- Examples
Let's take a look at the examples of function templates in this lesson.
WE'LL COVER THE FOLLOWING
• Example 1: Templates in Functions
• Explanation
• Example 2: Overloading Function Templates
• Explanation
Example 1: Templates in Functions #
// templateFunctionsTemplates.cpp
#include <iostream>
#include <string>
#include <vector>
template <typename T>
void xchg(T& x, T& y){
T t = x;
x =y;
y =t;
}
template <int N>
int nTimes(int n){
return N * n;
}
int main(){
std::cout << std::endl;
bool t = true;
bool f = false;
std::cout << "(t, f): (" << t << ", " << f << ") "<< std::endl;
xchg(t, f);
std::cout << "(t, f): (" << t << ", " << f << ") "<< std::endl;
std::cout << std::endl;
int int2011 = 2011;
int int2014 = 2014;
std::cout << "(int2011, int2014): (" << int2011 << ", " << int2014 << ") "<< std::endl;
xchg(int2011, int2014);
std::cout << "(int2011, int2014): (" << int2011 << ", " << int2014 << ") "<< std::endl;
std::cout << std::endl;
std::string first{"first"};
std::string second{"second"};
std::cout << "(first, second): (" << first << ", " << second << ") "<< std::endl;
xchg(first, second);
std::cout << "(first, second): (" << first << ", " << second << ") "<< std::endl;
std::cout << std::endl;
std::vector<int> intVec1{1, 2, 3, 4, 5};
std::vector<int> intVec2{5, 4, 3, 2, 1};
std::cout << "vec1: ";
for (auto v: intVec1)std::cout << v << " ";
std::cout << "\nvec2: ";
for (auto v: intVec2)std::cout << v << " ";
std::cout << std::endl;
xchg(intVec1, intVec2);
std::cout << "vec1: ";
for (auto v: intVec1)std::cout << v << " ";
std::cout << "\nvec2: ";
for (auto v: intVec2)std::cout << v << " ";
std::cout << std::endl;
std::cout << "\n\n";
std::cout << "nTimes<5>(10): " << nTimes<5>(10) << std::endl;
std::cout << "nTimes<10>(5): " << nTimes<10>(5) << std::endl;
std::cout << std::endl;
}
Explanation #
In the example above, we’ve declared two function templates: xchg and
nTimes in lines 8 and 15. xchg swaps the values passed as arguments. The
only non-type, we use is N in the function templates nTimes . nTimes returns
the N times of the number passed n . We have initialized multiple instances to
check for functions in lines 31 and 32, lines 39 and 40, and lines 46 and 47.
Example 2: Overloading Function Templates #
// templateFunctionsTemplatesOverloading.cpp
#include <iostream>
void xchg(int& x, int& y){ // 1
int t = x;
x = y;
y = t;
}
template <typename T> // 2
void xchg(T& x, T& y){
T t = x;
x = y;
y = t;
}
template <typename T> // 3
void xchg(T& x, T& y, T& z){
xchg(x, y);
xchg(x, z);
}
int main(){
std::cout << std::endl;
int intA = 5;
int intB = 10;
int intC = 20;
double doubleA = 5.5;
double doubleB = 10.0;
std::cout << "Before: " << intA << ", " << intB << std::endl;
xchg(intA, intB); // 1
std::cout << "After: " << intA << ", " << intB << std::endl;
std::cout << std::endl;
std::cout << "Before: " << doubleA << ", " << doubleB << std::endl;
xchg(doubleA, doubleB); // 2
std::cout << "After: " << doubleA << ", " << doubleB << std::endl;
std::cout << std::endl;
xchg<>(intA, intB); // explicit 2
xchg<int>(intA, intB); // explicit 2: xchg<int>
// xchg<double>(intA, intB); // ERROR explicit xchg<double>
std::cout << "Before: " << intA << ", " << intB << ", " << intC << std::endl;
xchg(intA, intB, intC); // 3
std::cout << "After: " << intA << ", " << intB << ", " << intC << std::endl;
std::cout << std::endl;
}
Explanation #
In the above example, we used the concept of function overloading by calling
xchg with different arguments passed to the function. We used the xchg
function with different data types by passing two arguments and three
arguments. In line 37, the non-template function is called, whereas, on all
other calls to xchg() , the template function is used. The call xchg<double,
double>(intA, intB) would be fine, when xchg would take its arguments by
value.
In the next lesson, we’ll solve an exercise related to function templates.
