Criteria for Evaluating Networks

 Performance
 Measured in terms of Delay, Throughput, Bandwidth-delay product, and Jitter
 Quality of the network in terms of packet loss and congestion
• Affects greatly the throughput and delay
 Reliability
 Failure and recovery (MTBF / MTTR)
 Measured in terms of availability/robustness
 Security
 Data protection against corruption/loss of data due to:
 Errors
 Malicious users

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 Network Performance
Throughput: Amount of data that can Latency = propagation time +
pass through the network transmission time + queuing time +
processing delay
Bandwidth-delay product: number Propagation time = distance /
of bits that can fill the link propagation speed
Transmission time = data size /
bandwidth
Queuing time = time spent in the
Latency or Delay: Length of time it interface buffer
takes for an entire message to completely Processing delay = Processing time
arrive at the destination from the time the
Jitter - the variation in delay for
first bit is sent out from the source packets belonging to the same flow
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B. Forouzan, Chp 3, Data Communications and Networking: Fifth Edition. McGraw-Hill Higher Education, pp 84-89, 2012
 Network Performance
Throughput computation an example
What is the throughput of a network that can send 1000
frames/sec carrying approximately 10,000 bits per frame? What
is the efficiency of this network if its bandwidth is 100 Mbps?
Throughput ________________ Mbps
Efficiency ________________ %

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B. Forouzan, Chp 3, Data Communications and Networking: Fifth Edition. McGraw-Hill Higher Education, pp 84-89, 2012
 Throughput
= 10,000 bits / frame x 1000 frame / sec
= 10,000,000 bits/sec
= 10 Mbps
 Efficiency
= actual utilization / bandwidth x 100 %
= 10 Mbps / 100 Mbps x 100 %
= 10 %

10 % utilization, 90% under-utilized

Recommended: 60 to 80 % utilization; you have 20 to 40% for
burst traffic and control packets
Not 100% utilization of the capacity; implies congestion
 Latency, an Example Computation
Latency = propagation time + What is the total delay (latency) for a
transmission time + queuing time + frame of size 5 million bits that is being
processing delay sent on a link with 10 routers each
having a queuing time of 2 μs and a
Propagation time = distance /
processing time of 1 μs.
propagation speed
The length of the link is 2000 Km. The
Transmission time = data size / speed of signal through the link is 2 ×
bandwidth 108 m/s.
Queuing time = time spent in the The link has a bandwidth of 5 Mbps.
interface buffer
Which component of the total delay is
Processing delay = Processing time dominant? Which one is negligible?
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B. Forouzan, Chp 3, Data Communications and Networking: Fifth Edition. McGraw-Hill Higher Education, pp 84-89, 2012
 Latency / Delay
What is the total delay (latency) for a Propagation time = 2,000,000m /
frame of size 5 million bits that is 200,000,000 m/s = .01 sec
being sent on a link with 10 routers
each having a queuing time of 2 μs Transmission time
and a processing time of 1 μs.
= 5 Mbits/ 5Mbps = 1 sec
The length of the link is 2000 Km. The
speed of light inside the link is 2 × 108 Queuing time = 10*2 μs = 10
m/s. * .000002 = .000020 = .00002 sec
The link has a bandwidth of 5 Mbps. Processing delay = 10 * 1 μs = 10
Which component of the total delay *.000001 = .000010 = .00001 sec
is dominant? Which one is negligible? Latency = 1.01003 sec
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B. Forouzan, Chp 3, Data Communications and Networking: Fifth Edition. McGraw-Hill Higher Education, pp 84-89, 2012
 Bandwidth-Delay Product
●
Bandwidth-delay product

●
A link with a bandwidth of 1 bps has a delay of 5 secs
●
What is the bandwidth-delay product
●
Explain its meaning
●
Another link has a bandwidth of 5 bps with a delay of 5 secs
●
What is the bandwidth-delay product
●
Explain its meaning
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 Jitter
B. Forouzan, Chp 28, Data Communications and Networking: Fifth Edition. McGraw-Hill Higher Education, p 991, 2012

https://howdoesinternetwork.com/2013/jitter
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 ( xi − x) 2 Jitter
Jitter = ∑ n−1 how far the packet inter-arrival time
is spread out from their average value
x1 = 11-1 = 1 ; x2 = 21-11 = 1 ;
x3 = 31-21 = 1 ; n =3
x 1 + x2 + x 3 1+1+1
x= = =1
3 3
2 2 2
Jitter = (1−1) +(1−1) +(1−1) =0
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 ( xi − x) 2 Jitter
Jitter = ∑ n−1 how far the packet inter-arrival time
is spread out from their average value
x1 = 15-1 = 14 ; x2 = 27-15 = 12 ;
x3 = 37-27 = 10 ; n =3
x 1 + x2 + x 3 14+12+10
x= = =12
3 3
2 2 2
Jitter = (14−12) +(12−12) +(10−12) = 4+0+4 =4
3−1 2
Criteria for Evaluating Networks
 Performance
 Measured in terms of Delay, Throughput, Bandwidth-delay product, and Jitter
 Quality of the network in terms of packet loss and congestion
• Affects greatly the throughput and delay
 Reliability
 Failure and recovery (MTBF / MTTR)
 Measured in terms of availability/robustness
 Security
 Data protection against corruption/loss of data due to:
 Errors
 Malicious users

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 How robust is the network?
Failure and Recovery
●
A given network was deployed and used for one (1) year
●
In its logbook was written that it was down in February
and was repaired for 4 days. Then, it went down again
in May and November and was repaired for 3 days and
1 day respectively
●
What is the mean time before failure (MTBF), mean time
to repair (MTTR), and Availability
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 How robust is the network?
Failure and Recovery
MTBF=(operational time)/(number of downtime)
= (365 – 4 – 3 – 1)/3 = 357/3 = 119 days
MTTR=total downtime / number of repairs = (4+3+1)/3=2.67
Availability = MTBF / (MTBF + MTTR)
= uptime / operational time
= 357 / 365 = 97.81%
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 How reliable is the network?
Parallel Systems: A = 1 – (1-AA) * (1-AB)
= 1 – (1-0.8)*(1-0.8) System A Component A
= 1 – 0.2*0.2 Availability = 0.8
= 0.96 Component B
Availability = 0.8

Series Systems: A = AA * AB

System B Component A Component B

=AA*AB Availability = 0.8 Availability = 0.8
= 0.8*0.8
= 0.64
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 How reliable is the network?
Hybrid Systems: System A:
AAB = 1–(1–0.7)x(1–0.8 ) = 1–0.06
System A = 0.94
Component A Component C
Availability = 0.7 Availability = 0.9
ACD = 1–(1–0.9)x(1–0.6 ) = 1–0.04
= 0.96
Component B Component D AABCD = 0.96*0.94
Availability = 0.8 Availability = 0.6
= 0.9024 or 90.24%
System B:
System B AAC = 0.7*0.9 = 0.63
Component A Component C
Availability = 0.7 Availability = 0.9 ABD = 0.8*0.6 = 0.48
AACBD = 1–(1–0.63)x(1–0.48 ) = 1 – 0.37x0.52
Component B Component D
Availability = 0.8 Availability = 0.6
= 1–0.1924
= 0.8076 or 80.76%

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Thank you!

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