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100% found this document useful (1 vote)
3K views192 pagesP4 Pure Maths 4 Book
Uploaded by
wivutbudsiri.sCopyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
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/ 192
PEARSON EDEXCEL INTERNATIONAL A LEVEL
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‘Chavos Goat Cox, Kath Gall, Daniel Golsbarg, Asta Macphoon,
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Endorsement Statement
{nord aru thal bi ast fers high-quality support er the ascites
Parton gusiation na bes tough a review pres bythe aurang 3,
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conte ofthe specfeaton a part ofa speccalen a which iis aad also
‘ane that aronsrtes an apres balance betwoan the devant
of subject sl, Knowledge and ueersanding, adit te preparation for
Endorsement des not cover any guidance on assesrant acti oprocescos
(@2. poles qureons or aces on how to aneweraezeesentquceton)
‘ied n te resource, nor dos preset ary parler apmreacr 10 he
teaching oF deer ofa ited couse
ie he pubihars have made eer allem to ensure that ace on the
{ialfenton ante aeseearnt sot, he ote speciation an
‘eosatedassesamntqucarce raters oe te only aunortatve sour t
‘Hfomaton and shout aways be fered for civ guidance
Pearson examiners hae et cot te any seston In ths resource leven 0
‘campaon papers or fh hy have respons
‘Examiners wil act se enor escurces a a sure of mateo ny
asses el by Peston Ehesama ofa tess dows a meatal the
‘esoure i requires o achive thie Pearson susie, ror doe i mean at
'Sthe stable rateral avaiable to suppor th caliisatin, and any resource
Sa point yn ewig boy ss ene mob aes COONEY
COURSE STRUCTURE
ABOUT THIS BOOK vi
QUALIFICATION AND ASSESSMENT OVERVIEW viii
EXTRA ONLINE CONTENT x
1 PROOF 1
2 PARTIAL FRACTIONS 6
3 COORDINATE GEOMETRY IN THE (x, y) PLANE 16
4 BINOMIAL EXPANSION 30
REVIEW EXERCISE 1 46
5 DIFFERENTIATION 50
6 INTEGRATION 66
7 VECTORS 97
REVIEW EXERCISE 2 148
EXAM PRACTICE 153
GLOSSARY 155
ANSWERS 159
INDEX 179 Sass
CHAPTER 1 PROOF
1.1 PROOF BY CONTRADICTION
CHAPTER REVIEW 1
CHAPTER 2 PARTIAL
FRACTIONS
2.1 PARTIAL FRACTIONS
2.2 REPEATED FACTORS
2.3 IMPROPER FRACTIONS
CHAPTER REVIEW 2
CHAPTER 3 COORDINATE
GEOMETRY IN THE (x, y)
PLANE
3.1 PARAMETRIC EQUATIONS
3.2 USING TRIGONOMETRIC
IDENTITIES
3.3 CURVE SKETCHING
CHAPTER REVIEW 3
24
25
28
CHAPTER 4 BINOMIAL
EXPANSION
4.1 EXPANDING (1 + x)"
4.2 EXPANDING (a + bx)"
4.3 USING PARTIAL FRACTIONS
CHAPTER REVIEW 4
REVIEW EXERCISE 1
CHAPTER 5 DIFFERENTIATION
5.1 PARAMETRIC DIFFERENTIATION
5.2 IMPLICIT DIFFERENTIATION
5.3 RATES OF CHANGE
CHAPTER REVIEW 5
CHAPTER 6 INTEGRATION
30
31
40
8
46
50
5
54
57
61
66
6.1 FINDING THE AREA UNDER A CURVE
DEFINED PARAMETRICALLY
67
6.2 VOLUMES OF REVOLUTION AROUND
THE x-AXIS
6.3 INTEGRATION BY SUBSTITUTION
6.4 INTEGRATION BY PARTS
6.5 PARTIAL FRACTIONS
6.6 SOLVING DIFFERENTIAL
EQUATIONS
6.7 MODELLING WITH DIFFERENTIAL
EQUATIONS
CHAPTER REVIEW 6
68
74
78
81
84
88
92 CS Get
CHAPTER 7 VECTORS 97 REVIEW EXERCISE 2 148
7.1 VECTORS 98
7.2 REPRESENTING VECTORS 102
7.3 MAGNITUDE AND DIRECTION 106 EXAM PRACTICE 153
7.4. VECTORS IN 3D 109
7.5. SOLVING GEOMETRIC PROBLEMS GLOSSARY 155
IN TWO DIMENSIONS 114
7.6 SOLVING GEOMETRIC PROBLEMS ANSWERS 159
IN THREE DIMENSIONS 7
7.7 POSITION VECTORS 424
7.8 3D COORDINATES 123 INDEX 179
7.9 EQUATION OF A LINE IN
THREE DIMENSIONS 125
7.10 POINTS OF INTERSECTION 131
7.11 SCALAR PRODUCT 193
CHAPTER REVIEW 7 140 ABOUT THIS BOOK
The following three themes have been fully integrated throughout the Pearson Edexcel International
Advanced Level in Mathematics series, so they can be applied alongside your learning.
1, Mathematical argument, language and proof
+ Rigorous and consistent approach throughout
‘+ Notation boxes explain key mathematical language and symbols
2. Mathematical problem-solving ‘The Mathematical Problem-Solving Cycle
+ Hundreds of problem-solving questions, fully integrated spec the problem
into the main exercises
+ Problem-solving boxes provide tips and strategies interretreite a a
+ Challenge questions provide extra stretch
3. Transferable skills repretem information
‘+ Transferable skills are embedded throughout this book, in the exercises and in some examples
+ These skills are signposted to show stuclents which skills they are using and developing,
Finding your way around the book
Gags
ait Ae US Each chapters mapped tothe
speciicaten content for 225),
reference
Each chaplor stats witha
It of Lean objective
The Por inowiedge
check hope mato sure
ar redy to sar the
Sapte Tho val wold aplication of
~~ —_] ; ‘hematsyou are about 0 oem
smehagightedal tesa of he
Sapir
Glossary terms wil
bo kontited by bold
blu text on thei fst
aopearance ABOUT THIS BOOK ci
Beecise questions
ste caretully graced
‘olnoreeco in afiouty
‘andreckally being
youup to oem
Standara
‘Taneterbie aie ae
signposted where
thay naturaly occur
inthe exarcee and
amples
Brecises ae packed
wth exam ste
‘quaetions to enaure you
21 ready forthe exams
Supbycton waked | Each saclon bagns Problan-saling boxes
sxampies focus onthe | with an explanation awoyouachares | prove his, tne and
ker types ot questions | and koyleaming points | | to ackle some more | statepes, and Watch
amaye questions!) yoU'lneod ts tackle, dificut questions | ut boxes Ngight
aa sons where stunts
are flagged with © Ofen te marks in
Problem-solving Eee | thar exams
questions are flagged ard Surmay oftey peas
with @
After over few chapters, a Review exercise
rips yu consoiaate your ising vith =
ots xa qpestons
Exam practice
Further Mathematics International
‘Advanced Level
Pure Mathematics 4
Review exercise
[A ul practice paper atthe back of
the book helps you prepare forthe
realtnng CCV UIE NDEs Lesh 0)
QUALIFICATION AND
ASSESSMENT OVERVIEW
Qualification and content overview
Pure Mathematics 4 (P4) is a compulsory unit in the following qualifications:
International Advanced Level in Mathematics
International Advanced Level in Pure Mathematics
Assessment overview
The following table gives an overview of the assessment for this unit,
We recommend that you study this information closely to help ensure that you are fully prepared for
this course and know exactly what to expect in the assessment.
a Co
PePureMatemates« —/16z9%ofta. [75 | Thour30mins_|Jmuary Jane and October,
Paper code WMAY4/OL Fist assessment ne 2020
IAL: International Advanced A Level
Assessment objectives and weightings
Recall select and use thelr Knowledge of mathematical facts, concepts and techniques in a
variety of contexts,
Construct rigorous mathematical arguments and proofs through use of precse statements,
lngial declirtinn are inferwsice and hy the maniflatinn af mathematial reeds,
including the construction of extended arguments for handling substantial problems
presented in unstructured form.
Recall select and use their knowledge of standard mathematical models to represent
situations in the real world; recognise and understand given representations involving,
standard models; present and interpret results from such models in terms of the original
situation, including discussion ofthe assumptions made and refinement of such models.
Comprehend translations of common realistic contexts into mathematics; use the results of
‘404 | calculations to make predictions, or comment on the context and, where appropriate, read 5%
critically and comprehend longer mathematical arguments or examples of applications.
Use contemporary calculator technology and ather permitted resources (uch as formulae
‘405 | booklets or statistical tables) accurately and efficiently; understand when not to use uch 5%
technology, and is limitations. Give answers to appropriate accuracy.
0%
10% CETUS ssa aay
Relationship of assessment objectives to units
ere
Pe co Az 103 0% ro
Marks outof 75 25-30 25-30 5-10 510 5-10
% ao aaisao eh gat et
Calculators
Students may use a calculator in assessments for these qualifications. Centres are responsible for
making sure that calculators used by their students meet the requirements given in the table below.
‘Students are expected to have available a calculator with at least the following keys: +, 7, x,
jo In.x, xl, sine, cosine and tangent and their inverses in degrees and decimals of a degree,
and in radians; memory.
Prohibitions
Calculators with any of the following facilities are prohibited in all examinations:
+ databanks
+ retrieval of text or formulae
+ built-in symbolic algebra manipulations
+ symbolic differentiation and/or integration
+ language translators
+ communication with other machines or the internet GD TED Hae
@ Extra ontine content
Whenever you see an Online box, it means that there is extra online content available to support you.
SolutionBank
SolutionBank provides worked solutions for questions in the book, Download the
solutions as a POF or quickly find the solution you need online.
Use of technology
Explore topics in more detail, visualise
problems and consolidate your understanding.
Use pre-made GeoGebra activities or Casio
resources for a graphic calculator.
EXD epi otnsecion C2 EY
graphically using technology.
GeoGebra
GeoGebra-powered interactives
CASIO.
Graphic calculator interactives
Interact with the maths you are learning,
using GeoGebrals easy-to-use tools
Explore the maths you are learning and gain
confidence in using a graphic caleulator
Calculator tutorials
Our helpful video tutorials will
guide you through how to use
your calculator in the exams,
They cover both Casio's scientific
and colour graphic calculators
EAD work out each coeticiont quickly u
the *C, and power functions on your calculator.
Finding the value of the first derivative
to access the function pres
ex) ©
rome
fon exactly which buttons to press and what
should appear on your calculator's screen eles
Learning objectives
After completing this chapter you should be able to:
© Use proof by contra
Deane keg
Factorise:
a x-6x45
9x2 25
For any integers n and m, decide
ill always be odd, always be ev
aan bn-m
3m d2n-5
Internat
Pure 1 Section 1.3,
nether the following
| oF could be either:
> ce)
contradiction to pr
there is an infinite number of
prime numbers. Very large prime
numbers are used to encode chip
and pin transactions. Can)
BD Proof by contradiction
Acontradiction is a disagreement between two statements, which means that both cannot be true.
Proof by contradiction is a powerful technique.
= To prove a statement by contradiction you start by assuming CSE Asttement
it is not true, You then use logical steps to show that this nnareEseree iheabehoedl
assumption leads to something impossible (either a pe mene
contradiction of the assumption, or a contradiction of a called the negation of
fact you know to be true). You can conclude that your that statement
assumption was incorrect, and the original statement was true.
SEI) EID wane
Prove by contradiction that there is no greatest odd integer.
‘Assumption: there is a greatest odd Orel sce
integer 1
M+ 2'i9 also an integer and n+ 2 >
n+ 2 = odd + even = ode!
So there exists an odd integer greater than n,
This contradicts the assumption that the ea
greatest odd integer is 1. ntradicts your initial assumption.
Therefore, there Is no greatest odd Integer
‘Assumption: there exists 2 number m such — Thisis the neg
that a Is even but 1's odd.
mis odd so write w= 2k+1 |
re = (2k +17 = 4k? + ak 41
= 22k + 2k) 1
So nis ode.
This contradicts the assumption that n? is
Therefore, it n® is even then n must be even. —
® Arational number can be written asf ewhere a and bare integers.
2 set ofall rational
= Anirrational number cannot be expressed in the form ¢, where a Pie
and b are integers. fan acon)
Prove by contradiction that v2 is an irrational number.
Then v2 § for some integers, @ and b,
‘Noo assume that this Fraction cannot be
reduced further: there are no common factors
between a and b.
© ge
902 =F ora!
be
This means that a? must be even, 50 a is also
Senn eopenaiane | F MeROREHINGUIMGE
form a= 2n, where mis an integer
So a® = Bb? becomes (2n}? = 2b? which
26? or Ou
This means that J must be even, 50 b Is also
even.
means 40
fa and b are both even, they will have 2 com
mon factor of 2.
This contradicts the statement that @ and b
have no common factors.
Therefore V2 ts an irrational number:
GETEN) ID eenc isos
Prove by contradiction that there are infinitely many prime numbers.
Assumption: there ls a finite number of prime
ee
deed od
Consider the number
N= PX PoX Ps Xo XPy 4
When you divide IV by any of the prime num-
bers Ps Pas Pas sn Pu YOU get a remainder of 1.
So none of the prime numbers py. Pas Poe Px
1s a factor of W.
So N must either be prime or have a prime.
factor which is not in the lst of all possible
prime numbers,
This is a contradiction,
‘Therefore, there Is an infinite number of prime
numbers.
| 3
REASONING
1 Select the statement that is the negation of ‘All multiples of three are even’.
A All multiples of three are odd.
B At least one multiple of three is odd.
C No multiples of three are even.
©® 2 Write down the negation of each statement.
All rich people are happy.
There are no prime numbers between 10 million and 11 million,
If pand q are prime numbers then (pg + 1) isa prime number.
All numbers of the form 2" ~ 1 are either prime numbers or multiples of 3.
At least one of the above four statements is true.
b
e
a
e
© 3 Statement: If wis odd then nis odd.
a Write down the negation of this statement.
b Prove the original statement by contradiction
©® 4 Prove the following statements by contradiction,
a There is no greatest even integer.
b If nis even then 7 is even.
€ If pq iseven then at least one of p and g is even,
If p + q is odd then at least one of p and gis odd.
5 a Prove that if ab is an irrational number then at least one of @ and b is an irrational number.
(3 marks)
b Prove that if @ +b is an irrational number then at least one of a and b is an irrational
smumber. (marks)
€ A student makes the following statement:
If a + bisa rational number then at least one of « and his a rational number.
Show by means of a counterexample that this statement is not true. (1 mark)
®o« Use proof by contradiction to show that there exist cD nec aen ene ate
no integers a and b for which 21a + 146 = 1 Renee See
highest common factor of 21 and 14.
7 a Prove by contradiction that if
isa multiple of 5 EUDD consider numbers inthe form
nisa multiple of 3. marks) AE sce
Hence prove by contradiction that /3 is an
irrational number. (3 marks)
©® _ 8 Use proof by contradiction to prove the statement: Hint eee ae
“There are no integer solutions to the equation
ata ye?! fan acon)
GB) 9 Prove by contradiction that V2 is irrational. (5 marks)
©) 10 This student has attempted to use proof by contradiction to show that there is no least positive
rational number:
‘Assumption: There is a least positive rational number. Problem-solving
Let this least positive rational number be fh Sor EnaeTs
As nis rational, n= where a and b are integers. Eeemreed
5 working ik this
noted ye t-8 inyour exam. The
b b question says, 'the
2 =F 5 a ational numer that less thanm | Or, so there should
3 conily be ome e101 In
‘This contratcts the statement that ms the least positive estonal nimber. | the proof.
‘Therefore, there 1s na least ostve rational number.
Since a and b are integers, *
a Identify the error in the student's proof. (1 mark)
b Prove by contradiction that there is no least positive rational number, (marks)
1 Write down the negation of each statement.
a Atleast two of the above statements are false.
b People in cold countries are unhappy.
© One quarter of the people who entered the competition won a prize.
2. Prove that if ais rational, then no single number a or & can be irrational
3° Select the statement that is the negation of “All multiples of five are odd”
A. At least one multiple of five is even.
B_No multiples of five are even.
All multiples of five are odd.
4 Prove by contradiction, that if a ~ 2h is irrational, then at least one of a and b is an irrational number.
5. Use proof by contradiction to show that there are no integers x and y that can satisfy the
equation 3x + 18y=1
6 Prove by contradiction that if ris odd then » must be odd.
ede
1 To prove a statement by contradiction you start by assuming it is net true. You then
Use logical steps to show that this assumption leads to something impossible (either a
contradiction of the assumption or a contradiction of a fact you know to be true). You can
conclude that your assumption was incorrect, and the original statement was true
2 A rational number can be written as 5, where a and b are integers.
Aninationl mie cannot he exnraccel inthe form & whave 1 and ave ntepere se eaee oe
se eeee oe
ay oe
se eeee oe
seeeee oe
see eee oe
seeeee oe
ah alr: * seeees
‘After completing this chapter you should be able to: a aieitte
Convert an expression with linear factors in the oe ADIOS
denominator into partial fractions ppages7-9 8 888 eeeues
© Convert an expression with repeated linear factors in ® OMe) WO)
the denominator into partial fractions > pages 10-11, Md 3 “0 sd M
Convert an improper fraction into partial fraction form he cae at
> pmges 12-13 . ae *
. . oe .
. . . .
oe seeee sere eee
oe oe seeeeee
ee ae se oeees
oe oe see eeee
Bees . oe oe oe
seeee eeeesee
Fully factorse: seeee eoeeeee
a 45046 seeee eeeeeee
b e-5x-14 cPureisecionis SSS COC ES eeseees
Simplify
You can use partial fractions to
simplify expressions and break
them into smaller parts. This is
very useful for analysing linear
differential systems, such as
resonant circuits in electrical
3x2 +4 systems,
1 Hoe
x= x= 30_
© Pure 2 Section 1.2,
mat 3x4 18
3. Use the factor theorem to determine
the factors of:
a P432—5-3
ba Cea aed
) Partial fractions
= Asingle fraction with two distinct linear factors in the denominator can be split into two
separate fractions with linear denominators. This is called splitting it into partial fractions.
[7A and Bare constants to be found.
5 A,B
pe
(@+DG-4~ x+17x-4 — Theexpression is LEED Partial fractions are used
ey _
fl rewritten as the sum of for binomial expansions and
The denominator contains two ‘two partial fractions, iicarien
linear factors: (+ 1) and (~ 4)
There are two methods to find the constants 4 and B: by substitution and by equating coefficients,
EEE) HD rer
it 8x22 —
Split yg ey inte Partial fractions by a substitution b equating coeficients,
4 8k=2
= Bee x
Aox +1) + Box ~ 3)
cao)
Gx- 2S Aly +1) + Be 3)
gaa —_ {ae
Gea 2
= eT
ex-2 4,8
ward x-3* eet
Abs + 1)+ Bee ~ 3)
i= Bix +
Alx + 1) + Bix = 3)
Ax + A+ By ~ 3B
= (A + Bix + (A 3B)
Equate coeflicients of x:
Ca4+B Ot)
Equate constant terms:
@)
> Be
Substitute B
in) G=4ae2
A=4 8 CHAPTER 2 Dune eu)
= The method of partial fractions can also be
used when there are more than two distinct
linear factors in the denominator.
hod ¢ ised for
-tor in the denominate
7
@-2e+OR+3d)
A.B co
N-2 x+6 x43
‘The constants 4, Band C can again be found
either by substitution or by equating coefficients,
For example, the expression.
can be split into
CEES) ED mwsame
6x2 +5x-2
ae = DQx+D
@
deel?
|
ee
Given that
find the values of the constants 4, Band C.
= Abe = (28 41) + BO 41) + Cul ~1)
woe ex +)
Gx? + Sx 2 = Ate = 2x + 1)
+ Bxi2x +1) + Cale 1)
let x
645-2 204Rxtx340
=3 eT ey ce aa
1 Express as partial fractions
6x-2 » xt
2 = 2e+3, (DG +4
a3 6x46
x4 emo
¢ 223" 8-
B34 8 yay
~2x-5 A
© 2 Show that Gy gy — ap oat be written in the form 74
constants to be found. (B marks)
©® 3 The expression can be written in partial fractions a:
——
@-Aa+8)
Find the values of the constants 4 and B.
2x? — 12x — 26
Geer?
© 4 he
Given that h(x) can be expressed in the form —4—
=F find the values of
+3
wet
A,Band C (4 marks)
© 5 Given that, tor x <1, Got ee A ag A where D, Eand Fare
constants. Find the values of D, Zand F. (4 marks)
6 Express as partial fractions
ag —28= 12x26 10x? = 8x +2 tax 2
+ DE-DE) 3@x+DGx-3 © E+ DE_-H
©® 7 Express as partial fractions
bg GBD Fit tactrce ne denominator
5x2 ~ 15:
G+N HE
Express a5 a sum of fractions with linear denominators, ©) Repeated factors
Salsa Dune eu)
"= A single fraction with a repeated linear factor in the denominator can be split into two or more
separate fractions,
In this case, there is a special method for dealing with the repeated linear factor.
249
(= Sia 3F
‘The denominator contains three linear
fartnre: (x — 5), (v4 and (v4)
(+3) isa repeated linear factor.
GEES) BD mn ears
Aand Band Care
constants to be found.
B ¢
y=5* 343 "Gey
“The expression is rewritten
asthe sum of three partial
fractions. Notice that
(c= 5), (+3) and G43)
are the denominators.
Mx? + Mx +5 - A B c
Show that (yaa ey Can Be waite inthe form 25 + +a pg where A, B and C
are constants to be found.
Let
tre + 14x + 5
e+ exe)
A B
s+ * wate * Gre
Ale + 12x + 1) + Bx + 1) 4 Cle + 12
(w+ 24D)
Hence Mx? + tax 4 S
let x= 1
W144 5 2A KO+Bx-14Cx0
2-48
B=-2
Let se
2 4,
$-7452axo+Bx0+cx4—
x? + dx 5
+12 +1)
42
@+0 wee
Hence
a)
SoA=4.B
Zand C=3
Aur ac + Bla Cc 8 6) — The numaereaeegi
calculator. Cua ue) aed
®!
text .
fe) = Spee red
B
Given that f(x) can be expressed in the form 4 Ss find the values of
A, Band C. (4 marks)
E
: D
Find the values ofthe constants D, Band Pouch that ) =P Es (marks)
anos
Given that, for x <0, Sr fe a a where PQ and R are constants,
find the values of P, Qand R (4 marks)
Show that = 2° can be writen inthe form € +2 +25 where C, Dand £
are constants to be found. (4maris)
2x
Pes) = ane?
. 4, 8
Find the values ofthe constants 4 and B such that ps) =—45 +B (4 marks)
lv l0veI7_ A, BC,
Gre b@=3F eT wr
Find the values of the constants 4, B and C. (4 marks)
39x? + 20-459 . A c
Show dat 2ST can be written inthe form <5 ar
where A, Band Cate constants to be found. (4maris)
Express as partial fractions:
a tel 6x27- x +2.
32+ 10x +25 Seats Dune eu)
©) improper fractions
= Animproper fraction is one that is top heavy, where the power of the denominator is equal to or
greater than the power of the numerator. An improper fraction can be split into partial fractions.
x
Some factions canbe given as <5 Since the top ard bottom are both quadrats in this
case, dividing one by the other should produce a constant, so the form would be A + 54 is Peat
Itis similar ifthe expression is split into partial fractions. Then, by first noting the
+ NG=1)
difference in powers between numerator and denominator, this can be written in the form
D
Axe B+
al
ex)
2n.
+1
This is because a cubic over a quadratic produces a linear function.
as partial fractions,
At 4B
yet
axe anes Bee
3x) Oa Cue aed
(Ax + Blox ~ bx ~ 2) + Cx ~ 2) + Dtx~
(ie 2)
Bx + Bue Nhe ~ 2) + Cv 2)+ Dix)
~ ix = Nix = 2)
Bx = (Bx + Ble Me = 2) + Clr = 2) + Doe ~ 1) ——T ion!
BxP=Bx 1+ BM = Ml 240-24 0-9
32-C
c=-3
Bx 23= (3x2 + BIZ ~ N2 -2)-3@—2)+ D2 ~1)
24
xO + BVO ~ iN(0 ~ 2) - 310-2) + 240-9
1. Express as partial fractions
eel 4x eel 2x2
aye? boa eT ayes
: c
2 Show that Z— 5) can be written in the form A + 75 +5, where 4, Band Care
constants to be found.
Ax + By 5 c
3 Given that SATE p cam be expressed in the form 2-+ 57° + 37 Ss find the values of
A, Band C
4. Express as partial fractions
fa Yel b 2x? -2 a bx
x+3 x(x + 3) Qx-D)@+)
“
5 Given that Genes be expressed in the form Ax + B+ ares find the values of
A, B, Cand D.
6 Express as partial fractions
d+ b x
3043 (+ Dx=2)
2 , B é
7 Given that wep can be expressed in the form A + ear wep? find the values of A, Band C.
8 Express as partial fractions
eel 2xt=1
cary (ray 14 CHAPTER 2 Ca
uns
3x
e-P
Express: as partial fractions.
(ome
4 5
1 Given tat [yg aay a be written inthe form AF + BS find the values of A and
2 Express as partial fractions
sx+13 bse
* Gat) @-De+D
fs
3. Show that Tq caper e sy canbe written in form 45 + Sg + yw Bing the
values of 4,B and C.
4 Express as partial fractions
3xt+ 70-2 2
(x + DQ + 2x + 3)
3x-2
Say od
x(x + I(x- 1)
5. By first using the factor theorem to simplify the denominator, write as
partial fractions,
6 Express as partial fractions
a 2 3x41
Wa dtaxed Tet + Ge
7. Express as partial fractions
x 3
"tyorp | Mae
8 Given that =?" can be written in the form <4 + ——B— determine the values of A and B.
ven that Gp can be weit rm e3 the op va :
—_41+_
9 Express —4— aspartlfactions
10 Express as partial fractions
axel p Bt
xa a+
c
=F
x42
can be written in the form A +
11. Show that (35 ea
giving the values of A, B and C,
12. Express as partial fractions
3-2 » ae
* G+DG-9, x=4
13. Given that —
Gp gesan be wattten as det Dt SES
D
$37 Gag? find the values of ADC and D.
+3? Cua ue) aed
eed
1 Asingle fraction with two distinct linear factors in the denominator can be split into two
separate fractions with linear denominators. This is called splitting it into partial fractions:
5 A B
GIDE GHD” &=4
2 The method of partial fractions can also be used when there are more than two distinet linear
factors in the denominator:
eis, B a
@-DE+OG+3) (-2 +6) 43)
3 Asingle fraction with a repeated linear factor in the denominator can be split into two or more
separate fractions:
+9 A B a
(= 5) (+3) (= 5) #3)” $3)?
4 An improper algebraic fraction is one whose numerator has a degree equal to or larger than
‘the denominator. An improper fraction must be converted to a mixed fraction before you can.
express it in partial fractions,
To convert an improper fractio
+ algebraic division
+ or the relationship F(x) = Qlx) x divisor + remainder
10a mixed fraction you can use: 3 COORDINATE
" GEOMETRY IN THE
(x, y) PLANE
mpleting this chapter you should be able to
EAT
rt parametric equations into Cartesian form by substitution + pages17-18
rt parametric equations into Cartesian form using trigonometri
identities > pages 22-23
© Understand equa and sketch
parametric > pages 25-26
Solve coordinate geometry problems involving parametric equations + pages 17-26
d x=1+2
+ Pure 3 Sections 4.2,
x +cos2x
«Pure 2 Sec
«Pure Sectior
Parametric equations
Pure Section 4 nplicated
A circle has centre (0, 4) and radius 5, Find the coordinates of the points of [§) Cartesian equation in
intersection of the circle and the line with equation 2p ~ x ~ 1 a simpler, and more
«Pure 2 Section 2. accessible, for. CNS aaa
Ge
BD Parametric equations
You can write the x- and y-coordinates of each point on a curve as functions of a third variable.
This variable is called a parameter and is often represented by the letter 1
= Acurve can be defined using parametric equations x = p(t) and y= q(f). Each value of the
parameter, t, defines a point on the curve with coordinates (p(0. q(t).
ET yleane>o
: These are the parametric equations of the curve
The domain of the parameter tells you the values
of 1 you would need to substitute to find the
coordinates of the points on the curve,
wp ye kth
L. When t=2,0= 2%
This corresponds to the point (2.5, 4)
=25andy=2x2=4
ose1
ERED re vauc ofthe parameter is hen 1205, x= 9541 225 and y= 205 <1
generally not equal to either the.x- or the This corresponds to the point (2.5, 1)
{y-coordinate, and more than one point on
the curve can have the same x-coordinate.
You can convert between parametric Hi
equations and Cartesian equations by using
substitution to eliminate the parameter.
You can use the domain and range of the parametric functions to find the domain and range of the
resulting Cartesian function.
* For parametric equations x = p(f) and y = q(t) with Cartesian equation y = f(x):
«© the domain of f(x) is the range of pif)
«the range of f(x) is the range of qi)
A curve has parametric equations
yet, -3-2
Find a Cartesian equation of the curve of the form y= f(x), > where k is a constant to be found,
Write down the range of f(x).
CAND serch this ps
"curve using technology.
When t= =2: x= In(t-+ 3) =n
‘As f increases In(t + 3) increases, 50 the
range of the parametric function for x is
x>0
The Cartesian equation is
1
pegigsro
b When ta teyatead
As rincreases y decreases, but is always
positive, s0 the range of the parametric
i i 1
function foryis <<
The range of fix] is O< ¥ 0
e x=in@-9, y=
cr COORDINATE GEO!
GANGCA Ls
©® 5 The curves C, and C; are defined by the following parametric equations,
1
uF
4 Show that both curves are segments of the — @EFEFFFAD aight ines and line segments can
Sore sree nes be referred to as curves’ in coordinate geometry.
b Find the length of each line segment.
Cy xal421, po2e3e 2eres G
6 A curve Chas parametri equations
reR, reo
a Determine the ranges of x and y in the given domain of (3 marks)
b Show that the Cartesian equation of C can be written in the form
Ae + bx to)
(e-2F
where A, b and care integers to be determined. (marks)
7 A curve has parametric equations
2
* as
n(r+3), 9
a Show that a Cartesian equation of this curve is )
found.
b Write down the range of f(x.
(x), > where k isa constant to be
8 A diagram shows a curve C with parametric equations
X=EM, yoP-2, 05152
a Find a Cartesian equation of the curve in the form
y= fia), and state the domain of f(x). (marks)
iy
b Show that $= when ¢ GB marks)
© Hence determine the range of f(x). (2 marks)
9 A curve Chas parametric equations
ye4-P, 1eER
a Show that the Cartesian equation of C can be written in the form
(a- yb - 9
where « and b are integers to be determined. (3 marks)
b Write down the maxiniuin value of the y-voowinate for any point on this curve, (2 amarks) uaa ae
Ge
You can use trigonometric identities to convert trigonometric parametric equations into Cartesian
form. In this chapter you will always consider angles measured in radians.
GEE) BED wren
A curve has parametric equations x =sint-+2, y=cos!-3, 1ER
a Show that a Cartesian equation of the curve is (x~ 2) + (y+ 32 =
b Hence sketch the curve,
axesing +2 Gets
o if you can write expressions for sin and cas in
terms of xand y then you can use the identity
ae a sin! + cos*r= 1 to eliminate the parameter 1
‘Pure 2 Section 6.3
Substitute (9) and (2) into
sie + costes
= 2F #04 3R=1
So sinv=x-2
031-3
bY
o $
the equation of acirele
‘radius Ce Usc =o aan een eT
fl :
GEOR 4) E> corn
A curve is defined by the parametric equations LED 01 can groph tne a
xesing, yosint, ere? patametrlé equations using
272 technology.
a Find a Cartesian equation of the curve in the form
Y=f), -kexek
stating the value of the constant k.
b. Write down the range of f(x).
a y= sine
2sintcost
2xcost
sin? + cos?
cost = 1- ints
cost 2)
Substitute (2) into (I: y= 2x7
When t= =
= sin(
When t=
amain of f(x), consider th
The Cartesian equation Is y
4sx
