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Basic Communication system

Introduction to Communication
systems Information Source or Input Signal
(speech or music, or it can be in the form of pictures (TV
Dr Abhijit Yadav signals) or it can be in the form of data information coming
from the computer)

Input Transducer (microphones and TV camera)

Transmitter (amplifier, mixer, oscillator and power

amplifier)

Basic Communication system Classification of Electronic Communication

Systems

Communication Channel or Medium

Wire Communication or line Communication
(conducting wires, cables, optical fibres)
Wireless Communication or Radio Communication
(free space)
Noise (natural or manmade)
Receiver (electronic circuits like mixer, oscillator, detector,
amplifier )
Output Transducer (loudspeakers picture tubes, computer
monitor )

Classification Based on Direction of Communication Classification Based on the Nature of Information Signal

Can be obtained from Computer

o Radio
o TV broadcasting Voice signals,
system Picture signals,
o telemetry system of Music
a satellite to earth
Transreceiver or Walky talky telephone
setradio communications systems
such as those in military,
firefighting, citizen band (CB)
and amateur radio

ADM: adaptive delta modulation

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Classification Based on the Nature of Information Classification Based on the Technique of

Signal Signal Transmission
Analog signals Digital data o Baseband transmission system
The amplitude of a Analog signal The amplitude of a digital signal
changes continuously with time changes suddenly from 0 to 1 or o Communication systems using modulation
from 1 to 0.
Voice signals, picture signals, Computer data is digital in
music are the examples of analog nature. Baseband Signals
signals.
Analog signal is an exact Digital data is not the exact The information can be analog that is sound,
reproduction of the physical representation but it is always an picture or it can be digital e.g. the computer
quantity. approximation. data. The electrical equivalent of this original
The error introduced in Due to approximation there is a
representing a physical quantity large error introduced in information signal is known as the baseband
is very small. representing a physical quantity. signal.
Bandwidth requirement for Large bandwidth is required to
analog signal is less. transmit digital data.

Classification Based on the Technique of Communication systems using modulation:

Signal Transmission
o two signals are used namely the modulating signal and the
Baseband Transmission
carrier.
o In baseband transmission systems, the baseband signals
(original information signals) are directly transmitted. o modulating signal is baseband signal carrier is a high
frequency sinusoidal signal.
o telephone networks
o In the modulation process, some parameter of the carrier
o computer data transmission over the coaxial cables in the
computer networks. Thus, the baseband transmission is wave (such as amplitude, frequency or phase) is varied in
the transmission of the original information signal as it is. accordance with the modulating signal.
Limitation of Baseband Transmission o This modulated signal is then transmitted by the transmitter.
 The baseband transmission cannot be used with certain o The receiver demodulates the received modulated signal and
mediums e.g., it cannot be used for the radio transmission gets the original information signal back.
where the medium is free space. o Thus, demodulation is exactly opposite to modulation. In the
 for the radio communication of baseband signals, a process of modulation the carrier wave actually acts as
technique called modulation is used. carrier which carries the information signal from the
transmitter to receiver.

Communication systems using modulation: Why do we need modulation?

Depending on which parameter of the carrier is In the process of modulation, the baseband signal is
changed the modulation techniques are classified as translated i.e., shifted from low frequency to high
follows:
frequency. This frequency shift is proportional to
a) Amplitude Modulation (AM):
the frequency of carrier.
Amplitude of carrier is varied, keeping its frequency
and phase constant. Advantages of Modulation
b) Frequency Modulation (FM): 1. Reduction in the height of antenna
Frequency of carrier is varied, keeping its amplitude 2. Avoids mixing of signals
and phase constant.
3. Increases the range of communication
c) Phase Modulation (FM):
4. Multiplexing is possible
Phase of carrier is modified, keeping the other
parameters amplitude and frequency constant. 5. Improves quality of reception

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Reduction in the height of antenna Avoids mixing of signals

If the baseband sound signals are transmitted without using the
For the transmission of radio signals, the antenna height must be modulation by more than one transmitter, then all the signals will be in the
multiple of λ/4, where λ is the wavelength. λ = c /f; where c: is the same frequency range i.e. 0 to 20 kHz. Therefore, all the signals get mixed
velocity of light; f: is the frequency of the signal to be transmitted. together and a receiver cannot separate them from each other. So, if each
baseband sound signal is used to modulate a different carrier then they
The minimum antenna height required to transmit a baseband signal
will occupy different slots in the frequency domain (different channels).
of f = 10 kHz is calculated as follows : Thus, modulation avoids mixing of signals.

Now, let us consider a modulated signal at f = 1 MHz . The minimum

antenna height is given by,

3. Increases the range of communication

The frequency of baseband signal is low, and the low frequency
5. Improves quality of reception
signals cannot travel long distance when they are transmitted.
They get heavily attenuated (suppressed). The attenuation With frequency modulation (FM) and the digital
reduces with increase in frequency of the transmitted signal, communication techniques such as PCM, the effect of
and they travel longer distance. The modulation process noise is reduced to a great extent. This improves
increases the frequency of the signal to be transmitted.
Therefore, it increases the range of communication. quality of reception.
4. Multiplexing is possible
Multiplexing is a process in which two or more signals can be
transmitted over the same communication channel
simultaneously. This is possible only with modulation. The
multiplexing allows the same channel to be used by many
signals. Hence, many TV channels can use the same frequency
range, without getting mixed with each other or different
frequency signals can be transmitted at the same time.

Amplitude Modulation
Different types of Modulation
Em

Modulation

Analog Digital Ec
Modulation Modulation

Amplitude Angle Pulse Analog Delta

PCM
Modulation Modulation Modulation Modulation
Ec+Em
Ec-Em
Frequency Phase
Modulation Modulation PAM PWM PPM
(FM) (PM)

Classification of Modulation techniques

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Frequency Modulation Phase Modulation

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Pulse Analog Modulation: (PAM, PWM and PPM) Pulse Code Modulation (PCM) and Delta Modulation
(D.M.)

Pulse-code modulation or PCM is known as a digital

pulse modulation technique. In fact, the pulse-code
modulation is quite complex as compared to the
analog pulse modulation techniques i.e. PAM, PWM
and PPM, in the sense that the modulating signal is
subjected to a great number of operations. In PCM an
PAM signal analog signal or information is converted into a binary
sequence, i.e., ’1’s and ‘0’s. The output of a PCM
resembles a binary sequence. The digital
communication has higher noise immunity than the
analog communications.

Delta Modulation (D.M.) Demodulation or Detection:

A delta modulation (DM or Δ-modulation) is an
analog-to-digital and digital-to-analog signal
The modulated signals are transmitted by the
conversion technique used for transmission of voice
transmitter via air medium or wire medium. These
information where quality is not of primary
signals reach the receivers by traveling over the
importance.
communication medium. At the receiver, the original
information signal is separated from the carrier. The
process is called as demodulation or detection.
Detection is exactly the opposite process of
Modulation.

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Concept of Bandwidth Classification of Electronic Communication

The different types of baseband signals such as voice Systems
signal, music signal, TV signal etc. Each of these
signals has its own frequency. This frequency range of
a signal is known as its bandwidth. For example the
range of music is 20 Hz to 15 kHz. Therefore as shown
in Fig the bandwidth is (f2-f1)

𝐵𝑊 = 𝑓 − 𝑓
= 15000 − 20 = 14980 𝐻𝑧

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Classification of Electronic Communication Classification of Electronic Communication

Systems Systems

Ec

𝑚𝐸 𝑚𝐸
2 2

BW=2fm

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Calculation of modulation index using AM wave

and Trapezoidal Display

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