Selected Topics in Computer Science(CoSc4181)

Lecture 03: Internet of Things

Department of Computer Science

Dilla University

Tsegalem G
2022—Sem II

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 Outline
 In this chapter, we are going to learn more about

• Overview of the Internet of things (IoT)

• Explain the history of IoT

• Describe the pros and cons of IoT

• Explain how IoT works

• Explain the architecture of IoT

• Describe some application areas of IoT

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 Learning Objectives
 After completing this section, the students will be able to:

– Describe IoT

– Explain the history of IoT

– Describe the pros and cons of IoT

– Explain how IoT works

– Explain the architecture of IoT

– Describe IoT tools and platforms

– Describe some of the application areas of IoT

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 What is IoT?
 IoT is the networking of smart objects, meaning a number of
devices communicating in the presence of IP that cannot be
directly operated by human beings.

 In simple words, IoT is an ecosystem of connected physical

objects that are accessible through the internet.

 It is also referred to as Machine-to-Machine (M2M).

 Internet of Everything.

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 Cont…
 The description of the Internet of Things is related to different definitions:
• According to the Internet Architecture Board’s (IAB): IoT is the networking of
smart objects, meaning a huge number of devices intelligently communicating in
the presence of internet protocol.

• According to the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) organization: IoT is the
networking of smart objects in which smart objects have some constraints such
as limited bandwidth, power, and processing accessibility for achieving
interoperability among smart objects.

• According to the IEEE Communications category: IoT is a framework of all things

that have a representation in the presence of the internet:

• According to the Oxford dictionary: IoT is the interaction of everyday object’s

computing devices through the Internet that enables the sending and receiving of
useful data.

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 History of Internet of Things (IoT)
 The concept of the Internet of Things first became popular in 1999, through the
Auto-ID Center at MIT and related market-analysis publications.

 Radio-frequency identification (RFID) was seen as a prerequisite for the IoT at

that point. If all objects and people in daily life were equipped with identifiers,
computers could manage and inventory them.

• Besides using RFID, the tagging of things may be achieved through such
technologies as near field communication, barcodes, QR codes, Bluetooth,
and digital watermarking.

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 Cont.…
 Generally, IoT is the network of physical objects or "things"
embedded with electronics, software, sensors, and network
connectivity, which enables these objects to collect and
exchange data.

 System of interrelated computing devices,

 Includes almost anything like mechanical and digital machines,

objects, animals or people, jet engine, building cellphones that
are provided with Unique Identifiers and ability to transfer data
over a network without requiring human-to-human or human-
to-computer interaction.

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 Cont.…
 Network of devices that can sense, accumulate and transfer
data over the internet.

 Contains of any device with an on/off switch connected to the

Internet.

o Example: Ring doorbell when its pressed and lets you see who it
is and to speak with them.

 Application in several areas such as connected industry, smart-

city, smart-home, connected car, smart agriculture, connected
building and campus, health care, logistics.

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 Cont.…
 IoT systems allow users to achieve deeper automation, analysis,
and integration within system.

 IoT utilizes existing and emerging technology for sensing,

networking, and robotics.

 Its bring major changes in the

delivery of products, goods,
and services; and the social,
economic, and political impact
of those changes

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 The most Important components of IoT
 AI - IoT makes things smart and enhances life through the use
of data.

o Example, if we have a coffee machine whose beans have

going to end, then the coffee machine itself order the coffee
beans of your choice from the retailer.

 Connectivity - Refers to establish connection b/n all things of

IoT to IoT platform it may be server or cloud.

 After connecting it needs a high speed messaging between

devices and cloud to enable reliable, secure and bi-directional
communication.

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 Cont.…
 Sensors - Detect and measure any change in the
environment and report on their status.

IoT brings passive networks to active networks.

Without sensors, there could not hold an effective or

true IoT environment.

 Active Engagement- IoT makes connected technology,

product, or services to active engagement between each other.

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 Cont.…

 Small Devices - Devices, as, become smaller, cheaper, and

more powerful over time.

IoT exploits small devices to deliver its precision,

scalability, and versatility.

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Internet of Things(IoT)
 IoT – Advantages
 Improved Customer Engagement – IoT devices help businesses
track, monitor, uncover and analyze customer data faster than before.

 Current analytics suffer from error and major faults and

inaccuracy.

 IoT completely transforms this to achieve richer and more

effective engagement with audiences.

 Technology Optimization - technologies and data improve the

customer experience also improve device use, and aid in more
powerful improvements to technology.

 Reduced Waste - IoT provides real-world information leading to

the more effective management of resources.
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 Cont.…
 Improved Data Collection - Modern data collection suffers
from its limitations and its design.
IoT breaks out spaces and places exactly where
humans really want to go to analyze our world.
 It allows an accurate picture of everything.
 Cost saving
 Its helpful to people in their daily routines.
 By allowing data to be shared and communicated between
electronic devises and then translating it into our required
way.

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 IoT – Disadvantages
 Security:-Number of connected devices increases and more
information is shared b/n devices, that a hacker could steal
confidential information.

If there’s a bug in the system, it’s likely that every

connected device will become corrupted.

 Compatibility:- it’s difficult for devices from different

manufacturers to communicate with each other.

 Complexity:-Collecting and managing the data from all those

devices will be challenging.

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 Cont..
 Technology overdependence: Its observed that young
generation are technology freak and they depend upon
technology and its device for every little thing.

 Lesser employment prospects: With IoT daily activity is

automated and naturally there will be fewer requirement of
human resource and less educated staff which may create
employment issue in society.

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 How does it work?
 IoT consists of web-enabled smart devices that uses
embedded processors, sensors and communication
hardware to collect, send and act on data they acquire from
their environments.

 IoT Devices share sensor data where data is either sent to

cloud to be analyzed or analyzed locally.

 Sometimes, these devices communicate with other related

devices and act on the information they get from one another.

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 Cont.…
 Devices work without human intervention, and people can
interact with the devices.

 Human give them instructions or access the data.

 Connectivity, networking and communication protocols

used with these web-enabled devices largely depend on the
specific IoT applications deployed

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 Architecture of IoT
 Architecture of IoT devices contains four major components:

 Sensing,

 Network,

 Data Processing, and

 Application Layers

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 1. Sensing Layer
 It identify any phenomena in the devices’ and obtain data
from the real world.

 This layer consists of several sensors.

 Using multiple sensors for applications is one of the primary

features of IoT devices.

 Sensors in IoT devices are usually integrated through sensor

hub.

 Sensors in IoT devices can be classified into Motion Sensors,

Environmental Sensors and Position sensors.

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Sensors in IoT devices can be classified into
A. Motion Sensors: used to detect motion of any object or motion
of human being.

 There are two types of motions

 linear motion refers to the linear displacement of an

IoT device.

 Angular motion refers to the rotational displacement

of the device.

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 Cont…
B. Environmental Sensors:

 Light sensors, Pressure sensors, are embedded in IoT

devices to sense change in environmental.

 The primary purpose is to help devices to take free decisions

according to changes of device peripheral.

o Example:- environment sensors are used in many applications

to improve user experience (e.g., home automation systems,
smart locks, smart lights, etc.).

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 Cont..
C. Position sensors:

 Deal with position/location of the device.

 The most common position sensors are magnetic sensors and

GPS.

Magnetic sensors used as digital compass and help to

fix direction of device display.

GPS is used for navigation purposes in IoT devices.

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 2. Network Layer
 Acts as communication channel to transfer data, collected
in sensing layer, to other connected devices.

 Implemented by using diverse communication technologies

(e.g., Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, cellular network, etc.)

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 3. Data Processing Layer
 Main data processing unit of IoT devices.

 Takes data collected in sensing layer and analyses the data to

make decisions based on the result.

 In some IoT devices (e.g., smartwatch, smart

home hub, etc.), the data processing layer also saves the
result of the previous analysis to improve the user experience.

 This layer may share the result of data processing with other
connected devices via the network layer.

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 4. Application Layer /user interface
 Implements and presents results of data

 Is a user-centric layer that executes various tasks for the users.

Figure:- Architecture of IoT

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 Applications of IoT
Agriculture

 For indoor planting, IoT makes checking and management

of climate conditions, which in turn increases production.

 For outside planting, IoT can sense soil moisture and

nutrients, in combination with weather data.

 If the sprinkler systems distribute water only when needed,

this prevents wasting a precious resource.

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 Consumer Use
 Wearable's and smart homes make life easier.

 Wearable's such as, smartphones, Apple watches, health

monitors.

 These devices improve entertainment, network

connectivity, health, and fitness.

 Smart homes take care of things like activating

environmental controls so that your house is at peak comfort
when you come home.

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 Healthcare
 Hospitals monitor their patients, in that way reducing hospital
stays while providing real-time information that could save
lives.

 Smart beds keep the staff informed as to the readiness, in that

way critical wait time for free space.

 Putting IoT sensors on critical equipment means fewer failures

and increased consistency, which can mean the difference
between life and death.

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 Insurance
 Even the insurance industry can benefit from the IoT revolution.

 Insurance companies can offer their policyholders discounts

for IoT wearable's such as Fitbit.

 By employing fitness tracking, the insurer can offer customized

policies and encourage healthier habits, which in the long run
benefits everyone, insurer, and customer alike.

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 Manufacturing
 RFID and GPS technology help to track a product from its
factory floor to its placement in the destination store,

 These sensors can gather information on travel time, product

condition, and environmental conditions that the product
was exposed to Sensors attached to factory equipment can
help identify blocks in the production line, thereby reducing lost
time and waste.

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 Retail
 Online and in-store shopping sales can control warehouse
automation and robotics, information pick up from IoT
sensors.

 Much of this relies on RFIDs, which are already in heavy use

worldwide.

 IoT help analyze mall traffic so that stores located in malls can
make necessary adjustments that improve customer’s
shopping experience.

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 Transportation
 By this time, most people have heard about the progress being
made with self-driving cars.

 The GPS, being utilized to help transportation companies

faster and more efficient directions for cars moving goods,
thereby speeding up delivery times.

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 Utilities
 IoT sensors monitor environmental conditions such as
humidity, temperature, and lighting.

 Sensors can help in the creation of algorithms that regulate

energy usage and make the appropriate adjustments,
eliminating the human equation

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 IoT Based Smart Home
 Users to remotely manage and monitor different home devices
from anywhere via smartphones.

 Or over the web with no physical distance limits.

 Mass-deployed broadband internet connectivity and

wireless technology, has become a reality where all devices
are integrated and interconnected via the wireless
network.

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 Cont.…
1. Remote Control Applications: Switching on/off remotely to
avoid accidents and save energy.

2. Weather:-Displays outdoor conditions such as humidity,

temperature, pressure, wind speed and rain levels with
ability to transmit data over long distances.

3. Smart Home Applications: Refrigerators with LCD screen

telling what’s inside, food that about to expire, ingredients you
need to buy and with all the information available on a
smartphone app.

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 Cont.…
4. Safety monitoring: cameras, and home alarm system making
people feel safe in their daily life at home.

5.Intrusion Detection system: Detection of window and door

opening and violations to prevent intruders.

6. Energy and water use: Energy and water supply consumption

monitoring to obtain advice on how to save cost and resources,
and many more.

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 IoT Based Smart City
1. Structural Health: Monitoring of vibrations and material
conditions in buildings, bridges and historical monuments

2. Lightning: intelligent and weather adaptive lighting in street

lights.

3. Safety: Digital video monitoring, fire control management,

public announcement systems

4. Transportation: Smart Roads and Intelligent High-ways with

warning messages and diversions according to climate
conditions and unexpected events like accidents or traffic
jams.
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 Cont…
5. Smart Parking: real-time monitoring of parking space
availability in city making residents able to identify and reserve
the closest available spaces.

6. Waste Management: Detection of garbage levels in

containers to optimize the waste collection.

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 IoT Based Smart Farming
1. Green Houses: Control climate conditions to maximize
production & quality of fruits & vegetables.

2. Compost: Control of humidity and temperature levels to

prevent fungus and other microbial.

3. Animal Farming/Tracking: Location and identification of

animals grazing in open pastures or location in big stables,
Study of ventilation and air quality in farms and detection of
harmful gases from excrements.

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 Cont…
4. Offspring care: Control of growing conditions of the offspring
in animal farms to ensure its survival and health.

5. Field monitoring: reducing spoilage and crop waste with

better monitoring, accurate ongoing data obtaining, and
management of the agriculture fields, including better control of
fertilizing, electricity and watering.

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The end

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