) da
“gulisTán”-s (1486w.) da sxva nawarmoebebs. bihzadim gaamdidra isini eleganturi
naturalisturi kompoziciebiT, romlebic asaxavda “fsiqologiur” klimats
ilustrirebuli fragmentebis: Ria sivrce figurebiT, romlebsac hqonda ganumeorebeli
plastika da eqspresia; naTeli, magram harmoniulad SerCeuli ferebis gama.

arqiteqtura. islamuri kulturis sferoebidan yvelaze metad xelovnebaSi aisaxa

elinistur-bizantiuri da iranuli tradiciebi. islamis warmoSobamde hijazs
praqtikulad ar hqonda arqiteqturuli tradiciebi. pirveli wminda islamuri nageboba
iyo meCeTi. arabTa mier dapyrobili xalxebis mxatvruli tradiciebi islamis gavlenis
qveS moeqca da amis Sedegad Sua saukuneebis xelovnebaSi Camoyalibda erTiani arabul-
muslimuri ekleqtikuri stili, romelic erTis mxriv pasuxobda mmarTvelTa da
privilegirebuli fenis moTxovnas, xolo meores mxriv icavda islamis mkacr moTxovnebs,
ramac praqtikulad gansazRvra arqiteqturis formebi. am dapyrobebis dros arabebi
gaecnen sxva xalxebis arqiteqturul tradiciebs, ramac xeli Seuwyo islamuri
arqiteqtureuli stilis mravalferovnebas. pirveli arabi arqiteqtorebi
xelmZRvanelobdnen iranis, bizantiis, siriis, egviptis da indoeTis xuroTmoZRvarTa
magaliTiT. arabebma pirvelad aRmarTes qalaqi-banakebi qåfa da baíra eraySi da kairaváni
TunisSi. amis Semdeg intensiurad daiwyes meCeTebis da administraciuli nagebobebis
mSenebloba. am primitiuli nagebobebidan arc erTi ar SemorCa Cvenamde. Tumca CvenTvis
cnobilia, rom VII s.-is 40-iani wlebisaTvis eraySi aSenda pirveli sakrebulo meCeTebi
(baíraSi, qåfaSi da fustátSi)233. maTi ubralo dagegmareba SesaniSnavad pasuxobda maT
mravalfunqciur daniSnulebas: individualuri da koleqtiuri locvis, religiuri
ganaTlebis, politikuri Sexvedrebis da sasamarTlo administrirebis adgili, upovarTa
da obolTa TavSesafari.
Sua saukuneebis arabuli arqiteqtura viTardeboda, uwinares yovlisa, berZnul-
romauli da iranuli xuroTmoZRvrebis tradiciebis gadamuSavebis safuZvelze. umaÁÁanTa
mmarTvelobis periodi SeiZleba CaiTvalos gardamtex etapad islamuri civilizaciis

233 qufaSi sa‘ad ibn abã vakkáíma, xalifa ‘umar I-is miTiTebiT, aago meCeTi. arqiteqtorad
dasaxelebulia sparseli råzbih b. buzurjmihri. is iyenebda mSeneblobisaTvis gamomwvar agurs
(ájurr), xolo svetebi ki aRebuli iqna hiras regionSi mdebare qristianuli eklesiidan, romelic
ekuTvnoda sparsel mefeebs.

219
istoriaSi. amis gamovlineba iyo umaÁÁanTa xanis damaskos didi meCeTi, romelic 705-715
wlebSi aSenda. is Tavdapirvelad ioane naTlismcemlis taZars warmoadgenda, romelic
Semdeg meCeTad gadakeTda. meCeTis mSeneblebma kargad gamoiyenes adgilobrivi elinisturi
da siriul-bizantiuri xuroTmoZRvruli tradiciebi. Tumca es aris pirveli sakulto
nageboba, sadac arqiteqturul formaSi aisaxa muslimTa religiuri warmodgenebi.
damaskos meCeTi aSenda e. w. “arabuli gegmiT”: hipostili — vrceli gadaxuruli nageboba,
darbazi, romlis Weri svetebs eyrdnoba da aqvs ezo (ía®n)234. es aris samnaviani nageboba,
romelic oqroTi da Zvirfasi qvebiT aris mopirkeTebuli, xolo iataki da kedlebis
nawili — marmariloTi. kedlebi mozaikuri ornamentiTaa gaformebuli. meCeTis
dekoratiuli ferwera mogvianebiT, IX saukuneSi aRlabianebs gamouyenebiaT kairavánis
cnobili meCeTis agebisas. swored umaÁÁanTa meCeTis mSeneblobisas danergila agreTve
islamur sakulto xuroTmoZRvrebaSi mihrabi. Sua saukuneebis muslimebi damaskos did
meCeTs msoflios 7 saocrebaTa Soris asaxelebdnen.
svetebiani meCeTi arabul qveynebSi didxans darCa ZiriTad monumentur
xuroTmoZRvrul nagebobad (rabati, maraqeSi)235. man gavlena moaxdina iranis, kavkasiis, Sua
aziisa da indoeTis muslimur xuroTmoZRvrebaze. am periodis meCeTebi gamoirCeoda
frontoniT [jamalån]236. muslimuri Senobisa Tu nagebobis arqiteqturuli kompoziciis
mniSvnelovan elements Seadgenda sveti, metwilad mrgvali kveTisa. umaÁÁanTa periodSi,
svetebiani meCeTis garda, viTardeba gumbaTovani nageboba. mag., kubbaT aí-íaxra (kldis
gumbaTi, 688-692). is aris yvelaze uZvelesi muslimuri nageboba, romelic dRemde SemorCa.
es gasaocari Senoba aris cisferi, waagavs jadosnur cixes firuzisagan, romelsac
agvirgvinebs uzarmazari oqros gumbaTi (misi diametri — 20 metria, xolo simaRle — 34
metri) naxevarmTvariT. kubbaT aí-íaxra warmoadgens ekleqtizmis magaliTs, romelmac
safuZveli Cauyara islamur xelovnebas. es rvakuTxa meCeTi ufro adreul qristianul
taZars mogvagonebs. meCeTis kedlebze mozaika Sesrulebulia bizantiuri xelovnebis
gavleniT: marmarilos, sadafis da oqros Sexameba. Tumca am meCeTze gaCnda pirvelad
islamuri xelovnebis axali elementebi: didi epigrafikuli frizi da monumenturi
kaligrafiuli warwera. warwerebSi aris yuranis aiebi, romlebic xazs usvams islamis
upiratesobas qristianobaze. mozaikur warwerebs Soris moxseniebulia am meCeTis
amSeneblis — ‘abd al-maliqis saxeli. aqve unda mivuTiToT, rom yuranis fragmentebis
gamosaxvam meCeTebSi igive roli iTamaSa, rac warwerebma qristianul taZrebSi.
umaÁÁanTa dros farTod gaiSala saero mSenebloba: amagrebdnen qalaqebs, agebdnen
xalifaTa sasaxleebs da cixesimagreebs qalaqgareT. siriasa da iordaniaSi dRemde
SemorCenilia ramdenime aseTi “udabnos cixesimagreebi”. maTi umravlesoba aSenebulia VIII
saukuneSi. isini aris adreuli muslimuri xelovnebis saukeTeso nimuSi. aRniSnuli
nagebobebi morTuli iyo mrgvali qandakebebiT, mozaikiTa (fusaÁfisá) da kedlis
mxatvrobiT. sainteresoa, rom zogierT maTganze SemorCa freskebi adamianebis da
cxovelebis gamosaxulebiT, rac ikrZaleboda islamSi. aseT cixesimagreTa ricxvs
ganekuTvneba al-azrak (744w.), kaír mSaTTá (744w.), kaír ‘amra237 (kuíaÁr ‘amra, 711-715), kaír
al-®aÁr aS-Sarkã (729w.), xirbaT al-mafjár, kaír at-tåba (744w.) da sxv. kaír mSaTTá
gamoirCeva Tavisi reliefiT, upirveles yovlisa aJuruli ornamentuli friziT. iTvleba,
rom mSaTTás frizi pirveli nabijia axloaRmosavluri arabeskuli ornamentis
CamoyalibebaSi. kaír ‘amra — gamoirCeva kedlis mxatvrobiT. aq aris mocekvave da mobanave
qalebis naturalisturi gamosaxulebebi. arabuli Sua saukuneebis xelovnebis safuZveli
gaxda arabuli motivebis Serwyma antikur, bizantiur da iranul samxatvro tradiciebTan.
es yvelaze naTlad gamoCnda 727w. xalifa hiSamis mier aSenebul sasaxleSi — kaír al-
®aÁr al-Rarbã (“dasavleTis sasaxle-baRi”). am arabuli sasaxlis gegmiT aSenda mogviano
xanis mravali nageboba espaneTSi. arabuli samSeneblo xelovneba gavrcelda siciliaSic.
es “udabnos cixesimagreebi” gamoirCeoda Tavisi baRebiT, romlebsac hqonda sparsuli
dagegmareba, magram arabebma daamates iseTi arqiteqturuli kompoziciebi, rogoricaa:
portiki, daxuruli galereebi seirnobisaTvis, peristili.

234 zogjer aseT meCeTebs hqonda ezoSi TaRedi mzisagan dasacavad.

235 maraqeSSi [arab. marrákuS] quTubiÁÁas meCeTs (XIIs.) aqvs 150 sveti, romlebic qmnis 17 navs.
svetebze aris nalisebri TaRebi. misi minareTi yvelaze maRalia maRribSi (77 m.).
236 frontoni — Senobis fasadis zemoTa, Cveulebriv samkuTxa nawili, romelic SemosazRvrulia
ormxriv daqanebuli saxuraviTa da arqitraviT.
237 kaír ‘amras arabebi eZaxdnen “wiTel cixes”, radganac samSeneblo masalad gamoyenebul iqna
wiTeli qviSaqva.

220
arabeski, arabeska — ornamentis gansakuTrebuli saxeoba, romelsac safuZvlad udevs
geometriuli figurebisa da stilizebuli yvavilebis, foTlebis, saxeebis (romelebic
zogjer warwerebsac Seicaven) Serwyma. is gamoiyeneboda xelovnebis mraval dargSi —
xelnawerebis gasaformeblad (wignis xelovneba), aplikaciebisaTvis (metalze, keramikaze)
da arqiteqturaSi. umaÁÁanTa dros arabeska ver damkvidrda, rogorc xelovnebis saxe. is
farTod gavrcelda ‘abasianTa da fatimianTa dros X-XI ss-Si. arabeska erTnairi
warmatebiT gamoiyeneboda mraval qveyanaSi: espaneTidan (al-Rambra dekoraciebi, kordovas
Zeglebi indoeTamde (Táj maÐalli agraSi). nasridTa (muslimuri dinastia espaneTSi —
1230-1492) dinastiis yuranis miniaturebi aSkarad miuTiTebs arabeskis evoluciaze. did
warmatebebs miaRwies osmalebma (iznikis keramikis pano topkapiSi) da sefianebma (Sahis
medreses gumbaTi isfahanSi). gansazRvrul SemTxvevebSi SeiZleba arabeskis Sexameba
kaligrafiasTan, geometriul figurebTan da adamianebisa da cxovelebis
gamosaxulebebTanac ki. am SemTxvevaSi mas ewodeba — groteski [cxovelebis, mcenareebis
da sxva gamosaxulebebis wnulisagan Sedgenili ornamenti], rasac didi warmateba hqonda
evropaSi renesansis dros.

umaÁÁanTa periodSi islamuri saxelmwifo pirvelad iwyebs sasaxleebis aRWurvas

abanoebiT (®ammám), romlebSic SenarCunda miwisqveSa Rumelebis saSualebiT cxeli wylis
miwodebis antikuri sistema. am periodSi abanoebs umaÁÁanTa cixesimagreebis msgavsi
arqiteqturuli gaformeba hqonda. Tumca gaqra baseinebi, savarjiSo darbazebi da abanoSi
iyo Tanmimdevrulad ganlagebuli darbazebi mzrdadi sinotiviT: gasaxdeli, gauTbobeli
darbazi (the calidarium, frigidarium), cxeli darbazi (the tepidarium), orTqlis
darbazi (the sudatorium).
aRmosavluri tradiciebis gavlena (gansakuTrebiT sasanianTa iranis) gaZlierda
‘abasianTa dros (750-1258). ‘abasianebma daiwyes qalaqebis mSenebloba. 762-766 ww-Si aSenda
qalaqi baRdádi, romelic iyo mrgvali qalaqi (al-madina al-mudavvara) 2,6 km diametriT
da gamagrebuli ormagi kedlebiT. mravalferovani iyo ‘abasianTa saxalifos dedaqalaqis
— baRdádis saero da sakulto nagebobebi: xalifas sasaxle, meCeTebi, saxelmwifo
dawesebulebebi da yazarmebi armiisaTvis. al- maníåris mrgvali qalaqisagan gansxvavebiT,
samarrá’ iyo Ria qalaqi, gare damcavi nagebobebis gareSe. xalifa al-mu‘Taíimma (833-842)
axali qalaqis mSeneblobisaTvis moiwvia arqiteqtorebi, mxatvrebi da xelosnebi
uzarmazari imperiis yvela provinciidan. xalifas brZanebiT, specialuri brigada xsnida
marmarilos mopirkeTebas da svetebs aleqsandriis Zvel qristianul taZrebs da agzavnida
samaraSi. qalaqs amSvenebda meCeTebi, xalifas da misi axloblebis sasaxleebi, romelic
gansxvavdeboda umaÁÁanTa xanis sasaxleebisagan. 836 wels xalifa al-muTasimma aago
sasaxle (dár al-xiláfa), romelsac 176 ha ekava da ori ganyofilebisagan Sedgeboda:
“dár al-‘ámma” (sajaro sasaxle), sadac xalifas audienciebi hqonda orSabaTs da
xuTSabaTs da “al-javsak al-xákánã” — xalifas da misi ojaxis rezidencia. sasaxlis
kedlebis ornamentis “xaliCiseburi” naySi gamoirCeva mcenareuli motivebiT. farTod iyo
gavrcelebuli poliqromiuli ferwera. ‘abasianTa sasaxleebi gaxda modeli Sua
saukuneebis islamuri samyarosaTvis. samaras ayvaveba gagrZelda naxevari saukune (836-883).
swored samaras arqiteqturul nagebobebze iqna gamoyenebuli pirvelad feradi WiquriTa
da minanqriT mosarTavad mxatvruli keramikis erT-erTi qvesaxeoba — qaSanuri. Tumca
keramikis xelovnebam Tavisi ganviTarebis mwvervals miaRwia iranSi, centralur aziasa da
osmaleTis imperiaSi. samaraSi al-muTavaqilis meCeTi (850w.) aris yvelaze didi meCeTi
msoflioSi (misi farTobi aris 38 aTasi kv. m.). samaras meCeTebs hqonda zikuratisebri anu
spiraluri minareTebi _ es iyo safexurebiani, sakulto koSkura-nageboba. pirvelad
samaraSi daarsda mavzoleumi xalifebisaTvis. siriisa da erayis arqiteqturaSi farTod
iyo gavrcelebuli sxvadasxvagvari gumbaTovani nagebobebi, romelic iyo kubiseburi
formis da gumbaTis naxevarsfero eyrdnoboda gumbaTis yels. monumenturi arabuli
arqiteqturisaTvis tipuri iyo portali da nalisebri, ufro xSirad isruli TaRi
fanjrebiT, romelic dafaruli iyo qvis figuruli badiT.
X saukunidan ‘abasianTa saxalifos daSlas mohyva regionaluri politikuri
centrebis da Sesabamisad sxvadasxva arqiteqturuli mimarTulebebis warmoSoba. arabuli
xuroTmoZRvrebis gansakuTrebul skolas ganekuTvneba fatimianTa droindeli (909-1171)

221
nagebobebi kairoSi. didi mSenebloba mimdinareobda kairoSi fatimianTa dros, meCeTebi238,
sasaxleebi, qarvaslebi, abanoebi, saxlebi, magram wina epoqebisagan gansxvavebiT, ara
gamomwvari agurisagan aramed qvisagan. IX saukuneSi samma Zmam — arqiteqtorebma edesidan
— aaSenes qalaqis 3 kari: báb al-fuTå® (gamarjvebis kari), báb zuvaÁla da báb an-naír
(daxmarebis kari). maT TaRs amSvenebs xaris Tavis gamosaxuleba. fatimianebma aaRorZines
sparsuli monumenturi arqiteqtura. meCeTebis dekoraciaSi gamoyenebuli iyo dekoratiul-
gamoyenebiTi xelovnebis sxvadasxva formebi: Zvirfasi xaliCebi, karnizebi, xeze
mxatvruli kveTa, oqroTi qargva da sxv. farTod gamoiyeneboda agreTve stuko —
kedlebis mosapirkeTebeli xelovnuri marmarilo. cixesimagreTa xuroTmoZRvreba
gamoirCeoda sada monumenturi formebiT. XII saukunidan TaRebi da fasadebi dafaruli
iyo niSebiT, romelTac hqonda stalaqtituri mopirkeTeba (arab. mukarna).
X saukunidan gaCnda aRmosavleTSi medreseebic. Tavisi dagegmarebiT medreseebi
axlos iyo meCeTebTan. medreseeebis arqiteqturuli stili Camoyalibda selCukianTa
iranSi da miRebul iqna mTel muslimur samyaroSi _ buxaridan fesamde da lahoridan
stambulamde. aivnebi (ZiriTadad sami an oTxi)239 gaxda medreses ZiriTadi elementi da
isini ganlagebuli iyo erT an or sarTulze. medreseebis dekoratiuli gaformebisas
gamoyenebuli iyo aguri, xe, keramika, stuko da skulpturulad damuSavebuli qva.
XIII-XVI ss-Si monumentur arqiteqturaSi sivrcobrivi xuroTmoZRvrebis sawyisebma
adgili dauTmo grandiozul arqiteqturul moculobebs. aSenda didi oTxaivniani tipis
Senobebi (manamde mxolod iranisaTvis iyo damaxasiaTebeli): kalaunis márisTáni240 (1284-
1285) da Ðasanis meCeTi (1356-1362) kairoSi da sxva. kedlebis dasamSveneblad, rogorc
garedan ise interierSi, mxatvrul kveTasTan erTad gvxvdeba feradi qvebis inkrustaciac.
X saukuneSi aRorZinda saflavebis arqiteqtura, rac swrafad gavrcelda mTel islamur
samyaroSi, aiubianTa da mamluqTa mmarTvelobis dros. XIII saukunidan siriis qalaqebSi
agebdnen mravalricxovan gumbaTian mavzoleumebs (mamluqebis sasaflao kairoSi).
aRniSnul xanaSi mavzoleumebis, medreseebis da qaravan-saraebis gaformebisas iyenebdnen
stalaqtitebs, ferTa farTo gamas, naZerw Wers da horeliefs.
espanelma muslimma xuroTmoZRvrebma gamoiyenes sxvadasxva civilizaciisagan
aRebuli iseTi detalebi, rogoricaa hipostili241, isruli, nalisebri da mravalkbila
TaRebi, iarusebiani minareTebi, frizebi da karnizebi, karkasuli gumbaTebi da kamarovani
zedapiri, kapitelebi, feradi kenWebis mozaika, romlebic ar iTvleba islamur siaxled.
magram am elementebis Taviseburi kompoziciiT, navebis simravliT, xesa da stukoze
amokveTili dekoratiuli ornamentebis simdidriT Seiqmna gamorCeuli arqiteqtura.
arabul-espanur xelovnebaSi, romelic vestgoTebis, berberebisa da arabebis mxatvruli
tradiciebis Serwymis safuZvelze yalibdeba, gansakuTrebiT gamoirCeva mavriTanuli anu
mavruli arqiteqturuli stili. is Camoyalibda XI-XVI ss-Si CrdiloeT afrikasa da
espaneTis samxreT nawilSi (mavrebis batonobis dros). misTvis damaxasiaTebelia
arkadebi, gumbaTebi da mdidari geometriuli ornamenti. aRsaniSnavia kordovas (mezkuitas)
didi meCeTi (785-987) da alhambras (arab. al-®amrá’ — wiTeli; 1248-1354) sasaxle granadaSi,
romlebic iTvleba islamuri xelovnebis Sedevrebad. XV-XVI ss-Si andalusiaSi
gavrcelda mudexaris stili242, romelSic gotikis (mogvianebiT renesansis) kompoziciuri
xerxebi Sexamebuli iyo mavriTanuli xelovnebisaTvis damaxasiaTebel niSnebTan. am
stilis nagebobisaTvis iyeneben aguris wyobiT gamoyvanil naySisebur morTulobas,
isrul-nalisebr TaRebs da kamarebs, Sorenkecebs243, alebastrsa da stukze amokveTil
mdidrul dekors.

238 Cvenamde moaRwia al-azharis (970-972), al-®áqimis (990-991), al-axmaris (1125w.) da aí-íáli® talá’i‘s
(1160w.) meCeTebma.
239 aivani - kamarovani darbazi sami yru da erTi Ria kedliT, ezos mxridan.
240 kompleqsi, romelic Sedgeba meCeTis, mavzoleumis, hospitalis (márisTán) da medresesagan.
241 aseTi tipis meCeTebidan gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia mezkuitas (esp. niSnavs meCeTs) meCeTi
kordovaSi, romelsac hqonda 850 sveti (oniqsis, granitisa da. marmarilosagan). am meCeTis
mSeneblobis dros iqna pirvelad gamoyenebuli mravalkbila TaRebi.
242 esp. mudéjar; espanur teqstebSi es termini Cndeba mxolod XV s.-Si (1462w.). manamde is aris
mavris (muslimis) sinonimi. arab. mudajjan, an ahl ad-dajn (arabebi, romlebic darCnen espaneTSi
granadis dacemis Semdeg (1492w.) da miiRes qristianoba rekonkistas Semdeg). mudexaris stili
xelovnebaSi gamoiyeneboda im ganuwyveteli zemoqmedebis aRsaniSnavad, rasac islamuri xelovneba
axdenda qristianul xelovnebaze rekonkistas Semdeg.
243 Sorenkeci — gamomwvari Tixis Txeli fila, romlis winapiri dafarulia WiquriT.

222
musikaluri xelovneba. islamuri musikaluri xelovneba aris arabuli, sparsuli,
Turquli da induri musikaluri kulturebis Serwymis Sedegi. istorikosTa azriT,
arabuli musika aRmocenda arabeTis naxevarkunZulze, jer kidev islamamdel xanaSi (V da
VII saukuneebs Soris). es periodi musikisa da poeziis erTianobiT xasiaTdeba. arabi
poetebi TavianTi poemebis deklamirebas axdendnen maRali musikaluri ritmiT da toniT.
musikaluri hangi zepiri gziT vrceldeboda cnobili xelovanebis mier. islamamdel
xanaSi Zalze gavrcelebuli iyo ®idá’ — saqaravno simRera.
yuranis sawinaaRmdegod hadisebi kicxaven musikas [arab. måsãkã, måsãká]. hadisebis
Tanaxmad, islamSi daSvebulia mxolod wminda wignis mravalxmiani kiTxva da mueZinis
melodiuri xma. am akrZalvebis miuxedavad, VII saukunis dasasrulidan klasikuri arabuli
musika ayvavebas ganicdis. simRera da musika iyo mmarTvelTa da aristokratTa garTobis
da mxiaruli Tavyrilobebis Semadgeneli nawili. arabuli musika ZiriTadad erTxmiania,
misTvis damaxasiaTebelia diatonika da uxvi melizmebi, rac mas originalur kolorits
aniWebs. VII-VIII saukuneebSi ganviTarda instrumentul-vokaluri xelovneba, sadac
wamyvani roli momRerals ekuTvnis. omaianTa periodSi pirveli momRerlebi, musikosebi,
mocekvaveebi ZiriTadad iyvnen sparsuli da siriul-bizantiuri warmoSobis.
gansakuTrebuli talantiT gamoirCeodnen hijázãs musikaluri skolis warmomadgenlebi —
sá’ib xásiri (gard. 682 w.), ibn misja®i244 (gard. 705-715 ww. Soris) da jamãla
(gardacvalebis TariRi ucnobia), romelic iyo momRerali qali. gadmocemiT man iswavla
musikis elementebi da simRera Tavisi mezoblis — sá’ib xásiris mosmeniT. man daarsa
skola medinaSi, sadac musikaluri ganaTleba miiRes ibn ‘á’iSam, ®abábam da sallámam. mis
salons regularulad stumrobdnen poetebi: ‘umar b. abã rabã‘a, al-a®vasi da al-‘arjã
(gard. 738w.).
abå l-faraj al-iífahánãm Tavis anTologiaSi — “qiTáb al-aRánã” [“simReraTa
wigni”] mogvca X s.-is yvelaze ufro cnobili melodiebis da musikaluri stilis aRwera.
es naSromi mowmobs musikis popularobaze xalifaTa sasaxleebSi da mosaxleobis farTo
masebSi, gansakuTrebiT damaskoSi, baRdadSi245 da medinaSi. ‘abasianTa periodis musikalur
xelovnebaSi kargad aris cnobili sparseli — ibráhãm al-mavíilã (742-804) da misi Svili
— is®ák al-mavíilã (767-850), romelic iTvleba barbiTze (‘åd) dakvris Seudarebel
ostatad. xalifa hárån ar-raSãdis davalebiT, ibráhãmma Tavis kolegebTan (ibn jámã‘ da
fulaÁ® b. abi-l-‘avrá’) Seadgina 100 saukeTeso simReris krebuli (“al-asváT al-mi’a al-
muxTára”), romelic safuZvlad daedo al-iífahánãs naSroms. man daarsa agreTve baRdadSi
skola mona-qalebisaTvis, sadac Tavis xelovnebas aswavlida 80 moswavles. aqedan
gamomdinare, profesional momRerlebs Soris mravali mona iyo. ibráhãmis gasamrjelo 1-2
aTas dinars Seadgenda. ibráhãmma Zveli hijázãs stili klasikurad gamoacxada. klasikuri
periodis musika, romelic Taobidan Taobas gadaecemoda, ismoda agreTve derviSTa
monastrebSi. rigoristebis mier musikis gmobis miuxedavad, sufiurma ritualurma cekvebma
(samá‘) xeli Seuwyes musikaluri kulturis ganviTarebas da mis farTod gavrcelebas.
musikis samyaroSi gamoCndnen novatorebic (e. w. modernistebi, romlebic daupirispirdnen
klasikosebs): ibráhãm b. al-mahdã (gard. 839w.) baRdadSi da mona-musikosi — zirÁáabi (arab.
“Savi mona”, gard. 852w.), rac klasicizmis gamarjvebiT damTavrda xalifa muTavaqilis
mmarTvelobis (847-861) dros. swored zirÁáabi (warmoSobiT sparseli) iyo arabuli
musikis populizatori espaneTSi umaÁÁani xalifa ‘abd ar-raÐmán II-is (822-852) karze. man
daarsa kordovaSi musikaluri skola da SeimuSava tonebis sxvadasxva raodenobis mqone
kiloebriv-orkestruli sistemebi — navba (“musikaluri seansi”), romelic warmoadgenda 5
da meti nawilisagan Semdgar kompozicias da sruldeboda sasuliero da dasartymeli
instrumentebiT. zirÁáabma dawera ramdenime Teoriuli naSromi, gamoigona mediatori da
daamata barbiTs mexuTe simi, ramac gaamdidra misi xmovaneba da uzrunvelyo simebTan
rbilad Sexeba. man moaxdina namdvili revolucia, gadaaqcia muslimuri espaneTi arabuli
islamuri xelovnebis centrad, romelmac Tavis mxriv xeli Seuwyo arabuli warmoSobis
musikaluri instrumentebis gavrcelebas da saorkestro musikis ganviTarebas. ibn
xaldunis sityvebiT, misi musikaluri xelovneba warmoadgenda “bgerebis okeanes,
romelmac moicva sevilia da mTeli andalusia”. andalusiis skola gaxda wamyvani
klasikuri periodis axlo aRmosavleTis musikalur cxovrebaSi.

244 misi mowafeebi iyvnen: ibn mu®rizi, ibn suraiji, al-RarãÇi, ma‘bad da Áånus al-qáTibi.
245 “aTas erTi Rame” q. baRdads asaxelebs musikaluri cxovrebis centrad.

223
 arabuli warmoSobis musikaluri sakravebi iyo: 1. dasartyami sakravebi _
cilindruli formis, saTamaSo doli (tabl al-lahv), saomari doli (tabl al-®arb),
naRara (nakkára)246, mcire zomis kvadratuli daira (duff) da sxva247. 2. Casaberi sakravebi:
lerwmis, lelqaSis an xisagan damzadebuli salamuri (mizmár), lerwmis fleita (náÁ),
fleita (kuííaba, kaíaba), buki (båk) da sxva. 3. simebiani sakravebi: barbiTi (‘åd)248, viola
(rabáb),249 orRani (urRan) da sxva.
IX-XVI ss-Si arabi mecnierebi werdnen traqtatebs musikis Sesaxeb, romelic
ganixileboda maTematikis nawilad da swavlobdnen sxadasxva musikaluri Janrebis
esTetikur, eTikur da samkurnalo funqciebs. musikis Teoriul aspeqtebs yuradReba
miaqcies al-qindãm, al-fárábãm, avicenam, ibn al-haÁsamma, ibn bájjam da sxva mecnierebma,
romelTac TavianT naSromebSi gaagrZeles da ganaviTares berZeni moazrovneebis
samecniero tradiciebi musikis dargSi. arabuli musikis Teoretikosebma didi gavlena
moaxdines Sua saukuneebis evropis musikalur Teoriasa da praqtikaze. muslimma
musikismcodneebma didi wvlili Seitanes axali musikaluri instrumentebis gamogonebaSi
da melodiebis Casawerad specialuri niSnebis (notebis) SesamuSaveblad. evropul enebSi
dRemde aris SemorCenili nasesxebi sityvebi, romlebic miuTiTeben islamuri periodis
musikis gavlenaze250.
XIII saukuneSi muslimurma musikalurma xelovnebam apogeas miaRwia, gaaerTiana
mTeli islamuri samyaros samsaxiobo talantebi da tradiciebi religiuri da eTnikuri
niSnebiT SezRudvebis gareSe. amave periodSi sabolood SemuSavda musikaluri kodeqsi
Tavisi esTetikuri moTxovnebiT (intervalebi, ritmi, melodia). 1258 wels monRolTa mier
baRdadis aRebisa da abasianTa saxalifos mospobis Semdeg “musikaluri erTianoba”
dairRva. sparseTma Camoayaliba Tavisi musikaluri normebi mravalsaukunovani
memkvidreobis safuZvelze da iyenebda mxolod sakuTar musikalur instrumentebs.
sparsuli musika efuZneba melodiur repertuars, romlisTvisac damaxasiaTebelia mdidari
vokaluri kombinaciebi. XVI saukunidan osmalTa batonobis periodSi Camoyalibda
Turquli musika, romelSic Cans “moxetiale derviSebis” (mevlevi) gavlena.

2. osmaluri civilizacia

1453 wlis 29 maiss mehmed II dampyrobelma (fáTiÐ, mmarTvelobda 1444-46 da 1451-

1588ww-Si) daimorCila konstantinopoli da gadaaqcia is Tavisi imperiis dedaqalaqad
saxelwodebiT - isTanbul (stambuli).
XVI saukune osmaleTis istoriaSi iTvleba “oqros saukuned”. 1517 wels sultanma
selim I-ma (1512-1520) egviptis dapyrobiT daasrula mTeli arabuli axlo aRmosavleTis
damorCileba. osmaleTis imperiis meaTe da yvelaze TvalsaCino sultnis — suleiman I-is
mmarTvelobis 46 wlis manZilze (1520-1566) qveynis samxedro Zlierebam da osmalurma
civilizaciam Tavis apogeas miaRwia. aRniSnul periodSi stambuli iyo imperiis
polieTnikuri dedaqalaqi stabiluri saxelmwifo mmarTvelobiT, materialuri da
sulieri kulturis centri da msoflios udidesi qalaqi 700 aTasi mcxovrebiT. stambuli
gaxda mrewvelobisa da xelosnobis centri, sadac moqmedebda aTasze meti sxvadasxva
korporacia. suleimani, romelic mecenatobas erT-erT umniSvnelovanes saxelmwifo
funqciad Tvlida, mfarvelobda poetebs, mwerlebs, mxatvrebs, xuroTmoZRvrebs. sulaimani

246 Sua saukuneebSi naRara gamoiyeneboda nebismieri religiuri procesiis TanxlebisaTvis.

247 arabebTan haremSi yovelTvis iyo ori dasartymeli musikaluri instrumenti (tamburini tunbår)
da doli, dafdafi (darabuqqa), raTa qalebs SeZlebodaT daekraT TavianTi siamovnebisaTvis. ix.
Лэйн Э. У., Нравы и Обычаи Египтиян в первой половине XIX в. gv. 285-292.
248 ix.: nino kaxiani-anTiZe. Zalebiani sakravebi — barbiTi da muRni. − aRmosavleTi da kavkasia, #3,
Tb., 2005, gv. 331-333.
249 arsebobda ori tipis viola “rabáb al-muRanni” (momRelebis viola) da “rabáb aS-Sa‘ir”
(poetebis viola). isini erTmaneTisagan gansxvavdeboda simebis raodenobiT.
250 inglisuri lute, rebec, guitar, organ, naker aris arab. ‘åd, rabáb, kisára, urRan, nakkára.

224
TviTonac werda leqsebs da flobda imperiis sami kulturis enas: arabuls (kultis
aRsavlenad da samarTlebrivi sakiTxebis gadasawyvetad), sparsuls (literaturuli
SemoqmedebisaTvis), da Turquls (administraciuli saqmeebis warmarTvisaTvis da
saxelmwifos istoriis Sesadgenad). evropelebma mas uwodes “The Magnificent” (“Cinebuli”,
“didebuli”). islamis istoriaSi is Sevida suleÁmán kánånãs saxeliT. man gamosca kanonTa
kodeqsi (kánån-náme), romelic pasuxobda osmaleTis imperiis moTxovnebs.

kultura da xelovneba. XVIs. da XVIIs-is pirveli naxevari aRiniSna poeziis ganviTarebiT.

konformizmis miuxedavad, poetebi qmnidnen cnobil poetur nawarmoebebs, wamyvani gaxda
anakreontuli poezia (sákã náme), romelic umReroda mxiarul cxovrebas, siyvaruls,
Rvinos. am Janris cnobili warmomadgeneli iyo revánã (ilÁás Sujá‘ Celebã, gard. 1524). mas
ekuTvnis divani (dãván), romelic miuZRvna selim I-s da masnavã — ‘iSreT-náme (“Rvinis
nadimis wigni”). arniSnul periodsi farTod iyo gavrcelebuli kasida da yoveli poeti
valdebuli iyo mieZRvna kasida sultnisaTvis. amasTan poets unda daecva garkveuli sqema
da Sida da gare samyaro sasaxlis ierarqiis mixedviT unda warmoedgina: centrSi
yovelTvis unda yofiliyo sultani. mag., mze, mTvare da varskvlavebi Seesatyviseboda
sultans, didvezirs da sxva didebulebs. aseve sultani iyo vardi, xolo moxeleebi —
sxva yvavilebi. sasaxlis karze gansakuTrebiT ganTqmuli iyvnen poetebi baki, fuzuli da
zaTi (záTã,1471-1546). lirikos poetTa rigs ganekuTvneba xaÁálã (gard. 1556w.), romelic
Tavisi Tanamedroveebisagan gansxvavebiT ar iyo “karis poeti”. aRsaniSnavia nefãs (omer-
efendi, 1572-1635) satira, romelsac gamoarCevda braldebebi Tavisi drois vezirebis da
Cinovnikebis winaaRmdeg. mravalricxovani satiruli leqsebisagan man Seadgina krebuli
— sihám al-kaÇá’ (“bedis isrebi”). satira baÁram faSaze (sultnis veziri) poets
sicocxlis fasad daujda. klasikuri osmaluri poezia gaemijna “divanis poeziis”
formalizms, romelic gabatonebuli iyo XVI-XVIIss-Si da eyrdnoboda arabul da
sparsul nimuSebs.

maÐmåd ‘abd al-bákã — Turqi poeti (1526-1600). is daibada stambulSi mueZinis ojaxSi da
ganaTleba miiRo medreseSi, sadac aswavlidnen im drois wamyvani swavlulebi. man miiRo
‘ulamas wodeba. Tavisi literaturuli talantis wyalobiT moipova mravali Tanamedrove
poetis mfarveloba, maT Soris zaTis, romelsac hqonda literaturuli klubi. 1553 wels
axalgazrda poetma kaíãda uZRvna sultan suleimans, romelic TviTonac poeti iyo da
aman gza gauxsna bakis sasaxlis karisaken. sultnis keTilganwyobam, romelic bakis
ugzavnida Tavis poemebs Sesasworeblad, gamoiwvia misi saukeTeso megobrebis gaRizianeba.
mmarTvelis sikvdili (1566w.) gaxda bakis yvelaze mniSvnelovani nawarmoebebis Seqmnis
mizezi. ukve sicocxleSi man miiRo tituli —sultán aS-Su‘ará’ (“poetTa sultani”) da
istoriaSi darCa rogorc klasikuri osmaluri poeziis udidesi poeti. bakim
mniSvnelovnad ganaviTara lirikuli poezia, misca mas natifi formebi. misma
lingvisturma Ziebebma xeli Seuwyo Turquli saliteraturo enis ganviTarebas.

fuûålã (arab. fuÇålã, gard. 1556w.), muÐammad b. sulaÁmáni — poeti, klasikuri osmaluri
poeziis saukeTeso warmomadgeneli. is iyo Turqul-azerbaijanuli warmoSobis, Siiti
Tavisi mrwamsiT. didi xnis manZilze iyo imam ‘alãs saflavis mcveli (‘aTabáT al-‘áliÁa)
najafSi. fuzulim dawera daaxloebiT 15 literaturuli nawarmoebi Turqul, sparsul da
arabul enaze. sparsul enaze Sedgenil “divanSi” (dãván) gadmocemulia poetis piradi
gancdebi, xolo Turqul enaze daweril brwyinvale poemebSi is umReroda sufiur
mistikur siyvaruls. man kasida uZRvna mociqul muhamads da sultan suleimans. fuzuli
iyo “gancdebis poeti”. is, Tavisi gmirebis cxovrebis saSualebiT, cdilobda
daemtkicebina konfliqtis arseboba cxovrebis amaoebaTa da transcendentur samyaros
Soris. misi Semoqmedebis danarCeni nawili Seadgens erotikul-mistikur poezias da
sufiur simbolizms (masnavã - leÁlá ve mejnån). XVII saukunidan fuzulis bevr poemaze
daiwera musika.

garkveuli warmatebebi iqna mopovebuli istoriul da geografiul literaturaSi.

kosmografiul-geografiuli Janris SeqmnaSi Turqebi novatorebi ar yofilan da
agrZelebdnen arabul tradiciebs. XVI saukunis cnobili kartografi iyo piri reisi

225
(gard. 1553/54w.), romlis sazRvao rukebi topografiuli ilustraciebis saukeTeso nimuSia.
Turquli geografiis ganvitarebasi didi wvlili Seitana agreTve ‘alã re’ãsma, romelsac
ekuTvnis muÐit (okeane). avtoris SedarebiT originalur naSromad iTvleba mir’áT al-
mamáliq (“samyaros sarke”).

pãrã re’ãsi — Turqi zRviT mogzauri, kartografi da mwerali. misi biZa qemál
re’ãsi iyo osmalTa flotis kapitani, romelTan erTad man daiwyo zRviT mogzauroba.
1511 wels misi biZa gardaicvala da swored am periodidan iwyeba piri reisis
daintereseba mecnierebiT — sazRvao kartografiiT da hidrografiiT. 1513 wels man
Seadgina msoflio ruka, romlisaganac mxolod 1/3 gadarCa. 1521 wels man daasrula
meore naSromi — qiTáb-i baÐriÁÁe (wigni zRvaosnobaze), romelSic Sekriba instruqciebi
naosnobis Sesaxeb. 1528-29 wels piri reisma gamosca Tavisi bolo cnobili
kartografiuli naSromi — msoflio ruka, romlis mxolod mcire nawili gadarCa.

XVI s-is Turquli geografiis yvelaze mniSvnelovan miRwevad unda CaiTvalos

muÐammad ‘áSikis (gard. 1555w.) kosmografiuli naSromi — manázir al-‘aválim (“samyaros
sanaxaobani”), romelic ori nawilisagan Sedgeba. pirveli nawili iwyeba samyaros SeqmniT
da aRwers samoTxes, jojoxeTs da mis mcxovreblebs. meore nawilSi aris wminda
geografiuli xasiaTis cnobebi. naSromi garkveulwilad aris kompilaciuri, magram aris
damatebebic tradiciul geografiul masalaze, sadac saubaria balkaneTis
naxevarkunZulze (råmeli) da ungreTze. yvelaze mniSvnelovania naSromis me-12 Tavi,
romelic exeba qalaqebs. mogvianebiT qaTib Celebi da abå baqr b. bahrámi mis naSroms
eyrdnobian geografiuli Txzulebebis Sedgenisas. qáTib Celebi (igive Ðájjã xalãfa,
1609-1657) iyo farTo ganaTlebis da kritikulad moazrovne istorikosi, bibliografi da
geografi. misi geografiuli naSromi — jihán-nåmá (“samyaros megzuri”) kompilaciuri
xasiaTisaa, magram aqvs istoriul-kulturuli mniSvneloba. masSi mocemulia cnobebi
osmaleTis imperiis geografiaze, rac eyrdnoba avtoris pirad dakvirvebebs. mecnierebTa
SefasebiT, am naSromis Rirebuleba mraval originalur Txzulebaze metia. mis rukebze da
monacemebze dayrdnobiT evropelebma aziisa da Turquli qveynebis rukebis Sesworeba
SeZles. naSromSi daculia sayuradRebo cnobebi saqarTvelosa da kavkasiis Sesaxeb251.
selim I-is da suleiman I-is dros Razá-náme (“dapyrobebis wigni”) gaxda wamyvani
literaturul-istoriuli Janri. suleimanma SemoiRo Seh-námejis — sasaxlis karis
istoriografis Tanamdeboba, raTa maT aReweraT mmarTveli sultnis moRvaweoba. es
movaleoba saukeTesod Seasrules ‘árifma, lukmánma da Ta‘lãkã-zádem (gard. 1603 da 1611
wlebs Soris). iqmneboda agreTve biografiuli literatura. gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania
Turqi sufi Saixebis biografebi.
osmaleTis imperiis istoria warmodgenilia lutfã faSas (osmaleTis didi veziri,
1488-1562/63), ramaÇán-zádes (quCuq niSánji, gard. 1571w.), selánãqãs (mustafá efendi, gard.
daaxl. 1599w.)252, xoja sa‘ad ad-dãnis (gard. 1600w.) qronikebiT da matianeebiT (Ta’rãx).
Tumca mTlianobaSi inteleqtualuri cxovreba iyo uZrav mdgomareobaSi, radganac
religia ewinaaRmdegeboda axali ideebis gavrcelebas.
osmalebma Rrma kvali datoves arqiteqturaSic. maT bizantiisagan memkvidreobiT
miiRes mdidari arqiteqturuli tradiciebi, magram swrafad Camoayalibes sakuTari
arqiteqturuli stili, romelSic pirveli adgili ekava ornaments. es ukanaskneli
mzaddeboda saxelosnoebSi, romlebic iyo uSualod sasaxlis karis kontrolqveS. XV-
XVII ss-Si Turquli arqiteqturis ZiriTadi Zeglebi iyo mehmed II-is, baiazid II-is, selim I-
is, sulaiman I-is da sxvaTa meCeTebi stambulSi, selim II-is meCeTi edirneSi, sultnebis
sasaxleebi — topkapi saráÁi, fener-baxCe da sxva.

topkapi saráÁi − topkapis sasaxle, romelic aRmarTulia bosforze, q. stambolSi.

osmalebis mier konstantinopolis aRebis Semdeg, is iyo sultnebisa da mTavrobis
rezidencia, sadac regularulad tardeboda divanis sxdomebi. misi mSenebloba daiwyo

251 qaTib Celebis cnobebi saqarTvelosa da kavkasiis Sesaxeb. Turqulidan Targmna, Sesavali,
SeniSvnebi da saZieblebi daurTo g. alasaniam. Tb., 1978.
252 fuTuriZe g. mustafa selaniqis cnobebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb. — Tsu Sromebi, 91, Tb., 1960.

226
mehmed II dampyroblis brZanebiT (1465-1478) da gagrZelda mTeli osmaleTis imperiis
istoriis manZilze. es saxeli ewoda XVIII saukuneSi.
kompleqsi Sedgeba calkeuli miniatiuruli, dasavlur stilSi agebuli
Senobebisagan, romlebic ganlagebulia xuTi sasaxlis garSemo, didi da patara
terasebisagan, romantiuli bilikebis, sayvavileebisa da saidumlo senakebisagan. es
yvelaferi harmoniulad erwymis uzarmazar egzotikur parks, romlic centralur xeivanSi
iyo sultnis haremi, romelsac marTavda valide sultani (válide sultán − evrop. deda-
dedofali) da iarseba 1923 wlamde, vidre qemal aTaTurqma ar gaauqma.
sasaxlis mSenelobaSi monawileoba miiRes sirielma, sparselma, Turqma da
italielma inJinrebma. erTaderTi arqiteqtori, romlis saxelic moxseniebulia iyo murad
xalife.
dRes topkapis sasaxle muzeumia, sadac gamofenilia keramikis, qsovilebis, samxedro
aRWurvilobis da saiuveliro nawarmis koleqciebi. ahmed III-is biblioTekaSi (aaSena 1719w.
axla ewodeba axali biblioTeka) inaxeba mTeli muslimuri samyaros wignis xelovnebis
Sedevrebi. sasaxlis samzareuloebSi axla ganTavsebulia faifuri nawarmi.

XVI saukuneSi yvelaze cnobili Turqi arqiteqtori iyo sinani (gard.1588w.),

romelic iTvleba yvelaze didi muslim arqiteqtorad. man arqiteqturuli Ziebebi Caatara
bursaSi, iznikSi (nikea) da edirneSi (adrianopoli) da Seqmna meTeTis axali tipi: ubralo
kubis formis nageboba, romelsac hqonda gumbaTi.

sináni (arab. mimar, 1490-1588) — osmalTa sasaxlis karis mTavari arqiteqtori 1537-1588ww.
man didi wvlili Seitana islamuri arqiteqturis ganviTarebaSi. misi Semoqmedeba moicavs
religiuri, samxedro da samoqalaqo daniSnulebis 477 nagebobas, romlebic Semdeg
kategoriebad aris dajgufebuli wyaroebSi: sakrebulo meCeTebi (jámi‘), kvartaluri
meCeTebi (masjid), muslimuri saswavleblebi (madrasa, dár al-kurrá’, dár al-Ðadãs),
dawyebiTi skolebi (maqTab), mavzoleulebi (tūrbe), hospitalebi (dár aS-Sifá’), Webi,
xidebi, qarvaslebi, sasaxleebi (saráÁ) da abanoebi. isini ganlagebuli iyo osmaleTis
imperiis yvela kuTxeSi - balkaneTidan meqamde. sinanis Semoqmedebis Sedevrebad iTvleba
sami udidesi kompleqsi: Sehzáde stambulSi (1543-1548), suleimániÁÁes meCeTi medreseTi
(1550-1557) - stambulSi da selãmiÁÁes meCeTi (1438-1447), romelic agebul iqna selim II-is
brZanebiT adrianopolSi (edirne).
sinani, upirveles yovlisa, iyo sivrcobrivi arqiteqturis virtuozi, rasac
adasturebs misi nagebobebis siluetebi. misi arqiteqturuli stilis aucilebeli
elementi iyo gumbaTi mravalricxovani sxvadasxva kombinaciebiT, raTa Seeqmna sivrcis
da sidiadis STabeWdileba. sinani iTvleba udides muslimuri arqiteqtorad, romelmac
araerTi niWieri mowafe datova, romlebmac Sedevrebi Seqmnes monRoleTis
imperatorisaTvis (aqbar, arab. udidesi) stambulSi, lahorSi, agrasa da delSi. sinanis
yvelaze niWier mowafed dasaxelebulia dávåd aRa, romelmac aago niSánji mehmed faSas
meCeTi stambulSi (1588w.) da masSi aSkarad Cans selãmiÁÁes meCeTis arqiteqturis gavlena.

osmaleTis imperiaSi Tavisi ganviTarebis mwvervals miaRwia dekoratiul-

gamoyenebiTma xelovnebam. XV-XVIIss-Si meabreSumeobis da abreSumis qsovis umsxvilesi
centrebi iyo bursa da stambuli. mzaddeboda sxvadasxva feris abreSumis farCa (seraser,
kemkha, serenk, zerbāft), safuleebi, gadasafareblebi, baliSispirebi da muqi mwvane CiTis
qsovilebi. bursaSi iyo abreSumis bazari, romelic amaragebda abreSumis Wiis parkiT
italiis abreSumis sawarmoebs. saarqivo dokumentebi adasturebs, rom poloneTis mefeebi
da iranis Sahebi bursaSi yidulobdnen abreSumis qsovilebs, romlebic maRali xarisxiT
gamoirCeoda. bursa specializirebuli iyo agreTve sxvadasxva saxis firuzisferi
xaverdis (čatma, kadīfe) warmoebaze. stambulSi iyo daaxloebiT 150-mde abreSumsaqsovi
sawarmo (esnafe), romlebic uSualod stambulis sasaxlis kars emorCileboda. iqve
muSaobdnen mxatvrebic, romlebic asrulebdnen naxatebs qsovilebisaTvis. saxelmwifo
aparati, yadis da muhTasibis saSualebiT, akontrolebda abreSumis qsovilis xarisxs da
odenobas. Turquli abreSumis qsovilebis da saerTod Turquli gamoyenebiTi xelovnebis
safuZvels Seadgenda mravalferovani mcenareuli ornamenti — titas, mixakis, vardis,
iordasalamis, wylis SroSanis, Jasminis, SroSanis, broweulis da atmis yvavilebis,
sxvadasxva foTlebis ferebis gansazRvruli SerCeva. ukidegano iyo mxatvrebisa da

227
qsovilebis dekoratorebis fantazia. Turqul abreSumsaqsov ornamentikaSi gamoiyeneboda
agreTve zeciuri mnaTobebis (mze, mTvare, naxevarmTvare, varskvlavebi) gamosaxulebebi,
dekoratiuli kompoziciebi da sxva. msoflios sxvadasxva qveynis muzeumSi
warmodgenilia Sua saukuneebis Turquli qsovilebis mravalricxovani nimuSebi.
mravalferovnebiT gamoirCeva ruseTis saxelmwifo ermitaJi. XVI-XVIIss-is ruseTSi
Turquli farCisa da xaverdisagan ikereboda samosi didgvarovanTa da
samRvdeloebisaTvis.
XVI saukunis Sua xanebi aRiniSna noxebsaqsovi warmoebis mkveTri aRmavlobiT. XIV-
XVIIss-Si damzadebuli noxebi, ornamentisa da gawyobis mixedviT, ramdenime saxeobad
iyofa: “drakonis” tipi (damaxasiaTebelia gansakuTrebuli ornamenti, romelic Sedgeba
mTeli rigi sworkuTxedebisa da rvakuTxedebisagan. maT SigniT aris drakonis da feniqsis
gamosaxulebebi); “holbeinis” tipi, romelsac TiTqmis ori saukunis ganmavlobaSi
momxmarebelTa farTo wre hyavda (Holbeins - es aris pirobiTi saxelwodeba da
dakavSirebulia im faqtTan, rom am tipis xaliCa gamosaxuli iyo hans holbeinis 1532 w.
Sesrulebul tiloze. am tipis noxebis ornamenti mkafiod danawevrebulia,
sworkuTxedebSi Casmulia rvakuTxedebi, xolo qobas morTuloba Sesrulebulia qufuri
ornamentiT. isini mzaddeboda XVs-is Sua xanebidan XVI s-is bolomde); “lotto” (es
saxelwodeba pirobiTia da ukavSirdeba italiel mxatvars - lorenco lottis, romlis
tiloebzec gamosaxuli iyo am tipis noxebi. damaxasiaTebelia wiTeli foni, romelic
dafarulia patara ulvaSebis yviTeli qseliT, ucnauri foTlebiT da palmebiT;
“medalioni” (am tipis noxis SuaSi gamosaxulia medalioni, feradi konturiT. noxis
kuTxeebSi ki amoqargulia sxvadasxva formis daumTavrebeli medalionebi); “varskvlavi”
(medalionis tipis noxebis nairsaxeoba. am tipis noxebis ornamenti Sedgeboda
varskvlavebis msgavsi medalionebisagan); “CinTamani” (Sedgeba ori paraleluri talRovani
xazisagan, romelTa qveS samkuTxedis formiT ganlagebulia sami yvavilis Tavi. XVI
saukunidan es ornamenti gamoiyeneba Turqul teqstilis nawarmzec); “Citi” (Sedgeba
horizontaluri da vertikaluri gadamkveTi zolebis, foTlebis da vardebisagan,
romelTa ganlageba Citis gamosaxulebas mogvagonebs); “sejade” (arab. sajjáda -
samlocvelo momcro zomis xaliCa. am tipis noxebis ornamentisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia
SuaSi TaRi, romelic gamosaxavs mihrabs da erT an met svets. gverdebze zogjer iyo
yuranis aiebi. specialurad mzaddeboda sasaxlis samlocvelo xaliCebi. maTTvis
damaxasiaTebelia mdidari mcenareuli da yvavilovani ornamenti). XVII s-dan izrdeba
samlocvelo xaliCebis warmoeba. maRali xarisxis samlocvelo xaliCebi egvipturi
naxatebiT mzaddeboda q. kulaSi. es qalaqi ganTqmuli iyo fardagebis wamoebiTac. mcire
aziis (q. uSaki, kula) noxebi gamoirCeoda mravalferovnebiT, mdidruli ornamentiT da
maRali xarisxiT. es ganapirobebda moTxovnis mniSvnelovan zrdas am nawarmze
saerTaSoriso bazrebze da warmatebul konkurencias iranisa da egviptis noxebTan
mimarTebaSi.
XVI saukunidan cnobili gaxda iznikis keramika poliqromiuli feradi motivebiT
(Wiquras 5 sxvadasxva feris SeerTeba: mixakis, sumbulis, askilis yvavilebis, titas da
amas emateboda Ria wiTeli), romliTac gaformebuli iyo meCeTebi da sasaxleebi.
gamoirceoda iznikis cisferi keramika (mag., stambulis “cisferi meCeTi” Signidan
mopirkeTebulia iznikis cisferi keramikiT). iznikis keramika gahqondaT agreTve yirimSi,
ungreTSi, inglisSi, germaniasa da nubiaSi. mogvianebiT iznikis paralelurad aseTive
keramikuli sawarmo gaixsna quTahiaSi (das. anatolia).
osmaleTis imperiis zenitis periodSi sultnis saxelosnoebSi mzaddeboda
liTonis nawarmi, romelic SeiZleba daiyos or kategoriad: utilitaruli (iaraRi -
Cafxutebi, farebi, xmlebi, xanjlebi da cxenis mokazmuloba. saWurvelis didi nawili
oqroTia movarayebuli; mzaddeboda agreTve yoveldRiuri moxmarebisaTvis) da
dekoratiuli (saiuveliro nawarmi, romelic xSir SemTxvevaSi inkrustirebuli iyo
Zvirfasi qvebiT. dekoratiuli liTonis nawarmis damzadebam Tavisi ganviTarebis
mwvervals miaRwia XVIs-is Sua wlebidan da mravali nimuSi inaxeba topkapis saganZurSi.
maT Soris yvelaze gamorCeuli aris xmali, romlis spilos Zvlis tari dafarulia
oqros arabeskebiT. xmlis oqros reliefze aris arabuli sulsiT warwera: “damzadda
suleiman I-Tvis 933/1526-27 wels”; oqros inkrustacia aris WurWelzec).
XVI s-Si ganviTarda agreTve kaligrafia. osmalebi umeteswilad sargeblobdnen
damwerlobis arsebuli saxeebiT, magram Seqmnes sakuTaric - SekasTe da divani
(kancelariisaTvis). Turqi mmarTvelebis kaligrafiuli emblema iyo TuRra (beWedi -

228
tuRrá). osmalTa mmarTvelobis periodSi is gaxda saxelmwifos emblema, romelic iyo
yvela saxelmwifo dokumentze (fermán, farmán) da sxva oficialur dokumentebze
(sakuTrebis damadasturebeli dokumentebi, saidentifikacio dokumentebi, safosto markebi
da sxva).
osmalebma wignis xelovnebaSic asaxes sakuTari civilizaciisaTvis
damaxasiaTebeli niSnebi. sparselebisagan gansxvavebiT, romlebic ZiriTadad eyrdnobodnen
klasikuri literaturis Temebs, osmalebma yuradReba gaamaxviles realur samyaroze da
maT mier Seqmnil qronikebSi ZiriTadad aisaxa sultnebis warmatebebi da marcxi. mag.,
sulaimán-náme, sadac moTxrobilia sultan suleimanis (1520-1566) qmedebebze (wigni inaxeba
topkapis muzeumSi). sparsuli samxatvro tradiciebis da evropuli realisturi
mxatvrobis gavleniT ganviTarda miniatiuruli xelovneba, romlis centri gaxda
stambuli. es miniaturebi gamoirCeva yvela detalis (personaJis fizikuri saxidan mis
socialur garemocvamde) zedmiwevniTi damuSavebiT. miniaturebis mravalricxovani tomebi
eZRvneba sultnebis mmarTvelobas. aRiareba moipova Turqi poetis — nava’ãs (1441-1501)
Sromebis ilustraciebma. XVI saukuneSi osmaleTis samxatvro skola Camoyalibda,
romelSic gaCnda ilustrirebuli istoriis Janri. es istoriebi iwereboda sultnis karis
JamTaaRmwerlebis (Sáh-námejis) mier da teqstis dasuraTeba sruldeboda sasaxlis
studiebSi. yuradReba gamaxvilebuli iyo sultnebis miRwevebze, garegnobaze, sasaxlis
ceremoniebze da geografiuli adgilebze, sadac mimdinareobda sultnebis
mravalricxovani samxedro laSqrobebi. suleiman I-is sasaxlis karis JamTaaRmwerelma -
‘árifãm (gard. 1562w.) dawera osmaleTis imperiis ilustrirebuli istoria (5 tomad),
romelic prototipad iqca momdevno TaobebisaTvis. osmaluri ferweris erT-erTi
ganmasxvavebeli niSania samefo portretebis Janri, razedac gavlena moaxdina evropulma
ferweram. nigárãm (XVIs.) Seasrula suleiman I-is, selim II-is da xaÁr ad-dãn barbarossas
(osmaleTis flotis admirali, gard. 1546w.) portretebi. 1579 wels lokmánma dawera
Semá’il-náme, romelSic aRwerilia osmaleTis pirveli 12 sultnis garegnoba da
islustrirebulia mxatvarTa jgufis mier. mustafá b. ahmad ‘alãm ( gard. 1600w.) 1586
wels Seadgina naSromi (Manākib-i Hunerwerān), romelSic Sekriba mniSvnelovani masala
mxatvar-ilustratorebze, kaligrafebze, miniatiuristebze, wignebis amkinZavebze. wignis
sakazmavi xelovneba osmaleTSi ZiriTadad ganviTarda iranis mxatvruli tradiciebis
safuZvelze. damaxasiaTebeli Tavisebureba iyo marmarilos qaRaldis gamoyeneba garekanis
Semosakerad. ufro Zvirfasi wignebis asakinZad muyaos nacvlad iyenebdnen garekans,
romelic damzadebuli iyo Zvirfasi masalisagan (nefriti, kus fari, oqros da vercxlis
qsovili), romlic mogvianebiT Semkuli iyo oqros CarCoSi Casmuli Zvirfasi qvebiT.
sultan suleiman I-is Semdeg daiwyo dacemis epoqa. selim II-is sultnoba (1566-1574)
aRiniSna osmaleTis samxedro warumateblobiT da saSinao siZneleebiT. kulturuli
CamorCena gansakuTrebiT aSkara gaxda XVII s-Si, rodesac erT dros progresulma
samxedro-lenurma sistemam Tavisi istoriuli roli amowura da saxelmwifos
ganviTarebis muxruWad iqca. osmalebi yuradRebas ar aqcevdnen evropaSi mimdinare
politikur, ekonomikur da samxedro reformebs, romlebmac renesansis epoqaSi
uzrunvelyo aRmosavleTze misi batonoba. dacemis periodSi yvelaze met aRmavlobas
miaRwia istoriografiam da sxvadasxva tipis istoriuli naSromebi iqmneboda. Tumca am
periodis mravalricxovan istorikosTa umravlesoba bibliografebi an kompilatorebi
arian. zogierTi maTgani dokumentur masalasac iyenebs. aRsaniSnavia ibráhãm feCevis (1574-
1649/50)253, solak-zádes (gard. 1658w.)254, ÐusaÁn efendis (metsaxeli-hezárfenn, gard. 1691/92w.),
mustafa na‘ãmás (1655-1716)255 da sxva istorikosebis naSromebi. qveynis cxovrebaSi XVI-XVII
saukuneebis mijnaze momxdari social-ekonomikuri xasiaTis cvlilebebi istoriul
mwerlobaSi axali Janris — risales (arab. risála - Setyobineba, werili, epistole)
SeqmniT aRiniSna. aRsaniSnavia kará-Celebi-zádes (gard. 1657w.) mir’áT aí-íafá’ (“siwmindis
sarke”)256. geografiis dargSi mniSvnelovania evlia Celebis (evliÁá’ Celebi, 1611-1684) da
abå baqr dimaSkãs (XVIIs.) naSromebi, romlebic iyeneben rogorc evropul, ise muslimur

253 ibrahim feCevis cnobebi saqarTvelosa da kavkasiis Sesaxeb. Turquli teqsti qarTuli
TargmaniTurT gamosca, Sesavali da SeniSvnebi daurTo s. jiqiam. Tb., 1964.
254 Sengelia n. solak-zade saqarTvelos Sesaxeb. — kr. qarTuli wyaroTmcodneoba, Tb., 1973.
255 mustafa naimas cnobebi saqarTvelosa da kavkasiis Sesaxeb. Turquli teqsti qarTuli TargmaniT,
gamokvleviTa da SeniSvnebiT gamosacemad moamzada n. Sengeliam. Tb., 1979.
256 alasania g. abdul aziz yara Celebi-zades cnobebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb. — saistorio
krebuli, Tb., 2007, gv. 249-269.

229
wyaroebs. evlia Celebim xangrZlivi mogzaurobis Semdeg dawera samogzauro
literaturis (riÐla) cnobili naSromi — seÁáÐaT-náme (“mogzaurobis wigni”), romelic 10
nawilisagan Sedgeba da moicavs evropis, aziis da afrikis mravali qveynisa da xalxebis
aRweras. naSromSi daculia cnobebi saqarTvelosa da kavkasiis Sesaxeb257. XVIIs-Si
Cndeba pirveli sefáreT-náme (“wigni diplomatiur misiebze”). XVIII saukuneSi maTi ricxvi
mniSvnelovnad gaizarda. am tipis naSromebis tipuri magaliTia osmaleTis saxelmwifo
moxelis, akreditebuli elCis — meÐmed Áirmiseqizis (igive Celebi meÐmed efendi, misi mama
- suleimán aRa qarTveli iyo) Fransa sefāret-nāmesi, romelSic gadmocemulia safrangeTSi
misi diplomatiuri misiis Sesaxeb 1720-21 wels. osmaleTis imperiis dacemis mizezebi
aisaxa memuarul literaturaSi (láÁiÐa). sultnebis mdidrul dResaswaulebs eZRvneboda
specialuri naSromebi — sår-náme, romlis saukeTeso nimuSia osmalo poetis
ÐaSmeTis sår-náme an veládeT-náme (aRwerilia sultan mustafa III-is qaliSvilis dabadeba
da sazeimo dResaswauli).
XVIII saukuneSi gaZlierda dasavleTis gavlena Turqul kulturaze. sultan
mahmud I-is (1730-1754) dros TurqeTSi Camovidnen skulptorebi, dekoratorebi, mxatvrebi da
amis Semdeg gaZlierda franguli gavlena xelovnebaze. dasavleTis gavlena aisaxa
gamoyenebiT xelovnebaSic. kontaqtebs dasavleTis qveynebTan hqonda dadebiTi Sedegebic.
yvelaze mniSvnelovani iyo wignis beWdvis uflebis mopoveba Turqul enaze arabuli
grafikis gamoyenebiT258. es iyo 1720 wels safrangeTSi Turquli misiis Sedegi. didvezirma
mxari dauWira am iniciativas, magram iyo winaaRmdegoba ‘ulamTa nawilis da wignebis
gadamwerTa mxridan. SaÁx al-islamma gamosca specialuri faTva, romelic uSvebda yvela
saxis wignebis beWdvas, religiuri literaturis garda. amas mohyva sultnis specialuri
brZaneba tipografiis daarsebis Taobaze, magram mxolod 1729 wels daibeWda pirveli
Turquli wigni. amis Semdeg iwyeba axali etapi erovnuli kulturis ganviTarebaSi.

3. isfahanis filosofiuri (Teosofiuri) skola

irani, ueWvelia, islamis sxva regionebze gacilebiT ukeT iyo mzad falsafas
memkvidreobis gasagrZeleblad da SesanarCuneblad: islamis gabatonebamde misi garkveuli
elinizaciis wyalobiT, mdidari spekulatiuri tradiciebiTa da XVI saukunidan Siizmis
dominirebiT, qveyanaSi religiur mecnierebaTa ganviTarebisaTvis xelsayreli garemo iyo
Seqmnili.
swored am tradiciebis gagrZelebis saxiT, sufiur eqtremistuli ideebsa da
saxelmwifo mmarTvelobasTan dakavSirebul imamizmTan erTad, iranSi arsebobas
ganagrZobda kulturis Zveli, iranuli ideali – es iyo islamis, amieridan ki Siizmis
sinTezi bunebis mecnierebebsa Tu al-farabisa da avicenas neoplatonistur
filosofiasTan. XIII s.-Si amis ubrwyinvalesi magaliTi iyo nasir ad-din Tusis
Semoqmedeba. sefianTa periodSi ki gansakuTrebuli roli Seasrula am tipis, oRond
`depolitizirebulma~ imamiturma Ziebebma, rac, saerTo aRiarebiT, Siizmis yvelaze
mniSvnelovani inteleqtualuri triumfi gamodga. es triumfi ki gamoixata isfahanis
filosofiuri skolis (xSirad Teosofiuri, gnostikuri (‘irfan) skolis saxeliTac
ixsenieben) SeqmniT.
isfahanis religiur centrad gadaqcevaSi gansakuTrebuli roli Seasrula mola ‘abd
al-láh SuSTarãm (gard. 1612 w.). rodesac igi isfahanSi gamoCnda, mas sul 50 studenti
hyavda, misi sikvdilis win ki mowafeebis ricxvma 1000-s miaRwia. masTan swavlobda erT-
erTi yvelaze cnobili Siiti swavluli Saix-e baha‘i (gard. 1622 w.), romelic at-tåsãs
msgavsi enciklopedisti iyo.

257 evlia Celebis “mogzaurobis wigni”. Turqulidan Targmna, komentarebi da gamokvleva daurTo g.
fuTuriZem. nakv. I, qarTuli Targmani. Tb., 1971; nakv. II, gamokvleva, komentarebi. Tb., 1973.
258 aRsaniSnavia is faqti, rom wignis beWdva misi gamogonebisTanave osmaleTis imperiaSi iyo
nebadarTuli mxolod “wignis xalxTaTvis” (mosaxleobis umciresobisaTvis - ebraelebi, berZnebi,
somxebi). pirvelad wignis beWdva daiwyes ebraelebma, romlebic gamoaZeves espaneTidan da Cavidnen
TurqeTSi 1492 wels. 1567 wels erTma somexma, romelmac iswavla tipografia veneciaSi, gaxsna
tipografia stambulSi. 1627 wels Tavisi tipografia daarses berZnebma.

230
 bahá’ ad-dãn al-‘ámilã, igive SaÁx bahá‘ (ara bahaula) iyo libaneli imamiti swavlulis
Svili. is 13 wlis asakSi gadmosaxlda iranSi da sabolood damkvidrda isfahanSi. bahá’
iyo maTematikosi da logikosi, astronomi da alqimikosi, irigaciis inJineri, peizaJisti
da arqiteqtori, samarTlismcodne da poeti. bahá‘m hajis Sesrulebis Semdeg “derviSad
gadacmulma” imogzaura arabul qveynebSi. mis mier Sedgenili Siituri samarTlis
konspeqti “jami-e abasi”, romelic Sah abass miuZRvna, dRemde gamoiyeneba. garda amisa, mas
Sedgenili aqvs galeqsili mistikuri epopeebi, rogoricaa “TuTi name”, (“TuTiyuSis
wigni”). igi SaÁx al-islamis movaleobasac asrulebda.
isfahanis skolis skolis Teosofia efuZneboda Siháb ad-dãn as-suhravardãs (mokles
halabSi 1191 w.) “gasxivosnebis aRmosavlur” (iSrák) moZRvrebas, romlis mixedviTac
WeSmariti sibrZne miiRweva mxolod gonebis racionaluri da intuiciuri sawyisebis
erTianobiT. es moZRvreba Siitur ezoTerizms islamur platonur tradiciamde
afarToebda. erTis mxriv, mniSvnelovan rols asrulebda aristotelesa da ibn sinas
filosofia, meores mxriv ki, didi iyo sufizmis gavlena, rogorc sulis “ganwmendis”
saSualeba asketizmis, misticizmisa da gnosticizmis saxiT.
sakuTriv isfahanis skolis damaarseblad iTvleba saidi husainidi mãr muÐammad bákir
asTarábádã, igive damadi – siZe (mãr dámádi) (vinaidan mamamisi al-qaraqis siZe iyo) (gard.
1630 w., rodesac Sah sefis eraySi mavzoleumebis mosanaxuleblad gahyva da dakrZalulia
najafSi).
isfahanis skolis yvelaze gamoCenili warmomadgeneli iyo íadr ad-dãn Sãrázã —
mullá íadrás, SaÁx bahá’sa da mãr dámádis mowafe. igi warmoSobiT Sirazis
aristokratias ekuTvnoda. cxovrobda yumTan q. qahaqSi, Semdeg ki sikvdilamde (1640 w.)
moRvaweobda da aswavlida alaverdi xan undilaZis mier daarsebul medreseSi SirazSi.
misi yvelaze cnobili Txzuleba “oTxi inteleqtualuri gaseirneba” (Mullā S adra, Al-
H ikma al-muta‘āliya fī l-asfār al-arba‘a al-aqlīa, Tehran, 1865) isfahanis skolis
Sedevrs warmoadgens.
mullá íadrás wyalobiT isfahanis skolam fexi moikida yumsa da SirazSic. yumSi
moRvaweobdnen sadras mowafe da siZe ‘abd ar-razzák láhijã (gard. 1661 w.) da misi mowafe
sa‘ãd kummã (gard. 1669 w.) – yumis yadi da eqimi. sadras meore siZe mullá muÐsin faÁÇ
qáSánã (gard. 1680 w.) moRvaweobda qaSanSi da misi saflavi dResac izidavs mlocvelebs.
amasTanave, es ukanaskneli iyo Siituri hadisebis (axbarebis) cnobili mcodne. man
axbarebis oTxi adreuli krebulis sinTezireba moaxdina da saTanado konentarebiT
aRWurva naSromSi “al-vafr”, romelic am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT erT-erT
umniSvnelovanes Txzulebad iTvleba.
politikis sferodan “gandgomilma” da politikuri ambiciebis armqone isfahanis
skolis warmomadgenlebma moaxdines imamaTis cnebis spiritualizacia. yadi said yumi
swored imamaTis “spiritualur suverenobas” usvams xazs. am kuTxiT “imamis okultacias
SesaZloa garkveuli upiratesobac gaaCnda, radganac spiritualuri xelisufleba swored
imqveyniur samyaros umiznebs, materialuri Zalaufleba ki mxolod amqveyniuria. es saero
Zalaufleba aris RvTis damatebiTi wyaloba, romlis aucileblobac TvalsaCinoa”.
amdenad, orTodoqsi ulemebisagan gansxavebiT, isfahaneli TeosofebisaTvis imamaTi xdeba
ara iurisprudenciis, aramed Teologiis Semadgeneli nawili.
isfahanis skolisaTvis RvTiuri gamocxadeba, adamianis goneba da da eqstatiuri
xilviT miRweuli mistikuri aRmoCena (qaSf) uzenaesi WeSmaritebis miRwevis erTiani gzaa.
racionaluri gansja adasturebs rwmenis gamocxadebul WeSmaritebas da metafizikuri
spekulaciis Sedegebi, Tavis mxriv, SeiZleba ganxilul iqnas mistikuri ganWvretis
procesSi.
Sah abasis memkvidreebis sefisa da abas II-s mxardaWerili filosofiuri
mimdinareobebisaTvis, Siizmis SigniT arsebuli antiklerikaluri misticizmisa da
gnosticizmisaTvis XVII s. ukanaskneli gafurCqvnis xanaa. upirvelesad abas II-m daimsaxura
filosofosTa mowinaaRmdege Siit ulamTa guliswyroma, vinaidan filosofos derviSebs
sacxovrebeli da sarCo-sabadebeli misca, xolo 1645 w. did vazirad daniSna saiÁÁd ®usaÁn
sultan al-‘ulama, romelic axlos idga isfahanis TeosofTa mistikur-gnostikur
skolasTan da mfarvelobda mis adeptebs.
XVII s. bolosaTvis ulamebma TandaTanobiT iZales isfahanis skolaze. hilas skolis
samarTlismcodneebma araerTi naSromi miuZRvnes isfahanelTa kritikas da maT
moixseniebdnen, rogorc “urwmuno berZenis (aristoteles) mimdevrebs”, eretikuli
siaxleebis Semomtanebs. Teosofebi orTodoqsi iuristebis msxverplni gaxdnen. Sah

231
sulaimanis dros (1666-1694) said yumi datyvevebuli iyo alamuTSi. gansakuTrebiT didi
gavlena hqondaT ‘ulamebs sultan ÐusaÁnze (1694-1722). ruseTis elCobis xelmZRvaneli
iranSi artemi volinski aRniSnavs, rom sultani ÐusaÁni “did pativiscemas da
keTilganwyobas iCens sasuliero pirebisadmi. da maTTan yofna urCevnia saero xalxTan
yofnas”. sultan ÐusaÁnis dros mola mohsen faizis sufiuri savane (xanaga) daangries da
misi binadarni amoxoces. skolis gadarCenili yvelaze cnobili warmomadgenlebi
ucxoeTSi gaixiznen. isfahanis skolam praqtikulad daasrula arseboba. miuxedavad amisa,
SemdgomSi am skolis warmomadgenelTa naazrevi did gavlenas axdenda da dResac axdens
Siizmis inteleqtualur Ziebebze.

damatebiTi literatura

1. gabaSvili v. erTi striqoni aRmosavluri kulturis istoriidan. — “macne”,

enisa da literaturis seria, № 2, Tb., 1978, gv. 142-144.
2. gabaSvili v. Sua saukuneebis axlo aRmosavluri kultura (periodizaciis cda). —
kr. aRmosavluri kultura. Tb., 1980, gv. 3-27.
3. gabaSvili v. aRmosavluri kulturis ZiriTadi Taviseburebani (arabul-muslimuri
kultura). — Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebi, 250, Tb., 1985, gv. 87-104.
4. gelaSvili n. sefianTa iranis kulturis istoriidan. — axlo aRmosavleTi da
saqarTvelo, III, Tb., 2002, gv. 177-189.
5. gelaSvili n. iranuli kultura. — kulturologia, t. I, Tbilisi, 2001, gv.266-306.
6. kilaZe nana, furcelaZe nana, gvaramia rusudani. arabuli kultura. − qarTuli sabWoTa
enciklopedia, I, Tb., 1975 (filosofia, literatura) gv. 526-531.
7. sabaSvili m. arabuli kulturis ZiriTadi Taviseburebani. — kr. aRmosavluri
kultura. Tb., 1980, gv. 28-53.
8. sabaSvili m. arabuli istoriografiis ganviTarebis istoriidan (IXs.). —
jevanmardi, II, Tb., 1979, gv.78-87.
9. sixaruliZe e. “aTas erTi Rame” rogorc istoriuli wyaro. — semitologiuri
Ziebani, IV, Tb., 1988, gv. 54-59.
10. [sixaruliZe e.] ÁakuTis cnobebi saqarTvelosa da kavkasiis Sesaxeb. arabuli teqsti
qarTuli TargmaniTa da SesavaliT gamosca eTer sixaruliZem. Tb., 1964.
11. XVI-XVIII saukuneebis osmaluri dokumenturi wyaroebi. Turquli teqsti qarTuli
TargmaniT, SesavliT, terminologiuri leqsikoniT, faqsimileebiTa da saZieblebiT
gamosacemad moamzada n. Sengeliam. Tb., 1987.
12. Арабская средневековая культура и литература. Сборник статей зарубежных ученых,
М., 1978.
13. Бартольд Василий. Культура Мусульманства. М., 1998.
14. Веймарн Б., Каптерева Г., Подольский А. Искусство арабских народов. М., 1960.
15. Гибб Х. А. Р. Мусульманская историография. Пер. с англ. П. А. Грязневича. _ Гибб Х. А.
Р. Арабская литература. Классический период. М ., 1960. gv.119-156.
16. Григорян С. Н. Великие мыслители Арабского Востока. М., 1960.
17. Ислам и проблемы межцивилизационных взаимодействий. М., 1994.
18. Крачковский И. Ю. Арабская историко-географическая литература. Часть первая-
Историческая литература. Часть вторая - географическая литература. Конспект лекций,
записанных студентом К. М. Гринбергом.
19. Крачковский И. Ю. Арабская географическая литература. _ Крачковский И. Ю. Избр.
соч., т.IV, М-Л., 1957.
20. Матвиевская Г.П., Б.А. Розенфельд. Математики и астрономы мусульманского
средневековья и их труды (8-17 вв.). Т.1-3, М., 1983.
21. Мец. А. Мусульманский ренессанс. М.1966 (стр.278-327).
22. Очерки истории арабской культуры. V-XV вв. М.,1982. (стр. 75-155 ).

232
 23. Полосин В. В. Фихрист Ибн ан-Надима как историко-культурный памятник X векаю М.,
1989.
24. Проблемы арабской культуры. М., 1987.
25. Прозоров С. М. Арабская историческая литература в Ираке, Иране и Средней Азии в VII –
cередине Х в. Шиитская историография. М., 1980.
26. Рационалистическая традиция и современность. Ближний и Средний Восток. М., 1990.
27. Роузенталь Ф. Торжество знания. Концепция знания в средневековом исламе. Пер. с англ.
С. А. Хомутова. М., 1978.
28. Гудиашвили Д. Из истории шелкоткацкого производства Турции XV-XVII вв. — axlo
aRmosavleTi da saqarTvelo, III, Tb., 2002, gv. 190-209.
29. Сагадеев А.В. Ибн-Сина (Авиценна). М.,1980.
30. Сагадеев А.В. Ибн-Рушд (Аверроэс). М., 1973.
31. Уотт У. М. Влияние ислама на средневековую Европу. М., 1976 (Глава 3 - Достижения
арабов в науке и философии. Глава 6. – Ислам и европейское самосознание).
32. Уотт У. М. Какиа П. Мусульманская Испания. М., 1976.
33. Фильштинский И.М., Шидфар Б.Я. Очерк арабо-мусульманской культуры. М., 1974.
34. Хайчатурян М. Аль-Фараби. М., 1975.
35. Хамит Нияз, Сайфуллина Гузел. Мечеть и ее архитектура. Казань, 1994.
36. Dunlop D. M., Arab Civilisation to A.D.1500. London, 1970.
37. Jairazbhoy R. A. An Outline of Islamic Architecture. Printed in India, 1972.
38. Nasr S.H. The School of Isfahan. − A History of Muslim Philosophy, II, Wiesbaden,
1966.
39. Rosenthal F. A History of Muslim Historiography. Leiden, 1968.
40. Schimmel A.-M. Calligraphy and Islamic Culture. New York, 1984.
41. Sonn Tamara. A Brief History of Islam. Blackwell Publishing, 2004.

Tavi XI

Tanamedrove islami

sabWoTa kavSiris daSlisa da socialisturi reJimebis kraxis Semdeg, sul ufro

xSiria laparaki bipolarizmis axali formis – dasavleTisa da islamuri samyaros
dapirispirebis Sesaxeb. ukanasknel xanebSi ganxilvis farTo sagnad iqca amerikeli
mecnieris s. hantigtonis Teoria “civilizaciaTa Sejaxebis” Sesaxeb. am Teoriis mixedviT,
arsebul situaciaSi dasavluri civilizaciis erT-erT umTavres mowinaaRmdeges

233
islamuri samyaro warmoadgens. zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, gansakuTrebul interess
iwvevs muslimur samyaroSi arsebuli religiur-politikuri moZraobebis ideologia da
miznebi.
islamizmi, fundamentalizmi, interizmi, tradicionalizmi, xoleinizmi, eqstermizmi,
da bolos terorizmi – es mxolod nawilia im terminebis, romlebiTac dasavluri
masmedia Tu samecniero literatura moixseniebs islamur samyaroSi mimdinare moZraobebs.
upirvelesad upriania islamizmis ganxilva. sakuTriv es sityva garkveul
terminologiur konsensuss warmoadgens im sxvadasxva saxisa da sxvadasxva qveyanaSi
arsebuli jgufebis da organizaciebis aRsaniSnavad, romlebic islams upirvelesad
politikur ideologiad aRiqvamen. amdenad, dReisaTvis islamizmis araerTi versia
arsebobs.

ibn Taimia [Takã ad-dãn a®mad ibn TaÁmiÁÁa] (1263-1328) - Teologi, sufi da
hanbalituri mimdinareobis samarTlismcodne. daibada q. haranSi. cxovrebis umetesi
nawili gaatara damaskoSi, sadac eweoda pedagogiur moRvaweobas, aqtiurad monawileobda
religiursa da politikur cxovrebaSi. Tavisi Sexedulebebisa da saqmianobis gamo orjer
daapatimres. gardaicvala damaskos sapyrobileSi.
ibn Taimia moiTxovda yuranisa da sunas pirdapir, sityvasityviT gagebas
yovelgvari interpretirebis gareSe. Tavis hanbalitur kredos igi agebda “oqros
Sualedis” principis (vasat) mixedviT: qalamis (dayrdnoba gonebaze- ‘akl),
tradicionalizmis (dayrdnoba tradiciaze - nakl) da sufizmis (dayrdnoba nebisyofaze -
iráda) elementebze. dogmatikis sferoSi igi winaaRmdegi iyo RvTaebrivi atributebis
uaryofisa (Ta‘tãl), alahis Sedarebisa mis qmnilebebTan (TaSbãh) da saRvTo teqstebis
simbolur-alegoriuli ganmartebisa (Ta’vãl); ibrZoda “dauSvebel siaxleTa” winaaRmdeg;
akritikebda islamSi berZnul-elinistur tradiciaze damyarebuli filosofiis
elementebis danergvis mcdelobas, qalamis racionalizms, “wmindanTa” kults da
mociqulis saflavis moxilvis praqtikas.
politikis sferoSi ibn Taimia icavda religiisa da saxelmwifos uryevi
erTianobis princips: miiCnevda, rom Zlieri saxelmwifos gareSe religias safrTxe
emuqreba, SariaTis gareSe ki saxelmwifo tiraniis gziT wava. saxelmwifos miseuli
Teoria, sxva sunituri Teoriebisagan gansxvavebiT, ar amtkicebda saxalifos arsebobis
aucileblobas, dasaSvebad miaCnda erTdroulad ramdenime imamis arseboba da uaryofda
misi arCeviTobis sunitur princips. WeSmarit arCeviTobas igi adreul islamSic uaryofda,
Tumca aRiarebda “marTlmorwmune xalifebis” kanonierebas. amasTanave abå baqrsa da ‘umars
- ‘usmánze da ‘alãze maRla ayenebda. xelisuflebis sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT amosaval
principad miaCnda imamisa da ummas (muslimuri Temis) ormxrivi erTgulebis fici mubaÁ‘a.
XVIII s-Si ibn Taimias ideebi aaRorZina mu®ammad b. ‘abd al-vahhábma (gard. 1792 w.),
romlis moZRvrebac, Semdgom vahabizmad wodebuli, dRevandeli saudis arabeTis
oficialur ideologias warmoadgens. ibn Taimias naazrevma didi gavlena moaxdina
sxvadasxva Tanamedrove muslimur ideur mimdinareobebze.

islamis Tanamedrove politikur sistemad gansazRvras safuZveli Cauyares

Tanamedrove islamistTa winamornedebma ®asan al-banná’m (egvipteSi “muslimi Zmebis”
asociaciis Semqnelma) da abå-l-a‘lá-mavdudãm (indur-pakistanuri “jam‘iÁÁaT-i islamis”
damfuZnebelma). maTi naazrevis qvakuTxeds Seadgens idea dabrunebisa “wminda wignebis”
teqstebTan da im sazogadoebriv urTierTobebTan, rac muslimTa pirveli Temis dros
arsebobda. ufro adrec, ibn TaimiÁÁas (1263-1328), ‘abd al-vahhábisa (1703-1792) Tu al-avRanãs
(1838-1897) reformatoruli moRvaweobis safuZvelsac swored es idea warmoadgenda. xazi
unda gaesvas, rom es idea uklebliv yvela Tanamedrove suniturma moaZraobam gaiTavisa –
arsebobs mxolod muhamadisa da pirveli oTxi xalifas droindeli islami; Semdgomi
movlenebi, Sesabamisad mravalsaukunovani istoria, uaryofilia. aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom
islamuri Temis aRdgenas, sxvabisagan gansxvavebiT, islamistebi revoluciis gziT
apireben. erT-erTi cnobili islamisti moazrovnis sityvebiT, “idealia pirvandeli
islami, umma – xalxuri, dinamiuri, Semoqmedi da RvTismosavi. islami revoluciuri
ideologiaa, mas SeuZlia gardaqmnas garesamyaro, socialuri urTierTobebi”. islamuri
revolucia ki erTaderTi saSualebaa istoriisa da islamuri civilizaciiis mTavar
mamoZravebel ZalasTan – islamur faseulobebTan dabrunebisaaTvis. adreuli ummas,

234
islamuri Temis umTavres maxasiaTeblad islamuri samyaros sociopolitikuri da
religiuri erToba miiCneva.

al-banná’, ®asan [®asan al-banná’] (1906-1949) - egvipteli religiuri da politikuri moRvawe.

“muslimi Zmebis” (jam‘iÁÁaT ixván al-muslimãn) asociaciis damaarsebeli. daibada qvemo
egvipteSi, q. mahmudiÁaSi, mesaaTisa da imavdroulad hanbaliti mecnieris (a®mad b.
®anbalis “musnadis” redaqtoris) ojaxSi. bavSvobaSi Seiswavla hadisebi da fikhi.
swavlobda jer damanhurSi, xolo Semdeg kairoSi, dar al-ulumSi, maswavlebelTa
mosamzadebel damoukidebel kolejSi da 1927-1933 ww. dainiSna saxelmwifo skolis
maswavleblad q. ismailiaSi. 1918 wlidan Caeba sufiuri saZmoebis moRvaweobaSi da 14 wlis
asakSi gaxda hasafias sufiuri saZmos wevri. dar al-ulumSi man ganaviTara Tvalsazrisi,
rom islamuri sazogadoebis sisuste SeiZleba
ganikurnos mxolod islamis amaRorZinebel sawyisebTan - yuranTan, hadisebTan da
sunasTan dabrunebiT. 1928 w. ismailiaSi man daarsa “muslimi Zmebis” religiur-
saqvelmoqmedo sazogadoeba. ismailiaSi is qadagebda, kiTxulobda leqciebs, werda
pamfletebs, srulyofda Tavisi sazogadoebis struqturas, romelic ujredul princips
emyareboda, dauRalavad mogzaurobda suecis arxis zonaSi, port-saidsa da suecs Soris,
qmnida ismailias Stabis ganStoebebs. 1933 w. gadavida kairoSi, sadac ufro gaaZliera
muSaoba.
®asan al-banná’s Sexedulebebis formirebaze didi gavlena moaxdines abu hamid al-
Razálãs, mu®ammad ‘abdus, jamál ad-dãn al-afRanãs, raSãd ri«ás Sromebma. man ganaviTara
al-afRanãsa da ri«ás panislamisturi ideebi, daamuSava jihadis, “erovnuli islamis” da
“islamuri saxelmwifos” koncefcia. misi moZRvreba “islamuri moZRvrebis” Taobaze
iTvaliswinebda politikisa da religiis ganuyoflobas, imitom rom “islami es aris
sarwmunoeba da sazogadoeba, meCeTi da saxelmwifo, saaqao da saiqio”. is amtkicebda, rom
“islamma msoflios misca ucvleli principebi, romelTa ganmartebac saWiroa droisa da
garemoebis Sesabamisad. mTavari politikuri mizania - Tavisufleba da damoukidebloba,
ucxoelTagan ganTavisufleba yvela teritoriisa, sadac gavrcelebulia islami, muslimi
xalxebis gaerTianeba yuranis safuZvelze, msoflio islamuri saxelmwifos - muslimi
erebis federaciis Seqmna”. saxelmwifos mTavari ekonomikuri amocanaa ucxoeTze
damoukidebeli Tavisufali ekonomikis ganviTareba. misi umTavresi socialuri
problemaa socialuri uTanasworobis likvidacia da amasTan, pativiscema kerZo
sakuTrebisa, Tuki is xels uwyobs saerTo sikeTes, da kanonieri gziT mopovebuli
kapitalisa (rac sazogadoebis qvakuTxedia). yovelgvari Sroma sapatioa da jerovnad unda
anazRaurdes. “islamuri saxelmwifo” muslimuri Temia, romlis safuZveli misi wevrebis
solidaroba da urTierTTanamSromlobaa. is valdebulia yvela uzrunvelyos
socialurad. al-banná’s azriT, “ganviTarebis islamuri gza” gansxvavdeba rogorc
kapitalisturisgan, ise socialisturisgan.
1928-1936 ww. ®asan al-banná’s mier Seqmnili religiur-saqvelmoqmedo sazogadoeba
mZlavr politikur organizaciad iqca. 40-ian wlebSi is gansakuTrebul aqtivobas iCenda,
mouwodebda SeiaraRebuli gadatrialebisken, egvipteSi monarqiis damxobisa da SariaTis
safuZvelze saxelmwifos Camoyalibebisken,iyenebda teroristul meTodebs. 1948w. 28
dekembers “muslimi Zmebis” erT-erTma wevrma mokla mTavrobis meTauri m. f. nukraSi.
sapasuxod, 1949w. 12 Tebervals mTavrobis agentma mokla am organizaciis “umaRlesi
moZRvari” (al-murSãd al-‘amm) ®asan al-banná’.

al-avRani [mu®ammad b. safdar jamál ad-dãn al-avRanã] (1839-1897) - religiur-politikuri

moRvawe. daibada aRm. avRaneTSi, tradiciuli muslimuri ganaTleba miiRo qabulSi, saero
- indoeTSi. Sinapolitikur brZolebSi monawileobis gamo mouxda avRaneTis datoveba.
xangrZlivi drois manZilze moRvaweobda evropisa da aRmosavleTis qveynebSi,
gardaicvala TurqeTSi. 1944 w. misi neSti gadaasvenes qabulSi.
al-avRanãs TvalsazrisiT koloniuri saxelmwifoebis eqspansiasTan
dasapirispireblad aucilebelia islamis safuZvelze muslimuri saxelmwifoebis
ideologiuri da politikuri gaerTianeba. magram islamsTavisi istoriuli roli

235
SeuZlia Seasrulos im SemTxvevaSi, Tu Seegueba sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis Tanamedrove
pirobebs. es gulisxmobs saero ganaTlebis, mecnierebisa da erovnuli mrewvelobis
ganviTarebas. igi mociqulis moRvaweobas swavlulis Sromas adarebda, Camoayaliba Tezisi
islamis mecnierebasTan SeTavsebadobis Sesaxeb, gmobda materialistur Sexedulebebs. 1878
w. al-avRanãm egvipteSi daafuZna “erovnuli loJa”, romlis programac burJuaziuli
reformebis gatarebas gulisxmobda. al-avRani moiTxovda konstituciur mmarTvelobas,
dasaSvebad miiCnevda individualur terors “cudi” mmarTvelebis winaaRmdeg. 1879 w. man
aleqsandriaSi Seqmna “axalgazrda egviptelTa sazogadoeba”. politikuri aqtivobis gamo
igi gaasaxles egviptidan. 1884 w. parizSi al-avRanãm mu®ammad ‘abdusTan erTad daarsa
religiur-politikuri organizacia “al-urva al-vuska” (“mtkice kavSiri”), romelic
uSvebda imave saxelwodebis yovelkvireul gazeTs. mis furclebze igi aviTarebda
panislamizmis ideebs. al-avRanãs azriT muslimTa gaerTianebis saqmeSi mTavari roli
eniWeboda “samarTlian” gamgebels, romlis absoluturi xelisufleba unda SezRuduliyo
parlamentiT.
al-avRanis ideebma gavlena moaxdina sruliad sxvadasxva tipis opoziciur da
revoluciur mimdinareobebze (kerZod, iranis 1905-1911 ww. revoluciaze). misma naazrevma
gamoZaxili hpova agreTve zogierTi Tanamedrove islamuri moZraobis (mag., “Zmebi
muslimebi”) modernizebul ideologiasa da moqmedebis formebSi.

mavdudi said abu l-ala [saÁÁd abu l-a‘lá mavdudã] (1904-1979) - Jurnalisti,
fundamentalisti, RvTismetyveli, romelmac didi gavlena moaxdina pakistanis politikaze,
islamis erT-erTi wamyvani interpretatori XX s-Si. daibada indoeTSi, haidarabadis
Statis q.aurangabadSi,iuristis ojaxSi. ganaTleba miiRo saxlSi da haidarabadis erT-erT
madrasaSi. 1924-1927 ww. redaqtorobda Jurnal “al-jam‘iÁÁaT”-s, romelic iyo “indoeTis
ulamTa sazogadoebis” (“jam‘iÁÁaT ‘ulamá’ hind”) organo, xolo 1932 wlidan yovelTviur
Jurnals “Tarjumán al-kur’án”, romelsac iyenebda Tavisi ideebis gamosaxatavad. 1941 w.
daaarsa asociacia “jamá‘aT-i islámã”, romlis ucvleli Tavjdomarec iyo 1972 wlamde.
asociacia aerTianebda muslim RvTismosavTa elitas. 20-ian wlebSi mavdudãm sagangebo
naSromi miuZRvna islamur jihads, Semdeg ki Seqmna Sromebi hadisebis, islamuri
filosofiis, istoriis, politikis, ekonomikis, sociologiisa da Teologiis Sesaxeb, 30
weli moandoma yuranis komentarebis (“Tafhãm al-kur’án”) Seqmnas. mavdudi cdilobda
aecilebina dasavluri kulturis gavlena muslim inteligenciaze da eCvenebina, rom
islams aqvs sakuTari cxovrebis wesi, kultura, politikuri da ekonomikuri sistemebi,
romlebic aRemateboda dasavlurs. misi TvalsazrisiT, uzenaesi mxolod RmerTia.
adamiani ascda swor gzas, radganac RmerTis garda aRiara sxva uzenaesobebi: mefeebi,
erovnuli saxelmwifoebi, an Cveulebebi. adamians swor gzas uCvenebs mxolod SariaTi,
romelSic mocemulia cxovrebis sruli gegma. saWiroa politikuri Zala, romelic
ganaxorcielebs RvTisgan dadgenil models. islamuri saxelmwifos mizania islamuri
ideologiis dafuZneba da mas unda marTavdnen isini, visac wams islami. visac ar wams,
mas SeuZlia icxovros am saxelmwifoSi rogorc zimiebma. es saxelmwifo RmerTs da ara
adamians miiCnevs samarTlis wyarod. saxelmwifo mxolod RmerTis moadgilea (xalifa)
dedamiwaze. am moadgileobaSi monawileobs saxelmwifos yvela muslimi moqalaqe da
aqedan gamomdinare, qveynis mmarTveli unda daekiTxos maT azrs saxelmwifos marTvisas.
mavdudi Tavis politikas aRwers, rogorc “Teodemokratias”, romelSic mTeli muslimuri
Temi RvTiur kanons SariaTis farglebSi ganmartavs. mmarTveli (amira) da sakanonmdeblo
sabWo (majlis-i Sårá) arCeviTia da isini unda sargeblobdnen xalxis ndobiT. mavdudi
miznad isaxavda pirveli oTxi marTlmorwmune xalifasdroindeli idealuri wesrigis
aRdenas. man Camoayaliba islamuri saxelmwifos Sesaxeb amomwuravi koncefcia, romelic,
marTalia, warsulSi hpovebda idealebs, magram iTvaliswinebda Tanamedrove problemebs
da azrovnebas.
mavdudãm mxari dauWira pakistanis Seqmnas (1947 w.). misma Sromebma mTavari roli
iTamaSes pakistanis islamur saxelmwifod CamoyalibebaSi. misi gavlena aisaxa pakistanis
damfuZnebeli krebis (1949 w. marti) mier miRebuli “miznebis rezoluciis” islamur
xasiaTze. mavdudãs xelmZRvanelobiT 1951 w. ianvarSi pakistanis ulemTa jgufi SeTanxmda
islamuri saxelmwifos 22 principze. misi damsaxureba iyo is, rom 1956 w. gamoqveynebulma

236
pakistanis konstituciam miznad daisaxa “muslimuri sazogadoebis gardaqmna WeSmarit
islamur safuZvlebze da arsebuli kanonebis gadasinjva yuranisa da sunas safuZvelze”.
mavdudã opoziciaSi edga pakistanis mmarTvel wreebs, romlebic ar iziarebdnen
mis Sexedulebebs, 1948-1950, 1953-1955 ww. ijda cixeSi da sikvdilic hqonda misjili. man
monawileoba miiRo im moZraobaSi, romelic z. a. bhutos damxobas isaxavda miznad da
mxari dauWira zia ul-hakis reJims, romelic iZleoda dapirebas ganexorcielebina
pakistanis islamizacia. gardaicvala im SegnebiT, rom pakistans, rogorc iqna, eRirsa
mTavroba, romelic Seecdeboda cxovrebaSi gaetarebina mis mier SemuSavebuli islamuri
cxovrebis wesi.

islamistebisaTvis islami warmoadgens globalur da totalur msoflmxedvelobas

da nebismieri politikuri sakiTxis ganmsazRvrelicaa. islams tipuri totalitaruli
ideologiis saxe aqvs miRebuli.
bunebrivia, SeiZleba iyo muslimi da muslimuri Temis wevri, magram ar iyo islamisti. am
ukanasknelTaTvis sakmarisi ar aris, rom sazogadoeba Sedgebodes muslimTagan; saWiroa
igi Tavisi safuZvlebiT iyos islamuri. am TvalsazrisiT, TavlsaCinoa gansxvaveba
“muslimur” da “islamur” saxelmwifoebs Soris. muslimuria yvela is saxelmwifo, sadac
mosaxleoba da xelisuflebac islamuri aRmsareblobisaa. islamuri ki is saxelmwifoa,
romelSic aRiarebulia RmerTisa da misi kanonis uzenaesoba da igi imarTeba islamiT
gansazRvruli direqtivebiT.
iranis garda, Tanamedrove islamistur moZraobebs saTaveSi udganan ara religiuri
moRvaweni, aramed axali Taobis “saero” inteleqtualebi, romlebic “religiur
moazrovneebad” miiCneven Tavs “im Tvalsazrisidan gamomdinare, rom yovelgvari codna
RvTaebrivi da religiuria – qimikosi, inJineri, ekonomisti Tu iuristi – yvelani ulemebi
arian ... yvela, vinc energiasa da dros xarjavs yuranisa da sunas Seswavlaze, erkveva
religiur sakiTxebSi, iRebs uflebas ilaparakos rogorc eqspertma islamis Sesaxeb”.
am axalgazrda “islamist inteleqtualebs” ganaTleba religiur saswavleblebSi
ar miuRiaT. isini aRizardnen Cveulebriv skolebSi, sadac xSirad mebrZol marqsistebTan
erTad usxdnen merxs (revoluciis idea swored maTgan isesxes). islamisturi
organizaciebi erTdroulad waagavs leninisturi tipis partiebs (sadac amira cvlis
generalur mdivans da Sårá − centralur komitets) da sufiur saZmoebs. magram
marqsizmisagan gansxvavebiT, islamizmi ar gamodis Tavisi kulturuli garemodan. mas,
Tundac politikuri ideologiis saxiT, ar SeuZlia gverdi auqcios individualuri
rwmenis sakiTxs, maSin roca marqsizmi, jgufebis determinizmis safuZvelze, nebismier
moZraobas upirvelesad socialuri niSniT ganixilavs. islamistebisTvis Zalauflebis
xelSi aReba niSnavs “dasavluri faseulobebiT korumpirebuli” sazogadoebis
reislamizacias, magram amasTanave mecnierebisa da teqnikis uaxlesi miRwevebis
gamoyenebiT, Tanamedrove sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis islamis konceptualur CarCoebSi
CasmiT.
radikali islamistebis TvalsazrisiT, gamoricxulia nebismieri saxis kompromisi
muslimur qveynebSi arsebul reJimebTan. amgvari islamizmis iaraRi revoluciis
koncefciaa, rac gulisxmobs politikuri reJimis ZaliT damxobas da mis adgilze axali,
gansxavebul ideologiaze dafuZnebuli sistemis damyarebas. arc xalxi, arc parlamenti
da arc suvereni ar SeiZleba iyos kanonSemoqmedi. suverenoba ekuTvnis RmerTs da misi
kanoni ukve mocemulia. “yuranis islamuri samyaros sayovelTao kanonia, romelic moicavs
samoqalaqo, savaWro, samxedro, sasamarTlo da sisixlis samarTlis kanonmdeblobebs”.
saxelmwifo organoebi saWiroa imisaTvis, rom individma iarsebos, rogorc
keTilmorwmune muslimma. islamisturi politikuri modeli adamians emyareba da mxolod
adamianis saSualebiT SeiZleba gaxdes saxelmwifoebrivi mowyoba islamuri. individis
piradi Tvisebebi, misi RvTismosaoba islamizaciis umtaresi pirobaa. avRanuri jamá‘aT-i
islámãs” saprogramo dokumentis mixedviT, “formiT islamuri mmarTveloba arsebobs
maSin, roca sazogadoebis wevrebi arian muslimebi, praqtikul cxovrebaSi axorcieleben
TavianT islamur movaleobas da religiur valdebulebebs, emorCilebian islamur
kanonebs”. islamist revolucionerTa mizania aRadginon adamianTa mier aRreuli bunebrivi
wesrigi, romelic swored islams efuZneboda.
islamur saxelmwifoSi samarTlianoba ganxorcieldeba adamianebis SariaTis
wesebis Sesabamisad qceviT. saxelmwifos roli pedagogiuri funqciiT amoiwureba – man
ufro keTilmorwmune unda gaxados adamianebi. saxelmwifos daniSnulebas ar warmoadgens

237
samoqalaqo sazogadoebis aSeneba. sazogadoeba (am SemTxvevaSi islamuri) TavisTavad
arsebobs, rogorc adamianTa Soris urTierTobis Sedegi, am urTierTobis safuZveli ki
islamia. amasTanave, islamistebisaTvis mTavaria politikuri revolucia, saxelmwifos
islamizacia, romlis Semdegac avtomaturad moxdeba saxelmwifos mmarTvelobis islamuri
formis damyareba, aRiarebuli iqneba SariaTis uzenaesoba. “islami revoluciuri
meTodologia da programaa”. tiraniis sapirispiro islamistur politikur warmodgenaSi
ara Tavisufleba, aramed samarTlianobaa. saprotesto moZraoba ufro eTikis, vidre
demokratiis faseulobebis dacviskaen aris mimarTuli, rac am moZraobebis populistur
xasiaTs ganapirobebs. saxelmwifo iaraRia da ara mizani, sariaTi ki ara mizani, aramed
Sedegia.
islamistebi xSirad islams “mesame gzadac” warmoadgendnen. said kutbis azriT,
“Tu komunizmi mxolod materialur dakmayofilebaze fiqrobs, xolo qristianoba sulier
gadarCenaze, islami srulyofili adamianis religiaa”.

kutbi said [saÁÁid kutbi] (1906-1966) - “muslimi Zmebis asociaciis” Teoretikosi da

ideologi. daibada q. muSaSi (centr. egvipte), gaRaribebuli didgvarovnis ojaxSi.
miiRo pedagogiuri ganaTleba, Semdeg aswavlida provinciebSi, iyo ganaTlebis
saministros inspeqtori, eweoda literaturul moRvaweobas, 1933-1947 ww. gamosca 11
wigni, romelTagan mxolod ori iyo dakavSirebuli yuranTan. kutbi mwvaved
akritikebda mefe farukis reJims, rac gaxda aSS-Si misi xangrZlivi “mivlinebis”,
faqtobrivad egviptidan gandevnis mizezi. kutbisTvis miuRebeli aRmoCnda cxovrebis
amerikuli wesic. misi antidasavluri ganwyobilebebi gansakuTrebiT Seurigebeli
gaxda israelis saxelmwifos Seqmnis (1948w.) Semdeg. misTvis islami iqca RirebulebaTa
erTaderT sistemad, romelsac SeeZlo dapirispireboda “merkantiluri dasavleTis
dolaris kults da individualizms da komunisturi aRmosavleTis mebrZol aTeizms,
romelsac adamiani mihyavs srul degradaciamde”. samSobloSi dabrunebis Semdeg, 1951 w.
is Sevida “muslimi Zmebis asociaciaSi”, momdevno wels ki airCies asociaciis
xelmZRvaneli biuros wevrad, rogorc islamuri propagandis ganyofilebis meTauri.
1952 w. revoluciis Semdeg, egviptis axali xelisufleba erTxans TanamSromlobda
“muslimi Zmebis asociaciasTan”, magram Semdeg daupirispirda mas. 1956 w. kutbi sami
TviT daapatimres. 1956 w. 26.X. “muslimi Zmebis asociaciis” wevrma Tavdasxma moawyo
prezident naserze. sapasuxod daiwyes “muslimi Zmebis” dapatimreba. kutbi xelaxla
daakaves da 25 wliT patimroba miusajes. patimrobaSi man dawera yuranis cnobili
komentarebi “fã zilál al-kur’án”. saerTod ki, 1951-1956 wlebSi, man gamoaqveyna 8
naSromi, romlebSic damuSavebuli iyo islamuri aRorZinebis ideologiis sxvadasxva
sakiTxi. am naSromebma erTobliobaSi Seqmnes “muslimi Zmebis” moZraobis ideologiuri
safuZveli. kutbim Camoayaliba debuleba, romlis Tanaxmadac islamis aRorZineba
aucilebelia, radganac dadga urwmunoebis, yuranis ucodinrobis dro, axali jahilia.
is amtkicebda, rom “mTeli msoflio - muslimuri da aramuslimuri, morwmune da
aTeisturi, aRmosavleTi da dasavleTi, daubrunda jahilias. barbarosoba, romelSic
Caeflo dRevandeli msoflio, ufro didi sazizRrobaa, vidre is, rac win uswrebda
islams”. amis gamo, usamarTlo socialuri sistema (an-niûám al-jáhiliÁÁa) unda
gardaiqmnas samarTlianad (an-niûám al-islám). es gardaqmna unda moxdes muslimuri
Temis - ummas da Zaladobis gaerTianebis gziT. es gzaa jihadi (saRvTo omi). Cven
droSi jihadi jahilias batonobis dasaZlevad iseTive aqtualuri amocanaa, rogoric
iyo adreuli muslimebisTvis. kutbi uaryofda jihadis TavdacviT xasiaTs. is
araarsebiTad miiCnevda imas, emuqrebodnen Tu ara islamur samyaros mowinaaRmdegeebi.
is amtkicebda, rom islamis mizani ara marto zedapiruli mSvidobaa, romelic
uzrunvelyofs usafrTxoebas dedamiwis im nawilSi, sadac cxovroben muslimebi;
islami unda iswrafodes iseTi samyarosken, romelSic religia - e. i. sazogadoebis
kanoni, gawmendili iqneba RmerTisTvis, roca adamiani daemorCileba erT RmerTs da
adamianTa erTi jgufi ar ibatonebs meoreze. kutbis debulebebi safuZvlad daedo
eqstremistul islamur koncefciebs.
1964 wels, erayis prezidentis TxovniT, kutbi mcire xniT gaaTavisufles
sapatimrodan, magram erTi wlis Semdeg kvlav daapatimres. tribunalma, a. sadaTis
xelmZRvanelobiT, mas miusaja sikvdili CamoxrCobiT, rac 1966 w. 29 agvistos
sisruleSi moiyvanes. fanatikurma rwmenam, didma literaturulma da politikurma

238
niWma, mowamebrivma sikvdilma, saÁÁid kutbi aqcia erT-erT yvelaze saTayvano figurad
muslimur wreebSi.

rac Seexeba politikisa da religiis urTierTmimarTebis sakiTxs, islamistebi

laparakoben “gansxavaebaze” maT Soris, magram araviTar SemTxvevaSi ara am sferoebis
gayofaze.
islamizmma daikava is adgili, romelic adre politikuri damoukideblobisaTvis
mebrZolT da nacionalistur moZraobebs ekavaT. kolonializmis winaaRmdeg mebrZoli
muslimi xalxebi warsulSi SedarebiT nakleb yuradRebas aqcevdnen islams. amJamad ki
mdgomareoba radikalurad Seicvala – erovnuli sakiTxis nacvlad wina planze gamovida
religia. sudanel islamistTa lideri h. Turabi miiCnevs, rom Tuki adre nacionalizmi
SeiZleboda yofiliyo islamis alternativa, “amJamad, Tu Tqven gsurT tradiciuli
faseulobebis aRorZineba, TviTmyofadobisa da dasavleTisagan damoukideblobis
SenarCuneba, nacionalur doqtrinas warmoadgens islami”. islamisturi mrwamsiT,
dasavleTis imperialisturma politikam zianis meti araferi moutana muslimur samyaros.
kolonizatorebi TandaTanobiT anxorcielebdnen TavianT Canafiqrs − sanam
umniSvnelovanes samTavrobo postebze ar aRmoCdebodnen is “muslimebi”, romlebmac
miuxedavad imisa, rom muslimur saxelebs atareben, islamis Sesaxeb saxelwodebis garda
araferi ician. ersac islamistebi aRqivamen muslimuri samyarosTvis ucxo cnebad da
kolonializmis mier datovebuli memkvidreobis erT-erT gamoxatulebad. “arabuli
erTobis” idea TandaTanobiT Secvala sakmaod bundovanma “islamuri erTobis” ideam.

muslimi Zmebi [al-ixván al-muslimån] - religiur-politikuri organizaciis “muslimi

Zmebis asociaciis” (jam‘iÁÁaT al-ixván al-muslimãn) wevrebi. asociacia, romelic Seqmna
Saixma ®asan al-banná’m.1928 w. ismailiaSi (egvipte), mokle xanSi saqvelmoqmedo-
saganmanaTleblo organizaciidan politikur organizaciad gardaiqmna. brZolis
xerxebad is farTod iyenebs teroris meTodebs.
“muslimi Zmebis asociaciis” ideologia efuZneba panislamizmis ideebs; misi
saboloo mizania islamis gavrcelebis qveynebSi “islamuri samarTlianobis
principebze” iseTi sazogadoebis aSeneba, sadac mkacrad iqneba daculi yuranisa da
SariaTis normebi. muslimi Zmebis Tanaxmad am mizniskenaa mimarTuli “ganviTarebis
islamuri gza”, romelic gansxvavdeba rogorc kapitalisturisgan, ise
socialisturisgan.
®asan al-banná’s sicocxleSive, 30-ian wlebSi, asociaciis filialebi Seiqmna
egviptis farglebs gareT. asociacias hqonda rTuli struqtura, romelSic erTmaneTs
exameboda sufiuri saZmoebisa da misi Tanamedrove evropuli avtoritaruli partiebis
organizaciebis elementebi: mkacri centralizacia, organizaciis xelmZRvanelis
gansakuTrebuli roli,ujredebis ganStoebuli qseli, gasamxedroebuli razmebi da
sxv.gaTvaliswinebuli iyo morCilebis sami stadia:1. formireba, roca sruli morCileba
araa aucilebeli; 2. momzadeba jihadis Sesasruleblad - morCileba eWvis gareSe da 3.
jihadis dro - sruli morCileba.
®asan al-banná’s mkvlelobis (1949 w.) Semdeg asociaciaSi moxda ganxeTqileba.
axlo da Sua aRmosavleTis qveynebSi gamoiyo ramdenime dajgufeba da maT safuZvelze
Seqmnili damoukidebeli organizaciebi, romelTac erTobliobaSi ewodeba “muslimi
Zmebis moZraoba”, zogierT qveyanaSi ki - “al-ixvania”. isini Tavisi socialur-
klasobrivi SemadgenlobiT, politikuri da ideuri mimarTulebiT sakmaod
araerTgvarovania. amJamad, “muslimi Zmebis moZraoba” ideurad warmodgenilia sami
ZiriTadi mimarTulebiT. esenia: “zomierebi”, romlebic umTavresad ®asan al-banná’s da
said kutbis mimdevrebi arian; “islamuri demokratebi” - islamuri socializmis
mimdevrebi da memarjvene eqstremistuli mimarTulebis mravali organizacia (mag., aT-
Taqfãr val-hijra, jihadi da sxv.), romlebic farTod iyeneben terors.
1954 w. muslimi Zmebis organizaciebi egvipteSi gamocxadda kanongareSed.
miuxedavad amisa, muslimi Zmebi ganagrZobdnen aralegalurad moqmedebas da araerTxel
Seecadnen daemxoT prezident naseris xelisufleba. 70-ian wlebSi, prezident a.
sadaTis dros, isini faqtobrivad legalur mdgomareobaSi gadavidnen da mwvaved
akritikebdnen sadaTis separatistul SeTanxmebebs israelTan. 1981 w. muslim ZmebTan
axlo mdgomi erT-erTi eqstremistuli organizaciis wevrebma a. sadaTi mokles. amis
Semdeg egvipteSi maTi moRvaweoba aikrZala da bevri maTgani daapatimres.

239
 70-80-ian wlebSi muslimi Zmebis moZraoba farTod gaiSala. siriaSi maT Seqmnes
opoziciuri “islamuri fronti” da eqstremistuli “muslimi Zmebis mebrZoli
avangardi”. muslimi Zmebis xelmZRvaneli siriaSi iyo damaskos mkvidri isam al-atari,
romelic moZraobas jer libanidan, xolo Semdeg gfr-dan xelmZRvanelobda. 1980-1982
ww. muslimi Zmebi siriaSi individualuri teroridan gadavidnen baasisturi
xelmZRvanelobisa da prezident h. asadis winaaRmdeg SeiaraRebuli ajanyebis (halabi,
hama) inspiraciaze. 1982w. xelT igdes q. hama (centr. siria), romlis dasabrunebladac
mTavrobis jarebma farTomasStabiani samxedro operacia ganaxorcieles. muslimi Zmebis
organizacia ganadgurebul iqna, misi bevri wevri - dapatimrebuli da sikvdiliT
dasjili. iseve rogorc egviptesa da siriaSi, bevr sxva arabul qveyanaSi muslimi Zmebi
aralegalurad moRvaweoben.

islamizmi SeiZleba ganxiluli iyos, rogorc muslimuri samyaros Sinagani

gamococxlebis erT-erTi aspeqti, risi gamomwvevic dasavlur modernizmTan da
postmodernizmTan Sexebaa. islamistTa damokidebuleba dasavleTisadmi sakmaod
stereotipulia da sam ZiriTad punqtad SeiZleba Camoyalibdes: 1. nostalgia (swored
islamma Seitana dasavleTSi civilizacia); 2. dasavleTis faseulobaTa mankierebisa da
dasavleTis “ormagi” politikis mxileba (moraluri principebis dacvas igi mxolod
sxvisagan moiTxovs); 3. islamis apologia (yvelaferi yuransa da sunaSia mocemuli da
islami saukeTeso religiaa).
amdenad, islamizmi SeiZleba CaiTvalos mesame samyaroSi mimdinare procesebis erT-
erT gamovlinebad, romlis dedaarsia religiis ganaxleba, misgan revoluciuri
politikuri programis Seqmna da am programis realizaciiT sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis
reislamizacia. islamizmi “mesame samyaros” fenomenia, gajerebuli muslimuri specifikiT.
revoluciisa da Teologiis sinTezi (e.w. “ganTavisuflebis Teologia”) zogadad mesame
samyaroSi mimdinare moZraobebisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli. “mesame samyaroseuli”
revoluciis Tema islamizmSi Secvala jihadis - “wminda omis” Temam.

islamuri saxelmwifo - termini, romelic aRniSnavs saxelmwifoebs, sadac

muslimuri mosaxleoba umravlesobas Seadgens, ufro viwro da zusti mniSvnelobiT ki
im qveynebs, sadac islami saxelmwifo kanonmdeblobis safuZvladaa gamocxadebuli
(pakistani, irani).
Tanamedrove “islamuri saxelmwifos” sunituri koncefciebis damuSaveba daiwyo
XXs. pirvel naxevarSi muslimi reformatorebis abd ar-razikis (arabuli samyaro),
muhamad ikbalis (indoeT-pakistani) da sxvaTa mier. uaxlesi periodis islamuri
politikuri Teoriebis mixedviT, “islamuri saxelmwifo” warmodgenilia ganviTarebis
“mesame, islamuri gzis” gansakuTrebul modelad, romelic upirispirdeba kapitalizms
da socializms. am “mesame gzis” koncefciiidan gamomdinare, modernistuli
SexedulebiT, daSvebulia saxelmwifoebriv struqturaSi dasavluri politikuri
institutebis Serwyma islamurTan. damoukidebeli gansjis - ijTihadis safuZvelze
xdeba islamuri saxelmwifoebrivi institutebis axleburad aRqma. Tanamedrove
pirobebSi, sazogadoebis funqcionirebisa da misi marTvis islamuri principebis
ganxorcieleba gulisxmobs, erTi mxriv, “samarTliani sazogadoebis” tradiciuli
islamuri modelis elementebs (alahi, rogorc xelisuflebis wyaro, saero da
sasuliero sawyisebis Serwyma, saRvTo kanonis Sesruleba rogorc xelisuflebis
mTavari funqcia da a. S.), meore mxriv ki, aseve islamis principebiT
“gakeTilSobilebul” ideebs, rogoricaa “pirdapiri demokratia”, saxelmwifos mier da
religiuri moraliT regulirebadi ekonomika, Semosavlebis Tanabari ganawileba da a.
S. arsebobs “islamuri saxelmwifos” sxvadasxva Teoriuli da praqtikuli modelebi
(irani, pakistani, libia, saudis arabeTi). TiToeuli maTgani acxadebs pretenzias
srulad gamoxatos is sazogadoebrivi idealebi, romlebic alahma muhamadis
saSualebiT gadasca adamianebs.
Siituri “islamuri saxelmwifos” (romelsac iranSi “islamuri respublika”
ewoda) safuZvels warmoadgens imamaTis doqtrinis ganaxleba, misi misadageba axali
drois moTxovnebisadmi, xelisuflebis sakraluri xasiaTis xazgasma da vilaiaT-i
fakihis institutis saSualebiT saero da sasuliero sferoebis erTianobis aRorZineba.
vilaiaT-i fakihis morCileba Temis yvela wevrisaTvis savaldebuloa. saxelmwifoSi

240
religiuri institutebis upirvelesobaa aRiarebuli. samRvdeloebas qveynis marTva-
gamgeblobaSi prioritetuli roli eniWeba.

islamizmisgan gansxvavebiT, islamuri religiuri tradicionalizmi ar isaxavs

miznad garkveuli politikuri programebis Seqmnas. tradicionalistebis warsulisadmi
nostalgia ufro moralisturia, vidre socialuri samarTlianobis ideebis matarebeli,
maSin roca es idea islamisturi azrovnebis amosavali punqtia.
tradicionalistebi umTavres yuradRebas amaxvileben religiuri wes-Cveulebebis
dacvaze, iqneba es “ Cadris tareba, gogonebis swavla-ganaTleba Tu ierarqiuli wesebis
pativiscema”.
tradicionalisturi Cvevebi ufro saxasiaToa sasoflo regionebisaTvis, sadac
dasavluri civilizaciis faseulobani jer kidev ucxo xilia. amgvar garemoSi
gansakuTrebiT TvalsaCinoa ufskruli tradicionalizmsa da islamizmis politikur Tu
socialur SexedulebaTa Soris. sofleli religiuri pirisaTvis ucxoa dasavluri
kultura da Tanamedrove teqnologia. igi saerTo enas ver monaxavs samecniero
ganaTlebis mqone axalgazrda islamistTan, romelic kargad icnobs dasavlur samyaros
da ZaluZs mis faseulopbaTa kritika. tradicionalisti uars ityvis televizorze,
rogorc modernistul, religiis safuZvlebis damangrevel Zalaze. islamisti ki
amjobinebs gazardos telearxTa ricxvi, telegadacemaTa xangrZlivoba mas Semdeg, rac
gadacemebze sruli kontrolis ganxorcielebas SeZlebs.
tradicionalizmisagan gansxvavebiT, fundamentalizmi uSualo kavSirSia
islamizmTan da garkveulwilad mis safuZvels warmoadgens.
konkretulad termini fundamentalizmi aRniSnavda XX s-is 20-iani wlebis aSS-Si
aRmocenebul protestantul qristianul moZraobas, romelic miznad isaxavda brZolas
“modernizmisa” da “liberalizmis” winaaRmdeg, religiis fundamenturi principebis dacvas.
magram cneba, Tavis droze, iSviaTad gamoiyeneboda religiur-Teologiur aspeqtSi;
umTavresad ixmareboda im socialuri moZraobebis dasaxasiaTeblad, romlebic warmatebiT
axdendnen gavlenas politikur procesebze. magaliTisTvis, fundamentalistebma
mniSvnelovani wvlili Seitanes “prohibiciis” (alkoholuri sasmelebiT vaWrobis)
kanonebis miRebaSi, Semdegom darvinizmis swavlebis akrZalvaSi aSS-is zogierT skolaSi.
zogjer fundamentalizmis nairsaxeobad miCneven populizmsa da faSizms.
xazi unda gaesvas, rom islamTan mimarTebaSi termini “fundamentalizmi”
pirobiTobis elfers iZens: am SemTxvevaSi igi gamoiyeneba Tavdapirveli mniSvnelobisgan
metad daSorebul konteqstSi, sruliad gansxvavebuli fenomenebisa da movlenebis
aRsaniSnavad. islamuri fundamentalizmis qristianulisagan gasamijnavad, zogierTi
mkvlevari amjobinebs ilaparakos “islamur radikalizmze”. islamuri revaivalizmi,
religiuri aqtivizmi xSirad inaTleba fundamentalizmad. sxvadasxva avtorebi imdenad
daSorebul reJimebsa da moZraobebs (libia, saudis arabeTi, pakistani, irani) uwodeben
fundamentalisturs, rom am SemTxvevaSi aSkarad ikveTeba dasavluri midgomis
stereotipuli xasiaTi.
islamuri fundamentalizmis gamovlinebad miiCneven im moZraobebsa da tendenciebs,
romlebic moiTxoven muslmuri rwmenis normebisa da faseulobebis aRdgenas, muslimuri
fundamentalisturi mrwamsiT, yurani da mociqulis suna “erTaderTi safuZvelia
yovelgvari kritikisaTvis, yovelgvari ganaxlebisaTvis”. amdenad, religiis ganaxleba,
reformireba daSvebulia. fundamentalistTa SexedulebiT, regigias safrTxe elis ara
modermnizmisagan, aramed dromoWmuli tradiciisagan.
garkveuli TvalsazrisiT, yvela islamisti fundamentalistia, radganac moraluri,
socialuri Tu politikuri miznebis gansazRvrisaTvis, programebis CamoyalibebisaTvis,
isini savaldebulod miiCneven yuranisa da sunas gamoyenebas, maTi Tanamedrove
moTxovnebis Sesabamisad wakiTxvas. magaliTisaTvis, iraneli islamisti moazrovne
ijTihads (ganmartebas, interpretacias), amgvarad sazRvravs: “ijTihadi islamSi niSnavs
religiuri sakiTxebis Tavisufal kvlevas; maT axleburad gagebas, religiis misadagebas
drosa da istoriul evoluciaze”. islamistTa da fundamentalistTa saboloo mizani
zogadad SesaZlebelia TanmTxvevi iyos, magram misi miRwevis gzebi da saSualebebi maT
sxvadasxvagvarad esaxebaT. fundamentalisturi moZraoba politikuri TvalsazrisiT
sakmaod pasiuria, Semoifargleba moralis sferoTi. fundamentalistTa mizania arsebul
xelisuflebaze zewola, misi iZuleba gaataros islamuri reformebi da ara Tavad

241
Zalauflebis xelSi aReba. TvalnaTlivia sruli Seusabamoba islamistur xedvasTan –
islamizmSi umTavresi swored xelisuflebis sakiTxia. am TvalsazrisiT Tanamedrove
islamistebi ufro Sors midian, vidre maTi ideuri winamorbedebi ®asan al-banná’ da al-
mavdudã. es ukanasknelni dasaSvebad miiCnevdnen arsebuli xelisuflebis winaaRmdeg
amboxs mxolod maSin, roca mSvidobiani xerxebi iwureba da saxelmwifo mkveTrad
antiislamur gzas airCevs.
aqve xazi unda gaesvas, rom xSiria islamur samyaroSi nebismieri, sxvadasxva
socialuri safuZvlis mqone religiur-politikuri moZraobebis fundamentalisturad
moxsenieba − es aSkarad ar asaxavs realur situacias. verc im azrs gaviziarebT, rom
fundamentalizmi muslimi sasuliero fenis moZraobaa (iranis magaliTi calke dgas da
mas qvemoT ganvixilavT), romlis mizanic saxelmwifo xelisuflebis religiuri elitis
xelSi moqcevaa.
rac Seexeba termin integrizms, isic qristianobas ukavSirdeba, oRond amjerad
kaTolicizms. XX s-is dasawyisSi igi gamoiyeneboda vatikanis mier, rogorc “eklesiisa da
morwmuneTa liturgiuli, samwyso da socialuri sferoebis yovelgvari inovaciisagan
dacvis gamomxatveli” termini. SemdgomSi igi ixmareboda im fundamentalistTa
aRsaniSnavad, romlebic moiTxovdnen wminda wignebis ganmartebas yvelaze pirdapiri,
sityvasityviTi mniSvnelobiT yovelgvari interpretirebis gareSe. islamuri
TvalsazrisiT, integrizmi ijTihadis uaryofaa. muslimuri samyaros istoriaSi
integrizmi albaT yvelaze metad Seefereba Sua saukuneebSi arsebul religiur-
samarTlebriv skolas zahirs. aqve davsZenT, rom am terminis gamoyeneba islamuri
moZraobebisa da ideuri mimarTulebebis gamosaxatavad sakmaod pirobiTad gveCveneba
(miuxedavad imisa, rom igi intensiurad gamoiyeneba dasavluri mas-mediis mier). Cveni
TvalsazrisiT, islamuri tradicionalizmi albaT ufro zustad gamoxatavs im
mimdinareobis arss, romelsac integrizmad moixsenieben. frangi mkvlevari m. rodisoni
laparakobs zogadad “islamizmis integrizmis”, rogorc “yvelaze socialuri Tu
politikuri problemis religiis saSualebiT gadawyvetis Sesaxeb”. Cvenc viziarebT azrs,
rom Tuki termini integrizmi mainc ixmareba, igi swored islamizmTan erTad unda
gamoiyenebodes.
saboloo jamSi, zemoT ganxiluli ideuri mimdinareobebis arsi ramdenime
sityviT SesaZlebelia Semdegi saxiT Camoyalibdes:
tradicionalizmi – istoriuli religiuri tradiciis yovelgvari cvlilebebisa
da inovaciis gareSe miReba;
fundamentalizmi – dabruneba “wminda teqstebTan”, rogorc religiisa da
sazogadoebis ganaxlebis erTaderT safuZvelTan;
integrizmi – nebismieri saxis liturgiuli, samwyso Tu socialuri
saxecvlilebisa da modernizebis uaryofa;
islamizmi – religiuri aqtivizmis politikur moTxovnebTan dakavSireba,
religiis “politizacia”.
80-iani wlebidan SeimCneva kidev erTi axali tendencia. es aris islamizmis
gadaxra neofundamentalizmisaken. mebrZolebi, romlebic adre iRvwodnen islamuri
revoluciisaTvis, axla Caebnen “qvemodan” islamizaciis procesSi; garkveul kompromisze
wavidnen fundamentalist ulamebTan da mxari dauWires maT SariaTis aRorZinebis
kampaniaSi.
islamisken dabrunebis populistur Temas kvlavac umTavresi adgili uWiravs,
magram konservatul elfers iZens − ufro saganmanaTleblo mowodebiT gamodis, vidre
politikuriT. xelisuflebis xelSi aReba da am mizniT SeiaraRebuli brZolis idea ar
aris daviwyebuli, risi magaliTicaa alJiris islamuri fronti da avRaneTSi Talibebis
moZraoba, magram sazogadoebis ideologiuri gardaqmnis revoluciurma modelma adgili
dauTmo SariaTisa da zneTa ganwmendis ganxorcielebis programas, politikur sistemaze,
ekonomikasa da socialur urTierTobebze yuradRebis gamaxvilebis gareSe. gansja
saxelmwifoze icvleba gansjiT sazogadoebaze. igive alJiris islamuri frontis
saprogramo dokumentis Tanaxmad, Tu igi xelisuflebis saTaveSi mova, Secvlis zneobas,
magram ara politikuri institutebisa da ekonomikis funqcionirebas.
es evolucia ganpirobebulia Sinagani da garegani ramdenime faqtoriT: 1. sakuTriv
islamistur TeoriaSi individis zneobis primatiT politikur qmedebasTan SedarebiT; 2.
iranuli modelis warumateblobiT; 3. teroristuli da revoluciuri cdebis marcxiT; 4.

242
tavad saxelmwifo xelisuflebis mier islamuri simboloebis ufrodaufro xSiri da
mravalmxrivi gamoyenebiT.
iseTi konservatuli qveynebi, rogoricaa saudis arabeTi (aSS-is mokavSire),
cdiloben kontroli gauwion islamistur mozraobebs maTi finansirebis gziT, raTa
islamistTa qmedeba da ideologia maTTvis misaReb CarCoebSi moaqcion. iranulma
revoluciam mraval arabul qveyanaSi gamoafxizla xelisufleba. isini islamuri
revoluciis safrTxis winaSe aRmoCndnen da iZulebuli gaxdnen xeli SeewyoT
kontrolirebadi, zomieri tipis neofundamentalizmis aRorZinebisaTvis. islamuri
moZraobebis msgavsad, “mTavrobebi iyeneben islams sakuTari avtoritetis gansamtkiceblad
da saxalxo mxardaWeris mosapoveblad”.
saudis reJimis moqmedeba am TvalsazrisiT niSandoblivia: mis upirveles mtrad
irani gadaiqca. revoluciuri Siizmi eWvqveS ayenebs TviT saudis dinastiis
legitimurobas – “islamSi ar arsebobs mefe”. sapasuxod, 1986 wels saudis arabeTis mefe
fahdma miiRo “ori wminda adgilis (meqisa da medinis) mcvelis tituli”, riTac xazi
gausva Tavisi xelisuflebis kanonierebas religiuri TvalsazrisiT.
neofundamentalisturma moZraobebma SeinarCunes islamizmis idealizmi, socialuri
samarTlianobis moTxovna. Sesaferisi pirobebis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi, isini gamodian
politikur scenaze, qmnian partiebs da monawileoben arCevnebSi. magram maTTvis ucxoa
islamis im sakiTxiT gaTanamedroveoba, misi SeWra dasavluri politikisa da ekonomikis
sferoSi, rac islamistebs axasiaTebT.
qalis statusi kidev erTi gansxvavebaa neofundamentalizmsa da islamizms Soris.
islamistur organizaciebSi arseboben qalTa ujredebi, rac gamoricxulia
neofundamentalisturi mrwamsiT. alJiris islamuri fronti dauSveblad miiCnevs
qalTaTvis muSaobis uflebis micemas, amas ki xomeini bunebrivad Tvlida.
neofundamentalistebi cdiloben qalTa saarCevno uflebebis Sekvecas. niSandoblivia,
rom 1990 wels proiranul Siit da sunit (am ukanasknelT zurgs saudis arabeTi
umagrebda) avRanel mujaheddinebs Soris SeTanxmebis CaSlis erT-erT ganmapirobeblad
gadaiqca qalTa sakiTxi. Siiti qalTaTvis saarCevno uflebis micemas moiTxovdnen, rasac
sunitebi miuReblad Tvlidnen.
ramdenime sityviT unda SevexoT iranis islamur respublikasa da islamur
revolucias. es erTaderTi qveyanaa, sadac islamistebma gaimarjves da revoluciis gziT
movidnen xelisuflebis saTaveSi.
Siizmis specifiuroba iranel islamistTa ideologiis klasificirebas rTulad
aqcevs, Tundac rom maTi moqmedebis zogierTi aspeqti Tavsdebodes islamistur logikaSi.
iranis islamisturi revoluciis gamarjvebis umTavres mizezs warmoadgens Siizmis
gardaqmna religiur-politikuri tradiciidan revoluciur ideologiad.
gavixsenoT zemoT ukve dasaxelebuli ali SariaTis (igi 60-ian wlebSi evropaSi
moRvaweobda, axlos iyo evropel memarcxeneebTan, misi naazrevi Siizmis, dasavlur
revoluciaTa Teoriebisa da mesame samyaroSi mimdinare moZraobaTa idologiebis
erTgvari Sejerebaa). misi sityvebiT, “revoluciuri brZola mTel msoflioSi sami
principiT xasiaTdeba: liderebi avaldebuleben mimdevrebs TavianTi moRvaweobis Sesaxeb
saidumlos Senaxvas, organizaciis brZanebebisadmi usityvo morCilebas da miznis
miRwevisaTvis sikvdilisaTvis mzadyofnas. igive sami principi gamoxatavs mebrZol Siits:
TakiÁÁa – dafarva, SeniRbva; Taklidi – imamisadmi morCileba – gadataniTi mniSvnelobiT
organizaciis wevrTa mier brZanebebis usityvo Sesruleba da Sahada − sicocxlis
gawirvisaTvis mzadyofna. xazgasasmelia, rom “samarTlianobisaTvis wamebulTa
qarizmatiuli kulti” erTi mTavari maxasiaTebelTagania Siituri msoflmxedvelobisa.
aiaTola xomeini, romlis imijic Seiqmna muslimi mwignobrisa da qarizmatiuli mowamis
erT pirovnebaSi SerwymiT, Siituri mrwamsiT, swored lideris idealuri variantia.

islamuri revolucia - islamist TeoretikosTa TvalsazrisiT, revolucia, romlis

mizanicaa sazogadoebis sruli islamizacia. igi unda gavrceldes muslimur samyaroSi,
Semdeg ki moicvas mTeli msoflio. es saxelwodeba miiRo 1978-79 ww. iranSi momxdarma
revoluciam.
islamuri revolucia aris brZola “islamuri wesrigis” dasamyareblad. sxva
revoluciebisgan mas ganasxvavebs zneobrivi, religiuri aspeqti. “islamuri socialuri
samarTlianobis” damyarebis aucilebloba sabuTdeba yuranisa da sunaze dayrdnobiT.
islamis “revoluciurobas” ganapirobebs misi “dinamizmi” da “universaluroba”.

243
islamuri revoluciis xelmZRvaneloba unda ikisron mcodne adamianebma, saukeTeso
SemTxvevaSi ki erTma adamianma, qarizmatulma liderma, romelsac unda gaaCndes
mociqul muhamadis (SiitTaTvis - ‘alãsac) Tvisebebi: iyos gambedavi, mtkice,
samarTliani, mcodne, upirvelesad ki uaRresad keTilmorwmune muslimi.
islamuri revoluciis Siitur TeoriaSi gansakuTrebuli yuradReba eqceva
mowameobis kults.

iranSi islamuri revolucia iyo Sedegi revoluciurad ganwyobili Siituri

samRvdelobis aliansisa axalgazrda islamistebTan. Siituri sasuliero wodebis
politizebaze laparaki SeiZleba XIX s-is miwurulidan, iranSi e.w. “Tambaqos amboxebis”
periodidan, rodesac yajarTa dinastiis ususurobam britanuli da rusuli
kolonializmis moZaleobis winaSe samRvdeloeba protsetis gamoxatvis erTaderT Zalad
aqcia. aiaTola xomeinis velaiaTe-fayihis koncefcia am politizaciis umaRlesi wertilia.

xomeini, ruhola musavi [aÁÁTola ruhola musavi xomeini] (1900 an 1902-1989) - iranis
revoluciis lideri da 1979-1989 ww. iranis islamuri respublikis sulieri meTauri.
daibada iranis sofel xomeinSi. religiuri ganaTlebis safuZvlebi miiRo q. aranSi
gamoCenil RvTismetyvel aiaTola haerisTan. masTan erTad 1921 w. gadasaxlda yumSi,
romelic im periodidan iranis Teologiuri centri xdeba.
xomeini swavlobda yumis faizies madrasaSi, xolo Semdeg didxans Tavad aswavlida
RvTismetyvelebas da muslimur samarTals. 60-iani wlebis dasawyisisaTvis mas ukve
mravali mimdevari hyavda da atarebda aiaTolas tituls.
1962 wlidan xomeini aSkarad daupirispirda Sahis mier wamowyebul reformebs. 1963
wels Siituri samRvdeloeba saTaveSi Caudga moZraobas agraruli reformisa da
qalTaTvis saarCevno xmis uflebis micemis winaaRmdeg. yumi mRelvarebebis epicentri
gaxda. xomeini xSirad gamodioda mitingebze Sahis sawinaaRmdego mowodebebiT da igi
sayovelTao yuradRebis centrSi moeqca. samTavrobo Zalebma CaaxSves gamosvlebi da
xomeini daapatimres. 1964 w., cixidan gamosvlis Semdeg, xomeinim gailaSqra iranis
parlamentis mier warmodgenili kanonproeqtis winaaRmdeg, romlis mixedviTac iranSi
bazirebuli amerikuli armiis wevrebs diplomatiuri imuniteti eniWebodaT da maTze ar
vrceldeboda qveynis kanonebi. am aqtSi xomeini xedavda ~qveynis damonebisa da misi
koloniad gadaqcevis~ mcdelobas, amerikelTa mxriv yuranisa da islamis Seuracxyofas.
amave wels Sahis brZanebiT xomeini iranidan TurqeTSi gaasaxles, 1965 w. ki is miiwvies
erayis Siitur qalaq najafSi, sadac 1978 wlamde eweoda pedagogiur moRvaweobas da erT-
erTi yvelaze avtoritetuli religiuri piri gaxda. 1978 wlis ianvridan irani Sahis
winaaRmdeg mRelvarebebma moicva. am periodSi qveyanaSi didi popularobiT sargeblobda
kasetebi, romlebzedac Cawerili iyo safrangeTSi myofi xomeinis revoluciuri
mowodebebi. Sahis gaqcevidan oriode kviris Semdeg, xomeini dabrunda iranSi da
sikvdilamde (1989 w.) qveynis sulieri meTauri da faqtobrivi gamgebeli iyo, misi
gamgeblobis dasawyisSi, revoluciuri ngrevis gamo, irani mniSvnelovani ekonomikuri
problemebis winaSe dadga, Tumca Semdgom wlebSi mdgomareoba SedarebiT gamosworda.
qveyanas aunazRaurebeli zarali miayena iran-erayis xangrZlivma (1981-1988 ww.)
damangrevelma omma. sxvadasxva teroristul aqtebSi dadanaSaulebis gamo (gansakuTrebiT
aRsaniSnavia amerikis saelCos TanamSromelTa mZevlad ayvana 1979 wels), qveyana, xSir
SemTxvevaSi, saerTaSoriso izolaciaSi eqceoda. “islamuri revoluciis eqsportis”
ideidan gamomdinare, irani aqtiurad uWerda mxars da xels umarTavda muslimur qveynebSi
arsebul sxvadasxva arasamTavrobo religiur-politikuri organizaciebis moRvaweobas.

1978 w. gamoqveynda xomeinis mier 70-iani wlebis dasawyisSi Camoyalibebuli vilaiaT-

i fayihis doqtrina, romlis mixedviT, “faruli imamis” aryofnis pirobebSi, am
ukanasknelisagan yvelaze avtoritetul RvTismetyvel-samarTalmcodneebs miRebuli aqvT
ufleba qveyana marTon imamis magivrad. xomeinisturi mrwamsiT, politikuri Zalauflebis
matarebelni aucileblad yvelaze avtoritetuli religiuri moRvaweebi unda iyvnen. es
pozicia exmianeba usulis skolis warmomadgenlis mola ahmad naraRilis (1771-1829) mier
Camoyalibebul Tvalsazriss, rom “mefeni marTaven xalxs, mefeebs ki ganageben religiuri
avtoritetebi”. swored xomeinis mier SemoTavazebul modelze Seiqmna iranis islamuri
respublikis konstitucia, romlis mixedviTac qveynis uzenaesi xelisufalia rahbari
(winamZRoli, beladi). is qveynis prezidentze maRla dgas da nebismieri sakiTxis

244
gadawyvetisas saboloo instancias warmoadgens. ase magaliTad, iran-erayis omis
gagrZelebis uazrobas orive dapirispirebuli mxare aRiarebda, magram saomari
moqmedebebis Sewyveta moxerxda mxolod xomeinis Tanxmobis Semdeg.
xomeini atarebda “imamis warmomadgenlis” (ná’ib-i imám) tituls. zogjer mas imamsac
uwodebdnen. misi kulti farTo popularobiT sargeblobs iranSi.

am koncefciis Tanaxmad, ar SeiZleba WeSmaritad muslimuri sazogadoeba

arsebobdes islamuri saxelmwifos gareSe. sunituri inteleqtualuri tradicia da
istoriuli gamocdileba didad gansxvavdeba Siizmisagan. Siituri mrwamsiT, yvela
xelisufali, imamis garda, uzurpatoria. Tu sunit Teoretikosebs uWirT pasuxis
gamonaxva kiTxvaze, Tu rogori unda iyos es saxelmwifo, xomeinis mkafiod avs
Camoyalibebuli mosazreba amis Taobaze: sunitebis sawinaaRmdegod, Siitebs SeuZliaT
gansazRvron yvelaze ganswavluli, saukeTeso muslimi, WeSmariti winamZRoli. SiizmSi
arsebobs uzenaesi religiuri avtoriteti da swored is aris uzenaesi saxelmwifo
xelisufali. es ar niSnavs, rom samRvdeloeba gamgeblobs pirdapir, rogorc korpusi:
winamZRoli sasuliero piria, magram is ar wamoadgens mxolod samRvdeloabs, is yvela
Tanamdebobaze maRla dgas, radganac, arc meti arc naklebi, faruli imamis
warmomadgenelia. am SemTxvevaSi SeuZlebelia laparaki sasuliero piris mier
xelisuflebis uzurpaciaze. imamis ararsebobis pirobebSi swored yvelaze ganswavluli
RvTismetyveli da yvelaze Rirseuli muslimi ityviRatvs mis funqcias. “fakihi
xelmZRvanelobs sultnebs. Tu sultnebi muslimebi arian, isini unda damorCildnen
fakihs, radganac WeSmariti xelisufalni fakihebi arian”.
xomeini arasdros ayenebda win maRal samRvdeloebas. misi mTavari dasayrdeni
axalgazrda islamistebi da ufro dabali rangis samRvdeloni, hujjáT al-islamebi
iyvnen. iranis revolucia ar yofila aiaTolebis revolucia. revoluciuri moZraobis
dawyebisTanave aiaTolaTa umetesoba an Ria opoziciaSi Caudga xomeinis reJims, an
saerTod Tavi aarida politikur cxovrebaSi monawileobas.

damatebiTi literatura

1. sanikiZe g. islamizmi, fundamentalizmi, integrizmi, tradicionalizmi - cnebaTa

ganmartebisaTvis. − perspeqtiva-XXI, 2, 1999, gv. 15-31.
2. sanikiZe g. ’ali Sari’aTi da islamuri revolucia. − perspeqtiva-XXI, 3, 2002. gv. 45-
53.
3. sanikiZe g., kiRuraZe n. Tanamedrove saerTaSoriso urTierTobebi. msoflio
politikis globalizacia. Tb., 2001.
4. Добаев И. П. Исламский радикализм: генезис, эволюция, практика. Ростов-на-Дону, 2003.
5. Жданов Н.В. Исламская концепция миропорядка. М., 2003.
6. Игнатенко А. А. Ислам и политика. М., 2004.
7. Игнатенко А. А. Халифы без халифата. Исламские неправительственные религиозно-
политические организации на Ближнем Востоке: история, идеология, деятельность. М.,
1988.
8. Ислам и общественное развитие в начале XXI века. М., 2005.
9. Ислам на современном Востоке: Регион стран Ближнего и Среднего Востока, Южной и
Центральной Азии. М., 2004.
10. Ислам и проблемы межцивилизационных взаимодействий. М., 1994.
11. Исламизм и экстремизм на Ближнем Востоке. М., 2001.
12. Левин З. И., Ислам и национализм в странах зарубежного Востока. М., 1988.
13. Мусульмане на Западе. (сборник статей). М., 2002.
14. Поляков К. И. Исламский фундаментализм в Судане. М., 2000.
15. Ражбадинов М. З. Радикальный исламизм в Египте. М., 2003.
16. Ражбадинов М. З. Египетское движение “братьев-мусульман”. М., 2003.
17. Современный Исламский Восток и Страны Запада. М., 2004 г.
18. Терроризм _ угроза человечеству в XXI веке. М., 2003.

245
19. Ajami F. The Arab Predicament: Arab Political Thought and Practice since 1967.
Cambridge University Press, 1992.
20. Enayat H. Modern Islamic Political Thought. The Response of the Shī’ī and Sunī
Muslims to the Twentieth century, Austin, London-Basingstoke, 1982.
21. Esposito J. L. Islam: The straight path. New York, 1991.
22. Gettleman M. and Schaar St. The Middle East and Islamic World Reader. New York,
2003.
23. Halliday F. Nation and Religion in the Middle East. London, 2000.
24. Lewis B. The Crisis of Islam. Holy war and Unholy Terror. New York, 2003.
25. Lewis B. What went Wrong: The Clash Between Islam and Modernity in the Middle
East. Harper Perennial, 2003.
26. Moussalli A. Historical Dictionary of Islamic Fundamentalist Movements in the
Arab World, Iran, and Turkey. The Scarecrow Press, 1999.
27. Roy O. L’Islam mondialisé. Paris, 2002.
28. Sonn Tamara. A Brief History of Islam. Blackwell Publishing, 2004.

ZiriTadi literaturaш
246
 islami (religia, istoria, civilizacia)
ыдфьшы шыещкшфыш

1. islami. enciklopediuri cnobari. Semdgenlebi: karlo kucia, megi metreveli, giorgi

sanikiZe, mixeil svaniZe, goCa jafariZe. Sesavali werili da xelmZRvaneloba goCa
jafariZisa. Tbilisi, 1999.
2. Бартольд В. В. Работы по истории ислама и Арабского Халифата. Сочинения, т.VI, М., 1966.
3. Беляев Е. А. Арабы, ислам и арабский халифат в раннее средневековье. 2-е изд..
М.,1966.
4. Большаков О. Г. История Халифата. Т.1. Ислам в Аравии: 570-633. М., 1989.
5. Босворт К. Э. Мусульманские династии: Справочник по хронологии и
генеалогии. Пер. с английского и примечания П. А. Грязневича, М., 1971.
6. Грюнебаум Г. Э. фон. Классический ислам. Очерки истории. 600-1258. М.,1986.
7. Сахих ал-Бухари. Достоверные Предания из жизни Пророка Мухаммада, да благословит Его
Аллах и да приветствует. Перевод с арабского Абдулла Нирша. М., 2004.
8. Значение и смысл Корана. SKB-Bavaria, Verlag and Handel. GmbH, 1-10, 1999.
9. Журавский А. В. Ислам. М., 2004.
10. Ирмияева Т. Ю. История мусульманского мира от Халифата до Блистательной
Порты. Урал, 2000.
11. Ислам. Энциклопедический словарь. М.,1991.
12. Ислам классический: энциклопедия. М., СПб, 2005.
13. Массэ А, Ислам. Очерки истории. Пер с французского. М., 1963.
14. Петрушевский И .П. Ислам в Иране в VII-XV веках (курс лекций) Л., 1966.
15. Прозоров С. М. Ислам как идеологическая система. М., 2004.
16. Рахман Х. У. Краткая история Ислама.Хронология событий 570-1000 гг. от Рождества
Христова. М., 2003.
17. Родионов М. А. Ислам классический . СПб., 2001.
18. Сурдел Доминик, Сурдел Жанин. Цивилизация классического ислама. Пер. с фр. В.
Бабинцева. Екатеринбург, 2006.
19. Фильштинский И. М. История арабов и халифата (750-1517гг). М., 2001.
20. Хрестоматия по исламу. Переводы с арабского, введения и примечания. Составитель и
ответственный редактор С. М. Прозоров, М., 1994.
21. Hitti Ph. K. History of the Arabs. Seventh ed., London-New York, 1961.
22. Klein F. A. The Religion of Islam. London, New York.1979.
23. Muhammad Ali, Maulana. The Religion of Islam: A Comphrehensive Discussion of
the Sources, Principles and Practices of Islam.Cairo. n.d.
24. Berkey Jonathan P. The Formation of Islam. Religion and Society in the Near East,
600-1800. Cambridge, 2003.
25. Esposito John L. The Oxford History of Islam. Oxford, 1999.
26. Rahman H., A Chronology of Islamic History 570-1000 CE. London,1999.
27. Roberts, Robert. The Social Laws of the Qoran.London,1980.
28. Shaban M. A. Islamic History: A new interpretation. A.D.600-750 (A.H.132).
Cambridge, 1976.
29. Tritton A. S. Islam. Belief and Practices. London,1966.
30. The Encyclopaedia of Islam (Web-CD edition. Brill Academic Publishers), vol. I-XI,
2003.
31. Watt, W. Montgomery. Islam and Integration of Society. London,1961.

247
 sarCevi

Tavi I. muhamadi da islamis warmoSoba

1. islamis warmoSobis mizezebi da pirobebi
2. muhamadi — islamis mociquli
Tavi II. arabTa saxalifo da islamis gavrceleba
1. pirveli “marTlmorwmune” xalifebi da umaRlesi xelisuflebis sakiTxi
adreul islamSi
2. umaÁÁanTa saxalifo `661-750`
3. ‘abasianTa saxalifo `750-1258`
4. islamis eqspansia
Tavi III. islamis moZRvreba
1. islamis 5 burji
2. jihadis — saRvTo omi
3. islamis dogmatika
Tavi IV. muslimTa sakulto nagebobebi
1. meCeTi − ZiriTadi sakulto nageboba islamSi
2. muslim wmindanTa saflavebi /mazari, maShadi/
Tavi V.islamuri dResaswaulebi da rituali
1. hijris kalendari
2. islamuri dResaswaulebi
3. muslimuri wes-Cveulebebi
Tavi VI. yurani, sunna da hadisebi
1. yurani — muslimTa wminda wigni
2. sunna da hadisebi
Tavi VII. islamuri samarTlis istoria da Teoria
1. islamuri samarTlis Camoyalibeba
2. islamuri samarTlis wyaroebi
3. sunituri saRvTismetyvelo-samarTlebrivi skolebi
4. islamuri samarTlis normebi
5. sasamarTlo procesi
6. piradi statusis samarTali
Tavi VIII. ZiriTadi mimarTulebebi islamSi
1. xarijizmi
2. sunizmi
3. bediswerisa da nebis Tavisuflebis problema islamSi
4. Siizmi
Tavi IX. misticizmi da sufizmi
Tavi X. islamuri civilizacia
1. arabul-muslimuri kultura (VII-XV ss.)
2. osmaluri civilizacia
3. isfahanis filosofiuri (Teosofiuri) skola
Tavi XI. Tanamedrove islami

248
249