Reinforced Concrete Design Module 5

Subject: CE 74A- Reinforced Concrete Design

1. Title of the Module

Analysis of T-beams
2.Introduction
A T-shape cross sections are usually used when concrete beams are poured
monolithically with slabs as part of continuous floor systems. The T-section consist of a slab
which is called the flange and the portion of the beam that projects below the slab is called the
stem. This section is most efficiently used when the flange is placed in compression. Since the
flange of a typical T-section is wide, the depth of the stress block will be smaller, as a result the
location of the neutral axis will be located in the flange near the top fibers of concrete. If the
stress block is located on the flange, the beam will be designed exactly the same as a rectangular
beam but if the depth of compression block falls in the web, the stress block must be divided into
two areas and the stress diagram will be analyzed into two parts as shown in the figure.
Case 1: When the stress block is within the flange
3. Learning Outcomes
At the end of the course, the students should be able to:
a. analyze T-beams correctly whether the neutral axis is within the flange or below it.
b. be able to discuss the difference or similarities of the procedures in the analysis of
T-beams and rectangular beams.
e. be familiar with the NSCP 2015 provisions on T-beams

4. Learning Content

There are two possible cases in the analysis of T-beams.

Case 1: When the stress block is within the flange

T=C
Asfy = 0.85 f’c bf a
Asf y
a= ( depth of compression block )
0.85 f ’ c b f
a
Mn = As fy (d - )
2
Mu = Mn
 C 1 + C2 = T 1 + T 2
T = T 1 + T2
T = Asfy
Asfy = A1fy + A2fy
As = As1 + As2
Compressive force carried by the overhang of the beam.
C1 = 0.85 f’c (b - bw) t
Steel area which when stressed to fy is required to balance the longitudinal
compressive force in the overhang portion of the flange (As1)
'
0.85 f c ( b−bw ) t
As1=
fy
Nominal resisting moment capacity of the overhang.
t
M1 = C1 (d - )
2
Design factored moment
Mu = Ø M1 + Ø M2
Ø M2 = M u - Ø M1
Mu
M2 = - M1
Ø
 a
M2 = As2 fy (d - )
2
C2 = T 2
0.85 f’cbw a =As2fy
As 2 f y
a=
0.85 f ’ c b w
a
M2 = As2 fy (d - )
2
As 2 f y
M2 = As2 fy (d - )
0.85 f ’ c b w
Solve for As2
Steel area at a stress f y which is balance the compression of the rectangular portion of the beam
having a depth equal to the depth of compression block multiplied by width of the web section.
As2fy = 0.85 f’cbw a
As 2 f y
a=
0.85 f ’ c b w
Total steel area:
As = As1 + As2
Effective Width of Flange:
A) T – Section

b = ¼ span
b = bw+16t
b = spacing of the beamcenter to center
(use smallest value)
B) L – Shaped beams
b = bw + 1/12 span
b = bw+16t
b = bw + ½ clear spacing

Total nominal resisting moment of the T-beam:

Mn = M1 + M2
t a
Mn = As1 fy (d - ) + As2 fy (d - )
2 2

Max. steel ratio:

fy
0.003+
ρmax = 200000 ρb +ρf
0.008
0.85 f c ' β (600)
ρb =
fy (600+ fy)
As 1
ρf =
bw(d)
 As 1
ρw =
bw(d)
fy
0.003+
ρw< 200000 ρb + ρf
0.008

Min. steel ratio

ρmin =
√ f ' c but not less than 1.4
4 fy fy

Balanced Steel Ratio of T-beam with tension Reinforcement Only

T1 = As1fy
T1 = ρfbw d fy
T2 = As2fy
T2 = ρbbw d fy
Asbfy = T1 + T2
ρbbdfy = ρfbw d fy + ρbbw d fy
ρ f b w d f y + ρb b w d f y
ρb =
bd f y
bw
ρb = ( ρb + ρf) (balanced steel ratio for T-beams)
b

Where:
ρb = balanced steel ratio for a rectangular section with tension reinforcement only
bw = width of web
b = effective width of flange
0.85 f ' c β (600)
ρb =
fy (600+ fy)
ρf = reinforcement ratio for a tension As1 to develop the compressive strength of the
flanges (b – bw) t
As 1
ρf =
bw(d)

ILLUSTRATIVE PROBLEMS:
1) A T- beam floor system has a slab thickness of 100 mm and a total depth of 550 mm. It
has a web thickness of 300 mm. The T-beam is cast monolithically with the slab. The
 beam has a simple span of 6 m, with a spacing of 2.4 m. center to center. The beam
carries a live load moment of 184 kN m and a dead load moment of 84 kN m. f’c = 20.7
MPa, fy = 413.7 MPa. Assume steel covering 65 mm.

a) Determine the effective width of flange

b) Determine the depth of compression block
c) Determine the steel area required for tension only.
a.) Effective width of flange

1.) b = ¼ span b = bw+16t b = spacing of the beam

b = ¼ (6000) b = 300 + 16(100) center to center

b =1500mm b = 1900mm b = 2400mm

useb = 1500mm

b.) Depth of compression block.

Mu =1.2 MLL + 1.6 MLL
Mu = 1.2 (84) + 1.6 (184)
Mu = 395 kN m

Assume the neutral axis is on the flange:

 a
Mu = Ø C (d - ) ; C = 0.85 f’cab
2
a
395 X 106 = 0.90(0.85)(20.7)(a)(1500)(485 – )
2
2
16629.3 = 485a – 0.5a
a = 35.57 mm < 100mm (ok as assumed)

c.) Steel area required.

∑ F h= 0
C =T
0.85(20.7)(35.57)(1500) = As(413.7)
As = 2269 mm2

2) A T-beam for a floor system has a slab thickness of 75 mm and a web thickness of 375
mm. It has an effective depth of 600 mm. The beam carries a dead load moment of 270
kN m and a live load moment of 523 kN m. It has a span of 5.4 m. and a spacing center to
center of 1.8 m. Use reduction factor Ø = 0.90.

a) Determine the effective width of the flange.

b) Determine the depth of compression block.
c) Determine the ratio of the actual steel ratio to the max. steel ratio required by the
NSCP specs.

a.) Effective width of flange

b = ¼ span b = bw+16t b = spacing of the beam

b = ¼ (5400) b = 350 + 16(75) center to center

b =1350mm b = 1575mm b = 1800mm

useb = 1350mm(smallest value)

b.) Depth of compression block

 C1 = 0.85 f’c(487.5)(75)(2)
C1 = 0.85(20.7)(487.5)(75)(2)
C1 = 1286634
C1 = T 1
1286634 = As1 (344.7)
As1 = 3733mm2

t
Mu1 = Ø As1fy (d - )
2
Mu1 =0.90(3733) (344.7)(600-37.5)
Mu1 = 651.4 kN m

Mu2 = Mu – Mu1
Mu = 1.2 MDL + 1.6 MLL
Mu = 1.2(270) + 1.6(523)
Mu = 1160 kN m

Mu2 = 1160-651.4
Mu2 = 508.6 kN m

C2 =0.85 f’c(375)(a)
C2 = 0.85(20.7)(375) (a)
C2 = 6598.13 a
a
Mu2 = Ø C2(d - )
2
6
508.6 x10 = 0.90(6598.13a)(600-0.5a)
85649.2 = 600a -0.5a2
a =165.60 mm > 75 (Ok as assume)

c.) Ratio of the actual ratio to the max. steel ratio required by the NSCP specs.
 C2 = 6598.13a
C2 = 6598.13(165.60)
C2 = 1092650 N

C2 = T 2
1093046 = As2fy
1093046 = As2 (344.7)
As2 = 3170 mm2

As = As1 + As2
As = 3733 + 3171
As = 6904 mm2
As
ρ=
bd
6904
ρ=
375(600)
ρ = 0.0307

fy
0.003+
ρmax = 200000 ρb +ρf
0.008
0.85 f c ' β (600)
ρb =
fy (600+ fy)
0.85 ( 20.7 ) ( 0.85 ) ( 600 )
ρb =
344.7 ( 600+344.7 )
ρb = 0.0276

As 1
ρf =
bwd
3733
ρf=
375(600)
ρf = 0.0166

fy
0.003+
ρmax = 200000 ( ρb +ρf)
0.008
344.7
0.003+
ρmax = 200000 ( 0.0166+ 0.0276)
0.008
ρmax =0.02610
 0.0307
Ratio = = 1.17625
0.02610

3) A reinforced concrete T-beam has an effective depth of 600 mm 2 and has a reinforcement
area of 4926 mm2 at the bottom. The web has a width of 300 mm and the slab thickness is
100 mm. The beam has a span of 6 m. and has a spacing of 1.8 m. center to center of the
beam. f’c = 20.7 MPa, fy = 414.6 MPa.

a) Determine the effective width of the flange

b) Determine the depth of compression block
c) Determine the ultimate moment capacity of the beam.

Solution:

a.) Effective width of flange

b = ¼ span b = bw+16t b = spacing of the beam

b = ¼ (6000) b = 300 + 16(100) center to center

b =1500mm b = 1900mm b = 1800mm

useb = 1500mm (smallest value)

a.) Depth of compression block
 0.85 f’cab=Asfy
0.85(20.7)(a)(1500)= 4926(414.6)
a= 77.38 < 100mm
C1 = T 1
1286634 = As1 (344.7)
As1 = 3733mm2

C.) Ultimate moment capacity of beam

a
Mu = Ø Asfy (d - )
2
Mu =0.90(4926) (414.6){600-0.5(77.38)}
MU = 1031.7 kN m

Check:
fy
0.003+
ρmax = 200000 ρmax
0.008
414.7
0.003+
ρmax = 200000 (0.85) ( 20.7 )( 0.85 ) ( 600 )
( )
0.008 414.6 ( 600+ 414.6 )
ρmax = 0.01353

As 4926 1.4 1.4

ρ= = =0.00547 ρmin = =
bd 150 0(600) fy 414.6
ρmin=0.0034 < ρ<ρmax ok
4) A t-beam is composed of a flanged width of 700 mm and a slab 150 mm deep pour
monolithically with a web 250 mm in width which extends 600 mm below the bottom
surface of the flange to produce a beam of 750 mm total depth with an effective depth of
650 mm. Stress of steel is fy = 414 MPa. Concrete has a strength of f’c = 20.7 MPa.

a) Determine the balanced steel ratio for the T-beam section.

b) Determine the depth of compression block for a balanced condition.
c) Determine the max. steel area of required balanced condition.

Solution:
a.) Determine the balanced steel ratio for the T-beam section.

'
0.85 f c β (600)
ρb =
fy (600+ fy)
0.85 ( 20.7 ) ( 0.85 ) ( 600 )
ρb =
414 ( 600+ 414 )
ρb = 0.0214

C1 = T 1
(0.85)(20.7)(225)(150)(2) = As1 (414)
As1 = 2869mm2

As 1
ρf =
bw(d)

2869
ρf = = 0.018
250(650)

Balanced steel ratio

bw
ρb = ( ρb + ρf)
b
250
ρb = ( 0.0214 + 0.018)
700
 ρb =0.0414(steel ratio for balanced condition)

b.) Depth of compression block for a balanced condition

0.003 ε y +0.003
=
cb d
Since balanced condition used:
f y 0.003 ( f ¿¿ y /200000)+ 600
ε y= = ¿
200000 c b d
600 d
cb¿
f y +600

600 d
cb¿
f y +600

600(650)
cb¿ =384.62
414+600
ab = βc
ab = 0.85(384.62)
ab= 326.93 mm
Max. steel area required for a balanced condition.

C2 =0.85 f’c (250)(326.93)

C2 =0.85(20.7)(250)(326.93)
C2 =1438083 N

414
0.003+
C2 =As2 fy Max. As = 200000 Asb
0.008
 414
0.003+
1438083= As2(414) Max. As = 200000 (6343)
0.008
As2 = 3474 mm2 Max. As = 4020 mm2
Asb= As1 + As2
Asb = 2869 + 3474
Asb = 6343 mm2
5.) The mid-span section of the edge of a spandrel beam is shown. It is reinforced with a total
steel area of 5000 mm2 at the bottom of the beam. The spandrel beam has a clear span of 10 m.
and a width of web of 350 mm. Effective depth of the spandrel beam is 562.5 mm with a total
depth of 650 mm. f’c = 20.7 MPa, fy = 414.7 MPa, pb = 0.0214

a) Compute the effective width of the flange.

b) Compute the depth of compression block.
c) Determine the nominal capacity of spandrel beam.

Solution:
a.) Effective width of flange
1 1
b = (1000)+ 350 b = bw +6t b = (2750)
12 2
b = 1183.3 mm b = 350 + 6(100)
b = 950 mm
b = 1375mm
 use b= 950 mm

b.) Compute the depth of compression block.

Approximate of location of N.A.

T=C
Asfy = 0.85 f’c Ac
500(414.7) = 0.85(20.7) Ac
Ac = 117846 mm2

117846 = 350(a) + 600(100)

a = 165.30 > 100 mm
(The neutral axis is on the web)

C1 = T 1
As1(414.7) = 0.85 f’c(600) (100)
As1 = 2546 mm2
 As = As1 + As2
5000 = 2546 + As2
As2 = 2454 mm2
T 2 = C2
As2fy = 0.85 f’c(a) (bw)
2454(414.7) = 0.85(20.7)(a)(350)
a = 165.30 mm (depth of compression block)

c.) Nominal moment capacity of spandrel beam

Check whether the beam is under-reinforced or over-reinforced
As1
ρf =
bwd
2546
ρf =
350(562.5)
ρf = 0.0129
Balanced steel ratio:
bw
ρb = (ρb + ρf)
b
350
ρb = (0.0214+ 0.0129)
950
ρb = 0.01264 (balance steel ratio)

Actual steel ratio:

As
ρ=
bd
5000
ρ=
950(562.5)

ρ = 0.00936

fy 414.7
0.003+ 0.003+
200000 ρb = 200000 (0.01264)
0.008 0.008
 fy
0.003+
200000 ρb = 0.00802
0.008

0.00936 ¿ 0.00802
Therefore, the beam is over-reinforced.
Nominal moment capacity:
Mn = M1 + M2
t
M1= C1 (d - )
2
M1 = 0.85 (20.7) (600) (100) (562.5 – 50)
M1 = 541.05 kN m

a
M2 = C2 (d - )
2
M2 = 0.85 (20.7) (350) (165.3) (562.5 – 82.65)
M2 = 488.47 kN m

Nominal moment capacity of the beam:

Mn = M1 + M2
Mn = 541.05 + 488.47
Mn = 1029.52 kN m

5. Teaching and Learning Activities

Solve the following problems for mastery of the procedures and specifications:
1) A T section has a flange thickness of 100 mm with an effective depth of 412.5 mm. The width
of the stem is 300mm. The beam carries a negative moment of 500 kN m. f'c = 27.6 MPa, fy=
415 MPa. Balance Steel ratio is 0.0275. Use steel covering for both Top and Bottom bars if any
is 62.5 mm.
a.) Determine the max. Moment Capacity of the section as singly reinforced
b.) Determine the total steel area needed for tension.
c.) Determine the steel area needed for compression if the max. Moment capacity of the beam is
not sufficient. Assume steel in compression will yield.

2) The simple span T-beam is part of a floor system of span length 6 m. and beam spacing 1125
mm on centers. The bars are placed with 25 mm clear space between layers. It is reinforced with
10-28 mm Ø bars placed in two rows. The width of web section is 600 mm with a total depth of
1000 mm. slab cover for reinforcements. f’c= 20.7 MPa, fy = 414.6 MPa.
a.) Compute the depth of compression block
b.) Compute the practical moment strength Ø Mn.
c.) How much steel would be required in this beam cross section to make the compressive steel
block just completely cover the flange?
3) A reinforced concrete T-beam has a span of 9 m. It has an effective width in floor slab system
of 750 mm. The slab system is fixed at both ends. Thickness of slab is 100 mm. The beam is
reinforced as shown in the figure. Diameter of stirrups used is 10 mm placed at a spacing of 150
mm on centers throughout the beam. f’c= 20.7 MPa, fy = 415 MPa.
a.) Determine the location of the neutral axis from the top fibers of concrete for section A-A.
b.) Determine the stress in the compression steel at the negative moment at section A-A.
c.) Determine the max. uniform factored load that the beam can sustained as governed by the
flexural capacity of section A-A.
4) A floor framing system maybe given with one way slabs similar to the floor framing plan of
the CEAT building, then let them investigate which has a greater moment capacity, if the beam
is considered simple as a singly reinforced rectangular beam or if the beam is considered as
acting like a T beam which is poured monolithically. They must know the lesson from this
comparison.
For the RC Project: You should have finished by this time the Seismic Analysis of your building
and redesign now the beams considering the increase in moment at the end of these members.
Columns final design may also be done right after this topic.

6. Recommended learning materials and resources for supplementary reading.

Reinforced Concrete Design by Gillesania,
Design of Concrete Structures by Nilsonet. al.

7. Flexible Teaching Learning Modality (FTLM) adopted

Remote
 Asynchronous (modules, exercises, problem sets, etc…)

8. Assessment Task
In this part, students are given Self-assessment Questions (SAQs) and asked to
consider broader aspects of the different topics taken up. Quizzes have been prepared
for this part and can be found in the original module of the author.

9.References
Civil Engineering Review Manual by DindoEsplana 2015
Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures by Besavilla 2016
National Structural Code of the Philippines 2015
Reinforced Concrete Design by Nilson 2010
Reinforced Concrete Design, 3rd Edition by DIT Gillesania 2015