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Luders band phenomenon

Presentation · December 2021

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First reported by Guillaume Piobert and W. Lüders, Lüders bands, also
known as "slip bands" or "stretcher-strain marks," are localized bands of
plastic deformation in metals experiencing tensile stresses, common to
some metals, particularly annealed low-carbon steel, or mild steel, show
a discontinuity when transitioning from elastic to plastic deformation
that produces the yield point phenomenon in the stress strain curve. An
example of the discontinuity as the material enters the plastic region is
shown in Figure 1. Here the yield point is located just beyond the point
where the offset yield line intersects the stress strain curve.
 Figure 1. Stress Strain curve in which Lüders bands occur during ASTM E8 tensile pull where
the test in controlled by strain rate until yield in which it switches to position control.

At the yield point, a band of deformed meta, sometimes visible appears

at a point of stress concentration. Coincident with the formation of
Lüders bands, the load drops and the band begins to propagate along the
length of the specimen. In certain industries these can be referred to as
stretcher stain marks or slip bands. Oftentimes, multiple bands form at
points of stress concentration. The bands are generally at 45 degrees to
the direction of loading because local plastic deformation occurs when
the shear stress exceeds the stress needed for moving dislocations along
planes; and the highest shear stress in a tensile tested specimen always
occurs at an angle of 45 degrees to the direction of pull. These bands are
called Lüders bands and this type of inhomogeneous deformation is
sometimes referred to as the Piobert effect, Luders deformation and/or
local plastic deformation.
Figure 2. ASTM E8 fractured dogbone test specimen exhibiting Lüders lines on steel specimen.

As multiple Lüders bands propagate across the specimen, the stress-

strain curve exhibits a serrated or noisy pattern. This jagged pattern will
continue until the Lüders bands propagate through the entire length of
the specimen.
Lüders bands typically occur in low carbon steel but not in other alloys
such as aluminum and titanium. This is because work hardening
suppresses localized straining, or strain aging, resulting in uniform
plastic flow after yield. Lüders band formation can pose problems in
metal forming. For example, when you plastically deform sheet steel to
make a car fender, the formation of Lüders bands will cause ripples on
the surface rendering the part as scrap.
As shown in figure 3. Once the Luders bands fill the test section, normal
plastic deformation continues throughout the test length.
 Figure 3. plastic deformation continues

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