Test Bank for Human Relations Strategies for Success

5th
Edition Lamberton Minor Evans
0073524689
978007352468
9
Full link
download: Test
Bank:

[Link]
strategies-for-success-5th-edition-lamberton-minor-evans-
0073524689-9780073524689/

Solution Manual:
[Link]
strategies-for-success-5th-edition-lamberton-minor-evans-
0073524689-9780073524689/
Chapter 02

Self-Concept and Self-Esteem in Human Relations

True / False Questions

1. Self-esteem is the way you conceive of or see yourself.

2-1
Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of
McGraw-Hill Education.
 True False

2. To minimize the effects of the vicious cycle of negative self-concept leading to negative behavior,
you must analyze who started the cycle.

True False

3. Ideal self is your vision of your future self.

True False

4. Parents who present their children with a picture of how the children must act to win approval are

said to hold "conditional positive regard" for their children.

True False

5. Self-image is the self that you assume others see when they look at you.

True False

2-2
Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of
McGraw-Hill Education.
6. The looking-glass self is affected by your view of reality.

True False

7. Self-image can be programmed by the things you say to yourself or others.

True False

8. The process of discovering your looking-glass self is known as developing your self-awareness.

True False

9. Having a healthy self-concept means not allowing yourself to be a slave to other people's

opinions.

True False

10. Self-esteem can be defined as the extent to which an individual believes him- or herself to be

capable, sufficient, and worthy.

True False

11. Most people who always need to tell about their accomplishments are actually compensating in

some way for low self-esteem.

True False

12. Focusing on a single strength to compensate for overall bad feelings about oneself is a good way
to build higher self-esteem.

True False

2-3
Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of
McGraw-Hill Education.
13. People with low self-esteem can more readily accept their co-workers and take criticism from
others in their work teams.

True False

14. Children are most likely to develop a healthy self-esteem when parents show "conditional positive
regard" toward them.

True False

15. According to psychologist Carl Rogers, the sense of self is a guiding principle that structures the

personality.

True False

16. During childhood, parents are the most important people among those shaping self-esteem.

True False

17. According to Alfred Adler, the main motivation for everything people do, including efforts toward a
successful career, is to get away from a deep childhood-based feeling that they are not as good as

they should be.

True False

18. Locus of control is the perceived center of control over the events in people's lives.

True False

19. People with an external locus of control believe that they have control over the events in their lives.

True False

2-4
Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of
McGraw-Hill Education.
20. When Delilah got a D grade in one of her papers, she said to herself, "I should have studied instead
of watching movies all night long with my friends; I'll do better next time." From this comment we
can conclude that Delilah has an external locus of control.

True False

21. Putting things off for too long and not working toward goals can bring your self-esteem even
lower.

True False

22. The fear of pain encourages people to avoid procrastinating things for too long.

True False

23. True mentoring involves two people communicating well, one mostly teaching and the other
mostly learning.

True False

24. A role model typically acts as a guide or teacher for a person, actively interacting with the person
and leading that person through experiences.

True False

25. Positive self-talk leads to a low self-esteem.

True False

26. Positive self-talk means telling your subconscious mind that you are a good person and doing fine.

True False

2-5
Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of
McGraw-Hill Education.
Another document from [Link] that is
random and unrelated content:
 II
THE PHYSICAL BASIS OF RACE

In the modern and scientific study of race we have long since

discarded the Adamic theory that man is descended from a single
pair, created a few thousand years ago in a mythical Garden of
Eden somewhere in Asia, to spread later over the earth in
successive waves.
It is a fact, however, that Asia was the chief area of evolution
and differentiation of man and that the various groups had their
main development there and not on the peninsula we call Europe.
Many of the races of Europe, both living and extinct, did come
from the East through Asia Minor or by way of the African littoral,
but most of the direct ancestors of existing populations have
inhabited Europe for many thousands of years. During that time
numerous races of men have passed over the scene. Some
undoubtedly have utterly vanished and some have left their blood
behind them in the Europeans of to-day.
We now know, since the elaboration of the Mendelian Laws of
Inheritance, that certain bodily characters, such as skull shape,
stature, eye color, hair color and nose form, some of which are so-
called unit characters, are transmitted in accordance with fixed
laws, and, further, that various characters which are normally
correlated or linked together in pure races may, after a prolonged
admixture of races, pass down separately and form what is known
as disharmonic combinations. Such disharmonic combinations
are, for example, a tall brunet or a short blond; blue eyes
associated with brunet hair or brown eyes with blond hair.
The process of intermixture of characters has gone far in
existing populations and through the ease of modern methods of
transportation this process is going much further in Europe and in
America. The results of such mixture are not blends or
intermediate types, but rather mosaics of contrasted characters.
Such blends, if any, as ultimately occur are too remote to concern
us here.
The crossing of an individual of pure brunet race with an
individual of pure blond race produces in the first generation
offspring which are distinctly dark. In subsequent generations,
brunets and blonds appear in various proportions but the former
tend to be much the more numerous. The blond is consequently
said to be recessive to the brunet because it recedes from view in
the first generation. This or any similar recessive or suppressed
trait is not lost to the germ plasm, but reappears in later
generations of the hybridized stock. A similar rule prevails with
other physical characters.
In defining race in Europe it is necessary not only to consider
pure groups or pure types but also the distribution of characters
belonging to each particular subspecies of man found there. The
interbreeding of these populations has progressed to such an
extent that in many cases such an analysis of physical characters is
necessary to reconstruct the elements which have entered into
their ethnic composition. To rely on averages alone leads to
misunderstanding and to disregard of the relative proportion of
pure, as contrasted with mixed types.
Sometimes we find a character appearing here and there as the
sole remnant of a once numerous race, for example, the rare
appearance in European populations of a skull of the Neanderthal
type, a race widely spread over Europe 40,000 years ago, or of the
Cro-Magnon type, the predominant race 16,000 years ago. Before
the fossil remains of the Neanderthal and Cro-Magnon races were
studied and understood such reversional specimens were
considered pathological, instead of being recognized as the
reappearance of an ancient and submerged type.
These physical characters are to all intents and purposes
immutable and they do not change during the lifetime of a
language or an empire. The skull shape of the Egyptian fellaheen,
in the unchanging environment of the Nile Valley, is absolutely
identical in measurements, proportions and capacity with skulls
found in the pre-dynastic tombs dating back more than six
thousand years.
There exists to-day a widespread and fatuous belief in the power
of environment, as well as of education and opportunity to alter
heredity, which arises from the dogma of the brotherhood of man,
derived in its turn from the loose thinkers of the French
Revolution and their American mimics. Such beliefs have done
much damage in the past and if allowed to go uncontradicted, may
do even more serious damage in the future. Thus the view that the
Negro slave was an unfortunate cousin of the white man, deeply
tanned by the tropic sun and denied the blessings of Christianity
and civilization, played no small part with the sentimentalists of
the Civil War period and it has taken us fifty years to learn that
speaking English, wearing good clothes and going to school and to
church do not transform a Negro into a white man. Nor was a
Syrian or Egyptian freedman transformed into a Roman by
wearing a toga and applauding his favorite gladiator in the
amphitheatre. Americans will have a similar experience with the
Polish Jew, whose dwarf stature, peculiar mentality and ruthless
concentration on self-interest are being engrafted upon the stock
of the nation.
Recent attempts have been made in the interest of inferior races
among our immigrants to show that the shape of the skull does
change, not merely in a century, but in a single generation. In
1910, the report of the anthropological expert of the Congressional
Immigration Commission gravely declared that a round skull Jew
on his way across the Atlantic might and did have a round skull
child; but a few years later, in response to the subtle elixir of
American institutions as exemplified in an East Side tenement,
might and did have a child whose skull was appreciably longer;
and that a long skull south Italian, breeding freely, would have
precisely the same experience in the reverse direction. In other
words the Melting Pot was acting instantly under the influence of
a changed environment.
What the Melting Pot actually does in practice can be seen in
Mexico, where the absorption of the blood of the original Spanish
conquerors by the native Indian population has produced the
racial mixture which we call Mexican and which is now engaged in
demonstrating its incapacity for self-government. The world has
seen many such mixtures and the character of a mongrel race is
only just beginning to be understood at its true value.
It must be borne in mind that the specializations which
characterize the higher races are of relatively recent development,
are highly unstable and when mixed with generalized or primitive
characters tend to disappear. Whether we like to admit it or not,
the result of the mixture of two races, in the long run, gives us a
race reverting to the more ancient, generalized and lower type.
The cross between a white man and an Indian is an Indian; the
cross between a white man and a Negro is a Negro; the cross
between a white man and a Hindu is a Hindu; and the cross
between any of the three European races and a Jew is a Jew.
In the crossing of the blond and brunet elements of a
population, the more deeply rooted and ancient dark traits are
prepotent or dominant. This is matter of everyday observation and
the working of this law of nature is not influenced or affected by
democratic institutions or by religious beliefs. Nature cares not for
the individual nor how he may be modified by environment. She is
concerned only with the perpetuation of the species or type and
heredity alone is the medium through which she acts.
As measured in terms of centuries these characters are fixed and
rigid and the only benefit to be derived from a changed
environment and better food conditions is the opportunity
afforded a race which has lived under adverse conditions to
achieve its maximum development but the limits of that
development are fixed for it by heredity and not by environment.
In dealing with European populations the best method of
determining race has been found to lie in a comparison of
proportions of the skull, the so-called cephalic index. This is the
ratio of maximum width, taken at the widest part of the skull
above the ears, to maximum length. Skulls with an index of 75 or
less, that is, those with a width that is three-fourths of the length
or less, are considered dolichocephalic or long skulls. Skulls of an
index of 80 or over are round or brachycephalic skulls.
Intermediate indices, between 75 and 80, are considered
mesaticephalic. These are cranial indices. To allow for the flesh on
living specimens about two per cent is to be added to this index
and the result is the cephalic index. In the following pages only
long and round skulls are considered and the intermediate forms
are assigned to the dolichocephalic group.
This cephalic index, though an extremely important if not the
controlling character, is, nevertheless, but a single character and
must be checked up with other somatological traits. Normally, a
long skull is associated with a long face and a round skull with a
round face.
The use of this test, the cephalic index, enables us to divide the
great bulk of the European populations into three distinct
subspecies of man, one northern and one southern, both
dolichocephalic or characterized by a long skull and a central
subspecies which is brachycephalic or characterized by a round
skull.
The first is the Nordic or Baltic subspecies. This race is long
skulled, very tall, fair skinned with blond or brown hair and light
colored eyes. The Nordics inhabit the countries around the North
and Baltic Seas and include not only the great Scandinavian and
Teutonic groups, but also other early peoples who first appear in
southern Europe and in Asia as representatives of Aryan language
and culture.
The second is the dark Mediterranean or Iberian subspecies,
occupying the shores of the inland sea and extending along the
Atlantic coast until it reaches the Nordic species. It also spreads
far east into southern Asia. It is long skulled like the Nordic race
but the absolute size of the skull is less. The eyes and hair are very
dark or black and the skin more or less swarthy. The stature is
distinctly less than that of the Nordic race and the musculature
and bony framework weak.
The third is the Alpine subspecies occupying all central and
eastern Europe and extending through Asia Minor to the Hindu
Kush and the Pamirs. The Armenoids constitute an Alpine
subdivision and may possibly represent the ancestral type of this
race which remained in the mountains and high plateaux of
Anatolia and western Asia.
The Alpines are round skulled, of medium height and sturdy
build both as to skeleton and muscles. The coloration of both hair
and eyes was originally very dark and still tends strongly in that
direction but many light colored eyes, especially gray, are now
common among the Alpine populations of western Europe.
While the inhabitants of Europe betray as a whole their mixed
origin, nevertheless, individuals of each of the three main
subspecies are found in large numbers and in great purity, as well
as sparse remnants of still more ancient races represented by
small groups or by individuals and even by single characters.
These three main groups have bodily characters which
constitute them distinct subspecies. Each group is a large one and
includes several well-marked varieties, which differ even more
widely in cultural development than in physical divergence so that
when the Mediterranean of England is compared with the Hindu,
or the Alpine Savoyard with the Rumanian or Turcoman, a wide
gulf is found.
In zoology, related species when grouped together constitute
subgenera and genera and the term species implies the existence
of a certain definite amount of divergence from the most closely
related type but race does not require a similar amount of
difference. In man, where all groups are more or less fertile when
crossed, so many intermediate or mixed types occur that the word
species has at the present day too extended a meaning.
For the sake of clearness the word race and not the word species
or subspecies will be used in the following chapters as far as
possible.
The old idea that fertility or infertility of races of animals was
the measure of species is now abandoned. One of the greatest
difficulties in classifying man is his perverse predisposition to
mismate. This is a matter of daily observation, especially among
the women of the better classes, probably because of their wider
range of choice.
There must have existed many subspecies and species, if not
genera, of men since the Pliocene and new discoveries of their
remains may be expected at any time and in any part of the
eastern hemisphere.
The cephalic index is of less value in the classification of Asiatic
populations but the distribution of round and long skulls is similar
to that in Europe. The vast central plateau of that continent is
inhabited by round skulls. In fact, Thibet and the western
Himalayas were probably the centre of radiation of all the round
skulls of the world. In India and Persia south of this central area
occurs a long skull race related to Mediterranean man in Europe.
Both skull types occur much intermixed among the American
Indians and the cephalic index is of little value in classifying the
Amerinds. No satisfactory explanation of the variability of the
skull shape in the western hemisphere has as yet been found, but
the total range of variation of physical characters among them,
from northern Canada to southern Patagonia, is less than the
range of such variation from Normandy to Provence in France.
In Africa the cephalic index is also of small classification value
because all of the populations are characterized by a long skull.
The distinction between a long skull and a round skull in
mankind probably goes back at least to early Paleolithic times, if
not to a period still more remote. It is of such great antiquity that
when new species or races appear in Europe at the close of the
Paleolithic, between 10,000 and 7,000 years B. C., the skull
characters among them are as clearly defined as they are to-day.
The fact that two distinct species of mankind have long skulls,
as have the north European and the African Negro, is no necessary
indication of relationship and in that instance is merely a case of
parallel specialization, but the fact, however, that the Swede has a
long skull and the Savoyard a round skull does prove them to be
racially distinct.
The claim that the Nordic race is a mere variation of the
Mediterranean race and that the latter is in turn derived from the
Ethiopian Negro rests upon a mistaken idea that a dolichocephaly
in common must mean identity of origin, as well as upon a failure
to take into consideration many somatological characters of
almost equal value with the cephalic index. Indeed, the cephalic
index, being merely a ratio, may be identical for skulls differing in
every other proportion and detail, as well as in absolute size and
capacity.
Eye color is of very great importance in race determination
because all blue, gray or green eyes in the world to-day came
originally from the same source, namely, the Nordic race of
northern Europe. This light colored eye has appeared nowhere
else on earth, is a specialization of this subspecies of man only and
consequently is of extreme value in the classification of European
races. Dark colored eyes are all but universal among wild
mammals and entirely so among the primates, man’s nearest
relatives. It may be taken as an absolute certainty that all the
original races of man had dark eyes.
One subspecies of man and one alone specialized in light
colored eyes. This same subspecies also evolved light brown or
blond hair, a character far less deeply rooted than eye color, as
blond children tend to grow darker with advancing years and
populations partly of Nordic extraction, such as those of
Lombardy, upon admixture with darker races lose their blond hair
more readily than their light colored eyes. In short, light colored
eyes are far more common than light colored hair. In crosses
between Alpines and Nordics, the Alpine stature and the Nordic
eye appear to prevail. Light color in eyes is largely due to a greater
or less absence of pigment but it is not associated with weak
eyesight, as in the case of Albinos. In fact, among marksmen, it
has been noted that nearly all the great rifle-shots in England or
America have had light colored eyes.
Blond hair also comes everywhere from the Nordic subspecies
and from nowhere else. Whenever we find blondness among the
darker races of the earth we may be sure some Nordic wanderer
has passed that way. When individuals of perfect blond type occur,
as sometimes in Greek islands, we may suspect a recent visit of
sailors from a passing ship but when only single characters remain
spread thinly, but widely, over considerable areas, like the
blondness of the Atlas Berbers or of the Albanian mountaineers,
we must search in the dim past for the origin of these blurred
traits of early invaders.
The range of blond hair color in pure Nordic peoples runs from
flaxen and red to shades of chestnut and brown. The darker
shades may indicate crossing in some cases, but absolutely black
hair certainly does mean an ancestral cross with a dark race—in
England with the Mediterranean race.
It must be clearly understood that blondness of hair and of eye
is not a final test of Nordic race. The Nordics include all the
blonds, and also those of darker hair or eye when possessed of a
preponderance of other Nordic characters. In this sense the word
“blond” means those lighter shades of hair or eye color in contrast
to the very dark or black shades which are termed brunet. The
meaning of “blond” as now used is therefore not limited to the
lighter or flaxen shades as in colloquial speech.
In England among Nordic populations there are large numbers
of individuals with hazel brown eyes joined with the light brown or
chestnut hair which is the typical hair shade of the English and
Americans. This combination is also common in Holland and
Westphalia and is frequently associated with a very fair skin.
These men are all of “blond” aspect and constitution and
consequently are to be classed as members of the Nordic race.
In Nordic populations the women are, in general, lighter haired
than the men, a fact which points to a blond past and a darker
future for those populations. Women in all human races, as the
females among all mammals, tend to exhibit the older, more
generalized and primitive traits of the past of the race. The male in
his individual development indicates the direction in which the
race is tending under the influence of variation and selection.
It is interesting to note in connection with the more primitive
physique of the female, that in the spiritual sphere also women
retain the ancient and intuitive knowledge that the great mass of
mankind is not free and equal but bond and unequal.
The color of the skin is a character of importance but one that is
exceedingly hard to measure as the range of variation in Europe
between skins of extreme fairness and those that are exceedingly
swarthy is almost complete. The Nordic race in its purity has an
absolutely fair skin and is consequently the white man par
excellence.
Many members of the Nordic race otherwise apparently pure
have skins, as well as hair, more or less dark, so that the
determinative value of this character is uncertain. There can be no
doubt that the quality of the skin and the extreme range of its
variation in color from black, brown, red, yellow to ivory-white are
excellent measures of the specific or subgeneric distinctions
between the larger groups of mankind but in dealing with
European populations it is sometimes difficult to correlate the
shades of fairness with other physical characters.
In general, hair color and skin color are linked together, but it
often happens that an individual with all other Nordic characters
in great purity has a skin of an olive or dark tint. Even more
frequently we find individuals with absolutely pure brunet traits in
possession of a skin of almost ivory whiteness and of great clarity.
This last combination is very frequent among the brunets of the
British Isles. That these are, to some extent, disharmonic
combinations we may be certain but beyond that our knowledge
does not lead. Women, however, of fair skin have always been the
objects of keen envy by those of the sex whose skins are black,
yellow or red.
Stature is another character of greater value than skin color and,
perhaps, than hair color and is one of much importance in
European classification for on that continent we have the most
extreme variations of human height.
Exceedingly adverse economic conditions may inhibit a race
from attaining the full measure of its growth and to this extent
environment plays its part in determining stature but
fundamentally it is race, always race, that sets the limit. The tall
Scot and the dwarfed Sardinian owe their respective sizes to race
and not to oatmeal or olive oil. It is probable, however, that the
fact that the stature of the Irish is, on the average, shorter than
that of the Scotch is due partly to economic conditions and partly
to the depressive effect of a considerable population of primitive
short stock.
The Mediterranean race is everywhere marked by a relatively
short stature, sometimes greatly depressed, as in south Italy and
in Sardinia, and also by a comparatively light bony framework and
feeble muscular development.
 The Alpine race is taller than the Mediterranean, although
shorter than the Nordic, and is characterized by a stocky and
sturdy build. The Alpines rarely, if ever, show the long necks and
graceful figures so often found in the other two races.
The Nordic race is nearly everywhere distinguished by great
stature. Almost the tallest stature in the world is found among the
pure Nordic populations of the Scottish and English borders while
the native British of Pre-Nordic brunet blood are for the most part
relatively short. No one can question the race value of stature who
observes on the streets of London the contrast between the
Piccadilly gentleman of Nordic race and the cockney costermonger
of the old Neolithic type.
In some cases where these three European races have become
mixed stature seems to be one of the first Nordic characters to
vanish, but wherever in Europe we find great stature in a
population otherwise lacking in Nordic characters we may suspect
a Nordic crossing, as in the case of a large proportion of the
inhabitants of Burgundy, of the Tyrol and of the Dalmatian Alps
south to Albania.
These four characters, skull shape, eye color, hair color and
stature, are sufficient to enable us to differentiate clearly between
the three main subspecies of Europe, but if we wish to discuss the
minor variations in each race and mixtures between them, we
must go much further and take up other proportions of the skull
than the cephalic index, as well as the shape and position of the
eyes, the proportions and shape of the jaws, the chin and other
features.
The nose is an exceedingly important character. The original
human nose was, of course, broad and bridgeless. This trait is
shown clearly in new-born infants who recapitulate in their
development the various stages of the evolution of the human
genus. A bridgeless nose with wide, flaring nostrils is a very
primitive character and is still retained by some of the larger
divisions of mankind throughout the world. It appears
occasionally in white populations of European origin but is
everywhere a very ancient, generalized and low character.
The high bridge and long, narrow nose, the so-called Roman,
Norman or aquiline nose, is characteristic of the most highly
specialized races of mankind. While an apparently unimportant
character, this feature is one of the very best clews to racial origin
and in the details of its form, and especially in the lateral shape of
the nostrils, is a race determinant of the greatest value.
The lips, whether thin or fleshy or whether clean-cut or everted,
are race characters. Thick, protruding, everted lips are very
ancient traits and are characteristic of many primitive races. A
high instep also has long been esteemed an indication of patrician
type while the flat foot is often the test of lowly origin.
The absence or abundance of hair and beard and the relative
absence or abundance of body hair are characters of no little value
in classification. Abundant body hair is, to a large extent, peculiar
to populations of the very highest as well as the very lowest
species, being characteristic of the north European as well as of
the Australian savages. It merely means the retention in both
these groups of a very early and primitive trait which has been lost
by the Negroes, Mongols and Amerinds.
The Nordic and Alpine races are far better equipped with head
and body hair than the Mediterranean, which is throughout its
range a glabrous or relatively naked race but among the Nordics
the extreme blond types are less equipped with body hair or down
than are darker members of the race. A contrast in color between
head hair and beard, the latter always being lighter than the
former, may be one of the results of an ancient crossing of races.
The so-called red-haired branch of the Nordic race has special
characters in addition to red hair, such as a greenish cast of eye, a
skin of delicate texture tending either to great clarity or to freckles
and certain peculiar temperamental traits. This was probably a
variety closely related to the blonds and it first appears in history
in association with them.
While the three main European races are the subject of this
book and while it is not the intention of the author to deal with the
other human types, it is desirable in connection with the
discussion of this character, hair, to state that the three European
subspecies are subdivisions of one of the primary groups or
species of the genus Homo which, taken together, we may call the
Caucasian for lack of a better name.
The existing classification of man must be radically revised, as
the differences between the most divergent human types are far
greater than are usually deemed sufficient to constitute separate
species and even subgenera in the animal kingdom at large.
Outside of the three European subspecies the greater portion of
the genus Homo can be roughly divided into the Negroes and
Negroids, and the Mongols and Mongoloids.
The former apparently originated in south Asia and entered
Africa by way of the northeastern corner of that continent. Africa
south of the Sahara is now the chief home of this race, though
remnants of Negroid aborigines are found throughout south Asia
from India to the Philippines, while the very distinct black
Melanesians and the Australoids lie farther to the east and south.
The Mongoloids include the round skulled Mongols and their
derivatives, the Amerinds or American Indians. This group is
essentially Asiatic and occupies the centre and the eastern half of
that continent.
A description of these Negroids and Mongoloids and their
derivatives, as well as of certain aberrant species of man, lies
outside the scope of this work.
In the structure of the head hair of all races of mankind we find
a regular progression from extreme kinkiness to lanky
straightness and this straightness or curliness depends on the
shape of the cross section of the hair itself. This cross section has
three distinct forms, corresponding with the most extreme
divergences among human species.
The cross section of the hair of the Negroes is a flat ellipse with
the result that they all have kinky hair. This kinkiness of the
Negroes’ hair is also due somewhat to the acute angle at which the
hair is set into the skin and the peppercorn form of hair probably
represents an extreme specialization.
The cross section of the hair of the Mongols and their
derivatives, the Amerinds, is a complete circle and their hair is
perfectly straight and lank.
The cross section of the hair of the so-called Caucasians,
including the Mediterranean, Alpine and Nordic subspecies, is an
oval ellipse and consequently is intermediate between the cross-
sections of the Negroes and Mongoloids. Hair of this structure is
wavy or curly, never either kinky or absolutely straight and is
characteristic of all the European populations almost without
exception.
Of these three hair types the straighter forms most closely
represent the earliest human form of hair.
We have confined the discussion to the most important
characters but there are many other valuable aids to classification
to be found in the proportions of the body and the relative length
of the limbs. In this latter respect, it is a matter of common
knowledge that there occur two distinct types, the one long legged
and short bodied, the other long bodied and short legged.
Without going into further physical details, it is probable that all
relative proportions in the body, the features, the skeleton and the
skull which are fixed and constant and lie outside of the range of
individual variation represent dim inheritances from the past.
Every generation of human beings carries the blood of thousands
of ancestors, stretching back through thousands of years,
superimposed upon a prehuman inheritance of still greater
antiquity and the face and body of every living man offer an
intricate mass of hieroglyphs that science will some day learn to
read and interpret.
Only the foregoing main characters will be used as the basis for
determining race and attention will be called later to such
temperamental and spiritual traits as seem to be associated with
distinct physical types.
We shall discuss only European populations and, as said, shall
not deal with exotic and alien races scattered among them nor
with those quarters of the globe where the races of man are such
that other physical characters must be called upon to provide clear
definitions.
A fascinating subject would open up if we were to dwell upon
the effect of racial combinations and disharmonies, as, for
instance, where the mixed Nordic and Alpine populations of
Lombardy usually retain the skull shape, hair color and stature of
the Alpine race, with the light eye color of the Nordic race, or
where the mountain populations along the east coast of the
Adriatic from the Tyrol to Albania have the stature of the Nordic
race and an Alpine skull and coloration.
 III
RACE AND HABITAT

The laws which govern the distribution of the various races of

man and their evolution through selection are substantially the
same as those controlling the evolution and distribution of the
larger mammals.
Man, however, with his superior mentality has freed himself
from many of the conditions which impose restraint upon the
expansion of animals. In his case selection through disease and
social and economic competition has largely replaced selection
through adjustment to the limitations of food supply.
Man is the most cosmopolitan of animals and in one form or
another thrives in the tropics and in the arctics, at sea level and on
high plateaux, in the desert and in the reeking forests of the
equator. Nevertheless, the various races of Europe have each a
certain natural habitat in which it achieves its highest
development.

T N H

The Nordics appear in their present centre of distribution, the

basin of the Baltic, at the close of the Paleolithic, as soon as the
retreating glaciers left habitable land. This race was probably at
that time in possession of its fundamental characters, and its
extension from the plains of Russia to Scandinavia was not in the
nature of a radical change of environment. The race in
consequence is now, always has been and probably always will be,
adjusted to certain environmental conditions, chief of which is
protection from a tropical sun. The actinic rays of the sun at the
same latitude are uniform in strength the world over and
continuous sunlight affects adversely the delicate nervous
organization of the Nordics. The fogs and long winter nights of the
North serve as a protection from too much sun and from its too
direct rays.
Scarcely less important is the presence of a large amount of
moisture but above all a constant variety of temperature is needed.
Sharp contrast between night and day temperature and between
summer and winter are necessary to maintain the vigor of the
Nordic race at a high pitch. Uniform weather, if long continued,
lessens its energy. Too great extremes as in midwinter or
midsummer in parts of New England are injurious. Limited but
constant alternations of heat and cold, of moisture and dryness, of
sun and clouds, of calm and cyclonic storms offer the ideal
surroundings.
Where the environment is too soft and luxurious and no strife is
required for survival, not only are weak strains and individuals
allowed to survive and encouraged to breed but the strong types
also grow fat mentally and physically, like overfed Indians on
reservations or wingless birds on oceanic islands, which have lost
the power of flight as a result of prolonged protective conditions.
Men of the Nordic race may not enjoy the fogs and snows of the
North, the endless changes of weather and the violent fluctuations
of the thermometer and they may seek the sunny southern isles,
but under the former conditions they flourish, do their work and
raise their families. In the south they grow listless and cease to
breed.
In the lower classes in the Southern States of America the
increasing proportion of “poor whites” and “crackers” are
symptoms of lack of climatic adjustment. The whites in Georgia, in
the Bahamas and, above all, in Barbadoes are excellent examples
of the deleterious effects of residence outside the natural habitat of
the Nordic race.
The poor whites of the Cumberland Mountains in Kentucky and
Tennessee present a more difficult problem, because here the
altitude, even though moderate, should modify the effects of
latitude and the climate of these mountains cannot be particularly
unfavorable to men of Nordic breed. There are probably other
hereditary forces at work there as yet little understood.
No doubt bad food and economic conditions, prolonged
inbreeding and the loss through emigration of the best elements
have played a large part in the degeneration of these
mountaineers. They represent to a large extent the offspring of
indentured servants brought over by the rich planters in early
Colonial times and their names indicate that many of them are the
descendants of the old borderers along the Scotch and English
frontier. The persistence with which family feuds are maintained
certainly points to such an origin. The physical type is typically
Nordic, for the most part pure Saxon or Anglian, and the whole
mountain population show somewhat aberrant but very
pronounced physical, moral and mental characteristics which
would repay scientific investigation. The problem is too complex
to be disposed of by reference to the hookworm, illiteracy or
competition with Negroes.
This type played a large part in the settlement of the Middle
West, by way of Kentucky, Tennessee and Missouri. Thence they
passed both up the Missouri River and down the Santa Fé trail and
contributed rather more than their share of the train robbers,
horse thieves and bad men of the West.
Scotland and the Bahamas are inhabited by men of precisely the
same race, but the vigor of the English in the Bahamas is gone and
the beauty of their women has faded. The fact that they were not
in competition with an autochthonous race better adjusted to
climatic conditions has enabled them to survive, but the type
could not have persisted, even during the last two hundred years,
if they had been compelled to compete on terms of equality with a
native and acclimated population.
Another element entering into racial degeneration on many
other islands and for that matter in many New England villages, is
the loss through emigration of the more vigorous and energetic
individuals, leaving behind the less efficient to continue the race at
home.
In subtropical countries where the energy of the Nordics is at a
low ebb it would appear that the racial inheritance of physical
strength and mental vigor was suppressed and recessive rather
than destroyed. Many individuals born in unfavorable climatic
surroundings, who move back to the original habitat of their race
in the north, recover their full quota of energy and vigor. New
York and other Northern cities have many Southerners who are
fully as efficient as pure Northerners.
This Nordic race can exist outside of its native environment as
land owning aristocrats who are not required to do manual labor
in the fields under a blazing sun. As such an aristocracy it
continues to exist under Italian skies, but as a field laborer the
man of Nordic blood cannot compete with his Alpine or
Mediterranean rival. It is not to be supposed that the various
Nordic tribes and armies, which for a thousand years after the fall
of Rome poured down from the Alps like the glaciers to melt in the
southern sun, were composed solely of knights and gentlemen
who became the landed nobility of Italy. The man in the ranks also
took up his land and work in Italy, but he had to compete directly
with the native under climatic conditions which were unfavorable
to his race. In this competition the blue eyed Nordic giant died
and the native survived. His officer, however, lived in the castle
and directed the labor of his bondsmen without other
preoccupation than the chase and war and he long maintained his
vigor.
The same thing happened in our South before the Civil War.
There the white men did not work in the fields or in the factory.
The heavy work under the blazing sun was carried on by Negro
slaves and the planter was spared exposure to an unfavorable
environment. Under these conditions he was able to retain much
of his vigor. When slavery was abolished and the white man had to
plough his own fields or work in the factory deterioration began.
The change in type of the men who are now sent by the
Southern States to represent them in the Federal Government
from their predecessors in ante-bellum times is partly due to these
causes, but in greater degree it is to be attributed to the fact that a
large portion of the best racial strains in the South were killed off
during the Civil War. In addition the war shattered the aristocratic
traditions which formerly secured the selection of the best men as
rulers. The new democratic ideals, with universal suffrage in free
operation among the whites, result in the choice of representatives
who lack the distinction and ability of the leaders of the Old South.
A race may be thoroughly adjusted to a certain country at one
stage of its development and be at a disadvantage when an
economic change occurs, such as was experienced in England a
century ago when the nation changed from an agricultural to a
manufacturing community. The type of man that flourishes in the
fields is not the type of man that thrives in the factory, just as the
type of man required for the crew of a sailing ship is not the type
useful as stokers on a modern steamer.

T H A M

The environment of the Alpine race seems to have always been

the mountainous country of central and eastern Europe, as well as
western Asia, but they are now spreading into the plains, notably
in Poland and Russia. This type has never flourished in the deserts
of Arabia or the Sahara, nor has it succeeded well in maintaining
its early colonies in the northwest of Europe within the domain of
the Nordic long heads. It is, however, a sturdy and persistent stock
and, while much of it may not be overrefined or cultured,
undoubtedly possesses great potentialities for future development.
The Alpines in the west of Europe, especially in Switzerland and
the districts immediately surrounding, have been so thoroughly
Nordicized and so saturated with the culture of the adjoining
nations that they stand in sharp contrast to backward Alpines of
Slavic speech in the Balkans and east of Europe.
The Mediterranean race, on the other hand, is clearly a southern
type with eastern affinities. It is a type that did not endure in the
north of Europe under former agricultural conditions nor is it
suitable to the farming districts and frontiers of America and
Canada. It is adjusted to subtropical and tropical countries better
than any other European type and will flourish in our Southern
States and around the coasts of the Spanish Main. In France it is
well known that members of the Mediterranean race are better
adapted for colonization in Algeria than are French Alpines or
Nordics. This subspecies of man is notoriously intolerant of
extreme cold, owing to its susceptibility to diseases of the lungs
and it shrinks from the blasts of the northern winter in which the
Nordics revel.
The brunet Mediterranean element in the native American
seems to be increasing at the expense of the blond Nordic element
generally throughout the Southern States and probably also in the
large cities. This type of man, however, is scarce on our frontiers.
In the Northwest and in Alaska in the days of the gold rush it was
in the mining camps a matter of comment if a man turned up with
dark eyes, so universal were blue and gray eyes among the
American pioneers.
 IV
THE COMPETITION OF RACES

Where two races occupy a country side by side, it is not correct

to speak of one type as changing into the other. Even if present in
equal numbers one of the two contrasted types will have some
small advantage or capacity which the other lacks toward a perfect
adjustment to surroundings. Those possessing these favorable
variations will flourish at the expense of their rivals and their
offspring will not only be more numerous, but will also tend to
inherit such variations. In this way one type gradually breeds the
other out. In this sense, and in this sense only, do races change.
Man continuously undergoes selection through the operation of
the forces of social environment. Among native Americans of the
Colonial period a large family was an asset and social pressure and
economic advantage counselled both early marriage and
numerous children. Two hundred years of continuous political
expansion and material prosperity changed these conditions and
children, instead of being an asset to till the fields and guard the
cattle, became an expensive liability. They now require support,
education and endowment from their parents and a large family is
regarded by some as a serious handicap in the social struggle.
These conditions do not obtain at first among immigrants, and
large families among the newly arrived population are still the
rule, precisely as they were in Colonial America and are to-day in
French Canada where backwoods conditions still prevail.
The result is that one class or type in a population expands more
rapidly than another and ultimately replaces it. This process of
replacement of one type by another does not mean that the race
changes or is transformed into another. It is a replacement pure
and simple and not a transformation.
The lowering of the birth rate among the most valuable classes,
while the birth rate of the lower classes remains unaffected, is a
frequent phenomenon of prosperity. Such a change becomes
extremely injurious to the race if unchecked, unless nature is
allowed to maintain by her own cruel devices the relative numbers
of the different classes in their due proportions. To attack race
suicide by encouraging indiscriminate reproduction is not only
futile but is dangerous if it leads to an increase in the undesirable
elements. What is needed in the community most of all is an
increase in the desirable classes, which are of superior type
physically, intellectually and morally and not merely an increase
in the absolute numbers of the population.
The value and efficiency of a population are not numbered by
what the newspapers call souls, but by the proportion of men of
physical and intellectual vigor. The small Colonial population of
America was, on an average and man for man, far superior to the
present inhabitants, although the latter are twenty-five times more
numerous. The ideal in eugenics toward which statesmanship
should be directed is, of course, improvement in quality rather
than quantity. This, however, is at present a counsel of perfection
and we must face conditions as they are.
The small birth rate in the upper classes is to some extent offset
by the care received by such children as are born and the better
chance they have to become adult and breed in their turn. The
large birth rate of the lower classes is under normal conditions
offset by a heavy infant mortality, which eliminates the weaker
children.
Where altruism, philanthropy or sentimentalism intervene with
the noblest purpose and forbid nature to penalize the unfortunate
victims of reckless breeding, the multiplication of inferior types is
encouraged and fostered. Indiscriminate efforts to preserve babies
among the lower classes often result in serious injury to the race.
At the existing stage of civilization, the legalizing of birth control
would probably be of benefit by reducing the number of offspring
in the undesirable classes. Regulation of the number of children is,
for good or evil, in full operation among the better classes and its
recognition by the state would result in no further harm among
them.
Mistaken regard for what are believed to be divine laws and a
sentimental belief in the sanctity of human life tend to prevent
both the elimination of defective infants and the sterilization of
such adults as are themselves of no value to the community. The
laws of nature require the obliteration of the unfit and human life
is valuable only when it is of use to the community or race.
It is highly unjust that a minute minority should be called upon
to supply brains for the unthinking mass of the community, but it
is even worse to burden the responsible and larger but still
overworked elements in the community with an ever increasing
number of moral perverts, mental defectives and hereditary
cripples. As the percentage of incompetents increases, the burden
of their support will become ever more onerous until, at no distant
date, society will in self-defense put a stop to the supply of
feebleminded and criminal children of weaklings.
The church assumes a serious responsibility toward the future
of the race whenever it steps in and preserves a defective strain.
The marriage of deaf mutes was hailed a generation ago as a
triumph of humanity. Now it is recognized as an absolute crime
against the race. A great injury is done to the community by the
perpetuation of worthless types. These strains are apt to be meek
and lowly and as such make a strong appeal to the sympathies of
the successful. Before eugenics were understood much could be
said from a Christian and humane viewpoint in favor of
indiscriminate charity for the benefit of the individual. The
societies for charity, altruism or extension of rights, should have in
these days, however, in their management some small modicum of
brains, otherwise they may continue to do, as they have sometimes
done in the past, more injury to the race than black death or
smallpox.
As long as such charitable organizations confine themselves to
the relief of suffering individuals, no matter how criminal or
diseased they may be, no harm is done except to our own
generation and if modern society recognizes a duty to the
humblest malefactors or imbeciles that duty can be harmlessly
performed in full, provided they be deprived of the capacity to
procreate their defective strain.
Those who read these pages will feel that there is little hope for
humanity, but the remedy has been found, and can be quickly and
mercifully applied. A rigid system of selection through the
elimination of those who are weak or unfit—in other words, social
failures—would solve the whole question in a century, as well as
enable us to get rid of the undesirables who crowd our jails,
hospitals and insane asylums. The individual himself can be
nourished, educated and protected by the community during his
lifetime, but the state through sterilization must see to it that his
line stops with him or else future generations will be cursed with
an ever increasing load of victims of misguided sentimentalism.
This is a practical, merciful and inevitable solution of the whole
problem and can be applied to an ever widening circle of social
discards, beginning always with the criminal, the diseased and the
insane and extending gradually to types which may be called
weaklings rather than defectives and perhaps ultimately to
worthless race types.
Efforts to increase the birth rate of the genius producing classes
of the community, while most desirable, encounter great
difficulties. In such efforts we encounter social conditions over
which we have as yet no control. It was tried two thousand years
ago by Augustus and his efforts to avert race suicide and the
extinction of the old Roman stock were singularly prophetic of
what some far seeing men are attempting in order to preserve the
race of native Americans of Colonial descent.
Man has the choice of two methods of race improvement. He
can breed from the best or he can eliminate the worst by
segregation or sterilization. The first method was adopted by the
Spartans, who had for their national ideals military efficiency and
the virtues of self-control, and along these lines the results were
completely successful. Under modern social conditions it would be
extremely difficult in the first instance to determine which were
the most desirable types, except in the most general way and even
if a satisfactory selection were finally made, it would be in a
democracy a virtual impossibility to limit by law the right to breed
to a privileged and chosen few.
Interesting efforts to improve the quality as well as the quantity
of the population, however, will probably be made in more than
one country after the war has ended.
Experiments in limiting reproduction to the undesirable classes
were unconsciously made in mediæval Europe under the guidance
of the church. After the fall of Rome social conditions were such
that all those who loved a studious and quiet life were compelled
to seek refuge from the violence of the times in monastic
institutions and upon such the church imposed the obligation of
celibacy and thus deprived the world of offspring from these
desirable classes.
In the Middle Ages, through persecution resulting in actual
death, life imprisonment and banishment, the free thinking,
progressive and intellectual elements were persistently eliminated
over large areas, leaving the perpetuation of the race to be carried
on by the brutal, the servile and the stupid. It is now impossible to
say to what extent the Roman Church by these methods has
impaired the brain capacity of Europe, but in Spain alone, for a
period of over three centuries from the years 1471 to 1781, the
Inquisition condemned to the stake or imprisonment an average
of 1,000 persons annually. During these three centuries no less
than 32,000 were burned alive and 291,000 were condemned to
various terms of imprisonment and other penalties and 17,000
persons were burned in effigy, representing men who had died in
prison or had fled the country.
No better method of eliminating the genius producing strains of
a nation could be devised and if such were its purpose the result
was eminently satisfactory, as is demonstrated by the
superstitious and unintelligent Spaniard of to-day. A similar
elimination of brains and ability took place in northern Italy, in
France and in the Low Countries, where hundreds of thousands of
Huguenots were murdered or driven into exile.
Under existing conditions the most practical and hopeful
method of race improvement is through the elimination of the
least desirable elements in the nation by depriving them of the
power to contribute to future generations. It is well known to stock
breeders that the color of a herd of cattle can be modified by
continuous destruction of worthless shades and of course this is
true of other characters. Black sheep, for instance, have been
practically obliterated by cutting out generation after generation
all animals that show this color phase, until in carefully
maintained flocks a black individual only appears as a rare sport.
In mankind it would not be a matter of great difficulty to secure
a general consensus of public opinion as to the least desirable, let
us say, ten per cent of the community. When this unemployed and
unemployable human residuum has been eliminated together with
the great mass of crime, poverty, alcoholism and
feeblemindedness associated therewith it would be easy to
consider the advisability of further restricting the perpetuation of
the then remaining least valuable types. By this method mankind
might ultimately become sufficiently intelligent to choose
deliberately the most vital and intellectual strains to carry on the
race.
In addition to selection by climatic environment man is now,
and has been for ages, undergoing selection through disease. He
has been decimated throughout the centuries by pestilences such
as the black death and bubonic plague. In our fathers’ days yellow
fever and smallpox cursed humanity. These plagues are now under
control, but similar diseases now regarded as mere nuisances to
childhood, such as measles, mumps and scarlatina, are terrible
scourges to native populations without previous experience with
them. Add to these smallpox and other white men’s diseases and
one has the great empire builders of yesterday. It was not the
swords in the hands of Columbus and his followers that decimated
the American Indians, it was the germs that his men and their
successors brought over, implanting the white man’s maladies in
the red man’s world. Long before the arrival of the Puritans in
New England, smallpox had flickered up and down the coast until
the natives were but a broken remnant of their former numbers.
At the present time the Nordic race is undergoing selection
through alcoholism, a peculiarly Nordic vice, and through
consumption. Both these dread scourges unfortunately attack
those members of the race that are otherwise most desirable,
differing in this respect from filth diseases like typhus, typhoid or
smallpox. One has only to look among the more desirable classes
for the victims of rum and tubercule to realize that death or
mental and physical impairment through these two causes have
cost the race many of its most brilliant and attractive members.
 V
RACE, LANGUAGE AND NATIONALITY

Nationality is an artificial political grouping of population

usually centring around a single language as an expression of
traditions and aspirations. Nationality can, however, exist
independently of language but states thus formed, such as
Belgium or Austria, are far less stable than those where a uniform
language is prevalent, as, for example, France or England.
States without a single national language are constantly exposed
to disintegration, especially where a substantial minority of the
inhabitants speak a tongue which is predominant in an adjoining
state and, as a consequence, tend to gravitate toward such state.
The history of the last century in Europe has been the record of
a long series of struggles to unite in one political unit all those
speaking the same or closely allied dialects. With the exception of
internal and social revolutions, every European war since the
Napoleonic period has been caused by the effort to bring about the
unification either of Italy or of Germany or by the desperate
attempts of the Balkan States to struggle out of Turkish chaos into
modern European nations on a basis of community of language.
The unification of both Italy and Germany is as yet incomplete
according to the views held by their more advanced patriots and
the solution of the Balkan question is still in the future.
Men are keenly aware of their nationality and are very sensitive
about their language, but only in a few cases, notably in Sweden
and Germany, does any large section of the population possess
anything analogous to true race consciousness, although the term
“race” is everywhere misused to designate linguistic or political
groups.
The unifying power of a common language works subtly and
unceasingly. In the long run it forms a bond which draws peoples
together—as the English-speaking peoples of the British Empire
with those of America. In the same manner this linguistic
sympathy will bring the German-speaking Austrians into a closer
political community with the rest of Germany and will hold
together all the German-speaking provinces.
It sometimes happens that a section of the population of a large
nation gathers around language, reinforced by religion, as an
expression of individuality. The struggle between the French-
speaking Alpine Walloons and the Nordic Flemings of Low Dutch
tongue in Belgium is an example of two competing languages in an
artificial nation which was formed originally around religion. On
the other hand, the Irish National movement centres chiefly
around religion reinforced by myths of ancient grandeur. The
French Canadians and the Poles use both religion and language to
hold together what they consider a political unit. None of these so-
called nationalities are founded on race.
During the past century side by side with the tendency to form
imperial or large national groups, such as the Pan-Germanic, Pan-
Slavic, Pan-Rumanian or Italia Irredenta movements, there has
appeared a counter movement on the part of small disintegrating
“nationalities” to reassert themselves, such as the Bohemian,
Bulgarian, Serbian, Irish, and Egyptian national revivals. The
upheaval is usually caused, as in the cases of the Irish and the
Serbians, by delusions of former greatness now become national
obsessions, but sometimes it means the resistance of a small
group of higher culture to absorption by a lower civilization. The
reassertion of these small nationalities is associated with the
resurgence of the lower races at the expense of the Nordics.
Examples of a high type threatened by a lower culture are
afforded by the Finlanders, who are trying to escape the dire fate
of their neighbors across the Gulf of Finland—the Russification of
the Germans and Swedes of the Baltic Provinces—and by the
struggle of the Danes of Schleswig to escape Germanization. The
Armenians, too, have resisted stoutly the pressure of Islam to
force them away from their ancient Christian faith. This people
really represents the last outpost of Europe toward the
Mohammedan East and constitutes the best remaining medium
through which Western ideals and culture can be introduced into
Asia.
In these as in other cases, the process of absorption from the
viewpoint of the world at large is good or evil exactly in proportion
to the relative value of the culture and race of the two groups. The
world would be no richer in civilization with an independent
Bohemia or an enlarged Rumania; but, on the contrary, an
independent Hungarian nation strong enough to stand alone, a
Finland self-governing or reunited to Sweden, or an enlarged
Greece would add greatly to the forces that make for good
government and progress. An independent Ireland worked out on
a Tammany model is not a pleasing prospect. A free Poland, apart
from its value as a buffer state, might be actually a step backward.
Poland was once great, but the elements that made it so are
scattered and gone and the Poland of to-day is a geographical
expression and nothing more.
The prevailing lack of true race consciousness is probably due to
the fact that every important nation in Europe as at present
organized, with the sole exception of the Iberian and Scandinavian
states, possesses in large proportions representatives of at least
two of the fundamental European subspecies of man and of all
manner of crosses between them. In France to-day, as in Cæsar’s
Gaul, the three races divide the nation in unequal proportions.
In the future, however, with an increased knowledge of the
correct definition of true human races and types and with a
recognition of the immutability of fundamental racial characters
and of the results of mixed breeding, far more value will be
attached to racial in contrast to national or linguistic affinities. In
marital relations the consciousness of race will also play a much
larger part than at present, although in the social sphere we shall
have to contend with a certain strange attraction for contrasted
types. When it becomes thoroughly understood that the children
of mixed marriages between contrasted races belong to the lower
type, the importance of transmitting in unimpaired purity the
blood inheritance of ages will be appreciated at its full value and to
bring half-breeds into the world will be regarded as a social and
racial crime of the first magnitude. The laws against
miscegenation must be greatly extended if the higher races are to
be maintained.
The language that a man speaks may be nothing more than
evidence that at some time in the past his race has been in contact,
either as conqueror or as conquered, with its original possessors.
Postulating the Nordic origin and dissemination of the Proto-
Aryan language, then in Asia and elsewhere existing Aryan speech
on the lips of populations showing no sign of Nordic characters is
to be considered evidence of a former dominance of Nordics now
long vanished.
One has only to consider the spread of the language of Rome
over the vast extent of her Empire to realize how few of those who
speak to-day Romance tongues derive any portion of their blood
from the pure Latin stock and the error of talking about a “Latin
race” becomes evident.
 There is, however, such a thing as a large group of nations which
have a mutual understanding and sympathy based on the
possession of a common or closely related group of languages and
on the culture of which it is the medium. This assemblage maybe
called the “Latin nations,” but never the “Latin race.”
“Latin America” is a still greater misnomer as the great mass of
the populations of South and Central America is not even
European and still less “Latin,” being overwhelmingly of
Amerindian blood.
In the Teutonic group a large majority of those who speak
Teutonic languages, as the English, Flemings, Dutch, North
Germans and Scandinavians, are descendants of the Nordic race
while the dominant class in Europe is everywhere of that blood.
As to the so-called “Celtic race,” the fantastic inapplicability of
the term is at once apparent when we consider that those
populations on the borders of the Atlantic Ocean, who to-day
speak Celtic dialects, are divided into three groups, each one
showing in great purity the characters of one of the three entirely
distinct human subspecies found in Europe. To class together the
Breton peasant with his round Alpine skull; the little, long skulled,
brunet Welshman of Mediterranean race, and the tall, blond,
light-eyed Scottish Highlander of pure Nordic blood, in a single
group labelled Celtic is obviously impossible. These peoples have
neither physical, mental nor cultural characteristics in common. If
one be of “Celtic” blood then the other two are clearly of different
origin.
There was once a people who used the original Celtic language
and they formed the western vanguard of the Nordic race. This
people was spread all over central and western Europe prior to the
irruption of the Teutonic tribes and were, no doubt, much mixed
with Alpines among the lower classes. The descendants of these
Celts must be sought to-day among those having the characters of
the Nordic race and not elsewhere.
In England the short, dark Mediterranean Welshman talks
about being “Celtic,” quite unconscious that he is the residuum of
Pre-Nordic races of immense antiquity. If the Celts are
Mediterranean in race then they are absent from central Europe
and we must regard as Celts all the Berbers and Egyptians, as well
as many Persians and Hindus.
 In France many anthropologists regard the Breton of Alpine
blood in the same light and ignore his remote Asiatic origin. If
these Alpine Bretons are Celts then there is no substantial trace of
their blood, in the British Isles, as round skulls are practically
absent there and all the blond elements in England, Scotland and
Ireland must be attributed to the historic Teutonic invasions.
Furthermore, we must call all the continental Alpines “Celts,” and
must also include all Slavs, Armenians and other brachycephs of
western Asia within that designation, which would be obviously
grotesque. The fact that the original Celts left their speech on the
tongues of Mediterraneans in Wales and of Alpines in Brittany
must not mislead us, as it indicates nothing more than that Celtic
speech antedates the Anglo-Saxons in England and the Romans in
France. We must once and for all time discard the name “Celt” for
any existing race whatever and speak only of “Celtic” language and
culture.
In Ireland the big, blond Nordic Danes claim the honor of the
name of “Celt,” if honor it be, but they are fully as Nordic as the
English and the great mass of the Irish are of Danish, Norse and
Anglo-Norman blood in addition to earlier and Pre-Nordic
elements. We are all familiar with the blond and the brunet type of
Irishman. These represent precisely the same racial elements as
those which enter into the composition of the English, namely, the
tall Nordic blond and the little Mediterranean brunet pure or
combined with Paleolithic remnants. The Irish are consequently
not entitled to independent national existence on the ground of
race, but if there be any ground for political separation from
England it must rest like that of Belgium on religion, a basis for
political combinations now happily obsolete in communities well
advanced in culture.
In the case of the so-called “Slavic race,” there is much more
unity between racial type and language. It is true that in most
Slavic-speaking countries the predominant race is clearly Alpine,
except perhaps in Russia where there is a very large substratum of
Nordic type—which may be considered as Proto-Nordic. The
objection which is made to the identification of the Slavic race
with the Alpine type rests chiefly on the fact that a very large
portion of the Alpine race is German-speaking in Germany,
Italian-speaking in Italy and French-speaking in central France.
Moreover, large portions of Rumania are of exactly the same racial
complexion.
 Many of the modern Greeks are also Alpines; in fact, are little
more than Byzantinized Slavs. It was through the Byzantine
Empire that the Slavs first came in contact with the Mediterranean
world and through this Greek medium the Russians, the Serbians,
the Rumanians and the Bulgarians received their Christianity.
Situated on the eastern marches of Europe, the Slavs were
submerged during long periods in the Middle Ages by Mongolian
hordes and were checked in development and warped in culture.
Definite traces remain of the blood of the Mongols both in isolated
and compact groups in south Russia and also scattered throughout
the whole country as far west as the German boundary. The high
tide of the Mongol invasion was during the thirteenth century.
Three hundred years later the great Muscovite expansion began,
first over the steppes to the Urals and then across Siberian tundras
and forests to the waters of the Pacific, taking up in its course
much Mongolian blood, especially during the early stages of its
advance.
The term “Caucasian race” has ceased to have any meaning
except where it is used, in the United States, to contrast white
populations with Negroes or Indians or in the Old World with
Mongols. It is, however, a convenient term to include the three
European subspecies when considered as divisions of one of the
primary branches or species of mankind but it is, at best, a
cumbersome and archaic designation. The name “Caucasian”
arose a century ago from a false assumption that the cradle of the
blond Europeans was in the Caucasus where no traces are now
found of any such race, except a small and decreasing minority of
blond traits among the Ossetes, a tribe whose Aryan speech is
related to that of the Armenians, and who while mainly
brachycephalic still retain some blond and dolichocephalic
elements which apparently are fading fast. The Ossetes now have
about thirty per cent fair eyes and ten per cent fair hair. They are
supposed to be to some extent a remnant of the Alans, the
easternmost Teutonic tribe and closely related to the Goths. Both
Alans and Goths very early in the Christian era occupied southern
Russia, and were the latest known Nordics in the vicinity of the
Caucasus Mountains. If these Ossetes are not partly of Alan origin
they may possibly represent the last lingering trace of ancient
Scythian dolichocephalic blondness.
The phrase “Indo-European or Indo-Germanic race” is also of
little use. If it has any meaning at all it must include all the three