CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that Deepyamaan Dhar of class XII

science studying in Upasana Academy has completed the
project titled ____________________ following
all the necessary guidelines laid down by the CBSE, under
my supervision.

Principal Internal Examiner

External Examiner
 ACKNOWLDGEMENT

The project
_____________________________would
not have completed without the help of management of
Upasana Academy and my Principal Kaushik Dutta Gupta
who provided me to access to the school’s resources. I am
equally thankful to my Subject Teacher
_______________________whose constant
guidance and support helped me to develop a proper
understanding of the project...

Deepyamaan Dhar Date:

XII
 INDEX
S.L.NO Date Topics Page Teacher’s Remarks
No. Signature
1 20/7/2023 Introduction to 4
Python
2 20/7/2023 Introduction to 10
Binary File
3 21/7/2023 Introduction to the 12
Project
4 22/7/2023 Source code of the 14
project
5 7/8/2023 Output of the 35
code
6 8/8/2023 Conclusion 36
7 9/8/2023 Bibliography 37
 Introduction to python

Python is a widely used general-purpose, high level programming language. It was

created by Guido van Rossum in 1991 and further developed by the Python
Software Foundation. It was designed with an emphasis on code readability, and
its syntax allows programmers to express their concepts in fewer lines of code.
Python is a programming language that lets you work quickly and integrate
systems more efficiently. There are two major Python versions: Python 2 and
Python 3.

Beginning with Python programming:

1.Finding an interpreter:
Before we start Python programming, we need to have an interpreter to interpret
and run our programs. There are certain online interpreters
https://ide.geeksforgeeks.org/ that can be used to run Python programs without
installing an interpreter.
Windows: There are many interpreters available freely to run Python scripts like
IDLE (Integrated Development Environment) that comes bundled with the
Python software downloaded from http://python.org/.
Linux: Python comes preinstalled with popular Linux distros such as Ubuntu and
Fedora. To check which version of Python you’re running, type “python” in the
terminal emulator. The interpreter should start and print the version number.
MacOs: Generally, Python 2.7 comes bundled with MacOS. You’ll have to
manually install Python 3 from http://python.org/.
2) Writing our first program:
Just type in the following code after you start the interpreter.
# Script Begins
Print(“Geeks Quiz”)
# Scripts Ends
Output:
Geeks Quiz
Let’s analyse the script line by line.
Line 1: [# Script Begins] In Python, comments begin with a #. This statement is
ignored by the interpreter and serves as documentation for our code.
Line 2: [print(“Geeks Quiz”)] To print something on the console, print() function
is used. This function also adds a newline after our message is printed(unlike in
C). Note that in Python 2, “print” is not a function but a keyword and therefore
can be used without parentheses. However, in Python 3, it is a function and must
be invoked with parentheses.
Line 3: [# Script Ends] This is just another comment like in Line 1.
Python designed by Guido van Rossum at CWI has become a widely used
general-purpose, high-level programming language.
Prerequisites: Knowledge of any programming language can be

Reason for increasing popularity:

Emphasis on code readability, shorter codes, ease of writing. Programmers can
express logical concepts in fewer lines of code in comparison to languages such as
C++ or Java. Python supports multiple programming paradigms, like object-
oriented, imperative and functional programming or procedural. There exists
inbuilt functions for almost all of the frequently used concepts.
Philosophy is “Simplicity is the best”.
Language features:
 Interpreted:
o There are no separate compilation and execution steps like C and C++.
o Directly run the program from the source code.
o Internally, Python converts the source code into an intermediate form called
bytecodes which is then translated into native language of specific computer to
run it.
o No need to worry about linking and loading with libraries, etc.
 Platform Independent:
o Python programs can be developed and executed on multiple operating
system platforms.
o Python can be used on Linux, Windows, Macintosh, Solaris and many
more.
 Free and Open Source:
o Redistributable
 High-level Language:
o In Python, no need to take care about low-level details such as managing
the memory used by the program.
 Simple:
o Closer to English language; Easy to Learn
o More emphasis on the solution to the problem rather than the syntax
o Embeddable
o Python can be used within C/C++ program to give scripting capabilities for
the program’s users.
 Robust:
o Exceptional handling features
o Memory management techniques in built
 Rich Library Support
o The Python Standard Library is very vast.
o Known as the “batteries included” philosophy of Python ;It can help do
various things involving regular expressions, documentation generation, unit
testing, threading, databases, web browsers, CGI, email, XML, HTML, WAV files,
cryptography, GUI and many more.
o Besides the standard library, there are various other high-quality libraries
such as the Python Imaging Library which is an amazingly simple image
manipulation library.
Softwares making use of Python:
Python has been successfully embedded in a number of software products as
a scripting language.
i. GNU Debugger uses Python as a pretty printer to show
complex structures such as C++ containers.
ii. Python has also been used in artificial intelligence
iii. Python is often used for natural language processing tasks.
Current Applications of Python:
 A number of Linux distributions use installers written in
Python example in Ubuntu we have the Ubiquity
 Python has seen extensive use in the information security
industry, including in exploit development.
 Raspberry Pi– single board computer uses Python as its
principal user-programming language.
 Python is now being used Game Development areas also.

Pros:
 Ease of use.
  Multi-paradigm Approach.
Cons:
 Slow speed of execution compared to C,C++
 Absence from mobile computing and browsers
 For the C,C++ programmers switching to python can be
irritating as the language requires proper indentation of code.
Certain variable names commonly used like sum are functions
in python. So C, C++ programmers have to look out for these.

Industrial Importance:
Most of the companies are now looking for candidates who know about
Python Programming. Those having the knowledge of python may have
more chances of impressing the interviewing panel. So I would suggest that
beginners should start learning python and excel in it.
Python is a high-level, interpreted, and general-purpose dynamic
programming language that focuses on code readability. It has fewer steps
when compared to Java and C. It was founded in 1991 by developer Guido
Van Rossum. Python ranks among the most popular and fastest-growing
languages in the world. Python is a powerful, flexible, and easy-to-use
language. In addition, the community is very active there. It is used in many
organizations as it supports multiple programming paradigms. It also
performs automatic memory management.

Advantages :
i. Presence of third-party modules
 ii. Extensive support libraries(NumPy for numerical calculations, Pandas for
data analytics etc)
iii. Open source and community development
iv. Versatile, Easy to read, learn and write
v. User-friendly data structures
vi. High-level language
vii. Dynamically typed language(No need to mention data type based on the
value assigned, it takes data type)
viii. Object-oriented language
ix. Portable and Interactive
x. Ideal for prototypes – provide more functionality with less coding
xi. Highly Efficient(Python’s clean object-oriented design provides enhanced
process control, and the language is equipped with excellent text processing
and integration capabilities, as well as its own unit testing framework, which
makes it more efficient.)
xii. (IoT)Internet of Things Opportunities
xiii. Interpreted Language
xiv. Portable across Operating systems.

Applications:
a. GUI based desktop applications
b. Graphic design, image processing applications, Games, and Scientific/
computational Applications
c. Web frameworks and applications
d. Enterprise and Business applications
e. Operating Systems
f. Education
g. Database Access
h. Language Development
i. Prototyping
j. Software Development.

INTRODUCTION TO BINARY FILE

What is a binary file?
A binary file is a file whose content is in a binary format consisting of a series of
sequential bytes, each of which is eight bits in length. The content must be
interpreted by a program or a hardware processor that understands in advance
exactly how that content is formatted and how to read the data. Binary files
include a wide range of file types, including executables, libraries, graphics,
databases, archives and many others.
Electronic files are typically categorized as either binary files or text files. It could
be argued that text files are also a type of binary file because, like any electronic
file, they’re made up of sequences of bytes. However, the two are generally
considered to be different types. Text files are in a human-readable format and
typically adhere to specific character sets, such as Unicode.

How is a binary file used?

Binary files are not human readable and require a special program or hardware
processor that knows how to read the data inside the file. Only then can the
instructions encoded in the binary content be understood and properly processed.
The following screenshot shows part of the content from a file on a Mac
computer. The content can be understood only by specific system architectures
such as Mac. The file in this figure is a Unix executable binary file. As is typical
with binary files, the file’s content is a series of sequential bytes, lined up one after
the other. Although we can view bytes that make up the binary data, the file can
be properly interpreted only by the target platform.
Ones and zeros making up the contents of a binary file
Example binary file, which consists of a series of sequential bytes lined up one
after the other and can only be properly interpreted by the target platform – in
this case, Unix.
A binary file often includes some type of header that indicates the type of file. The
header might include a few human-readable characters, but a binary file as a
whole requires specific software or hardware to read the file and take action. On
the other hand, a user can open a text file in a wide range of editors and make
sense of the content without needing any special type of interpreter.
Binary files are commonly used when building applications and other types of
software. However, developers do not work directly with the binary files. Instead,
they build their applications in a high-level programming language such as C++ or
Java. The languages use human-readable text files to define the application logic.
At certain intervals in the development process, the text files are submitted to a
compiler that translates the source code into machine code, bytecode or another
programming language. If the compiler generates bytecode, the bytecode will
eventually be converted to machine code.
Machine code is submitted to a computer’s processor in the form of binary files.
The machine code files must target a specific computer platform, which refers to
the combination of operating system and hardware architecture. For example, the
binary machine code might target Windows and the Intel line of microprocessors,
or it might target macOS and the Apple M-series chips. A different compiler is
usually required for each computer platform.
In general, executable – or ready-to-run – programs are identified as binary files
and given a filename extension such as .bin or .exe. Programmers often talk about
an executable program as a binary or will refer to their compiled application files
as binaries. These types of files might also be referred to as object code.
In terms of transmitting files from one place to another, a file can be transmitted
as a binary, meaning the programs handling it don’t attempt to look within it or
change it. Instead, they just pass it along as a chunk of ones and zeros, the
meaning of which is unknown to any network device.
 INTRODUCTION TO PROJECT
A student management system can mean several different things. However,
context clues give away that this software is for managing students. But handling
students can mean many things. So what really is a student management system?
A Student Management System is also known as a Student Information System
(SIS). These systems work to coordinate scheduling and communications between
faculty regarding students. This system exists to simplify information tracking for
both parents and administrative staff.
Below, we will go into some details on what these systems provide.
What Does a Student Management System Do?
Student-centric management systems work to make the management of
information more accessible. Below is a list of tracking pieces you might have on
your information management system:
 Health information
 Schedules
 Grade book information
 Behaviour data
 Age
 Transcript information
 Grade level
The focus of this sort of management system is that it is student-centric. This
software differs from your other type of management system: school management
systems.
School Management vs. Student Management – What’s the Difference?
A school management system sounds like it is interchangeable with student
management, but the difference comes from what information you manage:
  School management systems include information related to the staff.
 Student management software is information limited to students.
For example, you shouldn’t find grade book information in your school
management software. Instead, you might discover payroll information, billing
data, and staff reviews.
What Should a Student Management System Include?
It’s important to note that school management can include student management
information. However, student management does not have all aspects of school
management. Your student management information systems can consist of the
following services:
Student Schedule Management
Faculty members and parents need to have consistent information as to what their
kid’s schedule is. Both field trips and academic study schedules help parents
understand what’s going on. This information is beneficial at the preschool and
college levels.
Grade Book and Transcript Information
Tracking grade book information is helpful for everyone. It keeps parents
informed so they can support their kids. This breakdown also saves time for
faculty on fielding questions.
The system should ideally provide you some information on the student’s
academic progress. You should see a time-lapse of their grade point average over
a period.
Student Health Information
It’s important to track student health information concerning their privacy. Health
information should include ADA accommodations and other important
information. Just be aware to keep that information between you and approved
parties. Knowledge allows school administration and teachers to be responsive to
those needs.
What do you Look for in a Student Management System?
It’s good to have student information management systems that track a wide
variety of information. This information gives you a more significant potential for
higher student engagement. But what are some signs that you have a good one?
Here are some things to look out for:
A Simple On-Boarding Process
Any sound management system has a simple onboarding process. You should
never feel that your system is something like rocket science. On-boarding should
be no more than a few days.
An Easy Interface
The interface should be easy to understand, even after the onboarding process.
Ideally, it should be a system that you could feasibly understand without an
onboarding process.
A comprehensive dashboard with graphical breakdowns of data can be beneficial.
The idea is to understand what your data means at a glance.
A Strong Customer Service Core
Regardless of a software creator’s best efforts, something is going to break. That’s
why you need to be sure the people you work with have solid customer service.
You can see much of this customer service focus during the onboarding process.
The individual handling the onboarding process should be friendly. If they aren’t,
this behavior will reflect on the entirety of the company. You should be able to see
yourself working with them long-term.
Expansion Potential
If you run a daycare business, you should be looking for expansion potential. The
ability for a product to expand dictates whether or not it can grow with you. If
you plan on running multiple daycare centers, you want something you can use
over time.
 Expansion potential dictates a product that can handle multiple centers or
additional staff coming on. You should see this process transparently, especially if
you are planning on getting different programs down the road.
Clear Billing Breakdowns
As you grow your business, you want to plan out how much expanding your
software will cost you. You typically don’t want to expand without that
understanding in mind. That means you need to be able to discuss a quote of one
daycare center vs. three.
If your student software provider doesn’t have this information, that should be
concerning. That means that they might overcharge you or overexert themselves
when handling a larger version of your business.
What Businesses are Student Management Software Best For?
Good management software applies to all forms of business. These can include the
following:
 Technical schools
 Private schools
 Child care facilities
 Public schooling
All types of schools can take advantage of the right kind of software. You need to
be able to answer the following question: will it make us more efficient?
The answer should be a resounding yes. If you aren’t sure, you might have to
discuss your doubts with someone on the other side. They should have examples
from their experience as to how other schools have used the software.
If they are new to the game, they need to paint a good picture. Typically, the best
providers have experience with working in education to some capacity. Don’t be
afraid to quiz the software providers. They need to think like an educator and
school administrative team to know what they need.
Conclusion
Student management systems make faculty jobs more accessible by giving them an
easy place to find and sort information. This system allows teachers and student
managers to follow with their student engagement.
The idea is to create a scenario that makes the lives of administration and teachers
easier. So try a bunch of different systems until you find the right one for you.