[EEE 2019 TEST 2 SOLUTIONS 2021/2022 Academic Year] [Dept.

of EEE, School of Engineering, University of Zambia]

EEE 2019 - PRINCIPLES OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING

TEST 2 [SOLUTIONS] – TERM 2 2021/2022 ACADEMIC YEAR – AUGUST 13, 2022

QUESTION 1
(a) Use nodal analysis to find V0 in the circuit of Figure Q1(a). [15 Marks]
2V0
1 4

30V 2 V0 16 3A

Figure Q1(a)
[SOLUTION] [Q1(a)]
 We first and foremost assign node voltages as shown in FIG. 1 below,
2V0
V1 1 V0 4  V2 V3 supernode

30V 2 V0 16 3A

[2 Marks]

FIG. 1
 At node 1, by inspection, V1 = 30V ; (1)
[2 Marks]
 At node 0, applying KCL yields,
 30 − V0  V0  V0 − V2 
  − −  = 0 ; i.e., 7V0 − V2 = 120 ; (2)
 1   2   4  [2 Marks]
 At the supernode, applying KVL yields,
 V2 − V3 = 2V0 ; i.e., V3 = −2V0 + V2 ; (3)
[2 Marks]
 At the supernode, applying KCL gives,
V0 − V2  V3 
   −   + 3 = 0 ; i.e., 4V0 − 4V2 − V3 = −48 ; (4)
 4  16  [2 Marks]
 From eqns (3) and (4) we get,
 4V0 − 4V2 − (−2V0 + V2 ) = −48 ; i.e., 6V0 − 5V2 = −48 ; (5)
[2 Marks]
 Vividly, 5 times eqn (2) plus eqn (5) yields,
648
 29V0 = 648 ; i.e., V0 = V = 22.3448 V ; (6)
29 [3 Marks]

(b) Consider the circuit of the form shown in Figure Q1(b). Using source transformation,
determine the current i . [10 Marks]

[Prepared by Jerry Muwamba & Dr. L. Ngoyi] Page 1 of 10

[EEE 2019 TEST 2 SOLUTIONS 2021/2022 Academic Year] [Dept. of EEE, School of Engineering, University of Zambia]

12V
6
i
2A 4 5 4A

Figure Q1(b)
[Total 25 Marks]

[SOLUTION] [Q1(b)]
 Firstly, the 2A current source is converted to a 8V voltage source in series with
the 4  resistor as illustrated in FIG. 1.
12V
4 6
i
8V 10 5 4A
[2 Marks]
FIG. 1
 Secondly, the two voltage sources are added to give the resultant 4V voltage
source in series with the 10 resistor as shown in FIG. 2.
10
i
4V 5 4A

[2 Marks]
FIG. 2
 Finally, voltage source is converted to a 0.4A current source in parallel with a
10 resistor, as illustrated in FIG. 3.

i
4A 0.4A 10 5
[2 Marks]

3.6A FIG. 3

 Applying current divider rule to FIG. 3 yields,

 10  36 12 [4 Marks]
 i=  (3.6) = ; i.e., i = A = 2.4 A ;
 5 + 10  15 5
[Total 25 Marks]

QUESTION 2
(a) For the circuit of Figure Q2(a), use mesh analysis to determine i0 . [15 Marks]

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[EEE 2019 TEST 2 SOLUTIONS 2021/2022 Academic Year] [Dept. of EEE, School of Engineering, University of Zambia]

6 i0

2A
8

24V 3i0 2

Figure Q2(a)

[SOLUTION] [Q2(a)]
 Assigning mesh currents, we obtain a circuit of the form depicted in FIG. 1.
6 i0

supermesh i3
8 2A
Q

24V i1 3i0 i2 2

[2 Marks]
P
FIG. 1
 For the supermesh, applying KVL yields,
 24 − 8i1 − 6i3 − 2i2 = 0 ; i.e., 4i1 + i2 + 3i3 = 12 ; (1)
[2 Marks]
 At node Q, applying KCL yields,
 2 − i2 + i3 = 0 ; i.e., i2 − i3 = 2 ; (2)
[2 Marks]
 At node P, applying KCL yields,
 i1 − i2 = 3i0 ; where i0 = −i3 ; i.e., i1 = i2 − 3i3 = 0 ; (3)
[2 Marks]
 Placing eqn (3) into eqn (1) gives,
 4(i2 − 3i3 ) + i2 + 3i3 = 12 ; i.e., 5i2 − 9i3 = 12 ; (4)
[2 Marks]
 It follows that, eqn (4) minus 5 times eqn (2) yields,
1
 −4i3 = 2 ; i.e., i3 = − A ; (6)
2 [2 Marks]
1
 Therefore, i0 = −i3 = A ; (7)
2 [3 Marks]

(b) Apply the principle of superposition to the circuit of Figure Q2(b) to obtain the current I .
[10 Marks]

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[EEE 2019 TEST 2 SOLUTIONS 2021/2022 Academic Year] [Dept. of EEE, School of Engineering, University of Zambia]

6k 6k

5mA 6k 6k 30V

I

Figure Q2(b)
[Total 25 Marks]

[SOLUTION] [Q2(b)]
 In order to apply the superposition theorem, we ought to switch off the voltage
source as depicted in FIG. 1,
6k 6k

5mA I1 6k 6k

[1 Mark ]
FIG. 1
 Applying current divider rule to FIG. 1 yields,

 9k   
9  
 Req = 6k + [6k 6k] = 9k ; i.e., I 1 =   (−5mA) =   (−5mA) ; (1)
 6k + 9k   15
     [1 Mark ]
 Thus, I 1 = −3 mA ; (2)
[2 Marks]
 Furthermore, switching off the current source yields FIG. 2.
6k 6k

Is
I2 6k 6k 30V
[1 Mark ]
FIG. 2
(6k)(12k)
 It follows that, Req = 6k [6k + 6k] = = 4k ; (3)
18k [1 Mark ]
30V  6k 
 Vividly, I s = = 3mA ; i.e., I 2 =   (3mA) = 1mA ; (4)
(6 + 4)k  6k + 12k  [2 Marks]
 Therefore, I = I 1 + I 2 = [−3 + 1] mA = −2mA ; (5)
[2 Marks]
[Total 25 Marks]

QUESTION 3
(a) Determine the Norton equivalent at the terminals a -b for the circuit in Figure Q3(a).
[12 Marks]

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[EEE 2019 TEST 2 SOLUTIONS 2021/2022 Academic Year] [Dept. of EEE, School of Engineering, University of Zambia]

10i0
2
a
i0
2A 4

b
Figure Q3(a)
[SOLUTION] [Q3(a)]
 Firstly, we obtain open-circuit voltage in FIG. 1.
10i0
2
a
i0
2A 4 Voc = VTh
[1 Mark ]
b
FIG. 1

 Vividly, applying KVL to FIG.1 gives,

 VTh = Voc = 4i0 − 10i0 = −6i0 ; where i0 = 2A ; i.e., VTh = −12 V ; (1)
[2 Marks]
 Secondly, we apply mesh analysis to FIG. 2 in order to find the Norton current.
10i0 2
a
i0
I N = I sc
2A i1 4 i2

b [1 Mark ]
FIG. 2
 Mesh 1, by inspecting,
 i1 = 2A ; (2)
[1 Mark ]
 Mesh 2, applying KVL yields,
 4(i2 − i1 ) + 10i0 + 2i2 = 0 ; where, i0 = i1 − i2 ; i.e., 4(i2 − i1 ) + 10(i1 − i2 ) + 2i2 = 0 ;
6 3
 such that, 6i1 − 4i2 = 0 ; implying that, i2 = i1 = i1 ; i2 = 3 A ; (3)
4 2 [2 Marks]
 Vividly, it follows that, I N = I sc = 3 A ; (4)
[2 Marks]
 Therefore, we obtain the Norton resistance as
VTh −12V
 RN = = ; i.e., RN = −4  ; (5)
IN 3A [2 Marks]
 It is worth noting that negative resistance indicates the presence of an active
element in the circuit, needless to say negative resistance is nonexistent for purely
passive circuits.
 The Norton equivalent circuit is thus of the form,

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[EEE 2019 TEST 2 SOLUTIONS 2021/2022 Academic Year] [Dept. of EEE, School of Engineering, University of Zambia]

IN 3A RN 4

b [1 Mark ]

(b) For the circuit depicted in Figure Q3(b), obtain the Thevenin equivalent circuit seen by the
20k load resistor at the terminals a -b and find the load current. [13 Marks]
a

5mA 10k V0 0.01V0 5k 20k

b
Figure Q3(b)
[Total 25 Marks]

[SOLUTION] [Q3(b)]
 To realize the Thevenin’s equivalent ckt we determine Voc = Vab = VTh and RTh .
a

5mA 10k V0 0.01V0 5k Voc = VTh

[1 Mark ]
b
FIG. 1
 Thus, the open-circuit voltage, Vab = VTh is found from FIG. 1 above.
 Mesh 1: applying Ohm’s law yields,

 V0 = (10k)(5mA) ; i.e., V0 = 50 V ; (1)

[1 Mark ]
 Mesh 2: applying Ohm’s law yields,

 VTh = Voc = (5k)(0.01)(50 V) ; i.e., VTh = 2500V = 2.5 kV ; (2)

[2 Marks]
 To find RTh , we ought to find the short-circuit current depicted in FIG. 2 below.
a

I sc = I N
5mA 10k V0 0.01V0 5k

b [1 Mark ]
FIG. 2
 Mesh 1: by inspection, V0 = 50 V ; (3)
[1 Mark ]
 Mesh 2: It follows that,

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[EEE 2019 TEST 2 SOLUTIONS 2021/2022 Academic Year] [Dept. of EEE, School of Engineering, University of Zambia]

 I N = I sc = 0.01V0 = (0.01)(50) = 0.5A ; i.e., I N = I sc = 0.5A ; (4)

[2 Marks]
 Vividly, from eqns (2) and (4) we get,
VTh 2500 V
 RTh = = = 5000  ; i.e., RTh = 5 k ; (5)
IN 0.5A [2 Marks]
 Therefore, the Thevenin equivalent circuit is of the form,

RTh

5k
VTh 2.5kV IL 20k

FIG. 3
 Thus, the load current is of the form,

2500 V 2500 V
 IL = = ; i.e., I L = 0.1A ; (6)
(5 + 20)k 25k [1 Mark ]
[Total 25 Marks]

QUESTION 4
(a) Consider the circuit of Figure Q4(a) for which vC (0 − ) = 0 . At t = 0 the switch is
closed, determine vC (t ) and i(t ) , for t  0 [9 Marks]

t =0 10

i(t ) 1
50V F vC (t ) 10
5

Figure Q4(a)

[SOLUTION] [Q4(a)]
 Given that vC (0) = 0 , we start by finding the steady-state voltage after the switch
is closed from the circuit of the form of FIG. 1,
10

i()
50V vC () 10
[1 Mark ]
FIG. 1

 Vividly, the circuit in FIG. 1 yields,

 10  1 
 vC () =   50 =   50 = 25 V ; (1)
10 + 10  2  [2 Marks]

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[EEE 2019 TEST 2 SOLUTIONS 2021/2022 Academic Year] [Dept. of EEE, School of Engineering, University of Zambia]

10

Req 10

FIG. 2

 Secondly, we determine the time constant  = ReqC for t  0 from circuit of FIG. 2
(10)(10)
 Req = 10 10  = = 5  ; which yields,  = ReqC = (5 )(0.2F) = 1s ; (2)
20 [2 Marks]
−t 
 Finally, recall that, vC (t ) = vC () + vC (0) − vC () e ; so that,
 vC (t ) = 25[1 − e −t ] V,  t  0 ; (3)
[2 Marks]
 In order to determine i(t ) for t  0 we refer to the circuit of the form,
10

i(t ) +
50V 0.2F vC (t ) 10
i1(t )
iC (t ) −

FIG. 3

 Since the top node voltage vC (t ) has been found it follows from FIG. 3 that,
50 − vC (t ) 50 − 25[1 − e −t ] 5 5 −t 5
 i(t ) = = = + e ; i.e., i(t ) = [1 + e −t ]u(t ) A ; (4)
10 10 2 2 2 [2 Marks]

(b) The two switches in the circuit of Figure Q4(b) are thrown simultaneously at t = 0 .
(i) Find i1(0 + ) and i2 (0 + ) . [4 Marks]
(ii) Find Leq and  for t  0 . [4 Marks]
(iii) Write i(t ) for t  0 . [2 Marks]
(iv) To find i1(t ) and i2 (t ) , it is necessary to include a possible constant present in the
inductive loop. This may be done by finding the voltage across the 6 resistor,
which is the voltage across each coil, and integrating the inductor voltage to find the
current; the known initial value is used as the constant of integration. Find i1(t ) and
i2 (t ) . [4 Marks]
(v) Show that the sum of the energies remaining in the two coils as t →  plus that
dissipated since t = 0 in the resistor is equal to the sum of the inductor energies at
t = 0. [2 Marks]

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[EEE 2019 TEST 2 SOLUTIONS 2021/2022 Academic Year] [Dept. of EEE, School of Engineering, University of Zambia]

i1(t ) t =0 t =0 i2 (t ) i(t )
3 12
3H 6H 6

12V

Figure Q4(b)
[Total 25 Marks]

[SOLUTION] [Q4(b)]
(i) For t  0 , the steady-state circuit is of the form depicted in FIG. 1.
3 12

i1(0+ ) 12V i2 (0+ )

FIG. 1
 Vividly, applying Ohm’s law to FIG. 1 yields,
12V [2 Marks]
 i1(0+ ) = ; i.e., i1(0+ ) = 4A ;
3
12V [2 Marks]
 i2 (0+ ) = ; i.e., i2 (0+ ) = 1A ;
12 
(ii) For t  0 , the circuit after switching is of the form depicted in FIG. 2.

i1(t ) i2 (t ) i(t )
3H 6H 6

FIG. 2
 It follows from FIG. 2 that,
(3)(6)
 Leq = L1 L2 = 3H 6H = ; i.e., Leq = 2H ; [2 Marks]
9
L 2 1 [2 Marks]
 Thus,  = eq = ; i.e.,  = s ;
R 6 3
(iii) Vividly from FIG. 2 we obtain,
 i(0+ ) = i1(0+ ) + i2 (0+ ) = 5A ; and i() = i1() + i2 () = 0A ;
−t 
 It follows form i(t ) = i() + [i(0 + ) − i()]e that,
 i(t ) = 0 + [5 − 0]e −3t −3t
; i.e., i(t ) = 5e A,  t  0 ; [2 Marks]

(iv) In order to determine the currents i1(t ) and i2 (t ) , ought to find the voltage across
all the three elements in FIG. 2.
 Thus, v(t ) = Ri(t ) = 6(5e −3t ) ; i.e., v(t ) = 30e −3t V ;

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[EEE 2019 TEST 2 SOLUTIONS 2021/2022 Academic Year] [Dept. of EEE, School of Engineering, University of Zambia]

 It follows that,
t
1 t 1 t 30 −3 
0 v()d  + i1(0) ; i1(t ) = 3 0 [30e ]d  + 4 = − 9 e
−3 
 i1(t ) = + 4 ; i.e.,
L1 0

10 −3t 10  22 10  [2 Marks]
 i1(t ) = − e + + 4 ;  i1(t ) =  − e −3t  A,  t  0 ;
3 3 3 3 
t
1 t 1 t 5 −3 
0 v( )d  + i2 (0) ; i2 (t ) = 6 0 [30e ]d  + 1 = − 3 e
−3 
 i2 (t ) = + 1 ; i.e.,
L2 0

5 5  8 5 −3t 
 i2 (t ) = − e −3t + + 1 ;  i2 (t ) =
 − e  A,  t  0 ; [2 Marks]
3 3 3 3 
(v) At t = 0 , the energy stored by the two coils is given by,
1 2 + 1 1 1 [2 Marks]
 w(0+ ) = L1i1 (0 ) + L2i22 (0+ ) = (3)(42 ) + (6)(12 ) ; i.e., w(0+ ) = 27 J ;
2 2 2 2

[Total 25 Marks]

END OF EEE 2019 TEST 2 [SOLUTIONS]

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