Engineering Mathematics - II

ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS -II

SUBJECT CODE: MA8251

(Regulation 2017)
Common to all branches of B.E

UNIT-V
LAPLACE TRANSFORM

Laplace Transform Page 1

Engineering Mathematics - II

UNIT-V
LAPLACE TRANSFORM
5.1 INTRODUCTION
A transformation is an operation which converts a mathematical expression to a different but
equivalent form. The well known transformation logarithms reduce multiplication and division to a simpler
process of addition subtraction.
The Laplace transform is a powerful mathematical technique which solves linear equations
with given initial conditions by using algebra methods. The Laplace transform can also be used to solve
systems of differential equations, Partial differential equations and integral equations. In this chapter, we
will discuss about the definition, properties of Laplace transform and derive the transforms of some
functions which usually occur in the solution of linear differential equations.
5.2 LAPLACE TRANSFORM
Let 𝑓(𝑡) be a function of t defined for all 𝑡 ≥ 0 .then the Laplace transform of𝑓(𝑡), denoted by
𝐿[ 𝑓(𝑡)] is defined by
∞
𝐿[ 𝑓(𝑡)] = ∫0 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑓(𝑡)𝑑𝑡
Provided that the integral exists, “s” is a parameter which may be real or complex. Clearly 𝐿[ 𝑓(𝑡)]is a
function of s and is briefly written as 𝐹(𝑠) (𝑖. 𝑒. ) 𝐿[ 𝑓(𝑡)] = 𝐹(𝑠)
Piecewise continuous function
A function 𝑓(𝑡) is said to be piecewise continuous is an interval 𝑎 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 𝑏, if the interval can be sub
divided into a finite number of intervals in each of which the function is continuous and has finite right and
left hand limits.
Exponential order
A function 𝑓(𝑡) is said to be exponential order if lim 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑓(𝑡) is a finite quantity, where 𝑠 >
𝑡→∞

0(exists).
𝟑
Example: 5. 1 Show that the function 𝒇(𝒕) = 𝒆𝒕 is not of exponential order.
Solution:
3 3 3 −𝑠𝑡
lim 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑒 𝑡 =lim 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡+𝑡 = lim 𝑒 𝑡
𝑡→∞ 𝑡→∞ 𝑡→∞
∞
= 𝑒 = ∞, not a finite quantity.
3
Hence 𝑓(𝑡) = 𝑒 𝑡 is not of exponential order.
Sufficient conditions for the existence of the Laplace transform
The Laplace transform of 𝑓 (𝑡) exists if
i) 𝑓 (𝑡) is piecewise continuous in the interval 𝑎 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 𝑏
ii) 𝑓 (𝑡) is of exponential order.

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Note: The above conditions are only sufficient conditions and not a necessary condition.
𝟐
Example: 5.2 Prove that Laplace transform of 𝒆𝒕 does not exist.
Solution:
2 2 2 −𝑠𝑡
lim 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑒 𝑡 =lim 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡+𝑡 = lim 𝑒 𝑡
𝑡→∞ 𝑡→∞ 𝑡→∞
∞
= 𝑒 = ∞ ,not a finite quantity.
2
∴ 𝑒 𝑡 is not of exponential order.
2
Hence Laplace transform of 𝑒 𝑡 does not exist.
5.3 PROPERTIES OF LAPLACE TRANSFORM
Property: 1 Linear property
𝑳[𝒂𝒇(𝒕) ± 𝒃𝒈(𝒕)] = 𝒂𝑳[𝒇(𝒕)] ± 𝒃𝑳[𝒈(𝒕)] , where a and b are constants.
Proof:
∞
𝐿[𝑎𝑓(𝑡) ± 𝑏𝑔(𝑡)] = ∫0 [𝑎𝑓 (𝑡) ± 𝑏𝑔(𝑡)] 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑡
∞ ∞
=𝑎 ∫0 𝑓(𝑡)𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑡 ± 𝑏 ∫0 𝑔(𝑡) 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑡

𝐿[𝑎𝑓(𝑡) ± 𝑏𝑔(𝑡)] = 𝑎 𝐿[𝑓(𝑡)] ± 𝑏 𝐿[𝑔(𝑡)]

Property: 2 Change of scale property.

𝟏 𝒔
If 𝑳[𝒇(𝒕)] = 𝑭(𝒔), then 𝑳[𝒇(𝒂𝒕)] = 𝒂 𝑭 (𝒂) ; 𝒂 > 0

Proof:
Given 𝐿[𝑓(𝑡)] = 𝐹(𝑠)
∞
∴ ∫0 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑓 (𝑡) 𝑑𝑡 = 𝐹 (𝑠) ⋯ ⋯ (1)
By the definition of Laplace transform, we have
∞
𝐿[𝑓(𝑎𝑡)] = ∫0 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑓(𝑎𝑡) 𝑑𝑡 ⋯ ⋯ (2)
𝒙 𝑑𝑥
Put at= 𝑥 𝑖𝑒. , 𝑡 = 𝒂 ⇒ 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑎
∞ −𝒔𝒙
𝑑𝑥
(2) ⇒ 𝐿[𝑓(𝑎𝑡)] = ∫0 𝑒 𝒂 𝑓 (𝑥 ) 𝑎
∞ −𝒔𝒙
𝟏
= 𝒂 ∫0 𝑒 𝒂 𝑓 (𝑥)𝑑𝑥
∞ −𝑠𝑡
1
Replace 𝑥 by t, 𝐿[𝑓(𝑎𝑡)] = ∫0 𝑒 𝑎 𝑓(𝑡)𝑑𝑡
𝑎

𝟏 𝒔
𝑳[𝒇(𝒂𝒕)] = 𝑭( ) ;𝒂 > 0
𝒂 𝒂
Property: 3 First shifting property.
If 𝑳[𝒇(𝒕)] = 𝑭(𝒔), then i) 𝑳[𝒆−𝒂𝒕 𝒇(𝒕)] = 𝑭(𝒔 + 𝒂)
ii) 𝑳[𝒆𝒂𝒕 𝒇(𝒕)] = 𝑭(𝒔 − 𝒂)
Proof:
(i) 𝐿[𝑒 −𝑎𝑡 𝑓(𝑡)] = 𝐹(𝑠 + 𝑎)

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Given 𝐿[𝑓(𝑡)] = 𝐹(𝑠)

∞
∴ ∫0 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑓 (𝑡) 𝑑𝑡 = 𝐹 (𝑠) ⋯ (1)
By the definition of Laplace transform, we have
∞
𝐿[𝑒 −𝑎𝑡 𝑓(𝑎𝑡)] = ∫0 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑒 −𝑎𝑡 𝑓 (𝑡) 𝑑𝑡
∞
= ∫0 𝑒 −(𝑠+𝑎)𝑡 𝑓(𝑡) 𝑑𝑡
= 𝐹(𝑠 + 𝑎) by (1)
∞
(ii) 𝐿[𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑓(𝑎𝑡)] = ∫0 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑓 (𝑡) 𝑑𝑡
∞
= ∫0 𝑒 −(𝑠−𝑎)𝑡 𝑓 (𝑡) 𝑑𝑡
= 𝐹(𝑠 − 𝑎) by (1)
Property: 4 Laplace transforms of derivatives 𝑳[𝒇′ (𝒕)] = 𝒔𝑳[𝒇(𝒕)] − 𝒇(𝟎)
Proof: 𝑢 = 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡
∞ ∞
𝐿[𝑓 ′ (𝑡)] = ∫0 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑓 ′ (𝑡) 𝑑𝑡 = ∫0 𝑢𝑑𝑣 ∴ 𝑑𝑢 = −𝑠𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑡
= [𝑢𝑣]∞0 − ∫ 𝑢𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑣 = 𝑓 ′ (𝑡)𝑑𝑡
∞
= [𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑓 (𝑡)]∞0 − ∫0 𝑓(𝑡) (−𝑠)𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑡 ∴ 𝑣 = ∫ 𝑓 ′ (𝑡)𝑑𝑡

= 0 − 𝑓(0) + 𝑠𝐿[𝑓(𝑡)] = 𝑓(𝑡)

= 𝑠𝐿[𝑓(𝑡)] − 𝑓(0)
𝑳[𝒇′ (𝒕)] = 𝒔𝑳[𝒇(𝒕)] − 𝒇(𝟎)
Property: 5 Laplace transform of derivative of order n
𝑳[𝒇𝒏 (𝒕)] = 𝒔𝒏 𝑳[𝒇(𝒕)] − 𝒔𝒏−𝟏 𝒇(𝟎) − 𝒔𝒏−𝟐 𝒇′ (𝟎) ⋯ − 𝒔𝒏−𝟑 𝒇′′ (𝟎) − ⋯ 𝒇𝒏−𝟏 (𝟎)
Proof:
We know that 𝐿[𝑓 ′ (𝑡)] = 𝑠𝐿[𝑓(𝑡)] − 𝑓(0) ⋯ ⋯ (1)
𝐿[𝑓 𝑛 (𝑡)] = 𝐿[[𝑓 ′ (𝑡)]′ ]
= 𝑠𝐿[𝑓 ′ (𝑡)] − 𝑓 ′ (0)
= 𝑠[𝑠𝐿[𝑓(𝑡)] − 𝑓(0)] − 𝑓 ′ (0)
= 𝑠 2 𝐿[𝑓(𝑡)] − 𝑠𝑓 (0) − 𝑓 ′ (0)
Similarly, 𝐿[𝑓 ′′′ (𝑡)] = 𝑠 3 𝐿[𝑓(𝑡)] − 𝑠 2 𝑓(0) − 𝑠𝑓 ′ (0) − 𝑓 ′′ (0)
In general, 𝑳[𝒇𝒏 (𝒕)] = 𝒔𝒏 𝑳[𝒇(𝒕)] − 𝒔𝒏−𝟏 𝒇(𝟎) − 𝒔𝒏−𝟐 𝒇′ (𝟎) ⋯ − 𝒔𝒏−𝟑 𝒇′′ (𝟎) − ⋯ 𝒇𝒏−𝟏 (𝟎)
Laplace transform of integrals
𝒕 𝑭(𝒔)
Theorem: 1 If𝑳[𝒇(𝒕)] = 𝑭(𝒔), then 𝑳 [∫𝟎 𝒇(𝒕)𝒅𝒕] = 𝒔

Proof:
𝑡
Let 𝑔(𝑡) = ∫0 𝑓(𝑡)𝑑𝑡
∴ 𝑔′ (𝑡) = 𝑓(𝑡)
0
And 𝑔(0) = ∫0 𝑓 (𝑡)𝑑𝑡 = 0

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Now𝐿[𝑔′ (𝑡)] = 𝐿[𝑓(𝑡)]

𝑠𝐿[𝑔(𝑡)] − 𝑔(0) = 𝐿[𝑓(𝑡)]
𝑠𝐿[𝑔(𝑡)] = 𝐿[𝑓(𝑡)] ∴ 𝑔(0) = 0
𝐿[𝑓(𝑡)]
𝐿[𝑔(𝑡)] = 𝑠
𝒕 𝑭(𝒔)
∴ 𝑳 [∫𝟎 𝒇(𝒕)𝒅𝒕] = 𝒔
𝒅
Theorem: 2 If𝑳[𝒇(𝒕)] = 𝑭(𝒔), then 𝑳[𝒕𝒇(𝒕)] = − 𝒅𝒔 𝑭(𝒔)

Proof:
Given 𝐿[𝑓(𝑡)] = 𝐹(𝑠)
∞
∴ ∫0 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑓 (𝑡) 𝑑𝑡 = 𝐹(𝑠) ⋯ ⋯ (1)
Differentiating (1) with respect to s, we get
𝑑 ∞ −𝑠𝑡 𝑑
∫ 𝑒 𝑓(𝑡) 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑑𝑠 𝐹 (𝑠)
𝑑𝑠 0
∞ 𝜕 𝑑
∫0 (𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 )𝑓(𝑡) 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑑𝑠 𝐹(𝑠)
𝜕𝑠
∞ 𝑑
∫0 (−𝑡)𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑓 (𝑡) 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑑𝑠 𝐹(𝑠)
∞ 𝒅
− ∫0 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑓(𝑡) 𝑑𝑡 = 𝒅𝒔 𝐹(𝑠)
𝑑
−𝐿[𝑡𝑓(𝑡)] = 𝑑𝑠 𝐹(𝑠)
𝒅
∴ 𝑳[𝒕𝒇(𝒕)] = − 𝒅𝒔 𝑭(𝒔)
𝒅𝒏
Note: In general 𝑳[𝒕𝒏 𝒇(𝒕)] = (−𝟏)𝒏 𝒅𝒔𝒏 𝑭(𝒔)
𝒔𝟐 −𝒔+𝟏
Example: 5.3 If 𝑳[𝒇(𝒕)] = (𝟐𝒔+𝟏)𝟐 (𝒔−𝟏) then find 𝑳[𝒇(𝟐𝒕)].

Solution:
𝑠 2 −𝑠+1
Given 𝐿[𝑓(𝑡)] = (2𝑠+1)2 (𝑠−1) = 𝐹(𝑠)
1 𝑠
𝐿[𝑓(2𝑡)] = 2 𝐹 (2)
𝑠 2 𝑠
1 ( ) − +1
2 2
=2 𝑠 2 𝑠
(2 +1) ( −1)
2 2

𝑠2 𝑠
1 [ − +4]
4 2
=2 𝑠−2
(𝑠+1) 2 ( )
2

𝑠 2−2𝑠+1
= 4(𝑠+1)2 (𝑠−2)

Laplace transform of some Standard functions

𝚪(𝒏+𝟏)
Result: 1 Prove that 𝑳[𝒕𝒏 ] = 𝒔𝒏+𝟏

Proof:

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∞
We know that 𝐿[𝑓(𝑡)] = ∫0 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑓 (𝑡) 𝑑𝑡 Let 𝑠𝑡 = 𝑢 ⋯ ⋯ (1)
∞ 𝑢
𝐿[𝑡 𝑛 ] = ∫0 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑡 𝑛 𝑑𝑡 𝑡= 𝑠
𝑑𝑢
∞ 𝑢 𝑛 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑡 =
𝐿[𝑡 𝑛 ] = ∫0 𝑒 −𝑢 ( 𝑠 ) 𝑠
𝑠
∞ 𝑢𝑛 When 𝑡 → 0(1) => 𝑢 → 0
= ∫0 𝑒 −𝑢 𝑠 𝑛+1 𝑑𝑢
,
1 ∞
= ∫ 𝑒 −𝑢 𝑢𝑛
𝑠 𝑛+1 0
𝑑𝑢
𝑡 → ∞, (1) => 𝑢 → ∞
𝚪(𝒏+𝟏) ∞
∴ 𝑳[𝒕𝒏 ] = ∵ ∫0 𝑒 −𝑢 𝑢𝑛 𝑑𝑢
𝒔𝒏+𝟏

Note: If n is an integer, then Γ(𝑛 + 1) = 𝑛!

n!
∴ 𝐿[𝑡 𝑛 ] = 𝑠 𝑛+1 if n is an integer
1
If 𝑛 = 0 , then 𝐿[1] = 𝑠
1
If 𝑛 = 1 , then 𝐿[𝑡] = 𝑠 2
2!
Similarly 𝐿[𝑡 2 ] = 𝑠 3
3!
𝐿 [𝑡 3 ] = 𝑠 4
𝟏
Result: 2 Prove that 𝑳(𝒆𝒂𝒕 ) = 𝒔−𝒂 , 𝒔 > 𝒂

Proof:
∞
We know that 𝐿[𝑓(𝑡)] = ∫0 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑓 (𝑡) 𝑑𝑡
∞
∴ 𝐿(𝑒 𝑎𝑡 ) = ∫0 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑑𝑡
∞
= ∫0 𝑒 −𝑡(𝑠−𝑎) 𝑓 (𝑡) 𝑑𝑡
∞
𝑒 −𝑡(𝑠−𝑎)
= [ −(𝑠−𝑎) ]
0
1
= − [0 − (𝑠−𝑎)]
1
∴ 𝐿(𝑒 𝑎𝑡 ) = 𝑠−𝑎
𝟏
Result: 3 Prove that 𝑳(𝒆−𝒂𝒕 ) = 𝒔+𝒂 , 𝒔 > 𝒂

Proof:
∞
We know that 𝐿[𝑓(𝑡)] = ∫0 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑓 (𝑡) 𝑑𝑡
∞
∴ 𝐿(𝑒 −𝑎𝑡 ) = ∫0 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑒 −𝑎𝑡 𝑑𝑡
∞
= ∫0 𝑒 −𝑡(𝑠+𝑎) 𝑓 (𝑡) 𝑑𝑡
∞
𝑒 −𝑡(𝑠+𝑎)
= [ −(𝑠+𝑎) ]
0
1
= − [0 − (𝑠+𝑎)]
1
∴ 𝐿(𝑒 𝑎𝑡 ) = 𝑠+𝑎

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𝒂
Result: 4 Prove that 𝑳[𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒕] = 𝒔𝟐 +𝒂𝟐

Proof:
∞
We know that 𝐿[𝑓(𝑡)] = ∫0 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑓(𝑡) 𝑑𝑡
∞
𝐿[𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡] = ∫0 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝒂 ∞ 𝒃
∴ 𝐿[𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡] = 𝒔𝟐+𝒂𝟐 , 𝑠 > |𝑎| [∵ ∫0 𝑒 −𝑎𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑏𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = 𝟐 𝟐 ]
𝒂 +𝒃
𝒔
Result: 5 Prove that 𝑳[𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒂𝒕] = 𝒔𝟐 +𝒂𝟐

Proof:
∞
We know that 𝐿[𝑓(𝑡)] = ∫0 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑓(𝑡) 𝑑𝑡
∞
𝐿[𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎𝑡] = ∫0 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑠 ∞ 𝒂
∴ 𝐿[𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎𝑡] = 𝑠 2+𝑎2 , 𝑠 > |𝑎| ∵ ∫0 𝑒 −𝑎𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑏𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = 𝒂𝟐 +𝒃𝟐
𝒂
Result: 6 Prove that 𝑳[𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒉𝒂𝒕] = 𝒔𝟐 −𝒂𝟐 , 𝒔 > |𝒂|

Proof:
𝑒 𝑎𝑡 −𝑒 −𝑎𝑡
We have 𝐿[𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑎𝑡] = 𝐿 [ ]
2
1
= 2 [𝐿(𝑒 𝑎𝑡 ) − 𝐿(𝑒 −𝑎𝑡 )]
1 𝟏 𝟏
= 2 [𝒔−𝒂 − 𝒔+𝒂]
1 𝒔+𝒂−𝒔+𝒂
= 2[ ]
𝒔𝟐 −𝒂𝟐
1 𝟐𝒂
= 2 [𝒔𝟐 −𝒂𝟐 ]
𝒂
∴ 𝐿[𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑎𝑡] = 𝒔𝟐 −𝒂𝟐 , 𝑠 > |𝑎|
𝒔
Result: 7 Prove that 𝑳[𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒉𝒂𝒕] = 𝒔𝟐 −𝒂𝟐 , 𝒔 > |𝒂|

Proof:
𝑒 𝑎𝑡 +𝑒 −𝑎𝑡
We have 𝐿[𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑡] = 𝐿 [ ]
2
1
= 2 [𝐿(𝑒 𝑎𝑡 ) + 𝐿(𝑒 −𝑎𝑡 )]
1 𝟏 𝟏
= 2 [𝒔−𝒂 + 𝒔+𝒂]
1 𝒔+𝒂+𝒔−𝒂
= 2[ ]
𝒔𝟐 −𝒂𝟐
1 𝟐𝒔
= 2 [𝒔𝟐 −𝒂𝟐 ]
𝒔
∴ 𝐿[𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑡] = , 𝑠 > |𝑎 |
𝒔𝟐−𝒂𝟐
𝟏
Example: 5.4 Find 𝑳 [𝒕𝟐 ]

Solution:
Γ(𝑛+1)
We have 𝐿[𝑡 𝑛 ] =
𝑠 𝑛+1

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𝟏
Put 𝑛 = 𝟐
𝟏
𝟏 Γ( +1)
∴ 𝐿 [𝑡 𝟐 ] = 𝟐
𝟏 ∵ Γ(𝑛 + 1) = 𝑛Γ𝑛
+1
𝑠𝟐
𝟏 𝟏
Γ( ) 𝟏
= 𝟐 𝟐
𝟏 ∵ Γ ( 𝟐) = √ 𝜋
+1
𝑠𝟐

√𝜋
= 𝟑
2𝑠 𝟐
𝟏
√𝜋
∴ 𝐿 [𝑡 𝟐 ] =
2𝑠 √𝑠
𝟏
𝟏
Example: 5.5 Find the Laplace transform of 𝒕 − 𝟐 or
√𝑡

Solution:
Γ(𝑛+1)
We have 𝐿[𝑡 𝑛 ] = 𝑠 𝑛+1
𝟏
Put 𝑛 = − 𝟐
𝟏
𝟏 Γ(− +1)
∴ 𝐿 [𝑡 − 𝟐 ] = 𝟐
𝟏 ∵ Γ(𝑛 + 1) = 𝑛Γ𝑛
− +1
𝑠 𝟐
𝟏
Γ( ) 𝟏
= 𝟐
𝟏 ∵ Γ ( 𝟐) = √ 𝜋
𝑠 𝟐

√𝜋
=
√𝑠

𝟏 𝜋
∴ 𝐿 [ 𝑡] = √ 𝑠
√

FORMULA
𝑳[𝒇(𝒕)] = 𝑭(𝒔) 𝑳[𝒇(𝒕)] = 𝑭(𝒔)
𝟏 𝒂
𝑳[𝟏] = 𝒔 𝑳[𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒕] = 𝟐
𝒔 + 𝒂𝟐
𝟏
𝑳[𝒕] = 𝒔𝟐 𝒔
𝑳[𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒂𝒕] = 𝟐
𝒔 + 𝒂𝟐
𝚪(𝒏+𝟏)
𝑳[𝒕𝒏 ] = if n is not an integer 𝒔
𝒔𝒏+𝟏
𝑳[𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒉𝒂𝒕] = 𝟐
𝐧! 𝒔 − 𝒂𝟐
𝑳[𝒕𝒏 ] = 𝒔𝒏+𝟏 if n is an integer 𝒂
𝑳[𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒉𝒂𝒕] = 𝟐
𝑳(𝒆𝒂𝒕 ) = 𝒔−𝒂
𝟏 𝒔 − 𝒂𝟐

𝟏
𝑳(𝒆𝒂𝒕 ) = 𝒔+𝒂

Problems using Linear property

Example: 5.6 Find the Laplace transform for the following
i. 𝟑𝒕𝟐 + 𝟐𝒕 + 𝟏 v. 𝒔𝒊𝒏√𝟐 𝒕 ix. 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝒕
ii. ( 𝒕 + 𝟐) 𝟑 vi. 𝒔𝒊𝒏(𝒂𝒕 + 𝒃) x. 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 𝟐𝒕
iii. 𝒂𝒕 vii. 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟑 𝟐𝒕 xi. 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟓𝒕𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟒𝒕

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iv. 𝒆𝟐𝒕+𝟑 viii. 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟑 𝒕

Solution:
(i) Given 𝑓 (𝑡) = 3𝑡 2 + 2𝑡 + 1
𝐿[𝑓(𝑡)] = 𝐿[3𝑡 2 + 2𝑡 + 1]
= 𝐿[3𝑡 2 ] + 𝐿[2𝑡] + 𝐿[1]
= 𝐿[3𝑡 2 ] + 𝐿[2𝑡] + 𝐿[1]
= 3𝐿[𝑡 2 ] + 2𝐿[𝑡] + 𝐿[1]
2 1 1
= 3 𝑠3 + 2 𝑠2 + 𝑠
6 2 1
∴ 𝐿[3𝑡 2 + 2𝑡 + 1] = 𝑠 3 + 𝑠 2 + 𝑠

(ii) Given 𝑓 (𝑡) = (𝑡 + 2)3 = 𝑡 3 + 3𝑡 2 (2) + 3𝑡22 + 23

𝐿[𝑓 (𝑡)] = 𝐿[𝑡 3 + 3𝑡 2 (2) + 3𝑡22 + 23 ]
= 𝐿[𝑡 3 ] + 𝐿[6𝑡 2 ] + 𝐿[12𝑡] + 𝐿[8]
= 𝐿[𝑡 3 ] + 6𝐿[𝑡 2 ] + 12𝐿[𝑡] + 8𝐿[1]
6 12 12 12
= 𝑠4 + 𝑠3 + 𝑠2 + 𝑠
𝑡
(𝑖𝑖𝑖) Given 𝑓 (𝑡) = 𝑎
𝐿[𝑓(𝑡)] = 𝐿[𝑎𝑡 ] = 𝐿[𝑒 𝑡𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 ]
1
𝐿[𝑎𝑡 ] = 𝑠−𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎

(iv)Given 𝑓 (𝑡) = 𝑒 2𝑡+3

𝐿[𝑓(𝑡)] = 𝐿[𝑒 2𝑡+3 ] = 𝐿[𝑒 2𝑡 . 𝑒 3 ]
= 𝑒 3 𝐿[𝑒 2𝑡 ]
1
= 𝑒 3 [𝑠−2]
1
∴ 𝐿[𝑒 2𝑡+3 ] = 𝑒 3 [ ]
𝑠−2

√2
(v) 𝐿[𝑠𝑖𝑛√2𝑡] = 𝑠 2+2

(vi)Given 𝑓 (𝑡) = sin(𝑎𝑡 + 𝑏) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑏 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎𝑡𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑏

𝐿[𝑓(𝑡)] = 𝐿[sin(𝑎𝑡 + 𝑏)]
= 𝐿[𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑏 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎𝑡𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑏]
= 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑏 𝐿[sin𝑎𝑡] + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑏 𝐿[cos𝑎𝑡]
𝑠 𝑠
𝐿[sin(𝑎𝑡 + 𝑏)] = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑏 𝑠 2+𝑎2 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑏 𝑠 2 +𝑎 2
1
(vii) Given 𝑓(𝑡) = cos 3 2𝑡 = [3𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑡 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠6𝑡]
4 3𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝜃
1 ∵ cos 3 𝜃 =
𝐿[𝑓(𝑡)] = 4 𝐿[3𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑡 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠6𝑡] 4
1
= 4 [3𝐿(𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑡) + 𝐿(𝑐𝑜𝑠6𝑡)]
1 𝑠 𝑠
= [3 + ]
4 𝑠 2 +4 𝑠 2 +36

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1 𝑠 𝑠
𝐿[cos 3 2𝑡] = 4 [3 𝑠 2+4 + 𝑠 2+36 ]
1
(viii) Given 𝑓 (𝑡) = sin3 𝑡 = 4 [3𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑡]
1
𝐿[𝑓(𝑡)] = 4 𝐿[3𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑡]
1
= 4 [3𝐿(𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡) − 𝐿(𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑡)]
1 1 3
= 4 [3 𝑠 2 +1 − 𝑠 2 +9 ]
3 1 1
𝐿[sin3 𝑡] = 4 [𝑠 2+1 − 𝑠 2+9 ]
1−𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑡
(ix) Given 𝑓 (𝑡) = sin2 𝑡 = 2
1−𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑡
𝐿[𝑓(𝑡)] = 𝐿 [ ]
2
1
= 2 [𝐿(1) − 𝐿(𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑡)]
1 1 𝑠
= 2 [𝑠 − 𝑠 2 +4 ]
1 1 𝑠
𝐿[cos 2 2𝑡] = 2 [𝑠 − 𝑠 2+4 ]
1+𝑐𝑜𝑠4𝑡
(x) Given 𝑓 (𝑡) = cos 2 2𝑡 = 2
1+𝑐𝑜𝑠4𝑡
𝐿[𝑓(𝑡)] = 𝐿 [ ]
2
1
= 2 [𝐿(1) + 𝐿(𝑐𝑜𝑠4𝑡)]
1 1 𝑠
= 2 [𝑠 + 𝑠 2+16 ]
1 1 𝑠
𝐿[cos 2 2𝑡] = 2 [ 𝑠 + 𝑠 2+16 ]

(xi) Given 𝑓 (𝑡) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠5𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑠4𝑡

𝐿[𝑓(𝑡)] = 𝐿[𝑐𝑜𝑠5𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑠4𝑡]
1
= 2 [𝐿(𝑐𝑜𝑠9𝑡) + 𝐿(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡)]
1 𝑠 𝑠
= 2 [𝑠 2 +81 + 𝑠 2+1 ]

Problems using First Shifting theorem

𝑳[𝒆−𝒂𝒕 𝒇(𝒕)] = 𝑳[𝒇(𝒕)]𝒔→𝒔+𝒂
𝑳[𝒆𝒂𝒕 𝒇(𝒕)] = 𝑳[𝒇(𝒕)]𝒔→𝒔−𝒂
Example: 5.7 Find the Laplace transform for the following:
i. 𝒕𝒆−𝟑𝒕 vii. 𝒕𝟐 𝟐𝒕
ii. 𝒕𝟑 𝒆𝟐𝒕 viii. 𝒕𝟑 𝟐−𝒕
iii. 𝒆𝟒𝒕 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐𝒕 ix. 𝒆−𝟐𝒕 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟑𝒕𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐𝒕
iv. 𝒆−𝟓𝒕 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟑𝒕 x. 𝒆−𝟑𝒕 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟒𝒕𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐𝒕
v. 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒉𝟐𝒕𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟑𝒕 xi. 𝒆𝟒𝒕 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟑𝒕𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐𝒕

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vi. cosh3tsin2t

(i) 𝒕𝒆−𝟑𝒕
𝐿[𝑡𝑒 −3𝑡 ] = 𝐿[𝑡]𝑠→𝑠+3
1 1
= (𝑠 2 ) ∵ 𝐿 (𝑡 ) = 𝑠 2
𝑠→𝑠+3
1
∴ 𝐿[𝑡𝑒 −3𝑡 ] = (𝑠+3)2

(ii) 𝒕𝟑 𝒆𝟐𝒕
𝐿[𝑡 3 𝑒 2𝑡 ] = 𝐿[𝑡 3 ]𝑠→𝑠−2
3! 3!
= (𝑠 4 ) ∵ 𝐿(𝑡) = 𝑠 3+1
𝑠→𝑠−2
6
∴ 𝐿[𝑡 3 𝑒 2𝑡 ] = (𝑠−2)4

(iii) 𝒆𝟒𝒕 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐𝒕

𝐿[𝑒 4𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑡] = 𝐿[𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑡]𝑠→𝑠−4
2
= (𝑠 2+22 )
𝑠→𝑠−4
2
= (𝑠−4)2 +4
2
= 𝑠 2−8𝑠+16+4
2
∴ 𝐿[𝑒 4𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑡] = 𝑠 2−8𝑠+20

(iv) 𝑳[𝒆−𝟓𝒕 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟑𝒕]

𝐿[𝑒 −5𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑡] = 𝐿[𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑡]𝑠→𝑠+5
𝑠
= (𝑠 2+32 )
𝑠→𝑠+5
𝑠+5
= (𝑠+5)2 +9
𝑠+5
= 𝑠 2+10𝑠+25+9
𝑠+5
∴ 𝐿[𝑒 −5𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑡] = 𝑠 2+10𝑠+34

(v) 𝑳[𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒉𝟐𝒕𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟑𝒕]
𝑒 2𝑡 −𝑒 −2𝑡
𝐿[𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ2𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑡] = 𝐿 [( ) 𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑡]
2
1
= [𝐿(𝑒 2𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑡) − 𝐿(𝑒 −2𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑡)]
2
1
= [𝐿(𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑡)𝑠→𝑠−2 − 𝐿(𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑡)𝑠→𝑠+2 ]
2
1 𝑠 𝑠
= [( ) −( ) ]
2 𝑠 2+32 𝑠→𝑠−2 𝑠 2+32 𝑠→𝑠+2

1 𝑠−2 𝑠+2
∴ 𝐿[𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ2𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑡] = 2 [(𝑠−2)2 +9 − (𝑠+2)2+9]

(vi) 𝑳[𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒉𝟑𝒕𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐𝒕]
𝑒 3𝑡 +𝑒 −3𝑡
𝐿[𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ3𝑡𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑡] = 𝐿 [( ) 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑡]
2

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Engineering Mathematics - II

1
= [𝐿(𝑒 3𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑡) + 𝐿(𝑒 −3𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑡)]
2
1
= [𝐿(𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑡)𝑠→𝑠−3 + 𝐿(𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑡)𝑠→𝑠+3 ]
2
1 2 2
= [( ) + (𝑠 2+22 ) ]
2 𝑠 2+22 𝑠→𝑠−3 𝑠→𝑠+3
1 2 2
∴ 𝐿[𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ3𝑡𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑡] = 2 [(𝑠−3)2 +4 + (𝑠+3)2+4]

(vii) 𝒕𝟐 𝟐𝒕
𝑡
𝐿[𝑡 2 2𝑡 ] = 𝐿[𝑡 2 𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑔2 ]
= 𝐿[𝑡 2 𝑒 𝑡𝑙𝑜𝑔2 ] = 𝐿[𝑡 2 ]𝑠→𝑠−𝑙𝑜𝑔2
2!
= (𝑠 3 )
𝑠→𝑠−𝑙𝑜𝑔2
2
= (𝑠−𝑙𝑜𝑔2)3
2
∴ 𝐿[𝑡 2 2𝑡 ] = (𝑠−𝑙𝑜𝑔2)3

(viii) 𝒕𝟑 𝟐−𝒕
−𝑡
𝐿[𝑡 3 2−𝑡 ] = 𝐿[𝑡 3 𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑔2 ]
= 𝐿[𝑡 3 𝑒 −𝑡𝑙𝑜𝑔2 ] = 𝐿[𝑡 3 ]𝑠→𝑠+𝑙𝑜𝑔2
3!
= (𝑠 4 )
𝑠→𝑠+𝑙𝑜𝑔2
6
= (𝑠+𝑙𝑜𝑔2)4
6
∴ 𝐿[𝑡 3 2−𝑡 ] = (𝑠+𝑙𝑜𝑔2)4

(ix) 𝑳[𝒆−𝟐𝒕 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟑𝒕𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐𝒕]

𝐿[𝑒 −2𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑡] = 𝐿[𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑡]𝑠→𝑠+2
1
= 2 𝐿[sin(3𝑡 + 2𝑡) + sin(3𝑡 − 2𝑡)]𝑠→𝑠+2
1
= 2 𝐿[sin 5𝑡 + sin 𝑡]𝑠→𝑠+2
1
= 2 [L(sin 5𝑡) + 𝐿(sin 𝑡)]𝑠→𝑠+2
1 5 1
= 2 [𝑠 2 +52 + 𝑠 2+12 ]
𝑠→𝑠+2
1 5 1
= 2 [(𝑠+2)2 +25 + (𝑠+2)2+1]
1 5 1
∴ 𝐿[𝑒 −2𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑡] == 2 [(𝑠+2)2 +25 + (𝑠+2)2 +1]

(x) 𝑳[𝒆−𝟑𝒕 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟒𝒕𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐𝒕]

𝐿[𝑒 −3𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠4𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑡] = 𝐿[𝑐𝑜𝑠4𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑡]𝑠→𝑠+3
1
= 2 𝐿[cos(4𝑡 + 2𝑡) + cos(4𝑡 − 2𝑡)]𝑠→𝑠+3
1
= 2 𝐿[cos6t + cos2𝑡]𝑠→𝑠+3

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1
= 2 [L(cos6 𝑡) + 𝐿(cos2 𝑡)]𝑠→𝑠+3
1 𝑠 𝑠
= 2 [𝑠 2 +62 + 𝑠 2+22 ]
𝑠→𝑠+3
1 𝑠+3 𝑠+3
= [(𝑠+3)2 + (𝑠+3)2 ]
2 +36 +4
1 𝑠+3 𝑠+3
∴ 𝐿[𝑒 −3𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠4𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑡] = 2 [(𝑠+3)2 +36 + (𝑠+3)2 +4]

(xi) 𝑳[𝒆𝟒𝒕 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟑𝒕𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐𝒕]

𝐿[𝑒 4𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑡𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑡] = 𝐿[𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑡𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑡]𝑠→𝑠−4
1
= 2 𝐿[sin(3𝑡 + 2𝑡) − sin(3𝑡 − 2𝑡)]𝑠→𝑠−4
1
= 2 𝐿[sin 5𝑡 − sin 𝑡]𝑠→𝑠−4
1
= 2 [L(sin 5𝑡) − 𝐿(sin 𝑡)]𝑠→𝑠−4
1 5 1
= 2 [𝑠 2 +52 − 𝑠 2+12 ]
𝑠→𝑠−4
1 5 1
= 2 [(𝑠−4)2 +25 + (𝑠−4)2+1]
1 5 1
∴ 𝐿[𝑒 4𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑡𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑡] = 2 [(𝑠−4)2 +25 + (𝑠−4)2+1]

Exercise: 5.1
Find the Laplace transform for the following
𝟏 𝟑𝒔 𝒔
1. cos 2 3𝑡 Ans: 𝟒 [𝒔𝟐 +𝟗 + 𝒔𝟐+𝟖𝟏]
𝟏 𝟕 𝟏
2. 𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑠4𝑡 Ans: 𝟒 [𝒔𝟐 +𝟒𝟗 − 𝒔𝟐+𝟏]
𝟏
3. 𝑡𝑒 2𝑡 Ans: (𝒔−𝟐)𝟐
𝟒!
4. 𝑡 4 𝑒 −3𝑡 Ans:(𝒔−𝟑)𝟓
𝟐
5. 𝑒 4𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑡 Ans:(𝒔−𝟒)𝟐 +𝟒
𝒔+𝟓
6. 𝑒 −5𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑡 Ans:(𝒔+𝟓)𝟐 +𝟗
𝟑!
7. 𝑡 3 3𝑡 Ans:(𝒔−𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟑)𝟒
𝟓!
8. 𝑡 5 4−𝑡 Ans:(𝒔+𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟒)𝟔
𝟓 𝟏
9. 𝑒 −2𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑡 Ans: (𝒔+𝟐)𝟐 +𝟐𝟓 + (𝒔+𝟐)𝟐 +𝟏
𝒔+𝟑 𝒔+𝟑
10. 𝑒 −3𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠4𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑡 Ans: (𝒔+𝟑)𝟐 +𝟑𝟔 + (𝒔+𝟑)𝟐 +𝟒
𝟒 𝟒
11. 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑡𝑠𝑖𝑛4𝑡 Ans: (𝒔−𝟏)𝟐 +𝟏𝟔 − (𝒔+𝟏)𝟐 +𝟏𝟔
1 𝑠−2 𝑠+2
12. 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ2𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑡 Ans: 2 [(𝑠−2)2+4 − (𝑠+2)2 +4]

Laplace Transform Page 13

Engineering Mathematics - II

5.4 LAPLACE TRANSFORM OF DERIVATIVES AND INTEGRALS

Problems using the formula
−𝒅
𝑳[𝒕𝒇(𝒕)] = 𝑳[𝒇(𝒕)]
𝒅𝒔

Example: 5.8 Find the Laplace transform for 𝒕𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟒𝒕

Solution:
−𝑑
𝐿[𝑡𝑠𝑖𝑛4𝑡] = 𝐿[𝑡𝑠𝑖𝑛4𝑡]
𝑑𝑠
−𝑑 4
= [ ]
𝑑𝑠 𝑠 2+4

−[(𝑠 2+16)0−4(2𝑠)]
= (𝑠 2+16) 2
8𝑠
∴ 𝐿[𝑡𝑠𝑖𝑛4𝑡] = (𝑠 2+16)2

Example: 5.9 Find 𝑳[𝒕𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝒕]

Solution:
−𝑑 −𝑑 (1−𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑡)
𝐿[𝑡𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑡] = 𝐿[sin2 𝑡] = 𝐿[ ]
𝑑𝑠 𝑑𝑠 2
1 𝑑
= − 2 𝑑𝑠 [𝐿(1) − 𝐿(𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑡)]
1 𝑑 1 𝒔
= − 2 𝑑𝑠 [𝑠 − 𝒔𝟐 +𝟒]
1 𝑑 𝒔𝟐 +𝟒−𝒔𝟐
= − 2 𝑑𝑠 [ 𝒔(𝒔𝟐 +𝟒) ]
1 𝑑 𝟒
=− [ ]
2 𝑑𝑠 𝒔(𝒔𝟐+𝟒)

4 𝑑 𝟏
= − 2 𝑑𝑠 [𝒔(𝒔𝟐+𝟒)]

𝟎−(𝟑𝒔𝟐+𝟒)
= −2 [ 𝟐 ]
(𝒔𝟑 +𝟒𝒔)

𝟐(𝟑𝒔𝟐 +𝟒)
∴ 𝐿[𝑡𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑡] = 𝟐
(𝒔𝟑+𝟒𝒔)

Example: 5.10 Find 𝑳[𝒕𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 𝟐𝒕]

Solution:
−𝑑 −𝑑 (1+𝑐𝑜𝑠4𝑡)
𝐿[𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 2𝑡] = 𝐿[cos 2 2𝑡] = 𝐿[ ]
𝑑𝑠 𝑑𝑠 2
1 𝑑
= − 2 𝑑𝑠 [𝐿(1) + 𝐿(𝑐𝑜𝑠4𝑡)]
1 𝑑 1 𝒔
= − 2 𝑑𝑠 [𝑠 + 𝒔𝟐 +𝟏𝟔]
1 1 (𝒔𝟐 +𝟏𝟔)𝟏−𝒔.𝟐𝒔
= − 2 [− 𝑠 2 + ]
(𝒔𝟐 +𝟏𝟔)𝟐

1 1 𝒔𝟐 +𝟏𝟔−𝟐𝒔𝟐
= − 2 [− 𝑠 2 + ]
(𝒔𝟐 +𝟏𝟔)𝟐

1 1 𝟏𝟔−𝒔𝟐
∴ 𝐿[𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 2𝑡] = 2 [𝑠 2 − (𝒔𝟐 +𝟏𝟔)𝟐 ]

Laplace Transform Page 14

Engineering Mathematics - II

Example: 5.11 Find the Laplace transform for 𝒕𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒉𝟐𝒕

Solution:
−𝑑
𝐿[𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ2𝑡] = 𝐿[𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ2𝑡]
𝑑𝑠
−𝑑 2
= [ ]
𝑑𝑠 𝑠 2−4
−[(𝑠 2−4)0−2(2𝑠)]
= (𝑠 2−4) 2
4𝑠
∴ 𝐿[𝑡𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ2𝑡] = (𝑠 2−4)2

Example: 5.12 Find the Laplace transform for 𝒇(𝒕) = 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒕 − 𝒂𝒕𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒂𝒕
Solution:
𝐿[𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡 − 𝑎𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎𝑡 ] = L(sin 𝑎𝑡) − 𝑎 L(tcosat)
𝑎 −𝑑
= 𝑠 2+𝑎2 − 𝑎 ( 𝑑𝑠 𝐿[𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎𝑡])
𝑎 𝑑 𝑠
= 𝑠 2+𝑎2 + 𝑎 𝑑𝑠 [𝑠 2+𝑎2 ]
𝑎 (𝑠 2+𝑎 2 )1−𝑠(2𝑠)
= 𝑠 2+𝑎2 + 𝑎 [ ]
(𝑠 2+𝑎 2 )2

𝑎 𝑠 2+𝑎 2 −𝑠 2
= +𝑎[ ]
𝑠 2+𝑎 2 (𝑠 2+𝑎 2 )2

𝑎 𝑎 2 −𝑠 2
= 𝑠 2+𝑎2 + 𝑎 [(𝑠 2+𝑎2 )2]

𝑎(𝑠 2+𝑎 2 )+𝑎(𝑎 2 −𝑠 2 )

= (𝑠 2+𝑎 2 )2

𝑎𝑠 2 +𝑎 3 +𝑎 3 −𝑎𝑠 2 )
= (𝑠 2+𝑎 2 )2

2𝑎 3
∴ 𝐿[𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡 − 𝑎𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎𝑡 ] = (𝑠 2+𝑎2 )2

Example: 5.13 Find the Laplace transform for the following

(i) 𝒕𝒆−𝟑𝒕 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐𝒕 (ii) 𝒕𝒆−𝒕 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒂𝒕 9iii) 𝒕𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒉𝒕𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐𝒕
Solution:
−𝑑
(i) 𝐿[𝑡𝑒 −3𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑡] = 𝐿[𝑡𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑡]𝑠→𝑠+3 = 𝐿[𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑡]𝑠→𝑠+3
𝑑𝑠
−𝑑 2
= (𝑠 2+22 )
𝑑𝑠 𝑠→𝑠+3
(𝑠 2+4)0−2(2𝑠)
=[ ]
(𝑠 2+4)2 𝑠→𝑠+3
4𝑠
= [(𝑠 2+4)2 ]
𝑠→𝑠+3
4(𝑠+3)
∴ 𝐿[𝑡𝑒 −3𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑡] = ((𝑠+3)2
+4 )2
−𝑑
(ii) 𝐿[𝑡𝑒 −𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎𝑡] = 𝐿[𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎𝑡]𝑠→𝑠+1 = 𝑑𝑠
𝐿[𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎𝑡]𝑠→𝑠+1
−𝑑 𝑠
= (𝑠 2+𝑎2 )
𝑑𝑠 𝑠→𝑠+1

Laplace Transform Page 15

Engineering Mathematics - II

(𝑠 2+𝑎 2 )1−𝑠(2𝑠)
= −[ ]
(𝑠 2+𝑎 2 )2 𝑠→𝑠+1
𝑎 2 −𝑠 2
= − [(𝑠 2+𝑎2 )2]
𝑠→𝑠+1
𝑠 2−𝑎 2
= [(𝑠 2+𝑎2 )2 ]
𝑠→𝑠+1
(𝑠+1)2 −𝑎 2
∴ 𝐿[𝑡𝑒 −𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎𝑡] = ((𝑠+1)2 +𝑎2 )2

(iii) 𝐿[𝑡𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑡]
𝑒 𝑡 −𝑒 −𝑡
𝐿[𝑡𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑡] = 𝐿 [𝑡 ( ) 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑡]
2
1
= [𝐿(𝑡𝑒 𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑡) − 𝐿(𝑡𝑒 −𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑡)]
2
1 −𝑑 𝑑
= [ 𝐿[𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑡]𝑠→𝑠−1 + 𝑑𝑠 𝐿[𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑡]𝑠→𝑠+1 ]
2 𝑑𝑠
1 −𝑑 𝑠 𝑑 𝑠
= [ (𝑠 2+4) + 𝑑𝑠 (𝑠 2+4) ]
2 𝑑𝑠 𝑠→𝑠−1 𝑠→𝑠+1

1 (𝑠 2+4)1−𝑠(2𝑠) (𝑠 2+4)1−𝑠(2𝑠)
= [− [ ] +[ ] ]
2 (𝑠 2+4)2 𝑠→𝑠−1 (𝑠 2+4)2 𝑠→𝑠+1

1 4−𝑠 2 4−𝑠 2
= [− [(𝑠 2+4)2 ] + [(𝑠 2+4)2] ]
2 𝑠→𝑠−1 𝑠→𝑠+1
1 (𝑠−1) 2−4 4−(𝑠+1)2
∴ 𝐿[𝑡𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑡] = 2 [((𝑠−1)2 +4 )2 + ((𝑠+1)2 +4 )2]

Problems using the formula

𝒅𝟐
𝑳[𝒕𝟐 𝒇(𝒕)] = 𝒅𝒔𝟐 𝑳[𝒇(𝒕)]

Example: 5.14 Find the Laplace transform for (i) 𝒕𝟐 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒕 (ii) 𝒕𝟐 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐𝒕
Solution:
𝑑2
(i) 𝐿[𝑡 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡] = 𝑑𝑠 2 𝐿[𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡]
𝑑2 1
= 𝑑𝑠 2 [𝑠 2+1]
𝑑 [(𝑠 2+1)0−1(2𝑠)]
= 𝑑𝑠 ( (𝑠 2+1)2
)
𝑑 −2𝑠
= 𝑑𝑠 ((𝑠 2+1)2 )
𝑑 𝑠
= −2 𝑑𝑠 ((𝑠 2+1)2 )
2
−2[(𝑠 2+1) (1)−𝑠(2)(𝑠 2+1)(2𝑠)]
= (𝑠 2+1)4

−2(𝑠 2+1)[(𝑠 2+1)−4𝑠 2 ]

= (𝑠 2+1)4

−2[1−3𝑠 2 ]
= (𝑠 2+1)3

6𝑠 2−2
∴ 𝐿[𝑡 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡] = (𝑠 2+1)3

Laplace Transform Page 16

Engineering Mathematics - II

𝑑2
(ii) 𝐿[𝑡 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑡] = 𝑑𝑠 2 𝐿[𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑡]
𝑑2 𝑠
= 𝑑𝑠 2 [𝑠 2+4]
𝑑 [(𝑠 2+4)1−𝑠(2𝑠)]
= ( (𝑠 2+4)2
)
𝑑𝑠

𝑑 4−𝑠 2
= 𝑑𝑠 ((𝑠 2+4)2 )
2
[(𝑠 2+4) (−2𝑠)−(4−𝑠 2)2(𝑠 2+4)(2𝑠)]
= (𝑠 2+4)4

2𝑠(𝑠 2+4)[(𝑠 2+4)(−1)−(4−𝑠 2)2]

= (𝑠 2+4)4

2𝑠[𝑠 2−12]
= (𝑠 2+4)3

2𝑠[𝑠 2−12]
∴ 𝐿[𝑡 2 cos 2𝑡] = (𝑠 2+4)3

Example: 5.15 Find the Laplace transform for (i) 𝒕𝟐 𝒆−𝟐𝒕 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒕 (ii) 𝒕𝟐 𝒆𝟒𝒕 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟑𝒕
Solution:
𝑑2
(i) 𝐿[𝑡 2 𝑒 −2𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡] = 𝐿[𝑡 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡]𝑠→𝑠+2 = 𝑑𝑠 2 𝐿[𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡]𝑠→𝑠+2
𝑑2 𝑠
= 𝑑𝑠 2 (𝑠2+1)
𝑠→𝑠+2
𝑑 (𝑠 2+1)1−𝑠(2𝑠)
= 𝑑𝑠 [ ]
(𝑠 2+1)2 𝑠→𝑠+2
𝑑 1−𝑠 2
= 𝑑𝑠 [(𝑠 2+1)2 ]
𝑠→𝑠+2
2
[(𝑠 2+1) (−2𝑠)−(1−𝑠 2)2(𝑠 2+1)(2𝑠)]
=[ (𝑠 2+1)4
]
𝑠→𝑠+2
[(𝑠 2+1)(−2𝑠)−4𝑠(1−𝑠 2)]
= (𝑠 2 + 1) [ (𝑠 2+1)4
]
𝑠→𝑠+2
−2𝑠 3−2𝑠−4𝑠+4𝑠 3
=[ (𝑠 2+1)3
]
𝑠→𝑠+2
2𝑠 3−6𝑠
= [(𝑠 2+1)3 ]
𝑠→𝑠+2
2(𝑠+2)3 −6(𝑠+2)
∴ 𝐿[𝑡 2 𝑒 −2𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡] = ((𝑠+2)2 +1 )3

𝑑2
(ii)𝐿[𝑡 2 𝑒 4𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑡] = 𝐿[𝑡 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑡]𝑠→𝑠−4 = 𝑑𝑠 2 𝐿[𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑡]𝑠→𝑠−4
𝑑2 3
= 𝑑𝑠 2 (𝑠2+9)
𝑠→𝑠−4
𝑑 (𝑠 2+9)0−3(2𝑠)
= 𝑑𝑠 [ ]
(𝑠 2+9)2 𝑠→𝑠−4
𝑑 −6𝑠 𝑑 𝑠
= 𝑑𝑠 [(𝑠 2+9)2] = −6 𝑑𝑠 [(𝑠 2+9)2 ]
𝑠→𝑠−4 𝑠→𝑠−4
2
[(𝑠 2+9) (1)−(𝑠)2(𝑠 2+9)(2𝑠)]
= −6 [ (𝑠 2+9)4
]
𝑠→𝑠−4

Laplace Transform Page 17

Engineering Mathematics - II

[(𝑠 2+9)−4𝑠 2 ]
= −6(𝑠 2 + 9) [ (𝑠 2+9)4
]
𝑠→𝑠−4
9−3𝑠 2
= −6 [(𝑠 2+9)3 ]
𝑠→𝑠−4
18𝑠 2 −54
= [ (𝑠 2+9)3 ]
𝑠→𝑠−4
18(𝑠−4)2 −54
∴ 𝐿[𝑡 2 𝑒 4𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑡] = ((𝑠−4)2 +9 )3

Exercise: 5.2
Find the Laplace transform for the following
2𝑎𝑠
1. 𝑡𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡 Ans: (𝑠 2+𝑎2)2

𝑠 2−𝑎 2
2. 𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎𝑡 Ans: (𝑠 2+𝑎2 )2
6(𝑠+4)
3. 𝑡𝑒 −4𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑡 Ans: (𝑠+4)2+9
8𝑠 4𝑠
4. 𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑡𝑠𝑖𝑛6𝑡 Ans: (𝑠 2+64)2 − (𝑠 2+16)2

(𝑠−2)2 −4
5. 𝑡𝑒 −2𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑡 Ans: ((𝑠+4)2+4)2

Problems using the formula

𝒇(𝒕) ∞
𝑳[ ] = ∫𝒔 𝑳[𝒇(𝒕)]𝒅𝒔
𝒕
𝑓(𝑡)
This formula is valid if lim is finite.
𝑡→0 𝑡

The following formula is very useful in this section

𝑑𝑠
∫ = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑠
𝑠
𝑑𝑠
∫ 𝑠+𝑎 = log(𝑠 + 𝑎)
𝑠 𝑑𝑠 1
∫ 𝑠 2+𝑎2 = 2 log(𝑠 2 + 𝑎2 )
𝑎 𝑑𝑠 𝑠
∫ 𝑠 2+𝑎2 = tan−1 𝑎
𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒂𝒕
Example: 5.16 Find 𝑳 [ ]
𝒕

Solution:
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎(0) 1
lim = =0=∞
𝑡→0 𝑡 0

∴ Laplace transform does not exists.

𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒕
Example: 5.17 Find 𝑳 [ ]
𝒕

Solution:
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎(0) 0
lim = =0
𝑡→0 𝑡 0

= lim𝑎𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎𝑡 (by applying L−Hospital rule)

𝑡→0

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Engineering Mathematics - II

lim𝑎𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎𝑡 = 𝑎𝑐𝑜𝑠0 = 𝑎, finite quantity.

𝑡→0

Hence Laplace transform exists

𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡 ∞
𝐿[ ] = ∫𝑠 𝐿[(𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡)]𝑑𝑠
𝑡
∞ 𝑎
= ∫𝑠 𝑑𝑠
𝑠 2+𝑎 2

𝑠 ∞
= [tan−1 𝑎]
𝑠
𝑠
= [tan−1 ∞ − tan−1 𝑎]
𝜋 𝑠
= [ 2 − tan−1 𝑎]
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡 𝑠
∴ 𝐿[ ] = 𝑐𝑜t −1
𝑡 𝑎

𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟑 𝒕
Example: 5.18 Find 𝑳 [ ]
𝒕

Solution:
𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟑𝒕 𝟑𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒕−𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟑𝒕
=
𝒕 𝟒𝒕
𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟑 𝒕 𝟑𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒕−𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟑𝒕
lim = lim
𝑡→0 𝒕 𝑡→0 𝟒𝒕
0−0 0
= =0 (by applying L−Hospital rule)
0
3𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡−𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑡
= lim =0
𝑡→0 4𝑡

Hence Laplace transform exists

𝑠𝑖𝑛 3 𝑡 3𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡−𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑡
𝐿[ ] = 𝐿[ ]
𝑡 4𝑡
1 ∞
= 4 ∫𝑠 𝐿[(3𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑡)]𝑑𝑠
1 ∞ 1 3
= 4 ∫𝑠 (3 𝑠 2+1 − 𝑠 2+9) 𝑑𝑠
1 𝑠 ∞
= 4 [3tan−1 𝑠 − tan−1 3 ]
𝑠
1 𝑠
= 4 [3(tan−1 ∞ − tan−1 𝑠) − (tan−1 ∞ − tan−1 3)]
1 𝜋 𝜋 𝑠
= 4 [( 2 − tan−1 𝑠) − ( 2 − tan−1 3) ]
1 𝑠
= 4 [cot −1 𝑠 − 𝑐𝑜t −1 3]
𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐𝒕𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟑𝒕
Example: 5.19 Find 𝑳 [𝒆−𝟐𝒕 ]
𝒕

Solution:
𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐𝒕𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟑𝒕 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐𝒕𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟑𝒕
𝐿 [𝑒 −2𝑡 ] = 𝐿[ ]
𝒕 𝒕 𝑠→𝑠+2
1 ∞
= [∫𝑠 𝐿(sin(3𝑡 + 2𝑡) − sin(3𝑡 − 2𝑡))𝑑𝑠]
2 𝑠→𝑠+2
1 ∞
= [∫𝑠 𝐿((sin 5𝑡) − 𝐿(sin 𝑡))𝑑𝑠]
2 𝑠→𝑠+2

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Engineering Mathematics - II

1 ∞ 5 1
= 2 [ ∫𝑠 [𝑠 2+52 − 𝑠 2+12 ]]
𝑠→𝑠+2
1 𝑠 ∞
= 2 [[tan−1 5 −tan−1 𝑠] ]
𝑠 𝑠→𝑠+2

1 𝑠
= 2 [[(tan−1 ∞ − tan−1 5) − (tan−1 ∞ − tan−1 𝑠)] ]
𝑠→𝑠+2
1 𝜋 𝑠 𝜋
= 2 [( 2 − tan−1 5) − ( 2 − tan−1 𝑠) ]
𝑠→𝑠+2
1 𝑠
= 2 [cot −1 5 − 𝑐𝑜t −1 𝑠 ]
𝑠→𝑠+2
1 (𝑠+2)
= 2 [cot −1 − 𝑐𝑜t −1 (𝑠 + 2)]
5

𝒆−𝒂𝒕−𝒆−𝒃𝒕
Example: 5.20 Find the Laplace transform for 𝒕

Solution:
𝑒 −𝑎𝑡 −𝑒 −𝑏𝑡 𝑒 0 −𝑒 0 1−1 0
lim = lim = =0 (use L− Hospital rule)
𝑡→0 𝑡 𝑡→0 0 0

−𝑎𝑒 −𝑎𝑡 +𝑏𝑒 −𝑏𝑡

= lim
𝑡→0 1

= −𝑎 + 𝑏 = 𝑏 − 𝑎 = a finite quantity
Hence Laplace transform exists.
𝑒 −𝑎𝑡 −𝑒 −𝑏𝑡 ∞
𝐿[ ] = ∫𝑠 𝐿[𝑒 −𝑎𝑡 − 𝑒 −𝑏𝑡 ]𝑑𝑠
𝑡
∞
= ∫𝑠 [𝐿(𝑒 −𝑎𝑡 ) − 𝐿(𝑒 −𝑏𝑡 )]𝑑𝑠
∞ 1 1
= ∫𝑠 (𝑠+𝑎 − 𝑠+𝑏) 𝑑𝑠

= [log(𝑠 + 𝑎) − log(𝑠 + 𝑏)]∞

𝑠

𝑠+𝑎 ∞
= [𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑠+𝑏 ]
𝑠
𝑎 ∞
𝑠(1+ )
𝑠
= [𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑏 ]
𝑠(1+ )
𝑠 𝑠
𝑠+𝑎 𝑠+𝑎
= 𝑙𝑜𝑔1 − 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑠+𝑏 = 0 − 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑠+𝑏 ∵ 𝑙𝑜𝑔1 = 0
𝑠+𝑎
= 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑠+𝑏
𝟏−𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒕
Example: 5.21 Find the Laplace transform of 𝒕

Solution:
𝟏−𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒕 0 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒕 0
lim = lim = =0 (use L− Hospital rule)
𝑡→0 𝒕 0 𝑡→0 𝟏 1
1−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡
𝐿[ ] exists.
𝑡
1−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 ∞
𝐿[ ] = ∫𝑠 𝐿[(1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡)]𝑑𝑠
𝑡
∞ 1 𝑠
= ∫𝑠 ( 𝑠 − 𝑠 2+1) 𝑑𝑠

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Engineering Mathematics - II

1 ∞
= [log 𝑠 − 2 log(𝑠 2 + 1)]
𝑠
∞
= [log 𝑠 − log√𝑠 2 + 1]𝑠
𝑠 ∞
= [𝑙𝑜𝑔 ]
√𝑠 2+1 𝑠
𝑠
= 0 − 𝑙𝑜𝑔 √𝑠 2
+1

√𝑠 2+1
= 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑠
𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒂𝒕−𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒃𝒕
Example: 5.22 Find the Laplace transform for 𝒕

Solution:
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎𝑡−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑏𝑡 1−1 0
lim = =0 (use L− Hospital rule)
𝑡→0 𝑡 0
−𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡+𝑏𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑏𝑡
= lim = 0 = a finite quantity
𝑡→0 1

Hence Laplace transform exists.

𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎𝑡−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑏𝑡 ∞
𝐿[ ] = ∫𝑠 𝐿[𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎𝑡 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑏𝑡]𝑑𝑠
𝑡
∞
= ∫𝑠 [𝐿(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎𝑡) − 𝐿(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑏𝑡)]𝑑𝑠
∞ 𝑠 𝑠
= ∫𝑠 (𝑠 2+𝑎2 − 𝑠 2 +𝑏2 ) 𝑑𝑠
1 1 ∞
= [2 log(𝑠 2 + 𝑎2 ) − 2 log(𝑠 2 + 𝑏2 )]
𝑠
∞
1 𝑠 2+𝑎 2
= [𝑙𝑜𝑔 ]
2 𝑠 2+𝑏2 𝑠

𝑎2
∞
1 𝑠 2(1+ 2 )
𝑠
= 2 [𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑏2
]
𝑠 2(1+ 2 )
𝑠 𝑠

𝑎2
∞
1 (1+ 2 )
𝑠
= 2 [𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑏2
]
(1+ 2 )
𝑠 𝑠
1 𝑠 2+𝑎 2 1 𝑠 2+𝑎 2
= 2 [𝑙𝑜𝑔1 − 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑠 2+𝑏2 ] = − 2 [𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑠 2 +𝑏2 ] [∵ 𝑙𝑜𝑔1 = 0]
1 𝑠 2+𝑏2
= 2 [𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑠 2+𝑎2 ]
𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝒕
Example: 5.23 Find the Laplace transform of 𝒕

Solution:
𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 𝑡 1−𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑡
=
𝑡 2𝑡
𝟏−𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐𝒕 0
lim =
𝑡→0 𝟐𝒕 0
𝟐𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐𝒕 0
lim = =0 (use L− Hospital rule)
𝑡→0 𝟐 1

Laplace transform exists.

Laplace Transform Page 21

Engineering Mathematics - II

𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝑡 1−𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑡 1 ∞
𝐿[ ] = 𝐿[ ] = ∫𝑠 𝐿[(1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑡)]𝑑𝑠
𝑡 2𝑡 2
1 ∞
= ∫𝑠
[𝐿(1) − 𝐿(𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑡)]𝑑𝑠
2
1 ∞ 1 𝑠
= ∫𝑠 ( − 2 ) 𝑑𝑠
2 𝑠 𝑠 +4

1 1 ∞
= 2 [log 𝑠 − 2 log(𝑠 2 + 4)]
𝑠
1 ∞
= 2 [log 𝑠 − log√𝑠 2 + 4]
𝑠
1 𝑠 ∞
= 2 [𝑙𝑜𝑔 √𝑠 2 ]
+4 𝑠

1 𝑠
= 2 [0 − 𝑙𝑜𝑔 √𝑠 2 ]
+4

1 √𝑠 2+4
= 2 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑠
𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐𝒕𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟓𝒕
Example: 5.24 Find the Laplace transform for 𝒕

Solution:
𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑡𝑠𝑖𝑛5𝑡 ∞
𝐿[ ] = ∫𝑠 𝐿[𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑡𝑠𝑖𝑛5𝑡]𝑑𝑠
𝑡
∞1
= ∫𝑠 [𝐿(cos(−3𝑡) − 𝐿(𝑐𝑜𝑠7𝑡)]𝑑𝑠
2
1 ∞
= 2 ∫𝑠 [𝐿(cos(3𝑡) − 𝐿(𝑐𝑜𝑠7𝑡)]𝑑𝑠 [∵ cos(−𝜃) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃]
1 ∞ 𝑠 𝑠
= 2 ∫𝑠 (𝑠 2+9 − 𝑠 2+49) 𝑑𝑠
1 1 1 ∞
= 2 [2 log(𝑠 2 + 9) − 2 log(𝑠 2 + 49)]
𝑠
∞
1 𝑠 2+9
= 4 [𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑠 2+49]
𝑠
9 ∞
1 𝑠 2 (1+ 2 )
𝑠
= 4 [𝑙𝑜𝑔 49 ]
𝑠 2 (1+ 2 )
𝑠 𝑠
9 ∞
1 (1+ 2 )
𝑠
= 4 [𝑙𝑜𝑔 49 ]
(1+ 2 )
𝑠 𝑠

1 𝑠 2+9 1 𝑠 2 +9
= 4 [𝑙𝑜𝑔1 − 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑠 2+49] = − 4 [𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑠 2+49] [∵ 𝑙𝑜𝑔1 = 0]
1 𝑠 2+49
= 4 [𝑙𝑜𝑔 ]
𝑠 2+9
𝒕
Problems using 𝑳 [∫𝟎 𝒇(𝒕)𝒅𝒕] = 1𝑠 𝑳[𝒇(𝒕)]
𝒕 𝒕
Example: 5.25 Find the Laplace transform for (i) ∫𝟎 𝒆−𝟐𝒕 𝒅𝒕 (ii) ∫𝟎 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐𝒕𝒅𝒕
𝒕 𝒕
(iii) ∫𝟎 𝒕𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟑𝒕𝒅𝒕 (iv) 𝒕 ∫𝟎 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒕𝒅𝒕
Solution:
𝑡 1 1 1
(i) 𝐿 [∫0 𝑒 −2𝑡 𝑑𝑡] = 𝐿[𝑒 −2𝑡 ] = ( )
𝑠 𝑠 𝑠+2

Laplace Transform Page 22

Engineering Mathematics - II

𝑡 1
∴ 𝐿 [∫0 𝑒 −2𝑡 𝑑𝑡] = 𝑠(𝑠+2)
𝑡 1 1 𝑠
(ii) 𝐿 [∫0 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑡𝑑𝑡] = 𝑠 𝐿[𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑡] = 𝑠 (𝑠 2+4)
𝑡 1
∴ 𝐿 [∫0 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑡𝑑𝑡] =
𝑠 2 +4
𝑡 1
(iii) 𝐿 [∫0 𝑡𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑡𝑑𝑡] = 𝑠 𝐿[𝑡𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑡]
1 −𝑑
= 𝑠 [ 𝑑𝑠 [𝐿[𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑡]]]

−1 𝑑 3
= [𝑑𝑠 [𝑠 2+9]]
𝑠

−1 −6𝑠
= [ ]
𝑠 (𝑠 2+9)2
𝑡 6
∴ 𝐿 [∫0 𝑡𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑡𝑑𝑡] = (𝑠 2+9)2
𝑡 −𝑑 𝑡
(iv) 𝐿 [𝑡 ∫0 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡𝑑𝑡] = 𝐿 [∫0 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡𝑑𝑡]
𝑑𝑠
−𝑑 1 𝑠
= [ ( 2 )]
𝑑𝑠 𝑠 𝑠 +1
𝑑 1
= − 𝑑𝑠 [𝑠 2+1]
−2𝑠
= − [(𝑠 2+1)2 ]
𝑡 2𝑠
∴ 𝐿 [∫0 𝑡𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑡𝑑𝑡] = (𝑠 2+1)2
𝒕
Example: 5.26 Find the Laplace transform for 𝒆−𝒕 ∫𝟎 𝒕𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟒𝒕𝒅𝒕
Solution:
𝑡 𝑡 −1 𝑑
𝐿 [𝑒 −𝑡 ∫0 𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑠4𝑡𝑑𝑡] = 𝐿 [∫0 𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑠4𝑡𝑑𝑡] =[𝑠 𝐿(𝑐𝑜𝑠4𝑡)]
𝑠→𝑠+1 𝑑𝑠 𝑠→𝑠+1
1 𝑑 𝑠
= − (𝑠 𝑑𝑠 𝑠 2+16)
𝑠→𝑠+1
−1 (𝑠 2+16)1−𝑠(2𝑠)
=[𝑠 ]
(𝑠 2+16)2 𝑠→𝑠+1
−1 (𝑠 2+16−2𝑠 2)
=[𝑠 ]
(𝑠 2+16)2 𝑠→𝑠+1
−1 (−𝑠 2+16)
=[ ]
𝑠 (𝑠 2+16)2 𝑠→𝑠+1

1 (𝑠 2−16)
= [ 𝑠 (𝑠 2+16)2]
𝑠→𝑠+1
𝑡 1 (𝑠+1)2 −16
∴ 𝐿 [𝑒 −𝑡 ∫0 𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑠4𝑡𝑑𝑡] = 𝑠+1 [((𝑠+1)2 +16 )2 ]
𝒕 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒕
Example: 5.27 Find the Laplace transform of 𝒆−𝒕 ∫𝟎 𝒅𝒕
𝒕

Solution:
𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡
𝐿 [𝑒 −𝑡 ∫0 𝑑𝑡] = 𝐿 [∫0 𝑑𝑡]
𝑡 𝑡 𝑠→𝑠+1

Laplace Transform Page 23

Engineering Mathematics - II

1 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡
= [𝑠 𝐿 ( )]
𝑡 𝑠→𝑠+1
1 ∞
= [ 𝑠 ∫𝑠 𝐿(𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡)𝑑𝑠]
𝑠→𝑠+1
1 ∞ 1
= [ ∫𝑠 2 ]
𝑠 𝑠 +1 𝑠→𝑠+1

1
= [ 𝑠 [tan−1 𝑠 ]∞
𝑠 ]
𝑠→𝑠+1
1
= [ 𝑠 (tan−1 ∞ − tan−1 𝑠) ]
𝑠→𝑠+1
1 𝜋
= [ 𝑠 ( 2 − tan−1 𝑠) ]
𝑠→𝑠+1
1
= [ 𝑠 cot −1 𝑠 ]
𝑠→𝑠+1
𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 1
∴ 𝐿 [𝑒 −𝑡 ∫0 𝑡 𝑑𝑡] = 𝑠+1 𝑐𝑜t −1 (𝑠 + 1)

Exercise: 5.3
Find the Laplace transform of
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑠
1. Ans: cot −1 2
𝑡
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡
2. 𝑒 −2𝑡 Ans: 𝑐𝑜t −1 (𝑠 + 2)
𝑡
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑏𝑡 𝑠 𝑠
3. Ans: cot −1 𝑎 − cot −1 𝑏
𝑡

𝑒 −𝑎𝑡 −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑏𝑡 √𝑠 2 +𝑏2

4. Ans: 𝑙𝑜𝑔
𝑡 𝑠+𝑎
1−𝑒 −𝑡 s+1
5. Ans: 𝑙𝑜𝑔
𝑡 𝑠
𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 1
6. 𝑒 −𝑡 ∫0 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 Ans: 𝑠+1 𝑐𝑜t −1 (𝑠 + 1)
𝑡 1 𝑠 2 +2𝑠
7. 𝑒 −𝑡 ∫0 𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡𝑑𝑡 Ans: 𝑠+1 [(𝑠 2+2𝑠+2 )2]
𝑡 1 2(𝑠+1)
8. 𝑒 −𝑡 ∫0 𝑡𝑒 −𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑑𝑡 Ans: 𝑠 [𝑠 2+2𝑠+2]

Evaluation of integrals using Laplace transform

∞
Note: (i) ∫0 𝑓(𝑡)𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = 𝐿[𝑓(𝑡)]
∞
(ii) ∫0 𝑓(𝑡)𝑒 −𝑎𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = [𝐿[𝑓(𝑡)]]𝑠=𝑎
∞
(iii) ∫0 𝑓 (𝑡)𝑑𝑡 = [𝐿[𝑓(𝑡)]]𝑠=0
𝒔+𝟐 ∞
Example: 5.28 If 𝑳[𝒇(𝒕)] = 𝒔𝟐+𝟒, then find the value of ∫𝟎 𝒇(𝒕)𝒅𝒕

Solution:
𝑠+2
Given 𝐿[𝑓(𝑡)] = 𝑠 2+4
∞
We know that ∫0 𝑓(𝑡)𝑑𝑡 = [𝐿[𝑓(𝑡)]]𝑠=0
𝑠+2 2
= [𝑠 2+4] =4
𝑠=0

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Engineering Mathematics - II

∞ 1
∫0 𝑓 (𝑡)𝑑𝑡 = 2
𝟓𝒔+𝟒 ∞
Example: 5.29 If 𝑳[𝒇(𝒕)] = , then find the value of ∫𝟎 𝒆−𝟐𝒕 𝒇(𝒕)𝒅𝒕
𝒔𝟐 −𝟗

Solution:
5𝑠+4
Given 𝐿[𝑓(𝑡)] = 𝑠 2−9
∞
We know that ∫0 𝑒 −2𝑡 𝑓 (𝑡)𝑑𝑡 = [𝐿[𝑓(𝑡)]]𝑠=2
5𝑠+4 14
= [𝑠 2 −9 ] = −5
𝑠=2
∞ −14
∴ ∫0 𝑒 −2𝑡 𝑓(𝑡)𝑑𝑡 = 5

Example: 5.30 Find the values of the following integrals using Laplace transforms:
∞ ∞ ∞ 𝒆−𝒕 −𝒆−𝟐𝒕
(i) ∫𝟎 𝒕𝒆−𝟐𝒕 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐𝒕𝒅𝒕 (ii) ∫𝟎 𝒕𝟐 𝒆−𝒕 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒅𝒕 (iii) ∫𝟎 ( 𝒕
) 𝒅𝒕
∞ 𝟏−𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒕 ∞ 𝒆−𝒂𝒕 −𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒃𝒕
(iv) ∫𝟎 ( ) 𝒆−𝒕 𝒅𝒕 (v) ∫𝟎 ( ) 𝒅𝒕
𝒕 𝒕

Solution:
∞ −𝑑
(i) ∫0 𝑡𝑒 −2𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑡𝑑𝑡 = 𝐿[𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑡]𝑠=2 = [ 𝑑𝑠 𝐿(𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑡)]
𝑠=2
−𝑑 𝑠
= (𝑠 2+4)
𝑑𝑠 𝑠=2
(𝑠 2+4)1−𝑠(2𝑠)
= −[ ]
(𝑠 2+4)2 𝑠=2
(4−𝑠 2)
= − [(𝑠 2+4)2 ]
𝑠=2
(4−4)
= − (4+4)2 = 0
∞ 𝑑2
(ii) ∫0 𝑡 2 𝑒 −𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑑𝑡 = 𝐿[𝑡 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡]𝑠=1 = 𝑑𝑠 2 𝐿[𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡]𝑠=1
𝑑2 1
= 𝑑𝑠 2 (𝑠2+1)
𝑠=1
𝑑 −1(2𝑠)
= 𝑑𝑠 [(𝑠 2+1)2 ]
𝑠=1
𝑑 𝑠
= −2 𝑑𝑠 [(𝑠 2+1)2 ]
𝑠=1
2
[(𝑠 2+1) (1)−𝑠.2(𝑠 2+1)(2𝑠))]
= −2 [ (𝑠 2+1)4
]
𝑠=1

[(𝑠 2+1)[(𝑠 2+1)−4𝑠 2)]]

= −2 [ (𝑠 2+1) 4
]
𝑠=1
(1−3𝑠 2 )
= −2 [(𝑠 2+1)3 ]
𝑠=1
6𝑠 3−2 4 1
= [(𝑠 2+1)3 ] =8=2
𝑠=1
∞ 𝑒 −𝑡 −𝑒 −2𝑡 𝑒 −𝑡 −𝑒 −2𝑡 ∞
(iii) ∫0 ( ) 𝑑𝑡 = 𝐿 [ ] = ∫𝑠 [𝐿[𝑒 −𝑡 − 𝑒 −2𝑡 ]𝑑𝑠]𝑠=0
𝑡 𝑡 𝑠=0

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Engineering Mathematics - II

∞
= ∫𝑠 [[𝐿(𝑒 −𝑡 ) − 𝐿(𝑒 −2𝑡 )]𝑑𝑠]𝑠=0
∞ 1 1
= ∫𝑠 [(𝑠+1 − 𝑠+2) 𝑑𝑠]
𝑠=0

= {[log(𝑠 + 1) − log(𝑠 + 2)]∞

𝑠 }𝑠=0

𝑠+1 ∞
= {[𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑠+2] }
𝑠 𝑠=0
1 ∞
𝑠(1+ )
𝑠
= {𝑙𝑜𝑔 2 }
𝑠(1+ )
𝑠 𝑠
𝑠=0
𝑠+1
= [0 − 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑠+2] ∵ 𝑙𝑜𝑔1 = 0
𝑠=0
𝑠+2
= [𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑠+1] = 𝑙𝑜𝑔2
𝑠=0
∞ 1−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡
(iv) ∫0 ( ) 𝑒 −𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑡
∞ 1−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 1−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 ∞
∫0 ( ) 𝑒 −𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = 𝐿 [ ] = ∫𝑠 [𝐿[(1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡)]𝑑𝑠]𝑆=1
𝑡 𝑡 𝑆=1
∞
= ∫𝑠 [[𝐿(1) − 𝐿(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡)]𝑑𝑠]𝑆=1
∞ 1 𝑠
= ∫𝑠 [( 𝑠 − 𝑠 2 +1) 𝑑𝑠]
𝑆=1
1 ∞
= {[log 𝑠 − 2 log(𝑠 2 + 1)] }
𝑠 𝑆=1
∞
= {[log 𝑠 − log√𝑠 2 + 1]𝑠 }
𝑆=1
𝑠 ∞
= {[𝑙𝑜𝑔 ] }
√𝑠 2+1 𝑠
𝑆=1
𝑠
= [0 − 𝑙𝑜𝑔 √𝑠 2 ]
+1 𝑠=1

√𝑠 2+1
= [𝑙𝑜𝑔 ]
𝑠
𝑠=1

= 𝑙𝑜𝑔√2
∞ 𝑒 −𝑎𝑡 −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑏𝑡
(v) ∫0 ( ) 𝑑𝑡
𝑡
∞ 𝑒 −𝑎𝑡 −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑏𝑡 𝑒 −𝑎𝑡 −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑏𝑡 ∞
∫0 ( ) 𝑑𝑡 = 𝐿 [ ] = ∫𝑠 [𝐿[(𝑒 −𝑎𝑡 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑏𝑡)]𝑑𝑠]𝑆=0
𝑡 𝑡 𝑆=0
∞
= ∫𝑠 [[𝐿(𝑒 −𝑎𝑡 ) − 𝐿(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑏𝑡)]𝑑𝑠]𝑆=0
∞ 1 𝑠
= ∫𝑠 [(𝑠+𝑎 − 𝑠 2+𝑏2 ) 𝑑𝑠]
𝑆=0
1 ∞
= {[log( 𝑠 + 𝑎) − 2 log(𝑠 2 + 𝑏2 )] }
𝑠 𝑆=0
∞
= {[log(𝑠 + 𝑎) − log√𝑠 2 + 𝑏2 ]𝑠 }
𝑆=0
𝑠+𝑎 ∞
= {[𝑙𝑜𝑔 √𝑠 2 ] }
+𝑏2 𝑠 𝑆=0

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Engineering Mathematics - II

𝑠+𝑎
= [0 − 𝑙𝑜𝑔 √𝑠 2 ]
+𝑏2 𝑠=0

√𝑠 2+𝑏2
= [𝑙𝑜𝑔 ]
𝑠+𝑎
𝑠=0

√𝑏 2
= 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑎
𝑏
= 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑎

Exercise: 5.4
Find the values of the following integrals using Laplace transforms
∞ 3
1. ∫0 𝑡𝑒 −2𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡𝑑𝑡 Ans: 25
∞ 13
2. ∫0 𝑡𝑒 −3𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑑𝑡 Ans: 250
∞ 𝑒 −𝑎𝑡 −𝑒 −𝑏𝑡 𝑏
3. ∫0 ( ) 𝑑𝑡 Ans: 𝑙𝑜𝑔
𝑡 𝑎
∞ sin2 𝑡 1
4. ∫0 𝑒 −2𝑡 𝑑𝑡 Ans: 𝑙𝑜𝑔2
𝑡 4
∞ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎𝑡−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑏𝑡 𝑎
5. ∫0 ( ) 𝑑𝑡 Ans: 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑏
𝑡

Laplace transform of Piecewise continuous functions

∞
∫𝟎 𝒇(𝒕)𝒆−𝒔𝒕 𝒅𝒕 = 𝑳[𝒇(𝒕)]
𝒆−𝒕 ; 𝟎 < 𝑡 < 𝜋
Example: 5.31 Find the Laplace transform of 𝒇(𝒕) = {
𝟎;𝒕 > 𝜋
Solution:
∞
𝐿[𝑓(𝑡)] = ∫0 𝑓(𝑡)𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝜋 ∞
= ∫0 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑒 −𝑡 𝑑𝑡 + ∫𝜋 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 0𝑑𝑡
𝜋
= ∫0 𝑒 −(𝑠+1)𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝜋 0
𝑒 −(𝑠+1)𝑡 𝑒 −(𝑠+1)𝜋−𝑒
= [ −(𝑠+1) ] =
0 −(𝑠+1)

1−𝑒 −(𝑠+1)𝜋
∴ 𝐿[𝑓(𝑡)] = −(𝑠+1)

𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒕; 𝟎 < 𝑡 < 𝜋

Example: 5.32 Find the Laplace transform of 𝒇(𝒕) = {
𝟎;𝒕 > 𝜋
Solution:
∞
𝐿[𝑓(𝑡)] = ∫0 𝑓(𝑡)𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝝅 ∞
= ∫𝟎 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑑𝑡 + ∫𝜋 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 0𝑑𝑡
𝜋
= ∫0 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑑𝑡
𝝅
𝒆−𝒔𝒕 𝑒 −𝑠𝜋 𝑒0
= [(−𝒔)𝟐+𝟏 (−𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡)] = 𝑠 2+1 [−𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜋 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜋] − 𝑠 2 +1 [−𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑛0 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠0]
𝟎
𝑒 −𝑠𝜋 1 𝑒 −𝑠𝜋 +1
= 𝑠 2+1 (0 + 1) − 𝑠 2+1 (−1) = 𝑠 2+1

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Engineering Mathematics - II

𝒆−𝒔𝝅 +𝟏
∴ 𝐿[𝑓(𝑡)] = 𝒔𝟐+𝟏
𝒕; 𝟎 < 𝑡 < 1
Example: 5.33 Find the Laplace transform of 𝒇(𝒕) = {
𝟎;𝒕 > 1
Solution:
∞
𝐿[𝑓(𝑡)] = ∫0 𝑓(𝑡)𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑡
1 ∞
= ∫0 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑡𝑑𝑡 + ∫1 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 0𝑑𝑡
1
= ∫0 𝑡𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑡
1
𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝒆−𝒔 𝒆−𝒔 𝟏
= [𝑡 − (1) (−𝑠)2 ] = − − 0 + 𝒔𝟐
−𝑠 0 −𝒔 𝒔𝟐

𝒆−𝒔 𝒆−𝒔 𝟏
∴ 𝐿[𝑓(𝑡)] = − − + 𝒔𝟐
𝒔 𝒔𝟐

Exercise: 5.5
0; 0 < 𝑡 < 2 𝟑𝒆−𝟐𝒔
1. Find the Laplace transform of 𝑓(𝑡) = { Ans:
3 ;𝑡 > 2 𝒔

𝑒𝑡; 0 < 𝑡 < 1 𝟏−𝒆−(𝒔−𝟏)

2. Find the Laplace transform of 𝑓(𝑡) = { Ans:
0 ;𝑡 > 1 𝒔−𝟏

1; 0 < 𝑡 < 1 𝟏−𝒆−𝒔

3. Find the Laplace transform of 𝑓(𝑡) = { Ans:
0 ;𝑡 > 1 𝒔

Unit step function

0; 𝑡 < 𝑎
The unit step function 𝑈(𝑡 − 𝑎) is defined as 𝑈 (𝑡 − 𝑎) = {
0 ;𝑡 > 𝑎
Example: 5.34 Find the Laplace transform of unit step functions.
Solution:
∞
𝐿[𝑈(𝑡 − 𝑎)] = ∫0 𝑈(𝑡 − 𝑎)𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑎 ∞ ∞
= ∫0 0𝑑𝑡 + ∫𝑎 (1)𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = ∫𝑎 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑡
∞
𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑒 −𝑠𝑎 𝑒 −𝑠𝑎
= [ −𝑠 ] = 0 − =
𝑎 −𝑠 𝑠

𝑒 −𝑠𝑎
𝐿[𝑈(𝑡 − 𝑎)] = 𝑠

Second Shifting theorem

Statement: If 𝐿[𝑓(𝑡)] = 𝐹(𝑠), then 𝐿[𝑓(𝑡 − 𝑎)𝑈(𝑡 − 𝑎)] = 𝑒 −𝑎𝑠 𝐹(𝑠)
Proof:
0; 𝑡 < 𝑎
𝑈(𝑡 − 𝑎)𝑓(𝑡 − 𝑎) = {
𝑓(𝑡 − 𝑎) ; 𝑡 > 𝑎
By the definition of Laplace transform,
∞
𝐿[𝑈(𝑡 − 𝑎)𝑓(𝑡 − 𝑎)] = ∫0 𝑈 (𝑡 − 𝑎)𝑓(𝑡 − 𝑎)𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑎 ∞
= ∫0 0𝑑𝑡 + ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑡 − 𝑎)𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑡
∞
𝐿[𝑈(𝑡 − 𝑎)𝑓(𝑡 − 𝑎)] = ∫0 𝑒 −𝑠(𝑎+𝑥) 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥

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Engineering Mathematics - II

∞
= ∫0 𝑒 −𝑠𝑎 𝑒 −𝑠𝑥 𝑓 (𝑥 )𝑑𝑥
∞
Let 𝑡 − 𝑎 = 𝑥 ⋯ (1)
= 𝑒 −𝑠𝑎 ∫0 𝑒 −𝑠𝑥 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
𝑡 = 𝑎+𝑥
Replace x by t
𝑑𝑡 = 𝑑𝑥
−𝑠𝑎 ∞
𝐿[𝑈(𝑡 − 𝑎)𝑓(𝑡 − 𝑎)] = 𝑒 ∫0 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑓(𝑡)𝑑𝑡 When 𝑡 = 𝑎, (1) => 𝑥 = 0
= 𝑒 −𝑠𝑎 𝐿[𝑓(𝑡)] = 𝑒 −𝑠𝑎 𝐹(𝑠) When 𝑡 = ∞, (1) => 𝑥 = ∞
−𝑠𝑎
𝐿[𝑈(𝑡 − 𝑎)𝑓(𝑡 − 𝑎)] = 𝑒 𝐹(𝑠)
5.5 PERIODIC FUNCTIONS
Definition: A function 𝑓(𝑡) is said to be periodic if 𝑓(𝑡 + 𝑇) = 𝑓(𝑡) for all values of t and for certain values
of T. The smallest value of T for which 𝑓(𝑡 + 𝑇) = 𝑓(𝑡) for all t is called periodic function.
Example:
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 = sin(𝑡 + 2𝜋) = sin(𝑡 + 4𝜋) ⋯
∴ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 is periodic function with period 2𝜋.
Let 𝒇(𝒕) be a periodic function with period T. Then
𝑻
𝟏
𝑳[𝒇(𝒕)] = ∫ 𝒆−𝒔𝒕 𝒇(𝒕)𝒅𝒕
𝟏 − 𝒆−𝒔𝑻 𝟎

Problems on Laplace transform of Periodic function

𝝅
𝒔𝒊𝒏𝝎𝒕; 𝟎 < 𝑡 < 𝝎 𝟐𝝅
Example: 5.35 Find the Laplace transform of 𝒇(𝒕) = { 𝝅 𝟐𝝅 𝒇 (𝒕 + ) = 𝒇(𝒕)
𝝎
𝟎;𝝎 < 𝑡 < 𝝎

Solution:
2𝜋
The given function is a periodic function with period 𝑇 = 𝜔
1 𝑇
𝐿[𝑓(𝑡)] = −𝑠𝑇 ∫0
𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑓 (𝑡)𝑑𝑡
1−𝑒
𝝅 𝟐𝝅
1 −𝑠𝑡
= −𝟐𝝅𝒔 [∫0 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑡𝑒
𝝎 𝑑𝑡 + ∫𝝅𝝎 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 (0)𝑑𝑡]
1−𝑒 𝝎 𝝎
𝜋
1
= −2𝜋𝑠 ∫0 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑡𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝜔
1−𝑒 𝜔
𝜋
1 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝜔
= −2𝜋𝑠 [ (−𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑡 − 𝜔𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜔𝑡)]
(−𝑠)2+𝜔2 0
1−𝑒 𝜔
−𝑠𝜋
1 𝑒 𝜔 𝜔
= −2𝜋𝑠 {𝑠 2+𝜔2 [−𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜋 − 𝜔𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜋] + 𝑠 2+𝜔2 }
1−𝑒 𝜔
−𝑠𝜋
1 𝑒 𝜔 𝜔+𝜔
= −2𝜋𝑠 [ ]
𝑠 2+𝜔2
1−𝑒 𝜔
−𝑠𝜋
1 𝜔(𝑒 𝜔 +1)
= −𝜋𝑠 2
[ ]
𝑠 2+𝜔2
12 −(𝑒 𝜔 )

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−𝑠𝜋
1 𝜔(𝑒 𝜔 +1)
= −𝜋𝑠 −𝜋𝑠 [ ]
(1−𝑒 𝜔 )(1+𝑒 𝜔 ) 𝑠 2+𝜔2

𝜔
∴ 𝐿[𝑓(𝑡)] = −𝜋𝑠
(1−𝑒 𝜔 )(𝑠 2+𝜔2 )

𝑬; 𝟎 ≤ 𝒕 ≤ 𝒂
Example: 5.36 Find the Laplace transform of 𝒇(𝒕) = { given that 𝒇(𝒕 + 𝟐𝒂) = 𝒇(𝒕).
−𝑬 ; 𝒂 ≤ 𝒕 ≤ 𝟐𝒂
Solution:
The given function is a periodic function with period 𝑇 = 2𝑎
1 𝑇
𝐿[𝑓(𝑡)] = 1−𝑒 −𝑠𝑇 ∫0 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑓 (𝑡)𝑑𝑡
1 2𝑎
= 1−𝑒 −2𝑎𝑠 ∫0 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑓 (𝑡)𝑑𝑡
1 𝑎 2𝑎
= 1−𝑒 −2𝑎𝑠 [∫0 𝐸𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑡 + ∫𝑎 −𝐸𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑡]
1 𝑎 2𝑎
= 1−𝑒 −2𝑎𝑠 [𝐸 ∫0 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑡 − 𝐸 ∫𝑎 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑡]
𝑎 2𝑎
𝐸 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡
= 1−𝑒 −2𝑎𝑠 [[ −𝑠 ] − [ −𝑠 ] ]
0 𝑎
𝐸 𝑒 −𝑎𝑠 1 𝑒 −2𝑎𝑠 𝑒 −𝑎𝑠
= 1−𝑒 −2𝑎𝑠 [ +𝑠− − ]
−𝑠 𝑠 𝑠
𝐸 1−2𝑒 −𝑎𝑠 +𝑒 −2𝑎𝑠
= 1−𝑒 −2𝑎𝑠 [ ]
𝑠
𝐸 (1−𝑒 −𝑎𝑠 )2
= 12 −(𝑒 −𝑎𝑠 )2 [ ]
𝑠

𝐸 (1−𝑒 −𝑎𝑠 )2
= (1−𝑒 −𝑎𝑠)(1+𝑒 −𝑎𝑠) [ ]
𝑠

𝐸 (1−𝑒 −𝑎𝑠)
= 𝑠 (1+𝑒 −𝑎𝑠)

𝐸 𝑎𝑠
∴ 𝐿[𝑓(𝑡)] = 𝑠 tanh ( 2 )
𝒂
𝟏; 𝟎 ≤ 𝒕 ≤
𝟐
Example: 5.37 Find the Laplace transform of 𝒇(𝒕) = { 𝒂 given that 𝒇(𝒕 + 𝒂) = 𝒇(𝒕).
−𝟏 ; 𝟐 ≤ 𝒕 ≤ 𝒂

Solution:
The given function is a periodic function with period 𝑇 = 𝑎
1 𝑇
𝐿[𝑓(𝑡)] = 1−𝑒 −𝑠𝑇 ∫0 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑓 (𝑡)𝑑𝑡
1 𝑎
= 1−𝑒 −𝑎𝑠 ∫0 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑓(𝑡)𝑑𝑡
𝑎
1 𝑎
= 1−𝑒 −𝑎𝑠 [∫0 (1)𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑡 + ∫𝑎 (−1)𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑡]
2
2
𝑎
1 𝑎
= 1−𝑒 −𝑎𝑠 [∫0 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑡 − ∫𝑎 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑡]
2
2
𝑎
2𝑎
1 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 2 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡
= 1−𝑒 −𝑎𝑠 [[ −𝑠 ] − [ −𝑠 ]𝑎 ]
0
2

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−𝑠𝑎 −𝑠𝑎
1 𝑒 2 1 𝑒 −𝑎𝑠 𝑒 2
= 1−𝑒 −𝑎𝑠
[ +𝑠+ − ]
−𝑠 𝑠 𝑠

−𝑠𝑎
1 1−2𝑒 2 +𝑒 −𝑎𝑠
= 1−𝑒 −𝑎𝑠 [ ]
𝑠

−𝑠𝑎 2
1 (1−𝑒 2 )
= −𝑠𝑎 2 [ ]
𝑠
12 −(𝑒 2 )

−𝑠𝑎 2
1 (1−𝑒 2 )
= −𝑠𝑎 −𝑠𝑎 [ ]
(1−𝑒 2 )(1+𝑒 2 ) 𝑠

−𝑠𝑎
1 (1−𝑒
2 )
(1−𝑒 −2𝑥 )
=𝑠 −𝑠𝑎 [∵ 𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ𝑥 = (1+𝑒 −2𝑥 ) ]
(1+𝑒 2 )

1 𝑎𝑠
∴ 𝐿[𝑓(𝑡)] = 𝑠 tanh ( 4 )
𝒕; 𝟎 ≤ 𝒕 ≤ 𝒂
Example: 5.38 Find the Laplace transform of 𝒇(𝒕) = { given that
𝟐𝒂 − 𝒕 ; 𝒂 ≤ 𝒕 ≤ 𝟐𝒂
𝒇(𝒕 + 𝟐𝒂) = 𝒇(𝒕).
Solution:
The given function is a periodic function with period 𝑇 = 2𝑎
1 𝑇
𝐿[𝑓(𝑡)] = 1−𝑒 −𝑠𝑇 ∫0 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑓 (𝑡)𝑑𝑡
1 2𝑎
= 1−𝑒 −2𝑎𝑠 ∫0 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑓 (𝑡)𝑑𝑡
1 𝑎 2𝑎
= 1−𝑒 −2𝑎𝑠 [∫0 𝑡𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑡 + ∫𝑎 (2𝑎 − 𝑡)𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑡]
𝑎 2𝑎
1 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡
= 1−𝑒 −2𝑎𝑠 [[𝑡 ( ) − ((−𝑠)2 )] − [(2𝑎 − 𝑡) ( −𝑠 ) − (−1) ((−𝑠)2 )] ]
−𝑠 0 𝑎
1 −𝑎𝑒 −𝑎𝑠 𝑒 −𝑎𝑠 1 𝑒 −2𝑎𝑠 𝑎𝑒 −𝑎𝑠 𝑒 −𝑎𝑠
= [ − + + + − ]
1−𝑒 −2𝑎𝑠 𝑠 𝑠2 𝑠2 𝑠2 𝑠 𝑠2
1 1−2𝑒 −𝑎𝑠 +𝑒 −2𝑎𝑠
= 1−𝑒 −2𝑎𝑠 [ ]
𝑠2
1 (1−𝑒 −𝑎𝑠 )2
= 12 −(𝑒 −𝑎𝑠 )2 [ ]
𝑠2

1 (1−𝑒 −𝑎𝑠 )2
= (1−𝑒 −𝑎𝑠)(1+𝑒 −𝑎𝑠) [ ]
𝑠2

1 (1−𝑒 −𝑎𝑠 )
= 𝑠 2 (1+𝑒 −𝑎𝑠 )
1 𝑎𝑠
= 𝑠 2 tanh ( 2 )

Exercise: 5.6
1. Find the Laplace transform of
𝑎
1; 0 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 2 𝑘 𝑎𝑠
𝑓 (𝑡 ) = { 𝑎 given that 𝑓 (𝑡 + 𝑎) = 𝑓(𝑡). Ans: tanh ( 2 )
−1 ; 2 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 𝑎 𝑠

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2. Find the Laplace transform of

𝑡; 0 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 𝑎 1 𝑠𝜋
𝑓 (𝑡 ) = { given that 𝑓 (𝑡 + 2𝑎) = 𝑓(𝑡). Ans: tanh ( 2 )
2𝑎 − 𝑡 ; 𝑎 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 2𝑎 𝑠2

3. Find the Laplace transform of

𝑡
;0 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 𝑎 1 𝑠𝑎
𝑎
𝑓 (𝑡 ) = {2𝑎−𝑡 given that 𝑓 (𝑡 + 2𝑎) = 𝑓(𝑡). Ans: tanh ( 2 )
𝑎𝑠 2
; 𝑎 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 2𝑎
𝑎

4. Find the Laplace transform of

𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡; 0 < 𝑡 < 𝜋 1
𝑓 (𝑡 ) = { 𝑓 (𝑡 + 2𝜋) = 𝑓(𝑡) Ans:
0 ; 𝜋 < 𝑡 < 2𝜋 (1−𝑒 −𝜋𝑠 )(𝑠 2+1)

5.6 INVERSE LAPLACE TRANSFORM

Definition
If the Laplace transform of a function 𝑓(𝑡) is 𝐹 (𝑠)𝑖𝑒. , 𝐿[𝑓(𝑡)] = 𝐹(𝑠),then𝑓(𝑡) is called an
inverse Laplace transform of 𝐹(𝑠) and we write symbolically𝑓(𝑡) = 𝐿−1 [𝐹(𝑠)], where 𝐿−1 is called the
inverse Laplace transform operator.
Inverse Laplace transform of elementary functions
𝑳[𝒇(𝒕)] = 𝑭(𝒔) 𝑳−𝟏 [𝑭(𝒔)] = 𝒇(𝒕)
𝟏 𝟏
𝑳[𝟏] = 𝐿−1 [ ] = 𝟏
𝒔 𝒔

𝟏 𝟏
𝑳 [ 𝒕] = 𝐿−1 [ 𝟐 ] = 𝒕
𝒔𝟐 𝒔

𝒏! 𝒏!
𝑳[𝒕𝒏 ] = 𝒊𝒇 𝒏 𝒊𝒔 𝒂𝒏 𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒈𝒆𝒓 𝐿−1 [ ] = 𝒕𝒏
𝒔𝒏+𝟏 𝒔𝒏+𝟏
𝟏 𝒕𝒏
𝐿−1 [ 𝒏+𝟏 ] =
𝒔 𝒏!
𝟏 𝟏
𝑳[𝒆𝒂𝒕 ] = 𝐿−1 [ ] = 𝒆𝒂𝒕
𝒔−𝒂 𝒔−𝒂

𝟏 𝟏
𝑳[𝒆−𝒂𝒕 ] = 𝐿−1 [ ] = 𝒆−𝒂𝒕
𝒔+𝒂 𝒔+𝒂

𝒂 𝟏 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒕
𝑳[𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒕] = 𝐿−1 [ ]=
𝒔𝟐 + 𝒂𝟐 𝒔𝟐 +𝒂 𝟐 𝒂

𝒔 𝒔
𝑳[𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒂𝒕] = 𝐿−1 [ 𝟐 ] = 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒂𝒕
𝒔𝟐 + 𝒂𝟐 𝒔 + 𝒂𝟐

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𝒂 𝟏 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒉𝒂𝒕
𝑳[𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒉𝒂𝒕] = 𝐿−1 [ ]=
𝒔𝟐 − 𝒂𝟐 𝒔𝟐 −𝒂𝟐 𝒂

𝒔 𝒔
𝑳[𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒂𝒕] = 𝐿−1 [ 𝟐 ] = 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒉𝒂𝒕
𝒔𝟐 − 𝒂𝟐 𝒔 − 𝒂𝟐

Result on inverse Laplace transform

Result: 1 Linear property
𝑳[𝒇(𝒕)] = 𝑭(𝒔) and 𝑳[𝒈(𝒕)] = 𝑮(𝒔) ,then 𝑳−𝟏 [𝒂𝑭(𝒔) ± 𝒃𝑮(𝒔)] = 𝒂𝑳−𝟏 [𝑭(𝒔)] ± 𝒃𝑳−𝟏 [𝑮(𝒔)]
Where a and b are constants.
Proof:
We know that 𝐿[𝑎𝐹(𝑠) ± 𝑏𝐺(𝑠)] = 𝑎𝐿[𝐹 (𝑠)] ± 𝑏𝐿[𝐺(𝑠)]
= 𝑎 𝐹 ( 𝑠 ) ± 𝑏 𝐺 (𝑠 )
(𝑖. 𝑒. )𝑎 𝐹(𝑠) ± 𝑏 𝐺 (𝑠) = 𝐿[𝑎𝑓(𝑡) ± 𝑏𝑔(𝑡)]
Operating 𝐿−1 on both sides, we get
𝐿−1 [𝑎𝐹(𝑠) ± 𝑏𝐺(𝑠)] = 𝑎𝑓(𝑡) ± 𝑏𝑔(𝑡) ∵ 𝑓(𝑡) = 𝐿−1 [𝐹(𝑠)]
𝐿−1 [𝑎𝐹(𝑠) ± 𝑏𝐺(𝑠)] = 𝑎𝐿−1 [𝐹(𝑠)] ± 𝑏𝐿−1 [𝐺(𝑠)] ∵ 𝑔(𝑡) = 𝐿−1 [𝐺 (𝑠)]
Result: 2 First shifting property

(i) 𝑳−𝟏 [𝑭(𝒔 + 𝒂) = 𝒆−𝒂𝒕 𝑳−𝟏 [𝑭(𝒔)]]

(ii) 𝑳−𝟏 [𝑭(𝒔 − 𝒂) = 𝒆𝒂𝒕 𝑳−𝟏 [𝑭(𝒔)]]

Proof:
Let 𝐿[𝑒 −𝑎𝑡 𝑓(𝑡)] = 𝐹 [𝑠 + 𝑎]
Operating 𝐿−1 on both sides, we get
𝑒 −𝑎𝑡 𝑓 (𝑡) = 𝐿−1 [𝐹[𝑠 + 𝑎]]
𝐿−1 [𝐹[𝑠 + 𝑎]] = 𝑒 −𝑎𝑡 𝐿−1 [𝐹 (𝑠)]
Result: 3 Multiplication by s.
𝒅
If 𝑳−𝟏 [𝑭(𝒔)] = 𝒇(𝒕) and 𝒇(𝟎) = 𝟎, then 𝑳−𝟏 [𝒔𝑭(𝒔)] = 𝒅𝒕 𝑳−𝟏 [𝑭(𝒔)]

Proof:
We know that 𝐿[𝑓 ′ (𝑡)] = 𝑠𝐿 [𝑓(𝑡)] − 𝑓 (0) = 𝑠𝐹(𝑠)
Operating 𝐿−1 on both sides, we get
𝑓 ′ (𝑡) = 𝐿−1 [𝑠𝐹(𝑠)]
𝑑
𝑓(𝑡) = 𝐿−1 [𝑠𝐹 (𝑠)]
𝑑𝑡
𝑑
𝐿−1 [𝐹(𝑠)] = 𝐿−1 [𝑠𝐹(𝑠)]
𝑑𝑡
𝑑
∴ 𝐿−1 [𝑠𝐹(𝑠)] = 𝑑𝑡 𝐿−1 [𝐹(𝑠)]

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Result: 4 Division by s.
𝑭(𝒔) 𝒕
𝑳−𝟏 [ ] = ∫𝟎 𝐿−1 [𝐹(𝑠)]𝑑𝑡
𝒔

Proof:
𝑡 1 1
We know that 𝐿 [∫0 𝑓 (𝑡)𝑑𝑡] = 𝑠 𝐿[𝑓(𝑡)] = 𝑠 𝐹 (𝑠)

Operating 𝐿−1 on both sides ,we get

𝑡 1
∫0 𝑓 (𝑡)𝑑𝑡 = 𝐿−1 [ 𝑠 𝐹 (𝑠)]
𝑡 1
∫0 𝐿−1 [𝐹(𝑠)] 𝑑𝑡 = 𝐿−1 [𝑠 𝐹 (𝑠)]
𝐹(𝑠) 𝑡
∴ 𝐿−1 [ ] = ∫0 𝐿−1 [𝐹(𝑠)] 𝑑𝑡
𝑠

Result: 5 Inverse Laplace transform of derivative

−𝟏 𝒅
𝑳−𝟏 [𝑭(𝒔)] = 𝑳−𝟏 [ 𝑭(𝒔)]
𝒕 𝒅𝒔

Proof:
−𝑑 −𝑑
We know that 𝐿[𝑡𝑓(𝑡)] = 𝐿[𝑓(𝑡)] = 𝐹 (𝑠 )
𝑑𝑠 𝑑𝑠

Operating 𝐿−1 on both sides ,we get

𝑑
𝑡𝑓 (𝑡) = −𝐿−1 [𝑑𝑠 𝐹(𝑠)]
−1 −1 𝑑
𝐿−1 [𝐹(𝑠)] = 𝐿 [𝑑𝑠 𝐹(𝑠)]
𝑡
−1 −1 𝑑
𝑓 (𝑡 ) = 𝐿 [𝑑𝑠 𝐹(𝑠)]
𝑡
−1 −1 𝑑
𝐿−1 [𝐹(𝑠)] = 𝐿 [𝑑𝑠 𝐹(𝑠)]
𝑡

Result: 6 Inverse Laplace transform of integral

∞
𝑳−𝟏 [𝑭(𝒔)] = 𝒕𝐿−1 [∫𝑠 𝐹 (𝑠)𝑑𝑠]
Proof:
𝑓(𝑡) ∞
We know that 𝐿 [ ] = ∫𝑠 𝐿(𝑓(𝑡)) 𝑑𝑠
𝑡
∞
= ∫𝑠 𝐹(𝑠) 𝑑𝑠
Operating 𝐿−1 on both sides, we get
𝑓(𝑡) ∞
= 𝐿−1 [∫𝑠 𝐹 (𝑠) 𝑑𝑠]
𝑡
∞
𝑓(𝑡) = 𝑡𝐿−1 [∫𝑠 𝐹(𝑠) 𝑑𝑠]
∞
𝐿−1 [𝐹(𝑠)] = 𝑡𝐿−1 [∫𝑠 𝐹 (𝑠) 𝑑𝑠]

Problems under inverse Laplace transform of elementary functions

Example: 5.39 Find the inverse Laplace for the following
𝟏 𝟏 𝒔𝟑 −𝟑𝒔𝟐+𝟕 𝟑𝒔+𝟓
(i) (ii) (iii) (iv)
𝟐𝒔+𝟑 𝟒𝒔𝟐 +𝟗 𝒔𝟒 𝒔𝟐 +𝟑𝟔

Solution:

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𝟏 𝟏
(i) 𝐿−1 [𝟐𝒔+𝟑] = 𝐿−1 [ 𝟑 ]
𝟐[𝒔+ ]
𝟐
−𝟑𝒕
𝟏
= 𝟐 𝑒− 𝟐

𝟏 𝟏
(ii) 𝐿−1 [𝟒𝒔𝟐 +𝟗] = 𝐿−1 [ 𝟗 ]
𝟒[𝒔𝟐+ ]
𝟒

𝟏 𝟏
= 𝟒 𝐿−1 [ 𝟗 ]
[𝒔𝟐 + ]
𝟒

1 1 3
= 4 3⁄ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 𝑡
2
1 3
= 6 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 𝑡
𝑠 3−3𝑠 2+7 𝑠3 3𝑠 2 7
(iii) 𝐿−1 [ ] = 𝐿−1 [ 4 − + 𝑠 4]
𝑠4 𝑠 𝑠4
1 1 1
= 𝐿−1 [𝑠 ] − 3𝐿−1 [𝑠 2] + 7𝐿−1 [𝑠 4 ]
𝑠 3−3𝑠 2+7 7𝑡 3
𝐿−1 [ ] = 1 − 3𝑡 +
𝑠4 3!
3𝑠+5 𝑠 1
(iv) 𝐿−1 [𝑠 2 +36] = 3𝐿−1 [𝑠 2+36] + 5𝐿−1 [𝑠 2+36]
3𝑠+5 5𝑠𝑖𝑛6𝑡
𝐿−1 [𝑠 2+36] = 3𝑐𝑜𝑠6𝑡 + 6

Inverse Laplace transform using First shifting theorem

𝑳−𝟏 [𝑭(𝒔 + 𝒂)] = 𝒆−𝒂𝒕 𝑳−𝟏 [𝑭(𝒔)]
Example: 5.40 Find the inverse Laplace transform for the following:
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
(i) (𝒔+𝟐)𝟐
(ii) (𝒔−𝟑)𝟒
(iii) (𝒔+𝟑)𝟐 +𝟗
(iv) 𝒔𝟐 −𝟐𝒔+𝟐
𝟏 𝒔+𝟐 𝒔+𝟐 𝒔
(v) (vi) (vii) (viii)
𝒔𝟐 −𝟒𝒔+𝟏𝟑 (𝒔+𝟐)𝟐 +𝟐𝟓 𝒔𝟐 +𝟒𝒔+𝟐𝟎 (𝒔+𝟑)𝟐
𝒔 𝒔 𝟐𝒔+𝟑 𝒔
(ix) (𝒔−𝟒)𝟑
(x) (xi) (xii)
𝒔𝟐 −𝟐𝒔+𝟐 𝒔𝟐 +𝟔𝒔+𝟐𝟓 𝒔𝟐 +𝟔𝒔−𝟕

Solution:
1 1
(i) 𝐿−1 [(𝑠+2)2 ] = 𝑒 −2𝑡 𝐿−1 [𝑠 2 ] = 𝑒 −2𝑡 𝑡

1 1 𝑡3
(ii) 𝐿−1 [(𝑠−3)4 ] = 𝑒 3𝑡 𝐿−1 [𝑠 4] = 𝑒 −2𝑡 3!
1 1 𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑡
(iii) 𝐿−1 [(𝑠+3)2 +9] = 𝑒 −3𝑡 𝐿−1 [𝑠 2+9] = 𝑒 −3𝑡 3
1 1 1
(iv) 𝐿−1 [𝑠 2−2𝑠+2] = 𝐿−1 [(𝑠−1)2 +1] = 𝑒 𝑡 𝐿−1 [𝑠 2+1] = 𝑒 𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡
1 1 1 𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑡
(v) 𝐿−1 [𝑠 2−4𝑠+13] = 𝐿−1 [(𝑠−2)2 +9] = 𝑒 2𝑡 𝐿−1 [𝑠 2+9] = 𝑒 2𝑡 3

𝑠+2 𝑠
(vi) 𝐿−1 [(𝑠+2)2 +25] = 𝑒 −2𝑡 𝐿−1 [𝑠 2+25] = 𝑒 −2𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠5𝑡
𝑠+2 𝑠+2
(vii) 𝐿−1 [𝑠 2+4𝑠+20] = 𝐿−1 [(𝑠+2)2 +16]

Laplace Transform Page 35

Engineering Mathematics - II

𝑠
= 𝑒 −2𝑡 𝐿−1 [𝑠 2+16] = 𝑒 −2𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠4𝑡
𝑠 𝑠+3−3
(viii) 𝐿−1 [(𝑠+3)2 ] = 𝐿−1 [(𝑠+3)2]
𝑠+3 3
= 𝐿−1 [(𝑠+3)2 ] − 𝐿−1 [(𝑠+3)2 ]
1 1
= 𝐿−1 [𝑠+3] − 3𝐿−1 [(𝑠+3)2]
1
= 𝑒 −3𝑡 − 3𝑒 −3𝑡 𝐿−1 [𝑠 2]

= 𝑒 −3𝑡 − 3𝑒 −3𝑡 𝑡
𝑠 𝑠−4+4
(ix) 𝐿−1 [(𝑠−4)3 ] = 𝐿−1 [(𝑠−4)3]
𝑠−4 4
= 𝐿−1 [(𝑠−4)3 ] + 𝐿−1 [(𝑠−4)3 ]
1 1
= 𝐿−1 [(𝑠−4)2 ] + 4𝐿−1 [(𝑠−4)3 ]
1 1
= 𝑒 4𝑡 𝐿−1 [𝑠 2 ] + 4𝑒 4𝑡 𝐿−1 [𝑠 3 ]
𝑡2
= 𝑒 4𝑡 𝑡 + 4𝑒 4𝑡 2!

= 𝑒 4𝑡 𝑡 + 2𝑒 4𝑡 𝑡 2
𝑠 𝑠 𝑠−1+1
(x) 𝐿−1 [𝑠 2−2𝑠+2] = 𝐿−1 [(𝑠−1)2 +1] = 𝐿−1 [(𝑠−1)2 +1]
𝑠−1 1
= 𝐿−1 [(𝑠−1)2 +1] + 𝐿−1 [(𝑠−1)2 +1]
𝑠 1
= 𝑒 𝑡 𝐿−1 [ ] + 𝑒 𝑡 𝐿−1 [ ]
𝑠 2+1 𝑠 2+1
𝑠
𝐿−1 [𝑠 2−2𝑠+2] = 𝑒 𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 + 𝑒 𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡
2𝑠+3 2𝑠+3 2(𝑠+3−3)+3
(xi) 𝐿−1 [𝑠 2+6𝑠+25] = 𝐿−1 [(𝑠+3)2 +16] = 𝐿−1 [ (𝑠+3)2 +16 ]
2(𝑠+3)−6+3
= 𝐿−1 [ (𝑠+3)2 ]
+16
2𝑠−3
= 𝑒 −3𝑡 𝐿−1 [𝑠 2+16]
𝑠 1
= 𝑒 −3𝑡 [2𝐿−1 [𝑠 2+16] − 3𝐿−1 [𝑠 2 +16]]
2𝑠+3 3𝑠𝑖𝑛4𝑡
𝐿−1 [𝑠 2+6𝑠+25] = 𝑒 −3𝑡 (2𝑐𝑜𝑠4𝑡 − )
4
𝑠 𝑠 𝑠+3−3
(xii) 𝐿−1 [𝑠 2+6𝑠−7] = 𝐿−1 [(𝑠+3)2 −16] = 𝐿−1 [(𝑠+3)2 −16]
𝑠−3
= 𝑒 −3𝑡 𝐿−1 [𝑠 2−16]
𝑠 1
= 𝑒 −3𝑡 𝐿−1 [𝑠 2−16] − 3𝑒 −3𝑡 𝐿−1 [𝑠 2−16]
𝑠 3𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ4𝑡
𝐿−1 [𝑠 2+6𝑠−7] = 𝑒 −3𝑡 [𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ4𝑡 − ]
4

Exercise: 5.7
Find the inverse Laplace transform for the following:
Laplace Transform Page 36
Engineering Mathematics - II

2𝑠−3 3𝑠𝑖𝑛5𝑡
1. 𝑠 2+52 Ans: 2𝑐𝑜𝑠5𝑡 − 5
3𝑠+5 5𝑠𝑖𝑛4𝑡
2. 𝑠 2+16 Ans: 3𝑐𝑜𝑠4𝑡 + 4
1 1 3
3. 4𝑠 2 +9 Ans: 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 𝑡
6
1 𝑡4
4. (𝑠+4)5 Ans: 𝑒 −4𝑡 4!

1 𝒆𝟐𝒕
5. 𝑠 2−4𝑠+13 Ans: 𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑡
3

Inverse using the formula

−𝟏 𝒅
𝑳−𝟏 [𝑭(𝒔)] = 𝑳−𝟏 [𝒅𝒔 𝑭(𝒔)]
𝒕

Note: This formula is used when 𝐹(𝑠) is cot −1 ∅(𝑠) or tan−1 ∅(𝑠) or 𝑙𝑜𝑔∅(𝑠)
Example: 5.41 Find the inverse Laplace transform for the following
𝒔 𝒂
(i) 𝒄𝒐𝒕−𝟏 (𝒂) (ii) 𝒕𝒂𝒏−𝟏 ( 𝒔 ) (iii) 𝒄𝒐𝒕−𝟏 𝒂𝒔
𝒔+𝒂 𝟐 𝟐
(iv) 𝒕𝒂𝒏−𝟏 (𝒔 + 𝒂) (v) 𝒍𝒐𝒈 (𝒔+𝒃) (vi) 𝒄𝒐𝒕−𝟏 (𝒔+𝟏) (vii) 𝒕𝒂𝒏−𝟏 (𝒔𝟐 )

Solution:
𝑠 −1 −1 𝑑 𝑠
(i) 𝐿−1 [𝑐𝑜𝑡 −1 (𝑎)] = 𝐿 [𝑑𝑠 (𝑐𝑜𝑡 −1 (𝑎))]
𝑡

−1 −1 −1 1 1 −1 1
= 𝐿 [ 𝑠2 ( )] = 𝑡 𝐿−1 [ 𝑎2+𝑠2 (𝑎)]
𝑡 1+ 2 𝑎
𝑎 𝑎2

1 𝑎
= 𝐿−1 [ ]
𝑡 𝑠 2+𝑎 2
𝑠 1
𝐿−1 [𝑐𝑜𝑡 −1 (𝑎)] = 𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡
𝑎 −1 −1 𝑑 𝑎
(ii) 𝐿−1 [𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( 𝑠 )] = 𝐿 [𝑑𝑠 (𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( 𝑠 ))]
𝑡

−1 −1 1 −𝑎 −1 −1 1 −𝑎
= 𝐿 [ 𝑎 2 ( 𝑠 2 )] = 𝐿 [ 𝑠2 +𝑎2 ( 𝑠 2 )]
𝑡 1+( ) 𝑡
𝑠 𝑠2

1 𝑎
= 𝑡 𝐿−1 [𝑠 2+𝑎2 ]
𝑎 1
𝐿−1 [𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( 𝑠 )] = 𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡
−1 −1 𝑑
(iii) 𝐿−1 [𝑐𝑜𝑡 −1 𝑎𝑠] = 𝐿 [𝑑𝑠 (𝑐𝑜𝑡 −1 (𝑎𝑠))]
𝑡

−1 −1 −1 1 𝑎
= 𝐿 [1+𝑎2 𝑠 2 (𝑎)] = 𝑡 𝐿−1 [ 1 ]
𝑡 𝑎 2 (𝑠 2+ 2)
𝑎
1
1 1 1 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑡
= 𝑎𝑡 𝐿−1 [ 1] = [ 1
𝑎
]
𝑠 2+ 2 𝑎𝑡
𝑎 𝑎

1 𝑡
𝐿−1 [𝑐𝑜𝑡 −1 𝑎𝑠] = 𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑎

(iv) 𝐿−1 [𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (𝑠 + 𝑎)] = 𝑒 −𝑎𝑡 𝐿−1 [𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑠]

Laplace Transform Page 37

Engineering Mathematics - II

−1 𝑑
= 𝑒 −𝑎𝑡 [ 𝑡 𝐿−1 [𝑑𝑠 (𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑠)]]
−1 1
= 𝑒 −𝑎𝑡 ( 𝑡 ) 𝐿−1 [1+𝑠 2]
−1 1
= 𝑒 −𝑎𝑡 𝐿−1 [ ]
𝑡 1+𝑠 2
𝑠 −𝑒 −𝑎𝑡
𝐿−1 [𝑐𝑜𝑡 −1 (𝑎)] = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡
𝑡

𝑠+𝑎 −1 −1 𝑑 𝑠+𝑎
(v) 𝐿−1 [𝑙𝑜𝑔 (𝑠+𝑏 )] = 𝐿 [𝑑𝑠 (𝑙𝑜𝑔 (𝑠+𝑏 ))]
𝑡

−1 −1 𝑑
= 𝐿 [𝑑𝑠 (log(𝑠 + 𝑎) − log(𝑠 + 𝑏))]
𝑡
−1 −1 1 1
= 𝐿 [𝑠+𝑎 − 𝑠+𝑏 ]
𝑡
−1
= [𝑒 −𝑎𝑡 − 𝑒 −𝑏𝑡 ]
𝑡
𝑠+𝑎 −1
𝐿−1 [𝑙𝑜𝑔 (𝑠+𝑏 )] = [𝑒 −𝑎𝑡 − 𝑒 −𝑏𝑡 ]
𝑡
2 2
(vi) 𝐿−1 [𝑐𝑜𝑡 −1 (𝑠+1)] = 𝑒 −𝑡 𝐿−1 [𝑐𝑜𝑡 −1 ( 𝑠 )]
−1 𝑑 2
= 𝑒 −𝑡 ( 𝑡 ) 𝐿−1 [𝑑𝑠 (𝑐𝑜𝑡 −1 ( 𝑠 ))]

−1 −1 −2 𝑒 −𝑡 −1 1 2
= 𝑒 −𝑡 ( 𝑡 ) 𝐿−1 [ 4 ( 𝑠 2 )] = − 𝐿 [ 𝑠2 +4 (𝑠 2)]
1+ 2 𝑡
𝑠 𝑠2

𝑒 −𝑡 −1 2
=− 𝐿 [2 ]
𝑡 𝑠 +4
2 𝑒 −𝑡
𝐿−1 [𝑐𝑜𝑡 −1 ( )] = − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑡
𝑠+1 𝑡

2 −1 −1 𝑑 2
(vii) 𝐿−1 [𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (𝑠 2)] = 𝐿 [𝑑𝑠 (𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (𝑠 2))]
𝑡

−1 −1 1 −4 4 1 1
= 𝐿 [ 2 2 ( 𝑠 3 )] = 𝑡 𝐿−1 [ 𝑠4 +4 (𝑠3 )]
𝑡 1+( 2 )
𝑠 𝑠4

4 𝑠
= 𝑡 𝐿−1 [𝑠 4+4]
4 𝑠
= 𝑡 𝐿−1 [(𝑠 2)2+22 ]
4
= 𝐿−1 [(𝑠 2
𝑠
] ∵ 𝑎2 + 𝑏2 = (𝑎 + 𝑏)2 − 2𝑎𝑏
𝑡 +2)2 −(2𝑠)2

4 𝑠
= 𝑡 𝐿−1 [(𝑠 2+2+2𝑠)(𝑠 2+2−2𝑠)]
1
4 −1 𝑠 1 1 (𝑠 2+𝑎𝑥+𝑏)(𝑠 2+𝑎𝑥+𝑐)
= 𝐿 [−4𝑠 (𝑠 2+2+2𝑠 − 𝑠 2+2−2𝑠 )] ∵{ 1 1 1
}
𝑡
= [ − ]
𝑐−𝑏 𝑠 2+𝑎𝑥+𝑏 𝑠 2+𝑎𝑥+𝑐

−1 −1 1 1
= 𝐿 [( − 𝑠 2−2𝑠+2)]
𝑡 𝑠 2+2𝑠+2
−1 −1 1 1
= 𝐿 [(𝑠+1)2 +1 − (𝑠−1)2 +1]
𝑡

Laplace Transform Page 38

Engineering Mathematics - II

−1 1 1
= (𝑒 −𝑡 𝐿−1 [𝑠 2+1] − 𝑒 𝑡 𝐿−1 [𝑠 2+1])
𝑡
−1
= (𝑒 −𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 − 𝑒 𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡)
𝑡
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡
= (𝑒 −𝑡 − 𝑒 𝑡 )
𝑡
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡
= 2𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑡
𝑡
2 2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑡
𝐿−1 [𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (𝑠 2)] = 𝑡

Inverse using the formula

𝒅
𝑳−𝟏 [𝒔𝑭(𝒔)] = 𝒅𝒕 𝑳−𝟏 [𝑭(𝒔)]
𝒔𝟐+𝒂𝟐
Example: 5.42 Find 𝑳−𝟏 [𝒔𝒍𝒐𝒈 (𝒔𝟐+𝒃𝟐 )]

Solution:
𝑠 2+𝑎 2 𝑑 𝑠 2+𝑎 2
𝐿−1 [𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑔 (𝑠 2+𝑏2 )] = 𝑑𝑡 𝐿−1 [𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑔 (𝑠 2+𝑏2 )] ⋯ (1)
𝑠 2+𝑎 2 𝑑 𝑠 2+𝑎 2
𝐿−1 [𝑙𝑜𝑔 (𝑠 2+𝑏2 )] = 𝐿−1 𝑑𝑠 [𝑙𝑜𝑔 (𝑠 2+𝑏2 )]
−1 −1 𝑑
= 𝐿 [𝑑𝑠 (log(𝑠 2 + 𝑎2 ) − log(𝑠 2 + 𝑏2 ))]
𝑡
−1 −1 1 1
= 𝐿 [𝑠 2 +𝑎2 2𝑠 − 𝑠 2+𝑏2 2𝑠]
𝑡
−2 −1 𝑠 𝑠
= 𝐿 [𝑠 2 +𝑎2 − 𝑠 2+𝑏2 ]
𝑡
−2
= [𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎𝑡 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑏𝑡]
𝑡
2
= 𝑡 [𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑏𝑡 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎𝑡]

Substituting in (1), we get

𝑠 2+𝑎 2 𝑑 2
𝐿−1 [𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑔 (𝑠 2+𝑏2 )] = 𝑑𝑡 [𝑡 [𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑏𝑡 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎𝑡]]
𝑡(−𝑏𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑏𝑡+𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡)−(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑏𝑡−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎𝑡)
= 2[ ]
𝑡2
𝑠 2+𝑎 2 𝑡(−𝑏𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑏𝑡+𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡)−(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑏𝑡−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎𝑡)
𝐿−1 [𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑔 (𝑠 2 +𝑏2 )] = 2 [ ]
𝑡2

Inverse using the formula

𝑭(𝒔) 𝒕
𝑳−𝟏 [ ] = ∫𝟎 𝑳−𝟏 [𝑭(𝒔)]𝒅𝒕
𝒔
𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚
This formula is used when 𝐹(𝑠) = 𝑠(𝑎𝑛𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚)
𝟏
Example: 5.43 Find 𝑳−𝟏 [𝒔(𝒔𝟐+𝒂𝟐 )]

Solution:
1 𝑡 1
𝐿−1 [𝑠(𝑠 2+𝑎2 )] = ∫0 𝐿−1 [(𝑠 2+𝑎2)] 𝑑𝑡
𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡
= ∫0 [ ] 𝑑𝑡
𝑎

Laplace Transform Page 39

Engineering Mathematics - II

1 −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎𝑡 𝑡
= 𝑎[ ]
𝑎 0
−1
= [𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎𝑡]𝑡0
𝑎2
−1 −1
= (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎𝑡 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠0) = (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎𝑡 − 1)
𝑎2 𝑎2
1 1−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎𝑡
∴ 𝐿−1 [𝑠(𝑠 2+𝑎2 )] = 𝑎2

𝟏
Example: 5.44 Find 𝑳−𝟏 [𝒔(𝒔𝟐−𝒂𝟐 )]

Solution:
1 𝑡 1
𝐿−1 [𝑠(𝑠 2+𝑎2 )] = ∫0 𝐿−1 [(𝑠 2−𝑎2)] 𝑑𝑡
𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑎𝑡
= ∫0 [ ] 𝑑𝑡
𝑎

1 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑡
= [ ]
𝑎 𝑎 0
1
= 𝑎2 [𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑡]𝑡0
1 1
= 𝑎2 (𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑡 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ0) = 𝑎2 (𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑡 − 1)
1 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑡−1
∴ 𝐿−1 [𝑠(𝑠 2−𝑎2 )] = 𝑎2

𝟏
Example: 5.45 Find 𝑳−𝟏 [𝒔(𝒔+𝒂)]

Solution:
1 𝑡 1
𝐿−1 [ ] = ∫0 𝐿−1 [ ] 𝑑𝑡
𝑠(𝑠+𝑎) (𝑠+𝑎)
𝑡
= ∫0 𝑒 −𝑎𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑡
𝑒 −𝑎𝑡
= [ −𝑎 ]
0
−1
= (𝑒 −𝑎𝑡 − 1)
𝑎
1 1−𝑒 −𝑎𝑡
∴ 𝐿−1 [𝑠(𝑠+𝑎)] = 𝑎

Inverse using Partial Fraction

𝒔−𝟐
Example: 5.46 Find 𝑳−𝟏 [𝒔(𝒔+𝟐)(𝒔−𝟏)]

Solution:
𝑠−2 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
= 𝑠 + 𝑠+2 + 𝑠−1
𝑠(𝑠+2)(𝑠−1)

𝐴(𝑠+2)(𝑠−1)+𝐵𝑠(𝑠−1)+𝐶𝑠(𝑠+2)
=
𝑠(𝑠+2)(𝑠−1)

𝐴(𝑠 + 2)(𝑠 − 1) + 𝐵𝑠(𝑠 − 1) + 𝐶𝑠(𝑠 + 2) = 𝑠 − 2 ⋯ (1)

Put 𝑠 = 0 in (1) Put 𝑠 = −2 in (1) Put 𝑠 = 1 in (1)
𝐴(2)(−1) = −2 𝐵(−2)(−3) = −4 3𝐶 = −1

Laplace Transform Page 40

Engineering Mathematics - II

−4 −2 −1
⇒𝐴=1 ⇒𝐵= = ⇒𝐶=
6 3 3

𝑠−2 1 2 1
∴ 𝑠(𝑠+2)(𝑠−1) = 𝑠 − 𝑠+2 − 3(𝑠−1)
𝑠−2 1 2 1 1 1
𝐿−1 [𝑠(𝑠+2)(𝑠−1)] = 𝐿−1 [𝑠 ] − 3 𝐿−1 [𝑠+2] − 3 𝐿−1 [𝑠−1]
𝑠−2 2 1
𝐿−1 [𝑠(𝑠+2)(𝑠−1)] = 1 − 3 𝑒 −2𝑡 − 3 𝑒 𝑡
2𝑠−3
Example: 5.47 Find 𝐿−1 [(𝑠−1)(𝑠−2)2 ]

Solution:
2𝑠−3 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
(𝑠−1)(𝑠−2) 2
= 𝑠−1 + 𝑠−2 + (𝑠−2)2
𝐴(𝑠−2) 2+𝐵(𝑠−1)(𝑠−2)+𝐶(𝑠−1)
= (𝑠−1)(𝑠−2)2

𝐴(𝑠 − 2)2 + 𝐵(𝑠 − 1)(𝑠 − 2) + 𝐶 (𝑠 − 1) = 2𝑠 − 3 ⋯ (1)

Put 𝑠 = 1 in (1) Put 𝑠 = 2 in (1) Equating the coefficient of 𝑠 2
𝐴+𝐵 =0
𝐴 = −1 𝐶=1 𝐵 = −𝐴 ⇒ 𝐵 = 1

2𝑠−3 −1 1 1
∴ (𝑠−1)(𝑠−2)2 = 𝑠−1 + 𝑠−2 + (𝑠−2)2

2𝑠−3 1 1 1
𝐿−1 [(𝑠−1)(𝑠−2)2 ] = −𝐿−1 [𝑠−1] + 𝐿−1 [𝑠−2] + [(𝑠−2)2 ]
1
= −𝑒 𝑡 + 𝑒 2𝑡 + 𝑒 2𝑡 𝐿−1 [𝑠 2]
2𝑠−3
∴ 𝐿−1 [(𝑠−1)(𝑠−2)2 ] = −𝑒 𝑡 + 𝑒 2𝑡 + 𝑒 2𝑡 𝑡

𝟓𝒔𝟐 −𝟏𝟓𝒔−𝟏𝟏
Example: 5.48 Find the inverse Laplace transform of (𝒔+𝟏)(𝒔−𝟐)𝟑

Solution:
5𝑠 2−15𝑠−11 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶 𝐶
(𝑠+1)(𝑠−2)3
= 𝑠+1 + 𝑠−2 + (𝑠−2)2 + (𝑠−2)3
𝐴(𝑠−2) 3+𝐵(𝑠+1)(𝑠−2)2 +𝐶(𝑠+1)(𝑠−2)+𝐷(𝑠+1)
= (𝑠−1)(𝑠−2)3

𝐴(𝑠 − 2)3 + 𝐵(𝑠 + 1)(𝑠 − 2)2 + 𝐶 (𝑠 + 1)(𝑠 − 2) + 𝐷(𝑠 + 1) = 5𝑠 2 − 15𝑠 − 11 ⋯ (1)

Put 𝑠 = −1 in (1) Put 𝑠 = 2 in (1) Equating the coefficient of 𝑠 3
𝐴(−27) = 9 𝐷(3) = −21 𝐴+𝐵 =0
9 −1 −21 1
𝐴 = −27 ⇒ 𝐴 = 𝐷= = −7 𝐵 = −𝐴 ⇒ 𝐵 = 3
3 3

Put 𝑠 = 0 in (1), we get

−8𝐴 + 4𝐵 − 2𝐶 + 𝐷 = −11

Laplace Transform Page 41

Engineering Mathematics - II

8 4
+ 3 − 2𝐶 − 7 = −11
3

4 − 2𝐶 = 7 − 11
−2𝐶 = −8 ⇒ 𝐶 = 4
5𝑠 2−15𝑠−11 −1 1 4 7
∴ (𝑠+1)(𝑠−2)3
= 3(𝑠+1) + 3(𝑠−2) + (𝑠−2)2 − (𝑠−2)3

5𝑠 2−15𝑠−11 −1 −1 1 1 1 1 1
𝐿−1 [ (𝑠+1)(𝑠−2)3 ] = 𝐿 [𝑠+1] + 3 𝐿−1 [𝑠−2] + 4𝐿−1 [(𝑠−2)2 ] − 7𝐿−1 [(𝑠−2)3]
3

−1 1 1 1
= 𝑒 −𝑡 + 3 𝑒 2𝑡 + 4𝑒 2𝑡 𝐿−1 [𝑠 2] − 7𝑒 2𝑡 𝐿−1 [𝑠 3]
3
5𝑠 2−15𝑠−11 −1 1 1 𝑡2
𝐿−1 [ (𝑠+1)(𝑠−2)3 ] = 𝑒 −𝑡 + 3 𝑒 2𝑡 + 4𝑒 2𝑡 𝐿−1 [𝑠 2] − 7𝑒 2𝑡
3 2
𝟒𝒔+𝟓
Example: 5.49 Find the inverse Laplace transform of (𝒔+𝟏)(𝒔𝟐 +𝟒)

Solution:
4𝑠+5 𝐴 𝐵𝑠+𝑐
(𝑠+1)(𝑠 2+4)
= 𝑠+1 + 𝑠 2+4

𝐴(𝑠 2+4)+(𝐵𝑠+𝑐)(𝑠+1)
= (𝑠+1)(𝑠 2+4)

𝐴(𝑠 2 + 4) + (𝐵𝑠 + 𝑐 )(𝑠 + 1) = 4𝑠 + 5 ⋯ ⋯ (1)

Put 𝑠 = −1in (1) Equating coefficients of 𝑠 2 term in (1) Put 𝑠 = 0in (1)
𝐴(1 + 4) + 0 = 4(−1) + 5 𝐴 + 𝐵 = 0 𝐴 (4) + 𝐶 = 5
1 −1 4
𝐴 (5) = 1 ⇒ 𝐴 = 5 𝐵 = −𝐴 ⇒ 𝐵 = 𝐶 = 5 − 4𝐴 = 5 − 5
5
25−4 21
= =
5 5
1 −1 21
4𝑠+5 𝑠+
5 5 5
∴ (𝑠+1)(𝑠 2+4) = +
𝑠+1 𝑠 2+4
1 𝑠 21 1
= 5(𝑠+1) − 5(𝑠 2+4) + 5 (𝑠 2+4)

4𝑠+5 1 1 1 𝑠 21 −1 1
𝐿−1 [(𝑠+1)(𝑠 2+4)] = 5 𝐿−1 [𝑠+1] − 5 𝐿−1 [𝑠 2+4] + 𝐿 [2 ]
5 𝑠 +4
1 1 21 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑡
= 5 𝑒 −𝑡 − 5 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑡 + 5 2
4𝑠+5 1 1 21
𝐿−1 [(𝑠+1)(𝑠 2+4)] = 5 𝑒 −𝑡 − 5 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑡 + 10 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑡

Exercise: 5.8
Find the Inverse Laplace transforms using partial fraction for the following
1 1
1. (𝑠+1)(𝑠+3) Ans: (𝑒 −𝑡 − 𝑒 −3𝑡 )
2
1 1
2. Ans: (𝑒 −2𝑡 − 2𝑒 −𝑡 + 1)
𝑠(𝑠+1)(𝑠+2) 2
3𝑡 3𝑡
54−3𝑠−5 𝑡 𝑡
3. (𝑠+1)(𝑠 2−3𝑠+2) Ans: 2𝑒 −𝑡 + 2 𝑒 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ 2 2 +8𝑒 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ 2

5. 7 INITIAL AND FINAL VALUE THEOREMS

Initial value theorem
Laplace Transform Page 42
Engineering Mathematics - II

Statement: If𝐿[𝑓(𝑡)] = 𝐹(𝑠), then lim 𝑓(𝑡) = lim 𝑠𝐹(𝑠)

𝑡→0 𝑠→∞

Proof:
We know that 𝐿[𝑓 ′ (𝑡)] = 𝑠 𝐿[𝑓(𝑡)] − 𝑓(0)
= 𝑠𝐹 (𝑠) − 𝑓(0)
∴ 𝑠𝐹 (𝑠) = 𝐿[𝑓 ′ (𝑡)] + 𝑓(0)
∞
= ∫0 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑓 ′ (𝑡)𝑑𝑡 + 𝑓(0)
Taking limit as 𝑠 → ∞ on both sides, we have
∞
lim 𝑠𝐹(𝑠) = lim [∫0 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑓 ′ (𝑡)𝑑𝑡 + 𝑓(0)]
𝑠→∞ 𝑠→∞
∞
= lim [∫0 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑓 ′ (𝑡)𝑑𝑡] + 𝑓(0)
𝑠→∞
∞
= ∫0 lim [𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑓 ′ (𝑡)]𝑑𝑡 + 𝑓(0)
𝑠→∞

= 0 + 𝑓(0) ∵ 𝑒 −∞ = 0
= 𝑓(0)
= lim𝑓(𝑡)
𝑡→0

∴ lim 𝑠𝐹 (𝑠) = lim𝑓(𝑡)

𝑠→∞ 𝑡→0

Final value theorem

Statement: If the Laplace transforms of 𝑓(𝑡) and 𝑓 ′ (𝑡) exist and 𝐿[𝑓(𝑡)] = 𝐹(𝑠),then lim 𝑓 (𝑡) = lim𝑠𝐹(𝑠)
𝑡→∞ 𝑠→0

Proof:
We know that 𝐿[𝑓 ′ (𝑡)] = 𝑠 𝐿[𝑓(𝑡)] − 𝑓(0)
= 𝑠𝐹 (𝑠) − 𝑓(0)
∴ 𝑠𝐹 (𝑠) = 𝐿[𝑓 ′ (𝑡)] + 𝑓(0)
∞
= ∫0 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑓 ′ (𝑡)𝑑𝑡 + 𝑓(0)
Taking limit as 𝑠 → 0 on both sides, we have
∞
lim𝑠𝐹(𝑠) = lim[∫0 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑓 ′ (𝑡)𝑑𝑡 + 𝑓(0)]
𝑠→0 𝑠→0
∞
= lim[∫0 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑓 ′ (𝑡)𝑑𝑡] + 𝑓(0)
𝑠→0
∞
= ∫0 lim[𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑓 ′ (𝑡)]𝑑𝑡 + 𝑓(0)
𝑠→0
∞
= ∫0 𝑓 ′ (𝑡)𝑑𝑡 + 𝑓(0)
= [𝑓(𝑡)]∞
0 + 𝑓(0)

= 𝑓 (∞) − 𝑓 (0) + 𝑓(0)

= 𝑓(∞)
= lim 𝑓(𝑡)
𝑡→∞

∴ lim 𝑓(𝑡) = lim𝑠𝐹(𝑠)

𝑡→∞ 𝑠→0

Example: 5.50 Verify the initial value theorem for the function 𝒇(𝒕) = 𝒂𝒆−𝒃𝒕

Laplace Transform Page 43

Engineering Mathematics - II

Solution:
Given 𝑓(𝑡) = 𝑎𝑒 −𝑏𝑡
𝐹(𝑠) = 𝐿[𝑓(𝑡)]
= 𝐿[𝑎𝑒 −𝑏𝑡 ]
1
=𝑎 𝑠+𝑏
𝑎𝑠
𝑠𝐹(𝑠) = 𝑠+𝑏

Initial value theorem is lim𝑓(𝑡) = lim 𝑠𝐹(𝑠)

𝑡→0 𝑠→∞

lim𝑓(𝑡) = lim 𝑎𝑒 −𝑏𝑡

𝑡→0 𝑡→0

= 𝑎 ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ (1)
𝑎𝑠
lim 𝑠𝐹 (𝑠) = lim [𝑠+𝑏]
𝑠→∞ 𝑠→∞

𝑎𝑠 𝑎
= lim [ 𝑏 ] == lim [ 𝑏 ]
𝑠→∞ 𝑠(1+ ) 𝑠→∞ (1+ )
𝑠 𝑠

= 𝑎 ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ (2)
From (1) and (2), lim𝑓(𝑡) = lim 𝑠𝐹 (𝑠)
𝑡→0 𝑠→∞

∴ Initial value theorem is verified

Example: 5.51Verify the initial value theorem and Final value theorem for the function
𝒇(𝒕) = 𝟏 + 𝒆−𝒕 [𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒕 + 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒕].
Solution:
Given 𝑓 (𝑡) = 1 + 𝑒 −𝑡 [𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡]
𝐹(𝑠) = 𝐿[𝑓(𝑡)]
= 𝐿[1 + 𝑒 −𝑡 [𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡]]
= 𝐿[1] + 𝐿[𝑒 −𝑡 [𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡]]
= 𝐿[1] + 𝐿[𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡]𝑠→𝑠+1
1 1 𝑠
= 𝑠 + [𝑠 2+1 + 𝑠 2+1]
𝑠→𝑠+1
1 1 𝑠+1
= 𝑠 + (𝑠+1)2 +1 + (𝑠+1)2 +1
1 1 𝑠+1
𝐹(𝑠) = 𝑠 + 𝑠 2+2𝑠+2 + 𝑠 2+2𝑠+2
𝑠 𝑠 2+𝑠
𝑠𝐹(𝑠) = 1 + 𝑠 2+2𝑠+2 + 𝑠 2+2𝑠+2

Initial value theorem is lim𝑓(𝑡) = lim 𝑠𝐹(𝑠)

𝑡→0 𝑠→∞

lim𝑓(𝑡) = lim[1 + 𝑒 −𝑡 [𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡]]

𝑡→0 𝑡→0

= 1 + 0 + 1 = 2 ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ (1)
𝑠 𝑠 2+𝑠
lim 𝑠𝐹(𝑠) = lim [1 + 𝑠 2+2𝑠+2 + 𝑠 2 +2𝑠+2]
𝑠→∞ 𝑠→∞

Laplace Transform Page 44

Engineering Mathematics - II

1
1 (1+ )
𝑠
= 1 + lim [ 2 2 + 2 2 ]
𝑠→∞ 𝑠(1+ 𝑠 + 2 ) (1+ + 2 )
𝑠 𝑠
𝑠

= 1 + 0 + 1 = 2 ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ (2)
From (1) and (2), lim𝑓(𝑡) = lim 𝑠𝐹 (𝑠)
𝑡→0 𝑠→∞

∴ Initial value theorem is verified

Final value theorem is lim 𝑓(𝑡) = lim𝑠𝐹(𝑠)
𝑡→∞ 𝑠→0
−𝑡 [
lim 𝑓(𝑡) = lim (1 + 𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡])
𝑡→∞ 𝑡→∞

= 1 + 0 = 1 ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ (3)
𝑠 𝑠 2 +𝑠
lim𝑠𝐹(𝑠) = lim [1 + 𝑠 2+2𝑠+2 + 𝑠 2+2𝑠+2]
𝑠→0 𝑠→0

= 1 + 0 + 0 = 1 ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ (4)
From (3) and (4), lim 𝑓(𝑡) = lim𝑠𝐹(𝑠)
𝑡→∞ 𝑠→0

∴ Final value theorem is verified.

Example: 5.52 Verify the initial value theorem and Final value theorem for the function
𝟏
𝒇(𝒕) = 𝑳−𝟏 [𝒔(𝒔+𝟐)𝟐 ]

Solution:
1
Given 𝑓 (𝑡) = 𝐿−1 [𝑠(𝑠+2)2 ] ⋯ (1)
𝑡 1 𝑡 1
= ∫0 𝐿−1 [(𝑠+2)2] 𝑑𝑡 = ∫0 𝑒 −2𝑡 𝐿−1 [𝑠 2] 𝑑𝑡
𝑡
= ∫0 𝑒 −2𝑡 𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑡
= ∫0 𝑡𝑒 −2𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑡
𝑒 −2𝑡 (1)𝑒 −2𝑡
= [𝑡 ( )− (−2)2
]
−2 0
𝑒 −2𝑡 𝑒 −2𝑡 1
= −𝑡 − −0+4
2 4
1 𝑡𝑒 −2𝑡 𝑒 −2𝑡
∴ 𝑓 (𝑡 ) = 4 − −
2 4
1
From (1), 𝐹 (𝑠) = 𝑠(𝑠+2)2
1
𝑠𝐹 (𝑠) = (𝑠+2)2

Initial value theorem is lim𝑓(𝑡) = lim 𝑠𝐹(𝑠)

𝑡→0 𝑠→∞

1 𝑡𝑒 −2𝑡 𝑒 −2𝑡
lim𝑓(𝑡) = lim [4 − − ]
𝑡→0 𝑡→0 2 4
1 1
=4−0−4=0

∴ lim𝑓(𝑡) = 0 ⋯ (2)
𝑡→0
1
lim 𝑠𝐹 (𝑠) = lim =0
𝑠→∞ 𝑠→∞ (𝑠+2)2

Laplace Transform Page 45

Engineering Mathematics - II

∴ lim 𝑠𝐹(𝑠) = 0 ⋯ (3)

𝑠→∞

From (2) and (3), lim𝑓(𝑡) = lim 𝑠𝐹 (𝑠)

𝑡→0 𝑠→∞

∴ Initial value theorem is verified

Final value theorem is lim 𝑓(𝑡) = lim𝑠𝐹(𝑠)
𝑡→∞ 𝑠→0
1 𝑡𝑒 −2𝑡 𝑒 −2𝑡
lim 𝑓(𝑡) = lim [4 − − ]
𝑡→∞ 𝑡→∞ 2 4
1 1
= 4 − 0 − 0 = 4 ⋯ (4)
1
lim𝑠𝐹(𝑠) = lim [(𝑠+2)2 ]
𝑠→0 𝑠→0
1
= 4 ⋯ (5)

From (4) and (5), lim 𝑓(𝑡) = lim𝑠𝐹(𝑠)

𝑡→∞ 𝑠→0

∴ Final value theorem is verified

Example: 5.53 Verify the initial value theorem and Final value theorem for the function
𝒇(𝒕) = 𝒆−𝒕 (𝒕 + 𝟐)𝟐
Solution:
Given 𝑓(𝑡) = 𝑒 −𝑡 (𝑡 + 2)2
= 𝑒 −𝑡 (𝑡 2 + 4𝑡 + 4)
𝐹(𝑠) = 𝐿[𝑓(𝑡)]
= 𝐿[𝑒 −𝑡 (𝑡 2 + 4𝑡 + 4)]
= 𝐿[𝑡 2 + 4𝑡 + 4]𝑠→𝑠+1
= [𝐿(𝑡 2 ) + 4𝐿(𝑡) + 4𝐿(1)]𝑠→𝑠+1
2! 1 1
= [𝑠 3 + 4 𝑠 2 + 4 𝑠 ]
𝑠→𝑠+1
2 1 1
= (𝑠+1)3 + 4 (𝑠+1)2 + 4
𝑠+1
2𝑠 4𝑠 4𝑠
𝑠𝐹 (𝑠) = (𝑠+1)3 + (𝑠+1)2 + 𝑠+1

Initial value theorem is lim𝑓(𝑡) = lim 𝑠𝐹(𝑠)

𝑡→0 𝑠→∞

lim𝑓(𝑡) = lim[𝑒 −𝑡 (𝑡 2 + 4𝑡 + 4)]

𝑡→0 𝑡→0

= 4 ⋯ (1)
2𝑠 4𝑠 4𝑠
lim 𝑠𝐹(𝑠) = lim [(𝑠+1)3 + (𝑠+1)2 + 𝑠+1]
𝑠→∞ 𝑠→∞

2𝑠 4𝑠 4𝑠
= lim [ 3 + 1 2
+ 1 ]
𝑠→∞ 𝑠 3(1+1) 𝑠 2(1+ ) 𝑠(1+ )
𝑠
𝑠 𝑠

2 4 4
= lim [ 1 3
+ 1 2
+ 1 ]
𝑠→∞ 𝑠 2(1+ ) 𝑠(1+ ) (1+ )
𝑠 𝑠 𝑠

= 0+0+4

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= 4 ⋯ (2)
From (1) and (2), lim𝑓(𝑡) = lim 𝑠𝐹 (𝑠)
𝑡→0 𝑠→∞

∴ Initial value theorem is verified

Final value theorem is lim 𝑓(𝑡) = lim𝑠𝐹(𝑠)
𝑡→∞ 𝑠→0

lim 𝑓(𝑡) = lim [𝑒 −𝑡 (𝑡 2 + 4𝑡 + 4)]

𝑡→∞ 𝑡→∞

= 0 ⋯ (3)
2𝑠 4𝑠 4𝑠
lim𝑠𝐹(𝑠) = lim [(𝑠+1)3 + (𝑠+1)2 + ]
𝑠→0 𝑠→0 𝑠+1

= 0 ⋯ (4)
From (3) and (4), lim 𝑓(𝑡) = lim𝑠𝐹(𝑠)
𝑡→∞ 𝑠→0

∴ Final value theorem is verified.

𝟏
Example: 5.54 If 𝑳[𝒇(𝒕)] = 𝒔(𝒔+𝟏) , find the 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒇(𝒕) and 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒇(𝒕) using initial and final value
𝒕→𝟎 𝒕→∞

theorems.
Solution:
1
Given 𝐿[𝑓(𝑡)] = ⋯ (1)
𝑠(𝑠+1)
1 1
𝑖𝑒. , 𝐹 (𝑠) = 𝑠(𝑠+1) => 𝑠𝐹 (𝑠) = (𝑠+1)

Initial value theorem is lim𝑓(𝑡) = lim 𝑠𝐹(𝑠)

𝑡→0 𝑠→∞
1
= lim =0
𝑠→∞ (𝑠+1)

Final value theorem is lim 𝑓(𝑡) = lim𝑠𝐹(𝑠)

𝑡→∞ 𝑠→0
1
= lim (𝑠+1) = 1
𝑠→0

Exercise: 5.9
1. Verify the initial value theorem for the function 𝑓(𝑡) = 𝑒 −𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡
2. Verify the initial value theorem for the function 𝑓 (𝑡) = sin2 𝑡
3. Verify the initial value theorem for the function 𝑓(𝑡) = 1 + 𝑒 −𝑡 + 𝑡 2
4. Verify the Final value theorem for the function 𝑓 (𝑡) = 1 − 𝑒 −𝑎𝑡
5. Verify the Final value theorem for the function 𝑓 (𝑡) = 𝑡 2 𝑒 −3𝑡
5.8 CONVOLUTION THEOREM
Definition: Convolution of two functions
The convolution of two functions 𝑓(𝑡) and 𝑔(𝑡) is denoted by 𝑓 (𝑡) ∗ 𝑔(𝑡) and defined by
𝑡
𝑓(𝑡) ∗ 𝑔(𝑡) = ∫0 𝑓(𝑢)𝑔(𝑡 − 𝑢)𝑑𝑢.
State and prove Convolution theorem
Statement: If 𝐿[𝑓(𝑡)] = 𝐹(𝑠) and 𝐿[𝑔(𝑡)] = 𝐺(𝑠), then 𝐿[𝑓(𝑡)] ∗ 𝐿 [𝑔(𝑡)] = 𝐹(𝑠)𝐺(𝑠)

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Proof:
𝑡
We have 𝑓(𝑡) ∗ 𝑔(𝑡) = ∫0 𝑓(𝑢)𝑔(𝑡 − 𝑢)𝑑𝑢
∞
𝐿[𝑓(𝑡) ∗ 𝑔(𝑡)] = ∫0 [𝑓 (𝑡) ∗ 𝑔(𝑡)] 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑡
∞ 𝑡
= ∫0 ∫0 𝑓 (𝑢)𝑔(𝑡 − 𝑢)𝑑𝑢𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑡
∞ 𝑡
= ∫0 ∫0 𝑓 (𝑢)𝑔(𝑡 − 𝑢)𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑢𝑑𝑡 ⋯ (1)
Now we have no change the order of integration.
𝑢 = 0, 𝑢 = 𝑡; 𝑡 = 0, 𝑡 = ∞
Change of order is . Draw horizontal strip PQ
At P, 𝑡 = 𝑢, At A 𝑢 = ∞
∞ ∞
𝐿[𝑓(𝑡) ∗ 𝑔(𝑡)] = ∫0 ∫𝑢 𝑓 (𝑢)𝑔(𝑡 − 𝑢)𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑡𝑑𝑢
∞ ∞
= ∫0 𝑓(𝑢) [∫𝑢 𝑔(𝑡 − 𝑢)𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑡]𝑑𝑢 ⋯ (2)
Put 𝑡 − 𝑢 = 𝑥 ⋯ (3)
𝑡 = 𝑢 + 𝑥 ⇒ 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑑𝑥
When 𝑡 = 𝑢; (3) ⇒ 𝑥 = 0
When 𝑡 = ∞; (3) ⇒ 𝑥 = ∞
∞ ∞
(2) ⇒ 𝐿[𝑓 (𝑡) ∗ 𝑔(𝑡)] = ∫0 𝑓(𝑢) [∫0 𝑔(𝑥 )𝑒 −𝑠(𝑢+𝑥) 𝑑𝑥]𝑑𝑢
∞ ∞
= ∫0 𝑓(𝑢) [∫0 𝑔(𝑥 )𝑒 −𝑠𝑢 𝑒 −𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ]𝑑𝑢
∞ ∞
= ∫0 𝑓(𝑢)𝑒 −𝑠𝑢 𝑑𝑢 ∫0 𝑔(𝑥 )𝑒 −𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= 𝐿[𝑓(𝑢)]𝐿[𝑔(𝑥)]
∴ 𝐿[𝑓(𝑡) ∗ 𝑔(𝑡)] = 𝐹(𝑠)𝐺(𝑠)
Note: Convolution theorem is very useful to compute inverse Laplace transform of product of two terms
Convolution theorem is 𝐿[𝑓(𝑡) ∗ 𝑔(𝑡)] = 𝐹 (𝑠)𝐺(𝑠)
𝐿−1 [𝐹(𝑠)𝐺(𝑠)] = 𝑓(𝑡) ∗ 𝑔(𝑡)
𝐿−1 [𝐹(𝑠)𝐺(𝑠)] = 𝐿−1 [𝐹(𝑠)] ∗ 𝐿−1 [𝐺(𝑠)]
Problems under Convolution theorem
𝟏
Example: 5.55 Find 𝑳−𝟏 [(𝒔+𝒂)(𝒔+𝒃)] using convolution theorem.

Solution:
1 1 1
𝐿−1 [(𝑠+𝑎)(𝑠+𝑏)] = 𝐿−1 [(𝑠+𝑎)] ∗ 𝐿−1 [(𝑠+𝑏)]

= 𝑒 −𝑎𝑡 ∗ 𝑒 −𝑏𝑡
𝑡
= ∫0 𝑒 −𝑎𝑢 𝑒 −𝑏(𝑡−𝑢) 𝑑𝑢
𝑡
= 𝑒 −𝑏𝑡 ∫0 𝑒 −𝑎𝑢 𝑒 𝑏𝑢 𝑑𝑢
𝑡
= 𝑒 −𝑏𝑡 ∫0 𝑒 (𝑏−𝑎)𝑢 𝑑𝑢

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𝑡
𝑒 (𝑏−𝑎)𝑢
= 𝑒 −𝑏𝑡 [ ]
𝑏−𝑎 0

𝑒 −𝑏𝑡
= [𝑒 (𝑏−𝑎)𝑡 − 1 ]
𝑏−𝑎

𝑒 −𝑏𝑡
= [𝑒 𝑏𝑡−𝑎𝑡 − 1 ]
𝑏−𝑎
1
= 𝑏−𝑎 [𝑒 −𝑏𝑡+𝑏𝑡−𝑎𝑡 − 𝑒 −𝑏𝑡 ]
1 1
∴ 𝐿−1 [(𝑠+𝑎)(𝑠+𝑏)] = 𝑏−𝑎 [𝑒 −𝑎𝑡 − 𝑒 −𝑏𝑡 ]

𝒔𝟐
Example: 5.56 Find the inverse Laplace transform (𝒔𝟐 +𝒂𝟐 )(𝒔𝟐 +𝒃𝟐 ) by using convolution theorem.

Solution:
𝑠2 𝑠 𝑠
𝐿−1 [(𝑠 2+𝑎2 )(𝑠 2+𝑏2 )] = 𝐿−1 [(𝑠 2+𝑎2 ) (𝑠 2+𝑏2 )
]
𝑠 𝑠
= 𝐿−1 [(𝑠 2+𝑎2)] ∗ 𝐿−1 [(𝑠 2+𝑏2 )]

= 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎𝑡 ∗ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑏𝑡
𝑡
= ∫0 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎𝑢 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑏(𝑡 − 𝑢)𝑑𝑢
𝑡 cos(𝑎𝑢+𝑏𝑡−𝑏𝑢)+cos(𝑎𝑢−𝑏𝑡+𝑏𝑢)
= ∫0 𝑑𝑢
2
1 𝑡
= 2 ∫0 (cos(𝑎𝑢 + 𝑏𝑡 − 𝑏𝑢) + cos(𝑎𝑢 − 𝑏𝑡 + 𝑏𝑢)) 𝑑𝑢
1 𝑡
= 2 ∫0 [cos(𝑎 − 𝑏) 𝑢 + 𝑏𝑡 + cos(𝑎 + 𝑏) 𝑢 − 𝑏𝑡]𝑑𝑢

1 𝑠𝑖𝑛[(𝑎−𝑏)𝑢+𝑏𝑡] 𝑠𝑖𝑛[(𝑎+𝑏)𝑢+𝑏𝑡] 𝑡
= 2[ + ]
𝑎−𝑏 𝑎+𝑏 0
1 sin(𝑎𝑡−𝑏𝑡+𝑏𝑡) sin (𝑎𝑡−𝑏𝑡+𝑏𝑡) 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑏𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑏𝑡
= 2[ + − + ]
𝑎−𝑏 𝑎+𝑏 𝑎−𝑏 𝑎+𝑏
1 sin 𝑎𝑡 sin 𝑎𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑏𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑏𝑡
= 2 [ 𝑎−𝑏 + − + ]
𝑎+𝑏 𝑎−𝑏 𝑎+𝑏
1 (𝑎+𝑏)𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡+(𝑎−𝑏)𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡−(𝑎+𝑏)𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑏𝑡+(𝑎−𝑏)𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑏𝑡
= 2[ ]
𝑎 2 −𝑏2
1 2𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡−2𝑏𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑏𝑡
= 2[ ]
𝑎 2 −𝑏2
1 2(𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡−𝑏𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑏𝑡)
= 2[ ]
𝑎 2 −𝑏2
𝑠2 𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡−𝑏𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑏𝑡
∴ 𝐿−1 [(𝑠 2+𝑎2 )(𝑠2+𝑏2 )] = 𝑎 2 −𝑏2
𝟏
Example: 5.57 Find the inverse Laplace transform (𝒔𝟐 +𝒂𝟐 )(𝒔𝟐 +𝒃𝟐 ) by using convolution theorem.

Solution:
1 1 1
𝐿−1 [(𝑠 2+𝑎2 )(𝑠 2+𝑏2 )] = 𝐿−1 [(𝑠 2+𝑎2 ) (𝑠 2+𝑏2 )
]
1 1
= 𝐿−1 [(𝑠 2+𝑎2)] ∗ 𝐿−1 [(𝑠 2+𝑏2 )]
1 1
= 𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡 ∗ 𝑏 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑏𝑡

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1 𝑡
= 𝑎𝑏 ∫0 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑢 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑏(𝑡 − 𝑢)𝑑𝑢
1 𝑡 cos(𝑎𝑢−𝑏𝑡+𝑏𝑢)−cos(𝑎𝑢+𝑏𝑡−𝑏𝑢)
= 𝑎𝑏 ∫0 𝑑𝑢
2
1 𝑡
= 2𝑎𝑏 ∫0 (cos(𝑎𝑢 − 𝑏𝑡 + 𝑏𝑢) − cos(𝑎𝑢 + 𝑏𝑡 − 𝑏𝑢)) 𝑑𝑢
1 𝑡
= 2 ∫0 [cos[(a + b)u − bt] − cos[(a − b)u + bt]]𝑑𝑢

1 𝑠𝑖𝑛[(𝑎+𝑏)𝑢−𝑏𝑡] 𝑠𝑖𝑛[(𝑎−𝑏)𝑢+𝑏𝑡] 𝑡
= 2𝑎𝑏 [ − ]
𝑎+𝑏 𝑎−𝑏 0
1 sin (𝑎𝑡+𝑏𝑡−𝑏𝑡) sin(𝑎𝑡−𝑏𝑡+𝑏𝑡) 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑏𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑏𝑡
= [ − + + ]
2𝑎𝑏 𝑎+𝑏 𝑎−𝑏 𝑎+𝑏 𝑎−𝑏
1 sin 𝑎𝑡 sin 𝑎𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑏𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑏𝑡
= 2𝑎𝑏 [ 𝑎+𝑏 − − + ]
𝑎−𝑏 𝑎+𝑏 𝑎−𝑏
1 (𝑎−𝑏)𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡−(𝑎+𝑏)𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡+(𝑎−𝑏)𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑏𝑡+(𝑎+𝑏)𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑏𝑡
= 2𝑎𝑏 [ ]
𝑎 2 −𝑏2
1 −2𝑏𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡+2𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑏𝑡
= [ ]
2𝑎𝑏 𝑎 2 −𝑏2
1 2(𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑏𝑡−𝑏𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡)
= 2𝑎𝑏 [ ]
𝑎 2−𝑏2
1 𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑏𝑡−𝑏𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡
∴ 𝐿−1 [(𝑠 2+𝑎2 )(𝑠2+𝑏2 )] = 𝑎𝑏(𝑎 2−𝑏2 )
𝒔
Example: 5.58 Find the inverse Laplace transform by using convolution theorem.
(𝒔𝟐 +𝟒)(𝒔𝟐 +𝟗)

Solution:
𝑠 1 𝑠
𝐿−1 [(𝑠 2+4)(𝑠 2+9)] = 𝐿−1 [(𝑠 2+4) (𝑠 2+9)
]
1 𝑠
= 𝐿−1 [(𝑠 2 ] ∗ 𝐿−1 [
(𝑠 2+9)
]
+4)
1
= 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑡 ∗ 𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑡
1 𝑡
= 2 ∫0 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑢 𝑐𝑜𝑠3(𝑡 − 𝑢)𝑑𝑢
1 𝑡 sin(2𝑢+3𝑡−3𝑢)+sin(2𝑢−3𝑡+3𝑢)
= ∫0 𝑑𝑢
2 2
1 𝑡
= 4 ∫0 [sin(3t − 𝑢) + sin(5u − 3t)]𝑑𝑢
1 −cos(3𝑡−𝑢) cos(5𝑢−3𝑡) 𝑡
= 4[ − ]
−1 5 0
1 cos(3t−t) cos(5t−3𝑡) 𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑡
= 4[ − − + ]
1 5 1 5
1 cos2𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑡
= 4 [𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑡 − − 𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑡 + ]
5 5
1 5𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑡−𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑡−5𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑡+𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑡
= 4[ ]
5
1
= 20 [4𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑡 − 4𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑡]
𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑡−𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑡
∴ 𝐿−1 [(𝑠 2+4)(𝑠 2+9)] = 5

𝒔
Example: 5.59 Find 𝑳−𝟏 [ 𝟐 ] by using convolution theorem.
(𝒔𝟐 +𝒂𝟐)

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Solution:
𝑠 1 𝑠
𝐿−1 [(𝑠 2+𝑎2 )2] = 𝐿−1 [(𝑠 2+𝑎2 ) (𝑠 2+𝑎 2 )
]
1 𝑠
= 𝐿−1 [(𝑠 2+𝑎2)] ∗ 𝐿−1 [(𝑠 2+𝑎2 )]
1
= 𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡 ∗ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎𝑡
1 𝑡
= 𝑎 ∫0 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑢 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎(𝑡 − 𝑢)𝑑𝑢
1 𝑡 sin(𝑎𝑢+𝑎𝑡−𝑎𝑢)+sin(𝑎𝑢−𝑎𝑡+𝑎𝑢)
= 𝑎 ∫0 𝑑𝑢
2
1 𝑡
= 2𝑎 ∫0 [𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡 + sin(2𝑎𝑢 − 𝑎𝑡)]𝑑𝑢
1 𝑡 𝑡
= 2𝑎 [∫0 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑑𝑢 + ∫0 sin(2𝑎𝑢 − 𝑎𝑡) 𝑑𝑢]
1 𝑡 𝑡
= 2𝑎 [𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡 ∫0 𝑑𝑢 + ∫0 sin(2𝑎𝑢 − 𝑎𝑡) 𝑑𝑢]
1 cos(2𝑎𝑢−𝑎𝑡) 𝑡
= 2𝑎 [𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡(𝑢)𝑡0 − ( ) ]
2𝑎 0
1 cos(2𝑎𝑡−𝑎𝑡) 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎𝑡
= 2𝑎 [𝑡𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡 − + ]
2𝑎 2𝑎
1 cos 𝑎𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎𝑡
= [𝑡𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡 − + ]
2𝑎 2𝑎 2𝑎
1
= 2𝑎 𝑡𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡
𝑠 𝑡𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡
∴ 𝐿−1 [(𝑠 2+𝑎2 )2] = 2𝑎

𝟏
Example: 5.60 Find 𝑳−𝟏 [ 𝟐 ] by using convolution theorem.
(𝒔𝟐 +𝒂𝟐)

Solution:
1 1 1
𝐿−1 [(𝑠 2+𝑎2 )2] = 𝐿−1 [(𝑠 2+𝑎2 ) (𝑠 2+𝑎 2 )
]
1 1
= 𝐿−1 [(𝑠 2 ] ∗ 𝐿−1 [ ]
+𝑎 2) (𝑠 2+𝑎 2 )
1 1
= 𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡 ∗ 𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡
1 𝑡
= 𝑎2 ∫0 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑢 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎(𝑡 − 𝑢)𝑑𝑢
1 𝑡 cos(𝑎𝑢−𝑎𝑡+𝑎𝑢)−cos(𝑎𝑢+𝑎𝑡−𝑎𝑢)
= ∫ 𝑑𝑢
𝑎2 0 2
1 𝑡
= 2𝑎2 ∫0 [cos(2𝑎𝑢 − 𝑎𝑡) − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎𝑡]𝑑𝑢
1 𝑡 𝑡
= 2𝑎2 [∫0 cos(2𝑎𝑢 − 𝑎𝑡)𝑑𝑢 − ∫0 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎𝑡 𝑑𝑢]
1 𝑡 𝑡
= [∫0 cos(2𝑎𝑢 − 𝑎𝑡)𝑑𝑢 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎𝑡 ∫0 𝑑𝑢]
2𝑎 2

1 sin(2𝑎𝑢−𝑎𝑡) 𝑡
= 2𝑎2 [( 2𝑎
) − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎𝑡(𝑢)𝑡0 ]
0
1 sin (2𝑎𝑡−𝑎𝑡) sin (−𝑎𝑡)
= 2𝑎2 [ − − 𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎𝑡]
2𝑎 2𝑎

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1 sin𝑎𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡
= 2𝑎2 [ + − 𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎𝑡]
2𝑎 2𝑎
1 2sin𝑎𝑡
= 2𝑎2 [ − 𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎𝑡]
2𝑎
1 1 sin𝑎𝑡
∴ 𝐿−1 [(𝑠 2 ]= [ − 𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎𝑡]
+𝑎 2 )2 2𝑎 2 𝑎

𝒔𝟐
Example: 5.61 Find 𝑳−𝟏 [ 𝟐 ] by using convolution theorem.
(𝒔𝟐 +𝒂𝟐)

Solution:
𝑠2 𝑠 𝑠
𝐿−1 [(𝑠 2 ] = 𝐿−1 [ ]
+𝑎 2 )2 (𝑠 2+𝑎 2 ) (𝑠 2+𝑎 2 )
𝑠 𝑠
= 𝐿−1 [(𝑠 2+𝑎2)] ∗ 𝐿−1 [(𝑠 2+𝑎2 )]

= 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎𝑡 ∗ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎𝑡
𝑡
= ∫0 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎𝑢 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎(𝑡 − 𝑢)𝑑𝑢
𝑡 cos(𝑎𝑢+𝑎𝑡−𝑎𝑢)+cos(𝑎𝑢−𝑎𝑡+𝑎𝑢)
= ∫0 𝑑𝑢
2
1 𝑡
= 2 ∫0 [𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎𝑡 + cos(2𝑎𝑢 − 𝑎𝑡)]𝑑𝑢
1 𝑡 𝑡
= 2 [∫0 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎𝑡𝑑𝑢 + ∫0 cos(2𝑎𝑢 − 𝑎𝑡) 𝑑𝑢]
1 𝑡 𝑡
= 2 [𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎𝑡 ∫0 𝑑𝑢 + ∫0 cos(2𝑎𝑢 − 𝑎𝑡) 𝑑𝑢]
1 sin(2𝑎𝑢−𝑎𝑡) 𝑡
= 2 [𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎𝑡(𝑢)𝑡0 + ( ) ]
2𝑎 0
1 sin(2𝑎𝑡−𝑎𝑡) 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡
= [𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎𝑡 + + ]
2 2𝑎 2𝑎
1 sin𝑎𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡
= 2 [𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎𝑡 + + ]
2𝑎 2𝑎
1 2sin𝑎𝑡
= 2 [𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎𝑡 + ]
2𝑎
𝑠2 1 sin𝑎𝑡
∴ 𝐿−1 [(𝑠 2 ]= [𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎𝑡 + ]
+𝑎 2 )2 2 𝑎

𝒔𝟐
Example: 5.62 Find 𝑳−𝟏 [ 𝟐 ] by using convolution theorem.
(𝒔𝟐 +𝟒)

Solution:
𝑠2 𝑠 𝑠
𝐿−1 [(𝑠 2+22 )2] = 𝐿−1 [(𝑠 2+22 ) (𝑠 2+22 )
]
𝑠 𝑠
= 𝐿−1 [(𝑠 2+22 )] ∗ 𝐿−1 [(𝑠 2+22 )]

= 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑡 ∗ 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑡
𝑡
= ∫0 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑢 𝑐𝑜𝑠2(𝑡 − 𝑢)𝑑𝑢
𝑡 cos(2𝑢+2𝑡−2𝑢)+cos(2𝑢−2𝑡+2𝑢)
= ∫0 2
𝑑𝑢
1 𝑡
= 2 ∫0 [𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑡 + cos(4𝑢 − 2𝑡)]𝑑𝑢
1 𝑡 𝑡
= [∫0 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑡𝑑𝑢 + ∫0 cos(4𝑢 − 2𝑡) 𝑑𝑢]
2

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Engineering Mathematics - II

1 𝑡 𝑡
= 2 [𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑡 ∫0 𝑑𝑢 + ∫0 cos(4𝑢 − 2𝑡) 𝑑𝑢]
1 sin(4𝑢−2𝑡) 𝑡
= 2 [𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑡(𝑢)𝑡0 + ( ) ]
4 0
1 sin(4𝑡−2𝑡) sin(−2𝑡)
= 2 [𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑡 + − ]
4 4
1 sin2𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑡
= 2 [𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑡 + + ]
4 4
1 2sin2𝑡
= 2 [𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑡 + ]
4
𝑠2 1 sin2𝑡
∴ 𝐿−1 [(𝑠 2+𝑎2 )2] = 2 [𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑡 + ]
2
𝟏
Example: 5.63 Find 𝑳−𝟏 [𝒔(𝒔𝟐+𝟒)] by using convolution theorem.

Solution:
1 1 1
𝐿−1 [ ] = 𝐿−1 [ ]
𝑠(𝑠 2+4) 𝑠 𝑠 2+4

1 1
= 𝐿−1 [𝑠 ] ∗ 𝐿−1 [𝑠 2+4]
sin2𝑡
=1∗ 2
sin2𝑡
= ∗1
2
𝑡 sin2𝑢 (1)
= ∫0 𝑑𝑢
2

−𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑢 𝑡 1
=[ ] = (−𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑡 + 1)
4 0 4
1
= 4 (1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑡)
𝒔+𝟐
Example: 5.64 Find the inverse Laplace transform 𝟐 by using convolution theorem.
(𝒔𝟐 +𝟒𝒔+𝟏𝟑)

Solution:
𝑠+2 𝑠+2 1
𝐿−1 [(𝑠 2+4𝑠+13)2 ] = 𝐿−1 [𝑠 2+4𝑠+13 ]
𝑠 2 +4𝑠+13
𝑠+2 1
= 𝐿−1 [𝑠 2+4𝑠+13] ∗ 𝐿−1 [𝑠 2+4𝑠+13]
𝑠+2 1
= 𝐿−1 [(𝑠+2)2 +9] ∗ 𝐿−1 [(𝑠+2)2 +9]
𝑠 1
= 𝑒 −2𝑡 𝐿−1 [𝑠 2+9] ∗ 𝑒 −2𝑡 𝐿−1 [𝑠 2 +9]
𝑒 −2𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑡
= 𝑒 −2𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑡 ∗ 3
𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛3(𝑡−𝑢)
= ∫0 𝑒 −2𝑢 𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑢 𝑒 −2(𝑡−𝑢) 3
𝑑𝑢
𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛(3𝑡−3𝑢)
= ∫0 𝑒 −2𝑢 𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑢 𝑒 −2𝑡+2𝑢 𝑑𝑢
3
1 𝑡
= 3 ∫0 𝑒 −2𝑢−2𝑡+2𝑢 𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑢 sin(3𝑡 − 3𝑢) 𝑑𝑢
𝑒 −2𝑡 𝑡 sin(3𝑢+3𝑡−3𝑢)−sin(3𝑢−3𝑡+3𝑢)
= ∫0 𝑑𝑢
3 2

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𝑒 −2𝑡 𝑡
= 6
∫0 [𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑡 − sin(6𝑢 − 3𝑡)]𝑑𝑢
𝑒 −2𝑡 𝑡 𝑡
= [∫0 𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑡𝑑𝑢 − ∫0 sin(6𝑢 − 3𝑡) 𝑑𝑢]
6

𝑒 −2𝑡 𝑡 𝑡
= [𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑡 ∫0 𝑑𝑢 − ∫0 sin(6𝑢 − 3𝑡) 𝑑𝑢]
6

𝑒 −2𝑡 cos(6𝑢−3𝑡) 𝑡
= [𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑡(𝑢)𝑡0 + ( ) ]
6 6 0
𝑒 −2𝑡 cos(6𝑡−3𝑡) cos(−3𝑡)
= [𝑡𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑡 + − ]
6 6 6

𝑒 −2𝑡 cos3𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑡

= [𝑡𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑡 + − ]
6 6 6
𝑒 −2𝑡
= 𝑡𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑡
6
𝑠+2 𝑒 −2𝑡
∴ 𝐿−1 [(𝑠 2+4𝑠+13)2] = 𝑡𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑡
6
𝟏
Example: 5.65 Find the inverse Laplace transform (𝒔+𝟏)(𝒔𝟐 +𝟒) by using convolution theorem.

Solution:
1 1 1
𝐿−1 [(𝑠 2+4)(𝑠+1)] = 𝐿−1 [𝑠+1 ]
𝑠 2+4

1 1
= 𝐿−1 [𝑠+1] ∗ 𝐿−1 [𝑠 2+4]

= 𝑒 −𝑡 ∗ 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑡
𝑡
= ∫0 𝑒 −(𝑡−𝑢) 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑢 𝑑𝑢
𝑡 𝑒 𝑎𝑡
= 𝑒 −𝑡 ∫0 𝑒 𝑢 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑢 𝑑𝑢 ∵ ∫ 𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑏𝑡𝑑𝑡 = (𝑎𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑏𝑡 + 𝑏𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑏𝑡)
𝑎2 + 𝑏2
𝑒𝑢 𝑡
= 𝑒 −𝑡 [12 +22 (𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑢 + 2𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑢)]
0

𝑒 −𝑡
= [𝑒 𝑡 (𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑡 + 2𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑡) − 𝑒 0 (𝑐𝑜𝑠0 − 0)]
5
𝑒 −𝑡
= [𝑒 𝑡 (𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑡 + 2𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑡) − 1]
5
1 𝑒 −𝑡
∴ 𝐿−1 [(𝑠 2+4)(𝑠+1)] = [𝑒 𝑡 (𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑡 + 2𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑡) − 1]
5

Exercise: 5.10
Find the inverse Laplace transforms using convolution theorem for the following
1
1. 𝑠(𝑠 2+1) Ans: 1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡
𝑠 1 sin2𝑡
2. (𝑠 2+4)2 Ans: [ − 𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑡]
8 2

𝑠2 1 sin2𝑡
3. (𝑠 2+4)2 Ans: [𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑡 + ]
2 2
1 1
4. (𝑠+1)(𝑠 2+1) Ans: [𝑒 −𝑡 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡]
2
1 1 1 1
5. (𝑠+1)(𝑠 2+4) Ans: − 5 𝑒 −𝑡 + 5 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑡 − 10 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑡

Laplace Transform Page 54

Engineering Mathematics - II

5.9 SOLUTION OF DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION BY LAPLACE TRANSFORM

TECHNIQUE
There are so many methods to solve a linear differential equation. If the initial conditions are known,
then Laplace transform technique is easier to solve the differential equation. The Laplace transform
transforms the differential equation into an algebraic equation.
𝐿[𝑦 ′ (𝑡)] = 𝑠𝐿 [𝑦(𝑡)] − 𝑦(0)
𝐿[𝑦 ′′ (𝑡)] = 𝑠 2 𝐿[𝑦(𝑡)] − 𝑠𝑦(0) − 𝑦 ′ (0)
Problems using Partial Fraction
𝒅𝟐 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙
Example: 5.66 Solve 𝒅𝒕𝟐 − 𝟑 𝒅𝒕 + 𝟐𝒙 = 𝟐, given 𝒙 = 𝟎and 𝒅𝒕 = 𝟓 for 𝒕 = 𝟎using Laplace transform

method.
Solution:
Given 𝑥 ′′ − 3𝑥 ′ + 2𝑥 = 2; 𝑥 (0) = 0; 𝑥 ′ (0) = 5
Taking Laplace transform on both sides, we get,
𝐿[𝑥 ′′ (𝑡)] − 3𝐿[𝑥 ′ (𝑡)] + 2𝐿[𝑥(𝑡)] = 2𝐿(1)
2
[𝑠 2 𝐿[𝑥(𝑡)] − 𝑠𝑥 (0) − 𝑥 ′ (0)] − 3[𝑠𝐿[𝑥(𝑡)] − 𝑥(0)] + 2𝐿[𝑥(𝑡)] =
𝑠

Substituting 𝑥(0) = 0; 𝑥 ′ (0) = 5

2
[𝑠 2 𝐿[𝑥(𝑡)] − 0 − 5] − 3[𝑠𝐿[𝑥(𝑡)] − 0] + 2𝐿[𝑥(𝑡)] =
𝑠
2
𝑠 2 𝐿[𝑥(𝑡)] − 3𝑠𝐿[𝑥(𝑡)] + 2𝐿 [𝑥(𝑡)] = 𝑠 + 5
2
𝑠 2 𝐿[𝑥(𝑡)] − 3𝑠𝐿[𝑥(𝑡)] + 2𝐿 [𝑥(𝑡)] = 𝑠 + 5

Put 𝐿[𝑥(𝑡)] = 𝑥̅
2
𝑠 2 𝑥̅ − 3𝑠𝑥̅ + 2𝑥̅ = 𝑠 + 5
2
[𝑠 2 − 3𝑠 + 2]𝑥̅ = + 5
𝑠
2
(𝑠 − 1)(𝑠 − 2)𝑥̅ = + 5
𝑠
2+5𝑠
𝑥̅ = 𝑠(𝑠−1)(𝑠−2)
2+5𝑠 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
Consider 𝑠(𝑠−1)(𝑠−2) = 𝑠 + 𝑠−1 + 𝑠−2
2+5𝑠 𝐴(𝑠−1)(𝑠−2)+𝐵𝑠(𝑠−2)+𝐶𝑠(𝑠−1)
=
𝑠(𝑠−1)(𝑠−2) 𝑠(𝑠−1)(𝑠−2)

𝐴(𝑠 − 1)(𝑠 − 2) + 𝐵𝑠(𝑠 − 2) + 𝐶𝑠(𝑠 − 1) = 2 + 5𝑠 ⋯ (1)

Put 𝑠 = 0 in (1) Put 𝑠 = 1 𝑖𝑛 (1) Put 𝑠 = 2 in (1)
𝐴(−1)(−2) = 2 𝐵(1)(−1) = 7 𝐶 (2)(1) = 2 + 10
𝐴=1 𝐵 = −7 𝐶=6
2+5𝑠 1 7 6
= 𝑠 − 𝑠−1 + 𝑠−2
𝑠(𝑠−1)(𝑠−2)

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Engineering Mathematics - II

1 1 1
∴ 𝑥̅ = 𝑠 − 7 𝑠−1 + 6 𝑠−2
1 1 1
𝑥(𝑡) = 𝐿−1 [𝑠 ] − 7𝐿−1 [𝑠−1] + 6𝐿−1 [𝑠−2]

𝑥(𝑡) = 1 − 7𝑒 𝑡 + 6𝑒 2𝑡
Example: 5.67 Using Laplace transform solve the differential equation𝒚′′ − 𝟑𝒚′ − 𝟒𝒚 = 𝟐𝒆−𝒕 ,
with𝒚(𝟎) = 𝟏 = 𝒚′ (𝟎).
Solution:
Given 𝑦 ′′ − 3𝑦 ′ − 4𝑦 = 2𝑒 −𝑡 ; with𝑦(0) = 1 = 𝑦 ′ (0).
Taking Laplace transform on both sides, we get,
𝐿[𝑦 ′′ (𝑡)] − 3𝐿[𝑦 ′ (𝑡)] − 4𝐿[𝑦(𝑡)] = 2𝐿(𝑒 −𝑡 )
1
[𝑠 2 𝐿[𝑦(𝑡)] − 𝑠𝑦(0) − 𝑦 ′ (0)] − 3[𝑠𝐿[𝑦(𝑡)] − 𝑦(0)] − 4𝐿[𝑦(𝑡)] = 2
𝑠+1

Substituting 𝑦(0) = 1 = 𝑦 ′ (0).

2
[𝑠 2 𝐿[𝑦(𝑡)] − 𝑠 − 1] − 3[𝑠𝐿[𝑦(𝑡)] − 1] − 4𝐿[𝑦(𝑡)] =
𝑠+1
2
𝑠 2 𝐿[𝑦(𝑡)] − 𝑠 − 1 − 3𝑠𝐿[𝑦(𝑡)] + 3 − 4𝐿[𝑦(𝑡)] = 𝑠+1
2
𝑠 2 𝐿[𝑦(𝑡)] − 3𝑠𝐿[𝑦(𝑡)] − 4𝐿[𝑦(𝑡)] = 𝑠+1 + 𝑠 − 2

Put𝐿[𝑦(𝑡)] = 𝑦̅
2
𝑠 2 𝑦̅ − 3𝑠𝑦̅ − 4𝑦̅ = 𝑠+1 + 𝑠 − 2
2
[𝑠 2 − 3𝑠 − 4]𝑦̅ = +𝑠−2
𝑠+1
2+𝑠(𝑠+1)−2(𝑠+1)
[𝑠 2 − 3𝑠 − 4]𝑦̅ =
𝑠+1
2+𝑠 2+𝑠−2𝑠−2
= 𝑠+1
𝑠 2−𝑠
(𝑠 + 1)(𝑠 − 4)𝑦̅ =
𝑠+1
𝑠 2−𝑠
𝑦̅ = (𝑠+1)(𝑠+1)(𝑠−4)

𝑠 2 −𝑠
𝑦̅ = (𝑠+1)2 (𝑠−4)

𝑠 2−𝑠 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
Consider (𝑠+1)2(𝑠−4) = 𝑠+1 + (𝑠+1)2 + 𝑠−4

𝑠 2−𝑠 𝐴(𝑠+1)(𝑠−4)+𝐵(𝑠−4)+𝐶(𝑠+1)2
(𝑠+1) 2(𝑠−4)
= (𝑠+1)2 (𝑠−4)

𝐴(𝑠 + 1)(𝑠 − 4) + 𝐵(𝑠 − 4) + 𝐶 (𝑠 + 1)2 = 𝑠 2 − 𝑠 ⋯ (1)

Put𝑠 = −1 in (1) Put𝑠 = 4 𝑖𝑛 (1) equating the coefficients of𝑠 2 , we get
12
−5𝐵 = 1 + 1 25𝐶 = 16 − 4 𝐴 + 𝐶 = 1 ⇒ 𝐴 = 1 − 𝐶 ⇒ 1 − 25
−2 12 13
𝐵= 𝐶 = 25 𝐴 = 25
5
𝑠 2−𝑠 25 2 12
(𝑠+1) 2(𝑠−4)
= 25(𝑠+1) − 5(𝑠+1)2 + 25(𝑠−4)

Laplace Transform Page 56

Engineering Mathematics - II

13 2 12
∴ 𝑦̅ = 25(𝑠+1) − 5(𝑠+1)2 + 25(𝑠−4)
13 1 2 1 12 1
𝑦(𝑡) = 25 𝐿−1 [(𝑠+1)] − 5 𝐿−1 [(𝑠+1)2 ] + 25 𝐿−1 [𝑠−4]
13 2 12
𝑦 (𝑡 ) = 𝑒 −𝑡 − 𝑡𝑒 −𝑡 + 𝑒 4𝑡
25 5 25

𝒅𝟐 𝒚 𝒅𝒚
Example: 5.68 Solve the differential equation 𝒅𝒕𝟐 − 𝟑 𝒅𝒕 + 𝟐𝒚 = 𝒆−𝒕 , with𝒚(𝟎) = 𝟏 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒚′ (𝟎) = 𝟎using

Laplace transform.
Solution:
Given 𝑦 ′′ − 3𝑦 ′ + 2𝑦 = 𝑒 −𝑡 ; with𝑦(0) = 1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 ′ (0) = 1.
Taking Laplace transform on both sides, we get,
𝐿[𝑦 ′′ (𝑡)] − 3𝐿[𝑦 ′ (𝑡)] + 2𝐿[𝑦(𝑡)] = 𝐿(𝑒 −𝑡 )
1
[𝑠 2 𝐿[𝑦(𝑡)] − 𝑠𝑦(0) − 𝑦 ′ (0)] − 3[𝑠𝐿[𝑦(𝑡)] − 𝑦(0)] + 2𝐿[𝑦(𝑡)] =
𝑠+1

Substituting 𝑦(0) = 1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 ′ (0) = 0.

1
[𝑠 2 𝐿[𝑦(𝑡)] − 𝑠 − 0] − 3[𝑠𝐿[𝑦(𝑡)] − 1] + 2𝐿[𝑦(𝑡)] =
𝑠+1
1
𝑠 2 𝐿[𝑦(𝑡)] − 𝑠 − 3𝑠𝐿[𝑦(𝑡)] + 3 + 2𝐿[𝑦(𝑡)] = 𝑠+1
1
𝑠 2 𝐿[𝑦(𝑡)] − 3𝑠𝐿[𝑦(𝑡)] + 2𝐿[𝑦(𝑡)] = 𝑠+1 + 𝑠 − 3

Put𝐿[𝑦(𝑡)] = 𝑦̅
1
𝑠 2 𝑦̅ − 3𝑠𝑦̅ + 2𝑦̅ = 𝑠+1 + 𝑠 − 3
1
[𝑠 2 − 3𝑠 + 2]𝑦̅ = +𝑠−3
𝑠+1
1+𝑠(𝑠+1)−3(𝑠+1)
[𝑠 2 − 3𝑠 + 2]𝑦̅ =
𝑠+1
1+𝑠 2+𝑠−3𝑠−3
= 𝑠+1
𝑠 2−2𝑠−2
(𝑠 − 1)(𝑠 − 2)𝑦̅ =
𝑠+1
𝑠 2 −2𝑠−2
𝑦̅ = (𝑠+1)(𝑠−1)(𝑠−2)

𝑠 2−2𝑠−2 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
Consider (𝑠+1)(𝑠−1)(𝑠−2) = 𝑠+1 + 𝑠−1 + 𝑠−2

𝑠 2 −2𝑠−2 𝐴(𝑠−1)(𝑠−2)+𝐵(𝑠+1)(𝑠−2)+𝐶(𝑠+1)(𝑠−1)
=
(𝑠+1)(𝑠−1)(𝑠−2) (𝑠+1)(𝑠−1)(𝑠−2)

𝐴(𝑠 − 1)(𝑠 − 2) + 𝐵(𝑠 + 1)(𝑠 − 2) + 𝐶 (𝑠 + 1)(𝑠 − 1) = 𝑠 2 − 2𝑠 − 2 ⋯ (1)

Put𝑠 = −1 in (1) put𝑠 = 1 𝑖𝑛 (1) put𝑠 = 2 𝑖𝑛 (1)
6𝐴 = 1 + 2 − 2 −2𝐵 = 1 − 4 3𝐶 = 4 − 4 − 2
1 3 −2
𝐴=6 𝐵=2 𝐶= 3
𝑠 2−2𝑠−2 1 3 2
∴ (𝑠+1)(𝑠−1)(𝑠−2) = 6(𝑠+1) + 2(𝑠−1) − 3(𝑠−2)
1 3 2
𝑦̅ = 6(𝑠+1) + 2(𝑠−1) − 3(𝑠−2)

Laplace Transform Page 57

Engineering Mathematics - II

1 1 3 1 2 1
𝑦(𝑡) = 6 𝐿−1 [(𝑠+1)] + 2 𝐿−1 [𝑠−1] − 3 𝐿−1 [𝑠−2]
1 3 2
𝑦(𝑡) = 6 𝑒 −𝑡 + 2 𝑒 𝑡 − 3 𝑒 2𝑡

Example: 5.69 Using Laplace transform solve the differential equation𝒚′′ + 𝟐𝒚′ − 𝟑𝒚 = 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒕,
with𝒚(𝟎) = 𝒚′ (𝟎) = 𝟎.
Solution:
Given 𝑦 ′′ + 2𝑦 ′ − 3𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 with 𝑦(0) = 0 = 𝑦 ′ (0).
Taking Laplace transform on both sides, we get,
𝐿[𝑦 ′′ (𝑡)] + 2𝐿[𝑦 ′ (𝑡)] − 3𝐿[𝑦(𝑡)] = 𝐿(𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡)
1
[𝑠 2 𝐿[𝑦(𝑡)] − 𝑠𝑦(0) − 𝑦 ′ (0)] + 2[𝑠𝐿[𝑦(𝑡)] − 𝑦(0)] − 3𝐿[𝑦(𝑡)] =
𝑠 2+1

Substituting 𝑦(0) = 0 = 𝑦 ′ (0).

1
[𝑠 2 𝐿[𝑦(𝑡)] − 0 − 0] + 2[𝑠𝐿[𝑦(𝑡)] − 0] − 3𝐿[𝑦(𝑡)] =
𝑠 2 +1
1
𝑠 2 𝐿[𝑦(𝑡)] + 2𝑠𝐿[𝑦(𝑡)] − 3𝐿[𝑦(𝑡)] = 𝑠 2+1
1
𝑠 2 𝐿[𝑦(𝑡)] + 2𝑠𝐿[𝑦(𝑡)] − 3𝐿[𝑦(𝑡)] = 𝑠 2+1

Put𝐿[𝑦(𝑡)] = 𝑦̅
1
𝑠 2 𝑦̅ + 2𝑠𝑦̅ − 3𝑦̅ = 𝑠 2 +1
1
[𝑠 2 + 2𝑠 − 3]𝑦̅ =
𝑠 2+1
1
(𝑠 − 1)(𝑠 + 3)𝑦̅ =
𝑠 2+1
1
𝑦̅ = (𝑠−1)(𝑠+3)(𝑠 2+1)
1 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶𝑠+𝐷
Consider (𝑠−1)(𝑠+3)(𝑠 2+1) = 𝑠−1 + 𝑠+3 + 𝑠 2 +1

1 𝐴(𝑠 2+1)(𝑠+3)+𝐵(𝑠−1)(𝑠 2+1)+(𝐶𝑠+𝐷)(𝑠−1)(𝑠+3)

(𝑠−1)(𝑠+3)(𝑠 2+1)
= (𝑠−1)(𝑠+3)(𝑠 2+1)

𝐴(𝑠 2 + 1)(𝑠 + 3) + 𝐵 (𝑠 − 1)(𝑠 2 + 1) + (𝐶𝑠 + 𝐷)(𝑠 − 1)(𝑠 + 3) = 1 ⋯ (1)

Put 𝑠 = 1 in (1) Put 𝑠 = −3 𝑖𝑛 (1) equating the coefficients of𝑠 2 , we get
−1 1
8𝐴 = 0 + 1 𝐵(−4)(10) = 1 𝐴 + 𝐵 + 𝐶 = 0 ⇒ 𝐶 = −𝐴 − 𝐵 = + 40
8
1 −1 −1
𝐴=8 𝐵= 𝐶=
40 10

Put𝑠 = 0in (1), we get

3 1
3𝐴 − 𝐵 − 3𝐷 = 1 ⇒ 8 + 40 − 3𝐷 = 1
3 1
3𝐷 = + −1
8 40
15+1−40 −24 −1
3𝐷 = 40
⇒ 𝐷 = 40×3 ⇒ 𝐷 = 5
−1 1
1 1 1 ( )𝑠−
10 5
(𝑠−1)(𝑠+3)(𝑠 2+1)
= − +
8(𝑠−1) 40(𝑠+3) 𝑠 2+1

Laplace Transform Page 58

Engineering Mathematics - II

1 1 𝑠 1
∴ 𝑦̅ = 8(𝑠−1) − 40(𝑠+3) − 10(𝑠 2+1) − 5(𝑠 2+1)
1 1 1 1 1 𝑠 1 1
𝑦(𝑡) = 8 𝐿−1 [(𝑠−1)] − 40 𝐿−1 [𝑠+3] − 10 𝐿−1 [𝑠 2+1] − 5 𝐿−1 [𝑠 2+1]
1 1 1
𝑦 (𝑡 ) = 𝑒 𝑡 − 𝑒 −3𝑡 − (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 − 2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡)
8 40 10

Example: 5.70 Using Laplace transform solve the differential equation𝒚′′ − 𝟑𝒚′ + 𝟐𝒚 = 𝟒𝒆𝟐𝒕 ,
with𝒚(𝟎) = −𝟑 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒚′ (𝟎) = 𝟓.
Solution:
Given 𝑦 ′′ − 3𝑦 ′ + 2𝑦 = 4𝑒 2𝑡 ; with 𝑦(0) = −3 𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑦 ′ (0) = 5.
Taking Laplace transform on both sides, we get,
𝐿[𝑦 ′′ (𝑡)] − 3𝐿[𝑦 ′ (𝑡)] + 2𝐿[𝑦(𝑡)] = 4𝐿(𝑒 2𝑡 )
1
[𝑠 2 𝐿[𝑦(𝑡)] − 𝑠𝑦(0) − 𝑦 ′ (0)] − 3[𝑠𝐿[𝑦(𝑡)] − 𝑦(0)] + 2𝐿[𝑦(𝑡)] = 4
𝑠−2
′(
Substituting𝑦(0) = −3 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 0) = 5.
4
[𝑠 2 𝐿[𝑦(𝑡)] + 3𝑠 − 5] − 3[𝑠𝐿[𝑦(𝑡)] + 3] + 2𝐿[𝑦(𝑡)] =
𝑠−2
4
𝑠 2 𝐿[𝑦(𝑡)] + 3𝑠 − 5 − 3𝑠𝐿[𝑦(𝑡)] − 9 + 2𝐿[𝑦(𝑡)] = 𝑠−2
4
𝑠 2 𝐿[𝑦(𝑡)] − 3𝑠𝐿[𝑦(𝑡)] + 2𝐿[𝑦(𝑡)] = 𝑠−2 − 3𝑠 + 14

Put𝐿[𝑦(𝑡)] = 𝑦̅
4
𝑠 2 𝑦̅ − 3𝑠𝑦̅ + 2𝑦̅ = 𝑠−2 − 3𝑠 + 14
4
[𝑠 2 − 3𝑠 + 2]𝑦̅ = + 14 − 3𝑠
𝑠−2
4+(14−3𝑠)(𝑠−2)
[𝑠 2 − 3𝑠 + 2]𝑦̅ =
𝑠−2
4+(14−3𝑠)(𝑠−2)
(𝑠 − 1)(𝑠 − 2)𝑦̅ =
𝑠−2
4+(14−3𝑠)(𝑠−2)
𝑦̅ = (𝑠−1)(𝑠−2)2
4+(14−3𝑠)(𝑠−2) 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
Consider (𝑠−1)(𝑠−2)2
= 𝑠−1 + 𝑠−2 + (𝑠−2)2
4+(14−3𝑠)(𝑠−2) 𝐴(𝑠−2)2 +𝐵(𝑠−1)(𝑠−2)+𝐶(𝑠−1)
(𝑠−1)(𝑠−2)2
= (𝑠−1)(𝑠−2) 2

𝐴(𝑠 − 2)2 + 𝐵(𝑠 − 1)(𝑠 − 2) + 𝐶(𝑠 − 1) = 4 + (14 − 3𝑠)(𝑠 − 2) ⋯ (1)

Put 𝑠 = 1 in (1) Put 𝑠 = 2 𝑖𝑛 (1) equating the coefficients of𝑠 2 , we get
𝐴 = 4 − 11 𝐶 =4+0 𝐴 + 𝐵 = −3 ⇒ −7 + 𝐵 = −3
𝐴 = −7 𝐶=4 𝐵=4
4+(14−3𝑠)(𝑠−2) −7 4 4
(𝑠−1)(𝑠−2)2
= + + (𝑠−2)2
𝑠−1 𝑠−2
−7 4 4
∴ 𝑦̅ = 𝑠−1 + 𝑠−2 + (𝑠−2)2
1 1 1
𝑦(𝑡) = −7𝐿−1 [(𝑠−1)] + 4𝐿−1 [𝑠−2] + 4𝐿−1 [(𝑠−2)2]

Laplace Transform Page 59

Engineering Mathematics - II

1
= −7𝑒 𝑡 + 4𝑒 2𝑡 + 4𝑒 2𝑡 𝐿−1 [𝑠 2]

𝑦(𝑡) = −7𝑒 𝑡 + 4𝑒 2𝑡 + 4𝑒 2𝑡 𝑡
Example: 5.71 Using Laplace transform solve the differential equation 𝒚′′ − 𝟒𝒚′ + 𝟖𝒚 = 𝒆𝟐𝒕 ,
with𝒚(𝟎) = 𝟐 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒚′ (𝟎) = −𝟐.
Solution:
Given 𝑦 ′′ − 4𝑦 ′ + 8𝑦 = 𝑒 2𝑡 ; with 𝑦(0) = 2 𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑦 ′ (0) = −2.
Taking Laplace transform on both sides, we get,
𝐿[𝑦 ′′ (𝑡)] − 4𝐿[𝑦 ′ (𝑡)] + 8𝐿[𝑦(𝑡)] = 𝐿(𝑒 2𝑡 )
1
[𝑠 2 𝐿[𝑦(𝑡)] − 𝑠𝑦(0) − 𝑦 ′ (0)] − 4[𝑠𝐿[𝑦(𝑡)] − 𝑦(0)] + 8𝐿[𝑦(𝑡)] =
𝑠−2

Substituting 𝑦(0) = 2 𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑦 ′ (0) = −2.

1
[𝑠 2 𝐿[𝑦(𝑡)] − 2𝑠 + 2] − 4[𝑠𝐿[𝑦(𝑡)] − 2] + 8𝐿[𝑦(𝑡)] =
𝑠−2
1
𝑠 2 𝐿[𝑦(𝑡)] − 2𝑠 + 2 − 4𝑠𝐿[𝑦(𝑡)] + 8 + 8𝐿[𝑦(𝑡)] = 𝑠−2
1
𝑠 2 𝐿[𝑦(𝑡)] − 4𝑠𝐿[𝑦(𝑡)] + 8𝐿[𝑦(𝑡)] = 𝑠−2 + 2𝑠 − 10

Put𝐿[𝑦(𝑡)] = 𝑦̅
1
𝑠 2 𝑦̅ − 4𝑠𝑦̅ + 8𝑦̅ = 𝑠−2 + 2𝑠 − 10
1
[𝑠 2 − 4𝑠 + 8]𝑦̅ = + 2𝑠 − 10
𝑠−2
1+(2𝑠−10)(𝑠−2)
[𝑠 2 − 4𝑠 + 8]𝑦̅ =
𝑠−2
1+(2𝑠−10)(𝑠−2)
𝑦̅ = (𝑠−2)(𝑠 2−4𝑠+8)

1+(2𝑠−10)(𝑠−2)
= (𝑠−2)[(𝑠−2)2 +4]
1+(2𝑠−10)(𝑠−2) 𝐴 𝐵(𝑠−2)+𝐶
Consider (𝑠−2)[(𝑠−2)2 +4] = 𝑠−2 + (𝑠−2) 2+4

𝐴[(𝑠−2)2 +4]+𝐵[(𝑠−2)+𝐶](𝑠−2)
= [𝑠−2][(𝑠−2)2 +4]

𝐴[(𝑠 − 2)2 + 4] + 𝐵 [(𝑠 − 2) + 𝐶 ](𝑠 − 2) = 1 + (2𝑠 − 10)(𝑠 − 2) ⋯ (1)

Put 𝑠 = 2 in (1) Put 𝑠 = 0 𝑖𝑛 (1) equating the coefficients of𝑠 2 , we get
1
4𝐴 = 1 + 0 8𝐴 + 4𝐵 − 2𝐶 = 21 𝐴+𝐵 =2 ⇒4+𝐵 =2
1 7
𝐴=4 𝐶 = −6 𝐵=4
1 7
1+(2𝑠−10)(𝑠−2) (𝑠−2)−6
4 4
(𝑠−2)[(𝑠−2)2 +4]
= + (𝑠−2) 2 +4
𝑠−2

1 7 (𝑠−2) 1
∴ 𝑦̅ = 4(𝑠−2) + 4 (𝑠−2)2 +4 − 6 (𝑠−2)2+4
1 1 7 (𝑠−2) 1
𝑦(𝑡) = 4 𝐿−1 [(𝑠−2)] + 4 𝐿−1 [(𝑠−2)2 +4] − 6𝐿−1 [(𝑠−2)2 +4]
1 7 𝑠 1
= 4 𝑒 2𝑡 + 4 𝑒 2𝑡 𝐿−1 [𝑠 2 +4] − 6𝑒 2𝑡 𝐿−1 [𝑠 2+4]

Laplace Transform Page 60

Engineering Mathematics - II

1 7 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑡
= 4 𝑒 2𝑡 + 4 𝑒 2𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑡 − 6𝑒 2𝑡 2
1 7
𝑦(𝑡) = 4 𝑒 2𝑡 + 4 𝑒 2𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑡 − 3𝑒 2𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑡

Problems without using Partial Fraction

𝒅𝟐 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙
Example: 5.72 Solve using Laplace transform − 𝟐 𝒅𝒕 + 𝒙 = 𝒆𝒕 , with 𝒙 = 𝟐,𝒅𝒕 = −𝟏 𝒂𝒕 𝒕 = 𝟎
𝒅𝒕𝟐

Solution:
Given 𝑥 ′′ − 2𝑥 ′ + 𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑡 ; 𝑥(0) = 2; 𝑥 ′ (0) = −1
Taking Laplace transform on both sides, we get,
𝐿[𝑥 ′′ (𝑡)] − 2𝐿[𝑥 ′ (𝑡)] + 𝐿[𝑥 (𝑡)] = 𝐿(𝑒 𝑡 )
1
[𝑠 2 𝐿[𝑥(𝑡)] − 𝑠𝑥 (0) − 𝑥 ′ (0)] − 2[𝑠𝐿[𝑥(𝑡)] − 𝑥(0)] + 𝐿[𝑥(𝑡)] =
𝑠−1

Substituting 𝑥(0) = 2; 𝑥 ′ (0) = −1

1
[𝑠 2 𝐿[𝑥(𝑡)] − 2𝑠 + 1] − 2[𝑠𝐿[𝑥(𝑡)] − 2] + 𝐿[𝑥(𝑡)] =
𝑠−1
1
𝑠 2 𝐿[𝑥(𝑡)] − 2𝑠𝐿[𝑥(𝑡)] + 𝐿[𝑥(𝑡)] = 𝑠−1 + 2𝑠 − 5
1
𝑠 2 𝐿[𝑥(𝑡)] − 2𝑠𝐿[𝑥(𝑡)] + 𝐿[𝑥(𝑡)] = 𝑠−1 + 2𝑠 − 5

Put 𝐿[𝑥(𝑡)] = 𝑥̅
1
𝑠 2 𝑥̅ − 2𝑠𝑥̅ + 𝑥̅ = 𝑠−1 + 2𝑠 − 5
1
[𝑠 2 − 2𝑠 + 1]𝑥̅ = + 2𝑠 − 5
𝑠−1
1
(𝑠 − 1)2 𝑥̅ = + 2𝑠 − 5
𝑠−1
1 2𝑠 5
𝑥̅ = (𝑠−1)(𝑠−1)2 + (𝑠−1)2 − (𝑠−1)2
1 𝑠 1
𝑥(𝑡) = 𝐿−1 [(𝑠−1)3 ] + 2𝐿−1 [(𝑠−1)2 ] − 5𝐿−1 [(𝑠−1)2 ]
1 𝑠−1+1 1
= 𝑒 𝑡 𝐿−1 [𝑠 3] + 2𝐿−1 [(𝑠−1)2 ] − 5𝑒 𝑡 𝐿−1 [𝑠 2]
𝑡2 𝑠−1 1
= 𝑒 𝑡 2! + 2𝐿−1 [(𝑠−1)2 + (𝑠−1)2] − 5𝑒 𝑡 𝑡
𝑡2 1 1
= 𝑒 𝑡 2! + 2𝐿−1 [𝑠−1] + 2𝐿−1 [(𝑠−1)2 ] − 5𝑒 𝑡 𝑡
𝑡2 1
= 𝑒 𝑡 2! + 2𝑒 𝑡 + 2𝑒 𝑡 𝐿−1 [𝑠 2] − 5𝑒 𝑡 𝑡
𝑡2
= 𝑒𝑡 + 2𝑒 𝑡 + 2𝑒 𝑡 𝑡 − 5𝑒 𝑡 𝑡
2
𝑡2𝑒𝑡
∴𝑥= + 2𝑒 𝑡 − 3𝑒 𝑡 𝑡
2

Example: 5.73 Solve the following differential equation using Laplace transform
(𝑫𝟐 − 𝟐𝑫 + 𝟏)𝒚 = 𝒕𝟐 𝒆𝒕 Given 𝒚(𝟎) = 𝟐 and 𝑫𝒚(𝟎) = 𝟑
Solution:
Given (𝐷2 − 2𝐷 + 1)𝑦 = 𝑡 2 𝑒 𝑡 with 𝑦(0) = 2 and 𝐷𝑦(0) = 3

Laplace Transform Page 61

Engineering Mathematics - II

𝑖𝑒. , 𝐷2 𝑦 − 2𝐷𝑦 + 𝑦 = 𝑡 2 𝑒 𝑡
𝑦 ′′ − 2𝑦 ′ + 𝑦 = 𝑡 2 𝑒 𝑡 With 𝑦(0) = 2 and 𝑦 ′ (0) = 3
Apply Laplace transform on both sides, we get
𝐿[𝑦 ′′ (𝑡)] − 2𝐿[𝑦 ′ (𝑡)] + 𝐿[𝑦(𝑡)] = 𝐿(𝑡 2 𝑒 𝑡 )
[𝑠 2 𝐿[𝑦(𝑡)] − 𝑠𝑦(0) − 𝑦 ′ (0)] − 2[𝑠𝐿[𝑦(𝑡)] − 𝑦(0)] + 𝐿[𝑦(𝑡)] = 𝐿[𝑡 2 ]𝑠→𝑠−1
Substituting 𝑦(0) = 2 𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑦 ′ (0) = 3.
2!
[𝑠 2 𝐿[𝑦(𝑡)] − 2𝑠 − 3] − 2[𝑠𝐿[𝑦(𝑡)] − 2] + 𝐿[𝑦(𝑡)] = [ 3]
𝑠 𝑠→𝑠−1
2
𝑠 2 𝐿[𝑦(𝑡)] − 2𝑠 − 3 − 2𝑠𝐿[𝑦(𝑡)] + 4 + 𝐿[𝑦(𝑡)] = (𝑠−1)3
2
𝑠 2 𝐿[𝑦(𝑡)] − 2𝑠𝐿[𝑦(𝑡)] + 𝐿[𝑦(𝑡)] = (𝑠−1)3 + 2𝑠 − 1

Put𝐿[𝑦(𝑡)] = 𝑦̅
2
𝑠 2 𝑦̅ − 2𝑠𝑦̅ + 𝑦̅ = (𝑠−1)3 + 2𝑠 − 1
2
[𝑠 2 − 2𝑠 + 1]𝑦̅ = + 2𝑠 − 1
(𝑠−1)3
2
(𝑠 − 1)2 𝑦̅ = + 2𝑠 − 1
(𝑠−1)3
2 2𝑠 1
𝑦̅ = (𝑠−1)5 + (𝑠−1)2 − (𝑠−1)2
2 𝑠 1
𝑦(𝑡) = 𝐿−1 [(𝑠−1)5] + 2𝐿−1 [(𝑠−1)2 ] − 𝐿−1 [(𝑠−1)2 ]
1 𝑠−1+1 1
= 2𝑒 𝑡 𝐿−1 [𝑠 5] + 2𝐿−1 [(𝑠−1)2] − 𝑒 𝑡 𝐿−1 [𝑠 2]
𝑡4 𝑠−1 1
= 2𝑒 𝑡 4! + 2𝐿−1 [(𝑠−1)2 + (𝑠−1)2 ] − 𝑒 𝑡 𝑡
𝑡4 1 1
= 2𝑒 𝑡 24 + 2𝐿−1 [𝑠−1] + 2𝐿−1 [(𝑠−1)2 ] − 𝑒 𝑡 𝑡
𝑡4 1
= 𝑒 𝑡 12 + 2𝑒 𝑡 + 2𝑒 𝑡 𝐿−1 [𝑠 2] − 𝑒 𝑡 𝑡
𝑡4
= 𝑒 𝑡 12 + 2𝑒 𝑡 + 2𝑒 𝑡 𝑡 − 𝑒 𝑡 𝑡
𝑡4𝑒𝑡
∴𝑥= + 2𝑒 𝑡 + 𝑒 𝑡 𝑡
12

𝒅𝟐 𝒚 𝒅𝒚
Example: 5.74 Solve using Laplace transform +𝟔 + 𝟗𝒚 = 𝟔𝒕𝟐 𝒆−𝟑𝒕 , given that 𝒚(𝟎) = 𝟎 and
𝒅𝒕𝟐 𝒅𝒕

𝒚′ ( 𝟎) = 𝟎
Solution:
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
Given + 6 𝑑𝑡 + 9𝑦 = 6𝑡 2 𝑒 −3𝑡 with 𝑦(0) = 0 and 𝑦 ′ (0) = 0
𝑑𝑡 2

𝑦 ′′ + 6𝑦 ′ + 9𝑦 = 6𝑡 2 𝑒 −3𝑡 With 𝑦(0) = 0 and 𝑦 ′ (0) = 0

Apply Laplace transform on both sides, we get
𝐿[𝑦 ′′ (𝑡)] + 6𝐿[𝑦 ′ (𝑡)] + 9𝐿[𝑦(𝑡)] = 6𝐿(𝑡 2 𝑒 −3𝑡 )
[𝑠 2 𝐿[𝑦(𝑡)] − 𝑠𝑦(0) − 𝑦 ′ (0)] + 6[𝑠𝐿[𝑦(𝑡)] − 𝑦(0)] + 9𝐿[𝑦(𝑡)] = 6𝐿[𝑡 2 ]𝑠→𝑠+3

Laplace Transform Page 62

Engineering Mathematics - II

Substituting 𝑦(0) = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑦 ′ (0) = 0.

2!
[𝑠 2 𝐿[𝑦(𝑡)] − 0 − 0] + 6[𝑠𝐿[𝑦(𝑡)] − 0] + 9𝐿[𝑦(𝑡)] = 6 [ 3]
𝑠 𝑠→𝑠+3
12
𝑠 2 𝐿[𝑦(𝑡)] + 6𝑠𝐿[𝑦(𝑡)] + 9𝐿[𝑦(𝑡)] = (𝑠+3)3
12
𝑠 2 𝐿[𝑦(𝑡)] + 6𝑠𝐿[𝑦(𝑡)] + 9𝐿[𝑦(𝑡)] = (𝑠+3)3

Put𝐿[𝑦(𝑡)] = 𝑦̅
12
𝑠 2 𝑦̅ + 6𝑠𝑦̅ + 9𝑦̅ = (𝑠+3)3
12
[𝑠 2 + 6𝑠 + 9]𝑦̅ =
(𝑠+3)3
12
(𝑠 + 3)2 𝑦̅ =
(𝑠+3)3
12
𝑦̅ = (𝑠+3)5
12 1
𝑦(𝑡) = 𝐿−1 [(𝑠+3)5] = 12𝑒 −3𝑡 𝐿−1 [𝑠 5]
𝑡4
= 12𝑒 −3𝑡 4!
𝑡 4 𝑒 −3𝑡
∴𝑦= 2

𝒅𝟐 𝒙 𝒅𝒙
Example: 5.75 Solve 𝒅𝒕𝟐 + 𝟐 𝒅𝒕 + 𝟓𝒙 = 𝒆−𝒕 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒕; 𝒙(𝟎) = 𝟎 and 𝒙′ (𝟎) = 𝟏

Solution:
Given 𝑥 ′′ + 2𝑥 ′ + 5𝑥 = 𝑒 −𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡; 𝑥(0) = 0; 𝑥 ′ (0) = 1
Taking Laplace transform on both sides, we get,
𝐿[𝑥 ′′ (𝑡)] + 2𝐿[𝑥 ′ (𝑡)] + 5𝐿[𝑥(𝑡)] = 𝐿(𝑒 −𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡)
[𝑠 2 𝐿[𝑥(𝑡)] − 𝑠𝑥 (0) − 𝑥 ′ (0)] + 2[𝑠𝐿[𝑥(𝑡)] − 𝑥(0)] + 5𝐿[𝑥(𝑡)] = 𝐿[𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡]𝑠→𝑠+1
Substituting 𝑥(0) = 0; 𝑥 ′ (0) = 1
1
[𝑠 2 𝐿[𝑥(𝑡)] − 0 − 1] + 2[𝑠𝐿[𝑥(𝑡)] − 0] + 5𝐿[𝑥(𝑡)] = [ ]
𝑠 2 +1 𝑠→𝑠+1
1
𝑠 2 𝐿[𝑥(𝑡)] + 2𝑠𝐿[𝑥(𝑡)] + 5𝐿 [𝑥(𝑡)] − 1 = (𝑠+1)2 +1
1
𝑠 2 𝐿[𝑥(𝑡)] + 2𝑠𝐿[𝑥(𝑡)] + 5𝐿 [𝑥(𝑡)] = (𝑠+1)2 +1 + 1

Put 𝐿[𝑥(𝑡)] = 𝑥̅
1 1
𝑠 2 𝑥̅ + 2𝑠𝑥̅ + 5𝑥̅ = (𝑠+1)2 +1 + 1
(𝑠 2 + 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏)(𝑠 2 + 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑐)
1
[𝑠 2 + 2𝑠 + 5]𝑥̅ = +1 1 1 1
(𝑠+1)2 +1
= [ 2 − 2 ]
1 𝑐 − 𝑏 𝑠 + 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏 𝑠 + 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑐
[𝑠 2 + 2𝑠 + 5]𝑥̅ = 2 +1
𝑠 +2𝑠+2
1 1
𝑥̅ = (𝑠 2+2𝑠+2)(𝑠 2+2𝑠+5) + 𝑠 2+2𝑠+5
1 1 1 1
= [ − ]+
5−2 𝑠 2+2𝑠+2 𝑠 2+2𝑠+5 𝑠 2+2𝑠+5

Laplace Transform Page 63

Engineering Mathematics - II

1 1 1 1
= 3 [𝑠 2 +2𝑠+2 − 𝑠 2 +2𝑠+5] + 𝑠 2+2𝑠+5
1 1 1
= 3(𝑠 2+2𝑠+2) − 3(𝑠 2+2𝑠+5) + 𝑠 2 +2𝑠+5
1 2
𝑥̅ = +
3(𝑠 2+2𝑠+2) 3(𝑠 2+2𝑠+5)

1 1 2 1
𝑥(𝑡) = 3 𝐿−1 [(𝑠 2+2𝑠+2)] + 3 𝐿−1 [(𝑠 2+2𝑠+5)]
1 1 2 1
= 3 𝐿−1 [(𝑠+1)2 +1] + 3 𝐿−1 [(𝑠+1)2 +4]
1 1 2 1
= 3 𝑒 −𝑡 𝐿−1 [𝑠 2+1] + 3 𝑒 −𝑡 𝐿−1 [𝑠 2+4]
1 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑡
= 3 𝑒 −𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 + 3 𝑒 −𝑡 2
1
∴ 𝑥 = 3 𝑒 −𝑡 [𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑡]
𝒅𝟐 𝒚 𝒅𝒚
Example: 5.76 Solve using Laplace transform + 𝒅𝒕 = 𝒕𝟐 + 𝟐𝒕, given that = 𝟒 ,𝒚′ = −𝟐 when 𝒕 = 𝟎
𝒅𝒕𝟐

Solution:
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
Given + 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑡 2 + 2𝑡 with 𝑦(0) = 4 and 𝑦 ′ (0) = −2
𝑑𝑡 2

𝑦 ′′ + 𝑦 ′ = 𝑡 2 + 2𝑡 with 𝑦(0) = 4 and 𝑦 ′ (0) = −2

Apply Laplace transform on both sides, we get
𝐿[𝑦 ′′ (𝑡)] + 𝐿[𝑦 ′ (𝑡)] = 𝐿(𝑡 2 ) + 𝐿(2𝑡)
2 1
[𝑠 2 𝐿[𝑦(𝑡)] − 𝑠𝑦(0) − 𝑦 ′ (0)] + [𝑠𝐿[𝑦(𝑡)] − 𝑦(0)] = + 2 𝑠2
𝑠3

Substituting 𝑦(0) = 4 𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑦 ′ (0) = −2.

2 2
[𝑠 2 𝐿[𝑦(𝑡)] − 4𝑠 + 2] + [𝑠𝐿[𝑦(𝑡)] − 4] = + 𝑠2
𝑠3
2+2𝑠
𝑠 2 𝐿[𝑦(𝑡)] + 𝑠𝐿[𝑦(𝑡)] − 4𝑠 + 2 − 4 = 𝑠3
2(1+𝑠)
𝑠 2 𝐿[𝑦(𝑡)] + 𝑠𝐿[𝑦(𝑡)] = + 4𝑠 + 2
𝑠3

Put𝐿[𝑦(𝑡)] = 𝑦̅
2(1+𝑠)
𝑠 2 𝑦̅ + 𝑠𝑦̅ = + 2(2𝑠 + 1)
𝑠3
2(𝑠+1)
𝑠(𝑠 2 + 𝑠)𝑦̅ = + 2(2𝑠 + 1)
𝑠3
2(𝑠+1)
𝑠(𝑠 + 1)𝑦̅ = + 2(2𝑠 + 1)
𝑠3
2(𝑠+1) 2(2𝑠+1)
𝑦̅ = 𝑠 4 (𝑠+1) + 𝑠(𝑠+1)

2 𝑠+(𝑠+1)
= 𝑠 4 + 2 [ 𝑠(𝑠+1) ]
2 𝑠 𝑠+1
= 𝑠 4 + 2 [𝑠(𝑠+1) + 𝑠(𝑠+1)]
2 1 1
= 𝑠 4 + 2 [𝑠+1 + 𝑠 ]
2 2 2
𝑦̅ = 𝑠 4 + 𝑠+1 + 𝑠

Laplace Transform Page 64

Engineering Mathematics - II

2 1 1
𝑦(𝑡) = 2𝐿−1 [𝑠 4] + 2𝐿−1 [𝑠+1] + 2𝐿−1 [𝑠 ]
𝑡3
= 2 3! + 2𝑒 −𝑡 + 2(1)
𝑡3
∴𝑦= + 2𝑒 −𝑡 + 2
3

𝒅𝟐 𝒙 𝝅
Example: 5.77 Solve using Laplace transform 𝒅𝒕𝟐 + 𝟗𝒙 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐𝒕, if (𝟎) = 𝟏 ;𝒙 (𝟐 ) = −𝟏

Solution:
𝜋
Given 𝑥 ′′ + 9𝑥 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑡; 𝑥(0) = 1; 𝑥 ( 2 ) = −1

Since 𝑥 ′ (0) is not given assume 𝑥 ′ (0) = 𝑘

Taking Laplace transform on both sides, we get,
𝐿[𝑥 ′′ (𝑡)] + 𝐿[𝑥(𝑡)] = 𝐿(𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑡)
[𝑠 2 𝐿[𝑥(𝑡)] − 𝑠𝑥 (0) − 𝑥 ′ (0)] + 9𝐿[𝑥(𝑡)] = 𝐿(𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑡)
𝜋
Substituting 𝑥(0) = 1; 𝑥 ( 2 ) = −1
𝑠
[𝑠 2 𝐿[𝑥(𝑡)] − 𝑠 − 𝑘] + 9𝐿[𝑥 (𝑡)] =
𝑠 2+4
𝑠
𝑠 2 𝐿[𝑥(𝑡)] + 9𝐿[𝑥(𝑡)] = 𝑠 2+4 + 𝑠 + 𝑘
𝑠
[𝑠 2 + 9]𝐿[𝑥(𝑡)] = +𝑠+𝑘
𝑠 2+4

Put 𝐿[𝑥(𝑡)] = 𝑥̅
𝑠
[𝑠 2 + 9]𝑥̅ = 2 + 𝑠 + 𝑘
𝑠 +4
𝑠 𝑠 𝑘
𝑥̅ = (𝑠 2+9)(𝑠 2+4) + 𝑠 2+9 + 𝑠 2+9
𝑠 1 1 𝑠 𝑘
= 9−4 [𝑠 2+4 − 𝑠 2+9] + 𝑠 2+9 + 𝑠 2+9
𝑠 1 1 𝑠 𝑘
= 5 [𝑠 2 +4 − 𝑠 2 +9] + 𝑠 2+9 + 𝑠 2+9
𝑠 𝑠 𝑠 𝑘
= 5(𝑠 2+4) − 5(𝑠 2+9) + 𝑠 2+9 + 𝑠 2+9
𝑠 (5𝑠−𝑠) 𝑘
𝑥̅ = 5(𝑠 2+4) + 5(𝑠 2+9) + 𝑠 2+9
1 𝑠 4 𝑠 𝑘
= 5 𝑠 2+4 + 5 𝑠 2+9 + 𝑠 2+9
1 𝑠 4 𝑠 1
𝑥(𝑡) = 5 𝐿−1 [𝑠 2+4] + 5 𝐿−1 [𝑠 2+9] + 𝑘𝐿−1 [𝑠 2+9]
1 4 𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑡
= 5 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑡 + 5 𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑡 + 𝑘 ⋯ (1)
3
𝜋
Given 𝑥 ( 2 ) = −1
𝜋
Put 𝑡 = 𝑖𝑛 (1)
2
3𝜋
𝜋 1 2𝜋 4 3𝜋 𝑠𝑖𝑛
(1) ⇒ 𝑥 ( ) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 + 5 𝑐𝑜𝑠 +𝑘 2
2 5 2 2 3
1 𝑘
−1 = 5 (−1) + 0 + 3 (−1)

Laplace Transform Page 65

Engineering Mathematics - II

𝑘 1 𝑘 −4 12
−3 = 5−1 ⇒ −3 = ⇒𝑘=
5 5
1 4 12 𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑡
= 5 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑡 + 5 𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑡 + 5 3
1
∴ 𝑥(𝑡) = 5 [𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑡 + 4𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑡 + 4𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑡]

Exercise: 5.11
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
1. Solve using Laplace transform + 4 𝑑𝑡 − 5𝑦 = 5, given that = 0 , 𝑑𝑡 = 2 when 𝑡 = 0
𝑑𝑡 2
1 5
Ans:−1 − 6 𝑒 −5𝑡 + 6 𝑒 𝑡

2. Using Laplace transform solve the differential equation 𝑦 ′′ + 5𝑦 ′ + 6𝑦 = 2, with

𝑑𝑦 1 2
𝑦(0) = 0 = 𝑦 ′ (0). Where 𝑦 ′ = Ans:𝑦(𝑡) = 3 − 𝑒 −2𝑡 + 3 𝑒 −3𝑡
𝑑𝑡

3. Using Laplace transform solve the differential equation 𝑦 ′′ + 4𝑦 ′ + 3𝑦 = 𝑒 −𝑡 , with

−1 5 1
𝑦(0) = 1; 𝑦 ′ (0) = 0. Ans:𝑦(𝑡) = 𝑒 −3𝑡 − 4 𝑒 −𝑡 + 2 𝑡𝑒 −𝑡
4
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
4. Solve using Laplace transform 𝑑𝑡 2
+ 𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 given = 1 , 𝑑𝑡 = 0 when 𝑡 = 0

Ans:𝑦(𝑡) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 − 𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡

𝑑2 𝑦 𝜋
5. Solve using Laplace transform + 9𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑡, if 𝑦(0) = 1 ;𝑦 ( ) = −1
𝑑𝑡 2 2
1
Ans:𝑦(𝑡) = 5 [𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑡 + 4𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑡 + 4𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑡]

Laplace Transform Page 66