Environmental Engineering-II
(CE 3241)
Dr. Khondoker Mahbub Hassan
Dept of Civil Engg, Khulna University of Engg & Tech (KUET)
Why Sewage Treatment?
To reduce the spread of communicable diseases
caused by the pathogenic organisms in wastewater;
To prevent the pollution in surface/groundwater;
To protect the environment and public health.
Wastewater Composition
Important Contaminants in Wastewater
Contaminants Source Environmental
significance
Suspended solids (SS) Domestic / Sludge deposits
Industrial waste
Biodegradable organics Domestic / Biological degradation of
Industrial waste organics & depletion of
DO in receiving water
Pathogens (FC, E.Coli.) Domestic waste Transmit communicable
disease
Nutrients (N, P) Domestic / Eutrophication
Industrial waste
Heavy metals Industrial waste, Toxic
(As, Pb, Hg) mining
Organic Matter (CxHyOzN) in Wastewater
Laboratory Measurement of Organic Matter =>
•Theoretical oxygen demand (ThOD)
•Chemical oxygen demand (COD)
•Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD)
•Total organic carbon (TOC)
Theoretical oxygen demand (ThOD):
C 6 H 12 O6 6O2 6CO2 6 H 2 O
180gm 6x32 = 192gm
ThOD = 192/180 = 1.067 gm O2/gm Org. matter.
Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD)
When biodegradable organic
matter/waste is released into a
water body, microorganisms
(specially bacteria) feed on the
wastes, breaking it down to
simpler organic and inorganic
substances. When this
decomposition takes place in
an aerobic environment, it
produces non-objectionable,
stable end products (e.g., CO2,
SO4, PO4, and NO3) and in this
process draws down the
dissolved oxygen (DO) content
of water.
Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD)
Organic matter + O2 => CO2 + H2O + New cells + Stable products
(bacteria)
The amount of oxygen required by micro-organisms to oxidize organic
wastes aerobically is called biochemical oxygen demand (BOD).
DO is the most commonly used indicator of the general health
of a surface water body. If DO goes below 4 to 5 mg/L, forms of
life that can survive begin to be reduced. When insufficient
oxygen is available or oxygen is exhausted by the aerobic
decomposition of wastes, different set of microorganisms carry
out the decomposition anaerobically producing highly
objectionable products including H2S, NH3, and CH4. This
process is called “Anaerobic Digestion”.
Anaerobic Digestion of Organic Wastes
Anaerobic Digestion of Organic Wastes
Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD)
Theory => BOD5 test would involve
putting a sample of water or
wastewater into a stoppered bottle,
measuring the DO at the beginning
of the test and again at the end of
five days. The difference in DO
would be the BOD5 of the
water/wastewater. Light must be
kept out of the bottle to keep algae
from adding oxygen by
photosynthesis and the stopper is
used to keep away air from
replenishing DO from outside. To
standardize the procedure, the test is
run at a fixed temperature of 200C.
Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD)
Dilution => Since the oxygen demand of typical wastewater is several
hundred milligram per liter and since the saturated value of DO for water
at 200C is only 9.1 mg/L, it is usually necessary to dilute the sample to
keep final DO above zero. If during the five days of experiment, the DO
drops to zero, then the test is invalid since more oxygen would have been
removed had more been available.
BOD5 of diluted sample => [DOi – DOf] x D.F.
Dilution Factor (D.F.) => (Vol. of wastewater + dilution water) / (Vol. of wastewater)
Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD)
Seeding => In some cases, it becomes necessary to seed the
dilution water with microorganisms to ensure that there is an
adequate bacterial population to carry out the biodegradation. In
such cases two sets of BOD bottles must be prepared, one for just
the seeded dilution water (called the “blank”) and the other for the
mixture of wastewater and dilution water. The changes in DO for
both are measured. The oxygen demand of the wastewater
(BODw) is then determined from the following relationship:
BODmVm BODwVw BODd Vd
Where, BODm is the BOD of the mixture of the wastewater plus
dilution water and BODd is the BOD of the dilution water alone. Vw
and Vd are volumes of wastewater and dilution water, respectively,
where Vm = Vw + Vd.
Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD)
Modeling of BOD => It is often assumed that the rate of
decomposition of organic waste is proportional to the
amount of waste available. If Lt represents the amount of
oxygen demand left after time t, then, assuming a first order
reaction, we can write:
dLt dLt
kLt kdt
dt Lt
Where, k = BOD reaction rate constant (time-1). Now, Integrating:
Lt t
dLt Lt
L Lt 0
kt
k dt ln kt Lt L0 e
0
L0
Where, L0 is the ultimate carbonaceous oxygen demand.
Now, L0 = BODt + Lt Thus, BODt = L0(1 – e-kt)
Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD)
Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD)
CBOD & NBOD =>
Besides the oxidation
of carbonaceous
organic matter, a
significant additional
demand may be
caused by the
oxidation of
nitrogenous
compounds. Usually,
NBOD does not begin
to exert itself for at
least 5 to 8 days, thus
BOD5 tests are not
affected by nitrification
process.
Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD)
Prob-1: 1 ml of sewage is diluted to 20 ml by adding water for BOD test.
DOi = 8.5 mg/L; DO5 = 3.1 mg/L; thus BOD5 of sewage = ?
Solution:
D.F. = (1 + 19)/1 = 20
BOD5 = (DOi - DOf ) x D.F. = (8.5 – 3.1) x 20 = 108 mg/L
Prob-2: A test bottle containing seeded dilution water has its DO level drop by
0.8 mg/L in a 5-day test. A 300 ml BOD bottle filled with 30 ml of wastewater
and the rest with seeded dilution water experiences a drop of 7.3 mg/L in the
same period. Calculate the BOD5 of wastewater =?
Solution:
BODm.Vm = BODw.Vw + BODd.Vd => 7.3 x 300 = BODw x 30 + 0.8 x 270
=> BODw = 65.8 mg/L
Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD)
Prob-3: 1 ml of sewage is diluted to 20 ml by adding water for BOD test.
DOi = 8.4 mg/L; DO5 = 4.2 mg/L; Reaction rate constant, k = 0.22 day-1
Calculate (a) BOD5 of sewage (b) Ultimate carbonaceous BOD (L0) of sewage
(c) Remaining oxygen demand after 5 days (L5)
Solution:
(a) BOD5 = (DOi - DOf ) x D.F. = (8.4 – 4.2) x 20 = 84 mg/L
(b) BODt = L0(1 – e-kt) => 84 = L0(1 – e-0.22x 5) => L0 = 126 mg/l
(c) L0 = BOD5 + L5 => 126 = 84 + L5 => L5 = 42 mg/l
Alternately, Lt = L0e-kt => L5 = 126 x e-0.22x 5 => L5 = 42 mg/l
Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD)
Prob-4: The wastewater is diluted by a factor of 1/20 using seed control water.
DO levels in the samples and control bottles are measured @ 1 day interval as
shown in table. 1 ml of seed material is added directly to diluted and control
bottle. Calculate BOD5 of wastewater.
Time DO (mg/L) DO (mg/L)
(day) Diluted Samples Seed Samples
0 7.98 8.25
1 5.05 8.18
2 4.13 8.12
Solution:
3 3.42 8.07
BODm.Vm = BODw.Vw + BODd.Vd
4 2.95 8.03 => 5.38 x 20 = BODw x 1 + 0.26 x 19
5 2.60 7.99 => BODw = 102.6 mg/L
6 2.32 7.96
7 2.11 7.93
Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD)
Prob-5: The BOD5 of wastewater is determined to be 150 mg/L at 20ºC (k =
0.23 day-1). What is BODu and BOD8 if the test was run at 15ºC? What portion
of the BODu would be remaining unoxidized after 20 days @ Temp 20ºC?
Solution:
BOD5 = L0(1 – e-kx5) => 150 = L0(1 – e-0.23x 5) => L0 = 220 mg/l
kT = k20 θT-20 => k15 = 0.23 x (1.047)15-20 => k15 = 0.18 day-1
BOD8 = L0(1 – e-kx8) => BOD8 = 220(1 – e-0.18x8) => BOD8 = 168 mg/l @ 15ºC
Lt = L0e-kt => Lt/L0 = e-kt => Lt/L0 = e-0.23x20 => Lt/L0 = 0.01 = 1%
Prob-6: Data obtained from a waste water BOD5 = 400 mg/L; k = 0.29 day-1;
NH3-N = 80 mg/L; Estimate the total quantity of DO (mg/L) that will be required
for complete stabilization of this waste water.
Solution:
BOD5 = L0(1 – e-kx5) => 400 = L0(1 – e-0.29x 5) => L0 = 522.6 mg/l (CBOD)
NBOd = 80 x 4.57 mg/L => NBOD = 365.6 mg/L
Now, total DO required for complete stabilization = CBOD + NBOD
=> DO required = 522.6 mg/L + 365.6 mg/L = 888.2 mg/L .
