TABLE OF CONTENTS

TASK1........................................................................................................................................................1

1.0 INTRODUCTION TO SOLVENT...............................................................................................1

2.0 ROUTE OF ENTRY OF SOLVENT INTO HUMAN BODY....................................................2

3.0 INGESTION OF SOLVENT INTO HUMAN BODY AMONG WORKERS...........................3

4.0 HUMAN DIGESTIVE SYSTEM.................................................................................................4

5.0 HEALTH EFFECT OF SOLVENT EXPOSURE IN RELATION TO DIGESTIVE

SYSTEM....................................................................................................................................................5

6.0 CONTROL MEASURE OF SOLVENT EXPOSURE AT WORKPLACE..............................6

TASK 2.......................................................................................................................................................7

FLOWCHART DIAGRAM ON THE ‘COMPONENT OF DIGESTIVE SYSTEM’..........................7

REFERENCES..........................................................................................................................................8

TASK1

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1.0 INTRODUCTION TO SOLVENT
Numerous compounds that are used to separate or dissolve other substances are referred to as
"solvents." Typically, it is made up of organic liquids. several solvents are employed as fuels,
chemical intermediates, and as parts of several goods. Modern manufacturing frequently uses
organic solvents. Typically, a combination of this substance is used to create adhesives, inks, and
paints. This business has employed paints made from toxic compounds and solvent mixes that
put the health of its workers at risk. It is best to first describe the substances, such as paints and
solvents, in order to ensure thorough knowledge. In this instance, paint is the primary chemical.

Paint often contains solvents to aid in application and drying as well as pigments (colors)
contained in resin or binders. There are plastic compounds in vinyl and acrylic paint types.
Chemicals including formaldehyde, arsenic, thinners, and foaming agents can be found in paint
formulations. Typically, pigments, resins, solvents, and additives make up paint. The primary
ingredients of paint are pigments. It serves as a primer, a colorant, and a mechanism for
regulating glosscat levels. 'Prime Pigments', which include pigments like chrome oxide green,
yellow, and red, and titanium dioxide (white), are a typical division of pigments into two
categories. Calcite (calcium carbonate), Talc (magnesium silicate), Mica, Barytes (barium
sulphate), and other materials are included in the second pigment group, which is referred to as a
"Pigment Extender."

Resin is the second element of paint. The pigment particles are bound together by resin, which
also provides adherence to the painted surface. The paint that employs acrylic emulsion polymer
as a binding component the most frequently is waterborne paint. Based on monomers like methyl
methacrylate and butyl methacrylate, common varieties of acrylic polymers are created. Epoxy,
Urethane, Polysiloxane, and Urethane that has been treated with moisture are some of the coating
resins that are used to protect paint from mold. The third element is a solvent, which is made up
of both organic and inorganic substances like water and thinner. The last element is an additive
that is used to assist painting, stop fungus development, and hasten drying.

2.0 ROUTE OF ENTRY OF SOLVENT INTO HUMAN BODY

There are 5 ways of entering chemicals into the body, namely:
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 a) Inhalation - Comparatively speaking, inhalation is a considerable entrance method.
Chemicals will enter the lungs and move throughout the organs through the
circulatory system in a variety of forms, including droplets, gases, vapors, and mists.
b) Permeation of skin and membrane layers - Chemicals can permeate through the skin
and enter the body as solids, liquids, vapors, aerosols, or fumes. Dermal exposure is
another term for penetration via the skin. Phenol, aniline, and nitrobenzene are other
examples.
c) Diffusion through the eyes - Chemicals can diffuse into the eyes in the form of
liquids, vapors, gases, aerosols, and mists. Toluene is one of the solvents that may
enter the eye's blood vessels and permeate the eye's outer layer.
d) Transplacental diffusion - Transplacental transfer exposes the fetus to chemicals by
transplacental diffusion. Through his mother's circulation, the poison is spread.
e) Ingestion/drinking - This mode of entry is not the main one. It is almost often
connected to poor personal hygiene. After handling chemicals, eat with unwashed
hands.

Chemicals that enter the body travel through the bloodstream to many organs, including the liver,
lungs, kidneys, skin, heart, and central nervous system. The liver's job is to cleanse the body and
turn harmful substances into safe ones. Chemical formations that result from the breakdown of
one chemical into another (metabolism) will be more poisonous than the original. Alcohol, for
instance, has the ability to harm the liver.

3.0 INGESTION OF SOLVENT INTO HUMAN BODY AMONG WORKERS

When workers are exposed to one or more solvents at levels that are equal to or higher than those
permitted by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), it may be difficult for
them to carry out their duties effectively and in a safe and healthy manner. In rare instances,
these health impacts may be irreversible and result in lasting harm. Simple objections to scents at
low concentrations to death at large concentrations or exposures may be the health impacts of
solvent exposure.

The primary route for a solvent to enter a person's body is by inhalation or inhalation of airborne
vapors, followed by absorption through the skin or other organs and, perhaps, solvent ingestion.
Even though it was not possible to analyze the physiological effects of the solvent in detail for

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this information sheet, some conclusions may be derived. For instance, Toxic solvent vapor
inhalation can lead to bronchial discomfort and bronchitis as well as upper respiratory tract
inflammation. Additionally, inhaling steam

Solvents can depress and anesthetize the worker's central nervous system, which results in
headaches, nausea, dizziness, lethargy, unconsciousness, strange behavior, and/or symptoms of
irritation or overall disease. These signals of potential sickness should be taken seriously.
Additionally, prolonged and excessive exposure to the majority of hazardous solvents may prove
to be much worse, increasing the risk of developing cancer or other chronic diseases.

Direct immersion, splashes, spills, contact with solvent-soaked items, and clothes all result in
skin contact with or absorption of solvents. Solvents on the skin might cause the barrier to break
down. The skin is left vulnerable to irritants and danger because to the body's natural production
of fat and oil. Exposure to solvents can result in contact dermatitis, sometimes known as a skin
rash or skin inflammation. Additionally, prolonged and severe contact might result in skin
illnesses.

The major cause of solvent ingestion or ingestion is when a person's finger, food, or cigarette
comes into contact with the mouth, specifically the lips or tongue. The second effect of this
exposure is that employees ingest (or absorb) solvents and contaminants.

4.0 HUMAN DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

The digestive system, also known as the gastrointestinal system, is made up of the digestive
organs, which are split into the digestive tracts organs and the additional digestive organs.
digestive system, often called the canal. From the mouth to the anus, the gastrointestinal canal
runs. This channel works to break down, digest, and absorb dietary components for blood
circulation delivery.

The mouth, esophagus (esophagus), stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, and anus
are among the digestive tract's organs. The liver, pancreas, salivary glands, gall bladder, and
mouth are the complementary digestive organs. The nervous system, blood flow, and different
hormones regulate the digestive system's operation in humans. Additionally, the microbiome, or
billions of helpful bacteria in the stomach, aids in the digestion of food.

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The digestive system's organs work together to transport the food and liquids you ingest in a
certain order. All meals and liquids will be reduced to extremely tiny forms when they are in the
digestive tract. The circulatory system subsequently absorbs and distributes the small-sized
digestive byproducts throughout the body. Food waste that is no longer nutrient-rich will be
eliminated as feces in the meanwhile. Because the body need nutrients from meals and liquids
from beverages to remain healthy and operate correctly, digestion is crucial. The production of
energy, development, and tissue repair all require nutrients.

Your body will separate the nutrients from the food you eat into two categories. Micronutrients
(micronutrients) are required in tiny amounts, but macronutrients (macronutrients) are required
in big numbers.

Proteins, lipids, and carbs make up macronutrients. The primary purpose of carbohydrates is as a
source of energy, followed by protein as a builder of bodily tissues and fat as a store of energy
and a protection of the body's organs. Vitamins and minerals, on the other hand, are nutrients that
contain micronutrients. The creation of energy, the immune system, development, fluid balance,
and many other processes depend on micronutrients, despite the fact that they are only required
in trace amounts.

5.0 HEALTH EFFECT OF SOLVENT EXPOSURE IN RELATION TO DIGESTIVE

SYSTEM
Mouth

The teeth in the mouth function to break down food into smaller bits. The salivary glands'
production of the enzyme amylase in saliva will then soften and refine the little meal bits.
Amylase is an enzyme that converts carbohydrates like grains and potatoes into maltose. Mouth
ulcers, dental issues including caries and abscesses, and gingivitis, an infection of the gums, are
among the conditions that frequently affect the mouth. Food chewing issues are typically brought
on by disorders here.

Esophagus

From the mouth to the stomach, there is a lengthy tube called the esophagus. It functions to
transfer previously chewed food from the mouth into the stomach. A lump of food that travels

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into the esophagus is referred to as a bolus. Peristalsis, which is the muscular contraction of
waves to transfer the bolus, will drive this bolus into the stomach. Frequently occurring
esophageal conditions that might obstruct this process include:

• Esophagitis, an esophageal inflammatory disease;

• Esophageal achalasia, a difficulty with esophageal muscle relaxation

Stomach

The stomach is a muscular organ with a crescent shape that may enlarge. Hydrochloric acid and
protease enzymes are secreted by the stomach wall. Proteins from fish, poultry, and eggs are
broken down into polypeptides by protease enzymes. Hydrochloric acid, on the other hand, uses
its acidic nature to destroy bacteria while also activating proteases. The following are examples
of how digestive system disorders that affect the stomach might alter the above-mentioned
regular process:

 Dyspepsia,
 stomach ulcers,
 gastroparesis,
 gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD),
 stomach acid reflux.

Intestines

The human intestine consists of the large and small intestines. In the small intestine, disorders of
the digestive system that can be found are duodenal ulcers (similar to stomach ulcers but in a
different location), Crohn's disease and small bowel cancer.

• Duodenal ulcer

• Crohn's disease

• Ulcerative colitis

In the large intestine, digestive system problems are relatively more, such as appendicitis
(inflammation of the appendix), intestinal inflammation known as irritable bowel syndrome
(IBS), constipation, diarrhea, ulcerative colitis, diverticulitis, Celiac disease and colon cancer.
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 • Appendicitis

• Colorectal cancer

6.0 CONTROL MEASURE OF SOLVENT EXPOSURE AT WORKPLACE

The notion of accident prevention must be understood in order to implement proper risk
management techniques. Risks can be managed and minimized by providing safe conduct and
working circumstances. Control through hierarchy is one of the control strategies that may be
used.

Elimination

Removing risks from work environments or procedures (for instance, ceasing the use of asbestos
since it can result in lung cancer or asbestosis).

Replacement

removing risks by substituting less dangerous ones (for instance, spark-producing spark cutters
are replaced with pneumatic propelled cutters while cutting fuel).

Engineering

Adding safety measures to tools, machinery, or equipment used at work (by placing barriers
around whirling machine components, for example).

Administration

Management and employees are responsible for overseeing aspects of occupational health and
safety, such as working in shifts for the allotted amount of time to limit exposure to dangers.

Personal Protective Equipment or Clothing (Personal Protective Equipment, PPE)

Wearing personal equipment that offers extra protection to the user once the aforementioned
control measures have been considered and put into practice.

TASK 2

FLOWCHART DIAGRAM ON THE ‘COMPONENT OF DIGESTIVE SYSTEM’

9 METERS 7
DIGESTIVE
Covers distance of around SYSTEM
 Is supplied by

REFERENCES
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(10): 344-350.

Hu, Xue Feng, Kavita Singh, and Hing Man Chan. (2018). “Mercury Exposure, Blood Pressure,
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Huang, Chun-Li, Lian-Jun Bao, Pei Luo, Zhao-Yi Wang, Shao-Meng Li, and Eddy Y Zeng
(2016). “Potential health risk for residents around a typical e-waste recycling zone via inhalation
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Doney, B., L. Kurth, C. Halldin, J. Hale, and S. M. Frenk (2019). “Occupational exposure and
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Boedeker (2020). “The global distribution of acute unintentional pesticide poisoning: estimations
based on a systematic review.” MC Public Health 20, 1875 (2020). https://doi.
org/10.1186/s12889-020-09939-0.