General Mathematics

Functions and their Basic Business

Graphs Mathematics Logic
National Heroes and their corresponding birthday

● NOV 30, 1863

● MAR 22, 1869

● JUL 23, 1864

● MAR 19, 1731

● JUN 19, 1861

 Group Activity
• Form a set of ordered pairs that will satisfy the following
conditions:
Group 1: (animal, offspring)
Example: (goat, kid)
Group 2: (planet, number of moons)
Example: (Earth, 1)
Group 3: (country, capital)
Example: (Japan, Tokyo)
Group 4: (animal, name of grouping)
Example: (sheep, flock)
Group 5: (name of group member, age)
• Present the relation in arrow diagram
• Each group will present their output to the class.
REPRESENTING
FUNCTIONS
UNIT 1.1
WHAT ARE A relation is a set of ordered
RELATIONS?
pairs that represent a
relationship.

Example:
Names and their age are a
set of ordered pairs that Name Alex Jude Arlo Casey
we could put into a table.
Age 9 12 11 11
WHAT IS A FUNCTION?
• A function is a special type of
relation where each input has only
one output.
• A function is defined as “a
relation in which each element
of the domain corresponds to
exactly one element of the
range”.
• The relation is a function if, for every
x-value, there is exactly one y-
value.
 WHAT IS A FUNCTION?
Functions are a way of connecting input
values to their corresponding output values.
Example:
Ordering a coffee for ₱40

Pay ₱40, and you get 1 coffee.

Pay ₱80, and you'll get 2 coffees, and
so on.
The input affects the output in a predictable way.
 FUNTION RULE

DOMAIN FUNCTION RULE RANGE

(Set of Inputs) (Rule of Correspondence) (Set of Outputs)
FUNCTION MACHINE
The figure shows how a
function machine works. An input x
is entered into the machine, then
the machine processes it by
performing operations defined by
the function f on the input, and that
gives a result as an output, f(x). This
special relationship guarantees that
for every input, there is a unique
output from the machine.
 FUNCTION NOTATION

𝒇 𝒙 =𝒚

Common Mistake!! o read as “f of x is equal to y”

𝑓(𝑥) does NOT imply
multiplication. We are not multiplying
the variables 𝑓 and 𝑥. it as a “married”
symbol; they should not be brought
apart.
DOMAIN & RANGE OF A FUNCTION

The domain of a function is the set of

all possible values for the independent
variable 𝑥, while the range of a function
is the set of all possible values for the
dependent variable 𝑦.
 EXAMPLE!
Identify the domain, function rule, and
the range of the following:
EXAMPLE: SOLUTION:
a. The volume of
a. Domain: 𝒓|𝒓 ≥ 𝟎
spherical
Function Rule:
balloon of radius 𝟒 𝟑
𝑟 is given by 𝑽 = 𝝅𝒓
𝟑
𝟒
𝑽 = 𝝅𝒓 .𝟑 Range: 𝑽|𝑽 ≥ 𝟎
𝟑
EXAMPLE: SOLUTION:
b. A jeepney
passenger pays b. Domain: 𝒅|𝒅 > 𝟎
₱8 for the first 5 Function Rule:
km fare, and an 𝟖 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝟎 < 𝒅 ≤ 𝟓
𝑭 𝒅 =ቊ
𝟖 + 𝟎. 𝟓𝒅 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒅 > 𝟓
additional ₱0.50
for every Range:
₱8, ₱8.50, ₱𝟗, ₱9.50,₱10, …
succeeding
distance d in
kilometer.
EXAMPLE: SOLUTION:
c. The interest earned by a
principal invested at 5% a. Domain: 𝑷|𝑷 > 𝟎
compounded annually Function Rule:
for 3 years is computed 𝒊 = 𝑷(𝟎. 𝟎𝟓)(𝟑)
using the relation Range: 𝒊|𝒊 > 𝟎
𝒊 = 𝑷𝒓𝒕, where 𝒊 is the
interest, 𝑷 is the principal, 𝒓
is the rate, and 𝒕 is the time.
DEFINITION OF PIECEWISE FUNCTION

A piecewise function or a compound

function is a function defined by multiple
subfunctions, where each subfunction
applies to a certain interval of the main
function domain.
 TRY THIS!
Describe the set of inputs, the
function rule, and the set of
outputs for each function.
GIVEN: ANSWERS:
Input = amount of battery
1. The amount of battery charge
charge of a cellular Function Rule = the longer the
phone is a function of battery charge of the cellular
the number of hours of phone, the more number of
use. hours use
=the shorter the battery charge
of the cellular phone, the less
number of hours of use
Output= number of hours of use
GIVEN: ANSWERS:
Input = athlete’s length of foot
2. An athlete’s shoe size is
a function of the Function Rule = the longer the
athlete’s length of foot. athlete’s length of foot, the
longer the athlete’s shoe size
= the shorter the athlete’s
length of foot, the shorter the
athlete’s shoe size

Output= athlete’s shoe size

GIVEN: ANSWERS:
Input = distance from the
4. The loudness of sound source of sound
one hears is a function Function Rule = the longer the
of his/her distance from distance from the source of
the source of sound. sound, the softer the sound
hears
=the shorter the distance from
the source of sound, the louder
the sound one hears
Output= loudness of sound one
hears
GIVEN: ANSWERS:
Input = number of marbles
3. The amount of water on Function Rule = the higher the number of
graduated cylinder same-size marbles placed inside the
graduated cylinder, the more amount of
displaced by same-size water will be displaced from the
marbles is a function of graduated cylinder
the number of marbles. = the lower the number of same-size
marbles placed inside the graduated
cylinder, the less amount of water will be
displaced from the graduated cylinder
Output= amount of water in the
graduated cylinder displaced by same-
size marble
GIVEN: ANSWERS:
Input = amount of prepaid load
5. The number of text Function Rule = the more
messages that can be amount of prepaid load bought,
sent depends on the the more number of text
amount of prepaid load messages that can be sent
bought. =the less amount of prepaid
load bought, the less the
number of text messages that
can be sent
Output= number of text
messages
Different ways to
represent a function:
Set of ordered pairs
Arrow diagram (mapping)
Table of values
Graph
Equation
VERTICAL
LINE TEST 5

If any vertical line 2

intersects a graph at -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5

exactly one point, -1

-2

then it is a function. -3

-4

-5
VERTICAL
LINE TEST
If a vertical line,
5

drawn anywhere on 3

the graph, can 1

touch the graph -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2

-1
3 4 5

more than once, -2

then the relation is

-3

-4

not a function. -5
ASSESSMENT
2. Tell whether each relation is a function or not

a. x -5 -7 -9 -11 -13
y 1
Function
2 3 4 5

b.
x 0 2 4 2 0
Not a Function
y -2 0 2 4 6
ASSESSMENT
c. 𝟐, 𝟐 , 𝟎, 𝟒 , −𝟐, 𝟔 , −𝟒, 𝟖 , … Function
d. 𝟏, 𝟓 , 𝟐, 𝟑 , 𝟑, 𝟏 , 𝟐, −𝟏 , (𝟏, −𝟑) Not a Function

e.
Function
EVALUATING
FUNCTIONS
UNIT 1.2
 Replace every 𝑥 in
the function rule
RULE IN 𝑓(𝑥) with the given
EVALUATING A replacement value,
FUNCTION then, simplify the
resulting numerical
expression.
 EXAMPLE!
Evaluate the function
2
𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 + 3𝑥 − 2
for each replacement value of x.
GIVEN: SOLUTION:
a. −𝟑
a. If 𝒙 = −𝟑, 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒏
𝒇 −𝟑 = 𝟐
(−𝟑) +𝟑 −𝟑 − 𝟐
= 𝟗 + −𝟗 − 𝟐
= −𝟐
GIVEN: SOLUTION:
b. 𝟎
a. If 𝒙 = 𝟎, 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒏
𝒇 𝟎 = 𝟐
(𝟎) +𝟑 𝟎 −𝟐
=𝟎+𝟎−𝟐
= −𝟐
GIVEN: SOLUTION:
c. 𝟐
a. If 𝒙 = 𝟐, 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒏
𝒇(𝟐) = 𝟐
(𝟐) +𝟑 𝟐 −𝟐
=𝟒+𝟔−𝟐
=𝟖
GIVEN: SOLUTION:
d. 𝟑
a. If 𝒙 = 𝟑, 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒏
𝒇(𝟑) = 𝟐
(𝟑) +𝟑 𝟑 −𝟐
=𝟗+𝟗−𝟐
= 𝟏𝟔
Seatwork (Individual)

MATH SELFIE!
A. If the function
𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 + 𝑥 − 3, and
2
2𝑥−1
𝐺 𝑥 = , find the following
3
function values.
MATH SELFIE!

1. 𝒇(𝟎) 5.
𝟐
𝒇(− ) 9.
𝟕
𝑮( )
𝟑 𝟐
2. 𝒇(𝟑)
6. 𝒇(𝟎. 𝟐) 10.𝑮(−𝟕)
3. 𝒇(−𝟐)
7. 𝑮(𝟎) 𝟏𝟑
11.𝑮(− 𝟒 )
𝟏
4. 𝒇( )
𝟐 8. 𝑮(𝟓)
12.𝑮(𝟎. 𝟓)
OPERATIONS ON
FUNCTIONS
UNIT 1.3
 Sum of Functions:
The sum of 𝒇 and 𝒈, denoted
SUM AND by (𝒇 + 𝒈), is given by
(𝒇 + 𝒈)(𝒙) = 𝒇(𝒙) + 𝒈(𝒙).
DIFFERENCE
OF A Difference of Functions:

FUNCTION
The sum of 𝒇 and 𝒈, denoted
by (𝒇 − 𝒈), is given by
𝒇 − 𝒈 𝒙 = 𝒇 𝒙 − 𝒈(𝒙).
 EXAMPLE 1
Let 𝑓 𝑥 = 2𝑥 − 5𝑥 − 4 and
3

𝑔 𝑥 = 3𝑥 + 2𝑥 − 6. Find
2

(𝑓 + 𝑔)𝑥.
 EXAMPLE 2
5𝑥−2 −7𝑥+3
Let 𝑓 𝑥 = ,𝑔 𝑥 = , and
3 4
9𝑥+4
ℎ 𝑥 = .
6
Find: a. 𝒇 − 𝒈 𝒙 b. 𝒈 − 𝒉 𝒙
Seatwork

MATH SELFIE!
Perform (𝑓 + 𝑔)(𝑥) and
(𝑓 − 𝑔)(𝑥) on each given
functions.
MATH SELFIE!

1.𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒙 + 𝟏; 𝒈 𝒙 = 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟑
2.𝒇 𝒙 = 𝟑𝒙 − 𝟏; 𝒈 𝒙 = 𝟒 − 𝟐𝒙
𝟏
3.𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒙 − 𝟐; 𝒈 𝒙 = 𝒙
𝟐 𝟏
4.𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒙 ; 𝒈 𝒙 = 𝟐𝒙
5.𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒙; 𝒈 𝒙 = 𝟐𝒙
PRODUCT Product of Functions:
The sum of 𝒇 and 𝒈, denoted
OF A by (𝒇 · 𝒈), is given by
FUNCTION (𝒇 · 𝒈)(𝒙) = 𝒇(𝒙) · 𝒈(𝒙).
QUOTIENT Quotient of Functions:
OF A The sum of 𝒇 and 𝒈, denoted
𝑓

FUNCTION by
𝑓
𝑔
𝒙 =
, is given by
𝒇(𝒙)
.
𝑔 𝒈(𝒙)
Seatwork

MATH SELFIE!
Perform (𝑓 · 𝑔)(𝑥) and
𝑓
(𝑥) on each given
𝑔
functions.
 Composition of Functions:
COMPOSITION If 𝑓 and 𝑔 are functions, the
composite function 𝑓 and 𝑔 is
OF defined as
𝒇 ◦ 𝒈 𝒙 = 𝒇 𝒈(𝒙) .
FUNCTION
The symbol 𝒇 ◦ 𝒈 is read as “f
circle g).
COMPOSITION Composition of Functions:
OF In computing for 𝒇 ◦ 𝒈 𝒙 ,
simply replace all 𝑥 in 𝑓 with
FUNCTION 𝑔(𝑥).
 1
Let 𝑓 𝑥 = ,𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑥,
𝑥
and ℎ 𝑥 = 𝑥 − 2𝑥 + 1.
4 2

Find the following:

a. 𝒇◦𝒈 𝒙 c. 𝒇◦𝒇 𝒙
b. 𝒈◦𝒉 𝒙 d. 𝒉◦𝒇 𝒙
 Let 𝑓 𝑥 = 3𝑥 + 2,
𝑔 𝑥 = 3𝑥 + 2, and
2
3
ℎ 𝑥 = .
𝑥+2
Find the following:
a. 𝒇◦𝒈 𝒙 c. 𝒇◦𝒉 𝒙
b. 𝒈◦𝒉 𝒙 d. 𝒈◦𝒇 𝒙
GENMATH 09-28-2023
Perform the following fundamental operations on the given
functions.
𝟐
1. 𝒇 𝒉 = 𝟓𝒉 − 𝟐; 𝒈 𝒉 = 𝟑𝒉 − 𝟓
a.(𝒇 + 𝒈)(𝒉) e. 𝒇 ◦ 𝒈 𝒉
b. 𝒇 − 𝒈 𝒉 f. 𝒈 ◦ 𝒇 𝒉
c. 𝒇 · 𝒈 𝒉 g. 𝒇 ◦ 𝒇 𝒉

d.
𝒇
𝒉 h.(𝒈 ◦ 𝒈)(𝒉`)
𝒈
PROBLEMS INVOLVING
FUNCTIONS
UNIT 1.4
GEORGE 1. Explore
POLYA’S 2. Plan
4-STEP 3. Solve
RULE 4. Check
1. Explore ➢ Explore the Problem
carefully and choose a
variable for an unknown
quantity
➢ If possible, express the
unknown variables in terms
of this variable in the
problem
2. Plan ➢ Plan the solution
➢ Write equations (thought
processes) that describe the
relationships
3. Solve ➢ Solve the equations and
other number relations,
determine the required
quantities, and answer the
questions in the problem.
4. Check ➢ Check the solution using
other approaches and
examine the approprietness
of the answers.
EXAMPLE 1
A proposed train fare would charge ₱20.00
for the first 5 km of travel and ₱0.75 for each
additional kilometer over the proposed fare.
a. Find the fare function f(x) where x
represents the number of kilometers
traveled.
b. Find the proposed fare for a distance of
45 km.
EXAMPLE 2
A proposed Light Rail Transit System Line 1
(LRT-1) fare would charge ₱18.00 for the first 4
stations and ₱5.00 for each additional station
over the proposed fare.
a. Find the fare function f(x) where x
represents the number of stations traveled.
b. Find the proposed fare for 15 stations.
c. Find the proposed fare for 20 stations.
EXAMPLE 3
Lucena Network charges ₱450.00 monthly cable
connection fee plus ₱130.00 for each hour of
pay-per-view (PPV) event regardless of a full or
a fraction of an hour.
a. Find the payment function f(x) where x
represents the number of PPV hours.
b. What is the monthly bill of a customer who
watched 25 hours of PPV events?
1. A certain cellphone company offers a plan that costs
₱1,200.00 per month. The plan includes 180 free
minutes of call and charges ₱7.00 for each additional
minute of usage.
a. Find the monthly cost function C(x) where x represents
the number of minutes used.
Hint: Monthly Cost=Plan Cost + Additional Charge Per Minute
b. How much is the monthly cost incurred if the owner used
180 minutes of call?
c. How much is the monthly cost of the plan if the owner
used 300 minutes of call?
2. Elisha just opened a bakery along Macalintal
Avenue which sells fresh doughnuts. The selling
price is ₱20.00 per doughnut and the cost of
making it is ₱8.00. The daily operating expenses is
₱600.00.
a. Find the profit function P(x) where x represent the
number of doughnuts sold.
b. If 100 doughnuts were sold, what is the total profit?
c. How many doughnuts should be sold to gain a profit
of ₱600.00.