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aSimplified Chinese edition copyright © 2010 by PEARSON EDUCATION ASIA LIMITED and TSINGHUA
UNIVERSITY PRESS.
Original English language title from Proprietor's edition of the Work.
Original English language title: Concepts of Programming Languages»9E by Robert W. Sebesta, Copyright
© 2010
EISBN; 978-0-15-607347-5
Al Rights Reserved.
Published by arrangement with the original publisher, Pearson Education, Inc. » publishing as Addison
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