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Generalization: (from the previous lesson)
SPECIATION All the three modes of Natural
Selection produce ADAPTATION.
Adaptations are those characteristics of
organisms that allow one organism to be
Prepared by: more fit than another.
Eve V. Fernandez-Gamalinda Populations adapt to environments as
Biology Instructor natural selection increases the
CAS, CSU
proportion of individuals that have the
most fit population.
Speciation
A process whereby over time one species
evolves into a different species (anagenesis)
or whereby one species diverges to become
two or more species (cladogenesis).
A process of a single species becoming two
or more species arise through the
evolutionary process.
The evolutionary multiplication of species
The production of new species
Modes of Speciation Allopatric Speciation: The Great Divide
1. Allopatric Speciation /
Geographic Speciation
(The word is derived from the
ancient Greek allos, "other" +
Greek patrā, "fatherland".)
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Allopatric Speciation / Geographic Two types of Allopatric Speciation
Speciation
Allopatric speciation can occur even if 1. Dichopatric Allopatric
the barrier is a little “porous,” that is, Speciation – also known
even if a few individuals can cross the as speciation by splitting
a reasonably large
barrier to mate with members of the
distributional area is
other group. In order for a speciation divided by a newly arising
even to be considered “allopatric,” gene barriers that secondarily
flow between the soon-to-be species splits the population into 2
must be greatly reduced—but it doesn’t isolated reproducing
population
have to be reduced completely to zero.
Two types of Allopatric Speciation 2. Peripatric Allopatric Speciation /
Peripheral Isolation Speciation
2. Peripatric Allopatric Speciation / Peripheral also known as speciation by budding (peri =
Isolation Speciation near, patric = place)
In this form, new species are formed in isolated
peripheral populations; this is similar to
allopatric speciation in that populations are
isolated and prevented from exchanging genes.
However, peripatric speciation, unlike
allopatric speciation, proposes that one of the
populations is much smaller than the other.
2. Peripatric Allopatric Speciation /
Peripheral Isolation Speciation Modes of Speciation
In peripatric speciation a small population, 2. Parapatric
at the extreme edge of the species' range, Speciation-- occurs
is separated off. The same sequence of due to variations in
divergence and possible meeting of the the mating habits of
two populations could then take place as a population within a
in speciation by subdivision. continuous
geographical area.
Moths of
the genus
Greya
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Parapatric speciation - the
origin of new species over the Modes of Speciation
former range of the ancestral
species. The populations can
only diverge if there is relatively 3. Sympatric Speciation – this occurs in the
strong selection across the center of a population in a patchy environment
geographic range of the
species. It is said to be initiated by chromosomal
A stable hybrid zone may result rearrangement that establishes a degree of
if there is moderate selection reproductive isolation between ancestral and
against the hybrids.
derived species.
Complete divergence can
occur if there is strong
selection against the hybrids -
as in reinforcement of
reproductive isolation in
formerly allopatric populations.
Allopatric geographically isolated
(allo = other, patric = place) populations
Sympatric Speciation
most apt to occur among insects parasitic on Peripatric a small population isolated
(peri = near, patric = place) at the edge of a larger
plants and animals population
Such insects are small and have short life
spans. They possess high reproductive rates,
Parapatric a continuously distributed
readily adapt to new conditions, and (para = beside, patric = population
experience some form of inbreeding. place)
Sympatric within the range of the
(sym = same, patric = place) ancestral population
Modes of Speciation
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Assignments: REPRODUCTIVE
The outcome of speciation is ADAPTIVE RADIATION
ISOLATION
adaptive radiation: rapid speciation of a related If two groups do come back together after
group of taxa, usually in response to an evolving along divergent evolutionary lines,
opportunity for niche differentiation or the there are two ways to nonetheless retain the
evolution of a novel feature divergence and keep genetic
Divergence of one species into a number of integrity/reproductive isolation. The isolation
different ecological niche, exploit a new mechanisms will have had to evolve prior to
environment or tap new source of food
the removal of the barrier between the
Therefore: species.
Speciation Geographical Isolation Adaptation
due to Genetic Changes Genetic Divergence
Reproductive Isolation Separate Species
REPRODUCTIVE ISOLATION REPRODUCTIVE ISOLATION
Prezygotic Reproductive Isolation.
Certain traits keep species apart 1. Ecological / Habitat
The biological properties of organisms that 2. Temporal / Seasonal
3. Ethological / Behavioral
prevent interbreeding are called 4. Mechanical
REPRODUCTIVE ISOLATING MECHANISMS 5. Gametic/gamete inviability - no zygote formed if they do
mate;
(RIMs) Postzygotic isolation.
1. hybrid inviability - a zygote is formed but a hybrid is never
born;
2. developmental hybrid sterility - hybrid dies before
reaching reproductive age; segregational hybrid sterility
- hybrid is sterile (e.g. mule);
3. Hybrid (F2) breakdown - hybrids can mate and produce
offspring, but they usually die.
References
1. Reece, J.B., Taylor, M.R., Simon, E.J., and J.L. Dickey. 2012.
Campbell BIOLOGY: Concepts and Connections. 7 th Edition. (free
eBook- http://zeabooks.com/book/campbell-biology-concepts-
connections-7th-edition/)
2. Stiling, P.D. 1996./ Ecology: Theories and Applications. 2 nd Edition.
Prentice Hall, Upper saddle River, New Jersey 07458
3. Campbell, N.A., L.G. Mitchell, and J.B. Reece. 2000. Biology:
Concepts & Connections, 3rd edition. Addison Wesley Longman, Inc.
Pearson Education Asia Pte Ltd, Singapore 159965.
4. Padilla, M.J., I. Miaoulis, and M. Cyr. 2011. Science Explorer. Focus
on Earth Science. Prentice Hall.
5. Reece, J.B., L.A. Urry, M.L. Cain, S.A. Wasserman, P.V. Minorsky,
and R.B. Jackson. 2011. Campbell BIOLOGY. 9TH Edition.
