BY J U ’ S

Classes
C A PA C I T O R S
MAGNETIC MATERIALS AND
PERMANENT MAGNET
 GREECE

In Magnesia (Greece) at around 600 BC some

she pherds accidently discove re d magnets . Later
Chinese found that the magnets possess property
to show direction . So, they started using it in
n a v i ga t i o n t o o l s .
 Repulsion Repulsion

Attraction Attraction

Opposite pole s attract and similar p oles re pu lse

similar to the case of electric charges.
As an electric ch arge pro duce s electric field in its surrou nding re gio n, a
magnet also produces a field known as in its surroundin g
region.
 Magnetic field lines The magnetic field lines are a visual and
intuitive realization of the magnetic field.
Click to edit Master title style Outside the magnet, the field is directed from
north pole to south pole. However, inside the
magnet, the field is directed from south pole to
Click to edit Master text styles north pole.
SecondN Nlevel SS
Third level Properties of magnetic field lines:
Fourth level
Fifth level
Magnetic field lines form closed loops.

The tangent to the field line at a given

point represents the direction of the net
magnetic field at that point.
Closer the field lines, stronger is the
magnetic field
Magnetic field lines never intersects
each other because at the intersection
there will be two tangents giving two
Right wrong different directions of the field which is
9/11/2021 impossible. 6
 Magnetic dipole moment Electric dipole moment
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Second level S
N
Third level
Fourth level
Fifth level

Hypothetical magnetic charge is assigned to

north pole, also called as pole strength. Along the vector joining
charge to charge
Similarly, magnetic charge is assigned to south
pole.

Along the vector joining

south pole to north pole
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 Magnetic dipole moment Magnetic field at point

Click to edit
Magnetic fieldMaster
at pointtitle style

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Second level
Third level
Fourth level
Fifth level
The magnetic moment of a bar magnet is equal to
the magnetic moment of an equivalent solenoid
Bar magnet and a solenoid produce similar that produces the same magnetic field.
magnetic fields. Magnetic moment of solenoid
Total number of turns
current cross-sectional area
A loop carrying current in clockwise direction acts
N S as south pole and if current is in anti-clockwise
direction, it acts as north pole.

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Magnetic monopole (Hypothetical) Electrostatic analogy
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Second level
Third level
Fourth level
Fifth level

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Magnetic field due to magnetic dipole Electric field due to electric dipole
AtClick
axialto
point
edit Master title style At axial point

N S
Axial
Click lineMaster text styles
to edit Axial line
Second level
Third level
Fourth level
Fifth level

For short magnets, When

Direction of is along . Direction of is along .

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Magnetic field due to magnetic dipole Electric field due to electric dipole
At Click
equatorial
to editpoint
Master title style At equatorial point

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Second level Equatorial line
Third level Equatorial line
Fourth level
Fifth level

N S

Direction of is opposite to .
Direction of is opposite to .

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Magnetic field due to magnetic dipole Electric field due to electric dipole
At an angle
Click to edit Master title style At an angle

Click to edit Master text styles

Second level
Third level
Fourth Nlevel S
Fifth level

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Magnetic field due to magnetic dipole Electric field due to electric dipole
At an angle
Click to edit Master title style At an angle

Click to edit Master text styles

Second level
Third level
Fourth Nlevel S
Fifth level

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Magnetic dipole in uniform Electric dipole in uniform
magnetic field electric field
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Second level
Third level
Fourth level
Fifth level

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 Magnetic dipole in uniform
magnetic field
For small value of in radians.
Magnetic
Click to edit Master title style dipole moment
Moment of inertia of magnet

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Second level (S.H.M equation)
Third level
Fourth level
Fifth level
OR
is restoring torque and is the angle between
and

sign implies that the restoring torque is

opposite to deflecting torque.
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 Magnetic dipole in uniform Electric dipole in uniform
magnetic field electric field
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Second level
Third level
Fourth level
Fifth level

Potential energy Potential energy

Taking zero potential at

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 Magnetic dipole in uniform Electric dipole in uniform
magnetic field electric field
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N

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Second level
Third level S
Fourth level
Case Fifth
1: level Case 1:

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 Magnetic dipole in uniform Electric dipole in uniform
magnetic field electric field
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S N
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Second level
Third level
Fourth level
Fifth level (Stable equilibrium) (Stable equilibrium)

Case 2: Case 2:

Potential energy is minimum.

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 Magnetic dipole in uniform Electric dipole in uniform
magnetic field electric field
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N
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text styles
Second level
Third level
Fourth level
Fifth level(Unstable equilibrium) (Unstable equilibrium)

Case 3: Case 3:

Potential energy is maximum.

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 Magnetic dipole in uniform Electric dipole in uniform
magnetic field electric field
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Second level
Third level
Fourth level
Fifth level

Work done by external force Work done by external force

Taking zero potential at

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PROBLEM Solution
Following figures show the arrangement of bar As magnetic moments have both direction and
magnets in different configurations. Each magnet magnitude. We can find the net magnetic
moment by adding them vectorially.
has magnetic dipole moment . Which
configuration has highest net magnetic dipole
To find the configuration has highest net
moment?
magnetic moment we need to find the magnetic
a. N b. moment for each configuration.

N S a.
S N N

S S N

S S N
c. d.
N

N
b.

S N S N N S
S N
 c.
N Thus, the configuration for which two magnets will
have highest net magnetic moment is shown below.
S N S
N

S N
d. Now, from the given configurations, whichever is
N closest to the above configuration will have highest
net magnetic dipole moment.
a. b.
N
S N
N S
S N
S S N
Therefore, option c is the correct answer.
d.
c. N
N
Short trick
We know that the direction of magnetic moment of N
S S N
a magnet is from south pole to north pole.
Therefore, option c is the closest one. Thus,
option c is the correct answer.
RECAP

Properties of magnetic field lines

Closer the field lines, stronger is the magnetic field

Magnetic field lines never intersects each other.

Magnetic field lines form closed loops.

The tangent to the field line at a given

point represents the direction of the net
magnetic field at that point.
RECAP

Magnetic dipole moment Electric dipole moment

N S

Along the vector joining

Along the vector joining charge to charge
south pole to north pole
RECAP

Magnetic monopole (Hypothetical) Electrostatic analogy

N
RECAP

Magnetic field due to magnetic dipole Electric field due to electric dipole
At axial point At axial point

N S
Axial line Axial line

For short magnets, When

Direction of is along .
Direction of is along .
RECAP

Magnetic field due to magnetic dipole Electric field due to electric dipole
At equatorial point At equatorial point

Equatorial line Equatorial line

N S

Direction of is opposite to .
Direction of is opposite to .
RECAP

Magnetic field due to magnetic dipole Electric field due to electric dipole
At an angle At an angle

N S
RECAP

Torque acting on a magnetic dipole Torque acting on a electric dipole

RECAP

Potential energy of a magnetic dipole Potential energy of a electric dipole

Potential energy Potential energy

Taking zero potential at

Earth has magma inside its core which For simplicity in understanding we consider
contains charged particles of various that a large magnet inside the earth
materials. These materials move and rotate that is responsible for the magnetic
with the rotation of Earth. Thus, forming the field.
effect of magnetic field due to current magnetic field save us from the solar
carrying loop. storms.
This is one of the possible explanation for the
magnetic field.
 Axis

Geographical
North pole

Geographical
Equator

The imaginary line joining the geographical

north pole and south pole is called the axis of
the earth. Whereas the line perpendicular to it
and passing through the centre is
Geographical called equator of the earth.
South pole
 Geographic
Meridian

Geographical
North pole

Geographical
Equator

Earth can be divided into many such

geographic meridian i.e., the plane containing
axis at the centre.
Horizontal planes are called as geographical
Geographical equator.
South pole
 Boy with compass will not reach to
Geographic north pole
A magnetic compass does not point to the
geographic north pole.
Geographic
North pole
Magnetic A magnetic compass points to the
Direction of North pole earth's magnetic poles, which are not the
true north
same as earth's geographic poles.

magnetic pole and geographical pole of the

earth.
 The magnetic meridian is a line joining the
Geographic magnetic north pole with the magnetic south
Magnetic
Meridian pole inside the earth.
Meridian
Geographical Magnetic
North pole North pole

Geographical
Equator

Magnetic
Equator

Magnetic
Geographical
South pole
South pole
ANGLE OF DECLINATION
Angle of Declination

The angle between true north (the line

towards geographic north pole) and the
Geographic direction towards which the compass points
North pole (horizontal component of the magnetic field)
Magnetic is called magnetic declination.
North pole
ANGLE OF DIP (INCLINATION)
If we hold a bar magnet at any point on the
surface of the earth it will rotate to align itself to magnetic field lines with the horizontal.
the magnetic poles of the earth.
ANGLE OF DIP (INCLINATION)
If the dip is in clockwise direction we take it as negative
lines with the horizontal. and if it is in anti-clockwise direction we take it as positive.
ANGLE OF DIP (INCLINATION)
Dip is positive at any point in northern hemisphere of the At equator:
earth whereas it is negative in the southern hemisphere.
At magnetic poles,
ANGLE OF DIP (INCLINATION)

Dip meter is an instrument

used to measure angle of dip
by measuring the angle
made by the magnetic
needle with the horizontal.

Dip Meter
 ANGLE OF
DECLINATION Geographic
Meridian
Geographic
Magnetic
Meridian
Meridian
ANGLE OF DIP

Magnetic
Meridian

Magnetic Field)
 ANGLE OF
DECLINATION Geographic Horizontal component of magnetic
Meridian field

Vertical component of magnetic field

ANGLE OF DIP

Magnetic
Meridian

Magnetic Field)
Components of earth magnetic field
ANGLE OF
Angle of declination or magnetic declination : DECLINATION Geographic
The angle between true north (the line Meridian
towards geographic north pole) and the
direction towards which the compass points
(horizontal component of the magnetic field) ANGLE OF DIP
is called magnetic declination.

Angle of dip or inclination : Magnetic

Meridian
lines with the horizontal.

Magnetic Field)
:

surface of earth
PROBLEM SOLUTION

The relations amongst the three elements of

magnetic field, namely horizontal Geographic
Meridian
component , vertical component and dip are,
( Total magnetic field)

a. Magnetic
Meridian
b.
c.
Magnetic Field)
d.

Vertical component:

Horizontal component:

Therefore, option c is the correct answer.

PROBLEM Hint
At a point on the surface, the angle of dip Angle of dip is the angle made by the
. At a point on the surface the magnetic field lines with the horizontal.
angle of dip, . We can interpret that: We know that the angle of dip is at thee
equator and it is at the magnetic poles of the
a. is located in the northern hemisphere and is earth.
located in the southern hemisphere
If the dip is in clockwise direction we take it as
negative and if it is in anti-clockwise direction
b. and are both located in the southern
we take it as positive.
hemisphere
c. and are both located in the northern
hemisphere

d. is located in the southern hemisphere and is

located in the northern hemisphere
SOLUTION
At equator:
At magnetic poles,
is positive in northern hemisphere
and negative in southern hemisphere

Therefore, option a is the correct answer.

PROBLEM

A compass needle which is allowed to move in a

horizontal plane is taken to a geomagnetic pole. It

a. will become rigid showing no movement.

b. will stay in any position.

c. will stay in north south direction only.

Horizontal
d. will stay in east west direction only.
component is ZERO

SOLUTION
If a compass needle that is allowed to move in a horizontal
plane is taken to a geomagnetic pole, it will stay in any
position as the horizontal component of the earth's magnetic
field becomes zero at the geomagnetic pole.

Therefore, option b is the correct answer.

RECAP
Angle of Declination
Click to edit Master title style
The angle between true north (the line
towards geographic north pole) and the
direction towards which the compass points
Click to edit Master text styles (horizontal component of the magnetic field)
Second level is called magnetic declination.
Third level Angle of dip
Fourth level
Fifth level Angle that is made by the magnetic field
lines with the horizontal.

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RECAP ANGLE OF
DECLINATION Geographic
Meridian
Click to edit Master title style

ANGLE OF DIP
Click to edit Master text styles
Second level
Third level
Fourth level Magnetic
Meridian
Fifth level

Magnetic Field)

Horizontal component of magnetic field

Vertical component of magnetic field

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CAUSE OF MAGNETISM
IN MATTER
Magnetic moment of an atom is due to:

Orbital motion of Major contributing

factor

Magnetic moment due to spin angular

momentum of an
Magnetic moment of nucleus

Net moment of an atom is a resultant of

magnetic moments due to all .
 CAUSE OF MAGNETISM
IN MATTER

These materials are known as DIAMAGNETIC

MATERIALS.
In some elements, the resultant magnetic
moment due to electrons gets cancelled. In some other materials, moment does not get
cancelled due to presence of unpaired .
In case of Helium, all the are paired. So,
their magnetic moment is Zero. These materials are known as PARAMAGNETIC
& FERROMAGNETIC MATERIALS.
 CAUSE OF MAGNETISM
IN MATTER

In a specimen of matter -

Random alignment of dipoles

Net magnetic moment ( ) is ZERO.

 CAUSE OF MAGNETISM
IN MATTER

On application of external magnetic field -

The matter is now magnetised

Matter adds its own magnetic field.

Net magnetic field inside > External magnetic

field
 MAGNETISATION &
MAGNETIC INTENSITY
MAGNETISATION VECTOR ( )
It's defined as NET MAGNETIC MOMENT per
unit volume

Once the matter is magnetised, magnetic

dipoles align themselves in the direction of
magnetic field.

Net magnetic moment is the sum of magnetic

moments of these magnetic dipoles per unit
volume.

S.I. Unit is
 PROBLEM SOLUTION

For a bar magnet with pole strength ,

length and cross sectional area , calculate
the value of magnetisation vector .

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

Therefore, option b is the correct answer.

 MAGNETISATION &
MAGNETIC INTENSITY
MAGNETIC INTENSITY ( ) Factors affecting inside matter

Net magnetic field inside matter:

Internal factor :
Due to alignment of dipoles ( )

External factor :
Like a current carrying coil or external
magnetic field ( )
 MAGNETISATION &
MAGNETIC INTENSITY
MAGNETIC INTENSITY ( )
It is defined as the ABILITY of a magnetic field
to MAGNETIZE A MATERIAL medium

is defined as:

S.I. unit of is
Magnetic susceptibility (Dimensionless constant)
Magnetic susceptibility of a material is
RELATION BETWEEN & defined as the ratio of &

Internal factor is proportional to external

indicates how much a substance gets
factor
magnetized when placed in external magnetic
field.
PERMEABILITY

Permeability of material
 PERMEABILITY RELATIVE PERMEABILITY
Factor by which magnetic field increases when a
material is introduced.

If there is no material ( )

Permeability of vacuum

If there is a material ( )
PROBLEM

A solenoid has a material of relative

permeability 400. If solenoid has 1000 turns
per meter and carries a current of . Find
1)
2)
3)

SOLUTION
2

1000
 DIAMAGNETISM
RECAP These materials are known as DIAMAGNETIC
MATERIALS.
In some elements, the resultant magnetic
moment due to electrons gets CANCELLED. Diamagnetic materials do not have atomic
dipoles

In case of Helium, all the are paired. So,

their magnetic moment is Zero.
 DIAMAGNETISM
Dipoles are INDUCED in any substance on Magnetic field lines are REPELLED from
application of external magnetic field. diamagnetic substances
law)

Induced dipoles

This induction is VERY SMALL. Examples: (At STP), Water, ,

In diamagnetic substances, these induced

dipoles cause a WEAK REPULSION.

Magnetic susceptibility is SMALL and NEGATIVE.

is ve and
 PARAMAGNETISM
Magnetic field lines get denser inside
Atomic dipoles are REALIGNED in the presence
paramagnetic substances.
of external magnetic field.

Examples: (at STP) , , , ,

The alignment is PARTIAL.

In paramagnetic substances, there is a WEAK

ATTRACTION in external magnetic field.

Magnetic susceptibility is SMALL and POSITIVE.

is +ve and
 PARAMAGNETISM
LAW

Magnetisation ( ) of a paramagnetic substance is

inversely proportional to absolute temperature ( ).

At normal temperature At higher temperature

 PARAMAGNETISM
LAW

Magnetisation ( ) of a paramagnetic substance is

inversely proportional to absolute temperature ( )

When temperature is increased, magnetisation reduces

constant
 FERROMAGNETISM
In ferromagnetic substances, atomic dipoles Magnetic susceptibility ( ) is +ve and very
interact with each other to align in same direction. large, .
These small volumes are called DOMAINS. Ferromagnetic substances are strongly
attracted in external magnetic field

On application of external magnetic field, these

domains align themselves in the direction of On removal of external magnetic field
magnetic field.
Magnetisation persists:
Domains usually are of size & contain Hard ferromagnetic materials
around atoms (Ex. Alnico)

Domains aligned in the direction of magnetic Magnetisation disappears:

field also grow in size. (Domain Growth) Soft ferromagnetic materials
(Ex. Soft iron)
FERROMAGNETISM
CURIE TEMPERATURE

On increasing temperature, ferromagnetic

At normal temperature
property DECREASES.

At a certain temperature, materials lose

their ferromagnetic properties and become
PARAMAGNETIC.

The domain structure disintegrates.

This transition temperature is called CURIE

TEMPERATURE ( ).
At higher temperature
 FERROMAGNETISM
CURIE TEMPERATURE The susceptibility above Curie temperature
in paramagnetic state is given by :

On increasing temperature, ferromagnetic

property DECREASES.

At a certain temperature, materials lose

their ferromagnetic properties and become
PARAMAGNETIC.

The domain structure disintegrates.

 FERROMAGNETISM
CURIE TEMPERATURE

On increasing temperature, ferromagnetic

property DECREASES.
Material
At a certain temperature, materials lose
their ferromagnetic properties and become Cobalt 1394
PARAMAGNETIC. Nickel 631
Iron 1043
The domain structure disintegrates.
Alnico 973-1123
CLASSIFICATION OF MATERIALS
BASED ON MAGNETIC PROPERTIES FERROMAGNETIC :
Susceptibility ( ) is large and positive.
Permeability of material ( ) is greater than
permeability of vacuum ( ).
Relative permeability ( ) is greater than 1.
DIAMAGNETIC :
Susceptibility ( ) is negative.

Permeability of material ( ) is less than

permeability of vacuum ( )

Relative permeability ( ) is between 0 and 1. Diamagnetic Paramagnetic Ferromagnetic

PARAMAGNETIC :
Susceptibility ( ) is small and positive.

Permeability of material ( ) is slightly greater

than permeability of vacuum ( ).
is a small positive number introduced to
Relative permeability ( ) is slightly
greater than 1. quantify paramagnetic materials.
 PROBLEM PROBLEM

The magnetic susceptibility is negative for If a diamagnetic substance is brought near

north or south pole of a bar magnet, it is
(a) Attracted by the poles.
(a) Ferromagnetic materials only.
(b) Repelled by the poles.
(b) Paramagnetic and ferromagnetic materials
(c) Repelled by the north pole and attracted
(c) Diamagnetic material only.
by the south pole.
(d) Paramagnetic material only.
(d) Attracted by the north pole and repelled by
SOLUTION
south pole.
Susceptibility ( ) is large and positive for ferromagnetic SOLUTION
materials, it is small and positive for paramagnetic
materials, and it is negative only for diamagnetic Diamagnetic substances do not have any unpaired
materials. electrons. Also, they magnetize in the opposite
direction of the magnetic field. These substances
are repelled in an external magnetic field.
Hence it will get repelled by the poles .
Therefore, option c is the correct answer.
Therefore, option b is the correct answer.
PROBLEM PROBLEM

The magnetic moment of a diamagnetic Nickel shows ferromagnetic property at

atom is, room temperature. If the temperature is
increased beyond Curie temperature, then
(a) Much greater than one. it will show

(b) 1 (a) Anti ferromagnetism.

(c) Between zero and one. (b) No magnetic property.
(d) Equal to zero. (c) Diamagnetism.

SOLUTION (d) Paramagnetism.

In diamagnetic materials, all the electrons are SOLUTION

paired so their magnetic moment is equal to zero.

Therefore, option d is the correct answer. When , becomes positive and small.
Therefore, option d is the correct answer.
PROBLEM PROBLEM

If the magnetic dipole moment of an atom A thin diameter rod is placed vertically
of diamagnetic material, paramagnetic between the poles of an electromagnet.
material and ferromagnetic material is When the current in the electromagnet is
denoted by respectively. Then, switched ON, then the diamagnetic rod is
pushed up, out of the horizontal magnetic
(a)
field. Hence the rod gains gravitational
(b) potential energy. The work required to do
this comes from,
(c)
(d) (a) The current source.
(b) The magnetic field.
SOLUTION
(c) The lattice structure of the material of the
Only diamagnetic substances have zero
atomic dipole number. rod.
(d) The induced electric field due the changing
magnetic field.
Therefore, option c is the correct answer.
SOLUTION Quick Recap
In this case, as the electromagnet is connected to
battery (source of emf), the magnetic field is
produced in it. Force due to this magnetic field
pushes the rod upwards and so gravitational Diamagnetic Paramagnetic Ferromagnetic
potential energy is stored. This stored energy will
require work which will come from current source
or battery which is connected to electromagnet.

Therefore, option a is the correct answer.

LAW
Magnetisation ( ) of paramagnetic substance is
inversely proportional to absolute temperature ( ).

The susceptibility above Curie temperature

in paramagnetic state is given by :
RECAP

Diamagnetism
Click to edit Master title style

Induced dipoles
Click to edit Master text styles
Second level
Third level
Fourth level
Fifth level
Magnetic field lines are REPELLED from
diamagnetic substances
This induction is VERY SMALL.

In diamagnetic substances, these induced

dipoles cause a WEAK REPULSION.

Magnetic susceptibility is SMALL and NEGATIVE.

is ve and
9/23/2021 3
RECAP

Paramagnetism
Click to edit Master title style Magnetic field lines get denser inside
paramagnetic substances.

Click to edit Master text styles

Second level
Third level
Fourth level
Fifth level

The alignment is PARTIAL.

In paramagnetic substances, there is a WEAK

ATTRACTION in external magnetic field.

Magnetic susceptibility is SMALL and POSITIVE.

is +ve and
9/23/2021 4
RECAP

Paramagnetism
Click to edit Master title style

Magnetisation ( ) of a paramagnetic substance is

Click to
inversely edit Masterto
proportional text styles temperature ( )
absolute
Second level
Third level
Fourth level
Fifth level

When temperature is increased, magnetisation reduces.

9/23/2021 5
constant
RECAP

Ferromagnetism Domains aligned in the direction of magnetic

Click to edit Master title style
field also grow in size. (Domain Growth)
In ferromagnetic substances, atomic dipoles
interact with each other to align in same direction. Magnetic susceptibility ( ) is +ve and very
These small
Click volumes
to edit aretext
Master called DOMAINS.
styles large, .
Second level
Third level
Fourth level
Fifth level

On application of external magnetic field, these

domains align themselves in the direction of
magnetic field.

Domains usually are of size & contain

around atoms
9/23/2021 6
RECAP

Ferromagnetism
Click to edit Master title style Classification of materials based on magnetic
properties
At a certain temperature, materials lose their
ferromagnetic properties
Click to edit Master and become
text styles
PARAMAGNETIC.
Second level
TheThird
domainlevel
structure disintegrates.
Fourth level
TheFifth
susceptibility
level above Curie temperature
in paramagnetic state is given by : Diamagnetic Paramagnetic Ferromagnetic

is a small positive number introduced to quantify

paramagnetic materials.
9/23/2021 7
 I-H CURVE

Hysteresis loop (Hysteresis Curve)

What is magnetization ( )?
A hysteresis loop (also known as a
hysteresis curve) is a four-quadrant
graph that shows the relationship
between the induced magnetic flux
density and the magnetizing field
.
Hysteresis is characterized as a lag of
What is magnetic intensity ( )? magnetic flux density behind the
magnetic field strength.
 I-H CURVE

Saturation

Hysteresis loop (Hysteresis Curve)

It is the path in
which a ferromagnetic substance is taken
through a cycle of magnetisation and de-
magnetisation.

Saturation
(Opposite direction)
 FORMATION OF CURVE

At, At,

In the given circuit, because of zero current, no In the given circuit, because of zero current, no
magnetic intensity and the magnetization will magnetic intensity and the magnetization will
develop. develop.
 FORMATION OF CURVE

At,

At,

When the bar is inside the coil and charges are

Retentivity:
now commencing to flow, shallowly magnetic
intensity and magnetization will develop in a It is the capacity of a substance to retain its
material. magnetism even when the magnetizing
field has ceased to act.
 FORMATION OF CURVE

At, , opposite direction At,

Now, due to negative current, dipoles are aligned Here, the current is zero, but still, some
in the opposite direction. Hence, the curve magnetization characteristic is present in the
becomes negative. dipoles, which never allows them to regain their
Coercivity: random orientations.
It is an amount of magnetic intensity required to
demagnetize a material.
 FORMATION OF CURVE A CURVES FOR
THE MAGNETIC MATERIALS
Relationship between Magnetic field and
Magnetization :

At, ,

Again, change the polarity of the battery to

demagnetize the dipoles.
HYSTERESIS LOSS
For permanent magnet

High saturation magnetisation

High Retentivity
High Coercivity

For electromagnet

High saturation magnetisation

Low Retentivity
Low Coercivity
PROBLEM SOLUTION
The figure illustrates how , the flux density inside
a sample of unmagnetized ferromagnetic material
varies with , the magnetic flux density in which
the sample is kept. For the sample to be suitable for
making a permanent magnet.
a. should be large, should be small.
b. Both and should both be large.
c. should be small and should be large.
d. Both and should both be small.

Therefore, option b is the correct answer.

PROBLEM
Material to be used in core of transformer should
Which material is better for use in a coil of the have :
generator or the core of a transformer? Low Retentivity
a. Soft iron
Low Coercivity
b. Mild steel
Small Area of hysteresis loop
c. Stainless steel
d. Hard iron

SOLUTION
Soft iron have the better combination of the
Soft Iron properties required for the core of transformer.

Therefore, option a is the correct answer.

Transformer Transformer core

Magnetic Materials and Permanent Magnets
Session wise content
S1

Magnetic dipole
moment due to bar
magnet S2

S3

Magnetisation and
magnetic intensity
S4 Classification of
materials

S5
Hysteresis
 Magnetic dipole

Opposite poles of the magnet attract and similar poles repel similar to the case of electric charges.

Magnetic moment of solenoid :

Magnetic dipole moment : (Along the vector joining south pole to north pole)

Magnetic field due to magnetic dipole:

At axial point At equatorial point

Direction of is along .

For short magnets,

Direction of is opposite to .
 Magnetic dipole

At an angle

Magnetic dipole in uniform magnetic field Potential energy

Torque on a magnetic dipole:

Torque in deflection of magnetic

needle in uniform magnetic field:
is restoring torque and is the
angle between and
sign implies that the restoring torque is opposite to (Taking zero potential at )
deflecting torque.
 Potential energy of magnetic dipole
Case 1: Case 2: Case 3:

Potential energy is minimum. Potential energy is maximum.

Work done by external force

Taking zero potential at

Angle of declination ( ):
The angle between true north (the line towards
geographic north pole) and the direction towards which
the compass points (horizontal component of the
magnetic field) is called magnetic declination.
Angle of dip or inclination ( ) :

with the horizontal.

Horizontal component of magnetic
field:

Vertical component of magnetic field:

Cause of magnetism in matter

Orbital motion of (Major contributing factor)

Magnetic moment due to spin angular momentum of an
Magnetic moment of nucleus
 Magnetisation
MAGNETISATION VECTOR ( )
It's defined as net magnetic moment per unit volume.

S.I. Unit is

Net magnetic field inside matter:

MAGNETIC INTENSITY ( ) PERMEABILITY ( )

It is defined as the ability of a magnetic field = Permeability
to magnetize a material medium

If there is no material If there is a material

( ) ( )
RELATION BETWEEN &

Relative permeability:
Magnetic susceptibility
 Classification of materials
Diamagnetism Paramagnetism Ferromagnetism

Susceptibility ( ) is negative. Susceptibility ( ) is small Susceptibility ( ) is large

and positive. and positive.
Permeability of material ( ) Permeability of material ( ) Permeability of material ( )
is less than permeability of is slightly greater than is greater than permeability
vacuum ( ). permeability of vacuum ( ). of vacuum ( ).
Relative permeability ( ) is Relative permeability ( ) is Relative permeability ( ) is
between 0 and 1. slightly greater than 1. greater than 1.

Magnetisation ( ) of a paramagnetic substance is The susceptibility above Curie temperature in

inversely proportional to absolute temperature ( ) paramagnetic state is given by :
 Hysteresis
Hysteresis is characterized as a lag of magnetic flux density
behind the magnetic field strength.
A hysteresis loop (also known as a hysteresis curve) is a four-
quadrant graph that shows the relationship between the induced
magnetic flux density and the magnetizing field .

Retentivity is the capacity of a substance to retain its magnetism

even when the magnetizing field has ceased to act.
Coercivity is an amount of magnetic intensity required to
demagnetize a material.
HYSTERESIS LOSS
The area enclosed by Energy supplied per unit
the hysteresis loop volume of material in each
cycle which is lost as heat

For permanent magnet For electromagnet

High saturation magnetisation High saturation magnetisation
High Retentivity Low Retentivity
High Coercivity Low Coercivity