Solution Manual for Biology Life on Earth 10th Edition by Audesirk Byers ISBN

0321729714 9780321729712

Full link download

Test Bank:
https://testbankpack.com/p/test-bank-for-biology-life-on-earth-10th-edition-by-audesirk-byers-isbn-0321729714-
9780321729712/

Solution Manual:

https://testbankpack.com/p/solution-manual-for-biology-life-on-earth-10th-edition-by-audesirk-byers-isbn-
0321729714-9780321729712/

CHAPTER 2 ATOMS, MOLECULES,

AND LIFE

LECTURE OUTLINE
Case Study: Unstable Atoms Unleashed

2.1 What Are Atoms?

A. Atoms Are the Basic Structural Units of Elements (Figures 2-1 and 2-2, and Table 2-1)
1. An element is a substance that cannot be separated into simpler substances
2. An atom is the smallest unit of an element (Table 2-1)
B. Atoms Are Composed of Still Smaller Particles (Table 2-1 and Figure 2-1)
1. Atoms are composed of subatomic particles: protons, neutrons, and electrons
2. The mass number is equal to the mass of the protons and neutrons
3. Protons and neutrons cluster in the atomic nucleus
4. Negatively charged electrons orbit the atomic nucleus
C. Elements Are Defined by Their Atomic Numbers
1. Atomic number is the number of protons in an atom
D. Isotopes Are Atoms of the Same Element with Different Numbers of Neutrons
1. Some isotopes are radioactive
➢ Science in Action: Radioactive Medicine (Figures E2-1 and E2-2)
2. Some radioactive isotopes damage cells
E. Nuclei and Electrons Play Complementary Roles in Atoms
1. Electrons occupy complex regions around the nucleus
a. These regions are called electron shells and correspond to different energy levels (Figure 2-2)
b. Electron shells allow interactions, or bonds, with other atoms
2. Electrons can capture and release energy (Figure 2-3)
3. As atomic number increases, electrons fill shells increasingly distant from the nucleus
➢ Case Study Continued: Unstable Atoms Unleashed

2.2 How Do Atoms Interact to Form Molecules?

A. Atoms Form Molecules to Fill Vacancies in Their Outer Electron Shells
1. A molecule consists of two or more atoms of the same or different elements held together by
interactions between their outer-shell electrons
2. Atoms with full outer electron shells do not react with other atoms and are inert
3. Atoms that do not have full outer shells are considered reactive
B. Chemical Bonds Hold Atoms Together in Molecules (Table 2-3)
1. Chemical bonding involves the gain, loss, or sharing of electrons
a. Ionic bonds
 b. Covalent bonds
c. Hydrogen bonds
C. Ionic Bonds Form Among Ions (Figure 2-4)
1. The outermost electron shell is almost empty or almost full
2. Ions are atoms that become stable by gaining or losing electrons
3. Ionic bonds are electrical attractions between positive and negative ions
D. Covalent Bonds Form by Sharing Electrons (Figure 2-5 and Table 2-4)
1. If the outermost electron shell is partially full, an atom may form a covalent bond
2. Covalent bonds form when atoms become stable by sharing electrons
3. Most biological molecules utilize covalent bonding
 Chapter 2 Atoms, Molecules, and Life 11

E. Covalent Bonds May Produce Nonpolar or Polar Molecules (Figure 2-6)

1. Nonpolar covalent bonds involve the equal sharing of electrons
2. Polar covalent bonds involve the unequal sharing of electrons (H2O)
3. Free radicals are unstable molecules with an unfilled outermost electron shell
a. They can tear other molecules apart
➢ Health Watch: Watch Out for Free Radicals (Figures E2-3 and E2-4)
F. Hydrogen Bonds Are Attractive Forces Between Certain Polar Molecules
1. Hydrogen bonds are bonds between parts of polar molecules (Figure 2-6)
2. Hydrogen bonds are responsible for the unique properties of water
➢ Lecture Activity 2.1: Exercise in Chemical Bonding
➢ Lecture Activity 2.2: Atomic Love Connection
➢ Lecture Activity 2.3: Atoms, Molecules, and Compounds

2.3 Why Is Water So Important to Life?

A. Water Molecules Attract One Another (Figure 2-7)
1. Cohesion occurs when water molecules stick together
2. Surface tension results when the surface of water is resistant to being broken
➢ Have You Ever Wondered…Why It Hurts So Much to Do a Belly Flop?
B. Water Interacts with Many Other Molecules (Figures 2-8 and 2-9)
1. Water, a type of solvent, is capable of dissolving a wide range of substances
2. Hydrophilic molecules exhibit attraction to water (as well as ions and polar molecules)
3. Hydrophobic molecules exhibit no attraction to water (do not dissolve)
C. Water Moderates the Effects of Temperature Changes (Figure 2-10)
1. It Takes a Lot of Energy to Heat Water
a. Specific heat is the amount of energy required to heat 1 gram by 1°C
b. Water has a high specific heat
c. It takes more energy to heat water than most substances
2. It Takes a Lot of Energy to Evaporate Water
a. Heat of vaporization is the amount of heat required to vaporize a substance
b. Water has a high heat of vaporization
➢ Case Study Continued: Unstable Atoms Unleashed
➢ Lecture Activity 2.4: Specific Heat of Water and Body Temperature
D. Water Forms an Unusual Solid: Ice (Figures 2-11 and 2-12)
1. Most liquids become more dense when they are solid
2. A unique property of ice is that it is less dense than liquid water
E. Water-Based Solutions Can Be Acidic, Basic, or Neutral (Figures 2-13 and 2-14)
1. Pure water contains equal amounts of hydrogen and hydroxide ions
+ –
2. Acidic solutions contain more hydrogen ions (H ) than hydroxide ions (OH )
– +
3. Basic solutions contain more hydroxide ions (OH ) than hydrogen ions (H )
4. The pH scale expresses the degree of acidity of a solution and ranges from 1–14
+ –
a. Acids have a pH below 7 (more H than OH )
– +
b. Bases have a pH above 7 (more OH than H )
+ –
c. Water has a pH of 7 (equal amounts of H and OH )
5. A buffer helps maintain a solution at a relatively constant pH

Case Study Revisited: Unstable Atoms Unleashed

KEY TERMS
acid electron shell nonpolar covalent bond
acidic element pH scale
antioxidant free radical polar covalent bond
atom heat of vaporization proton
atomic nucleus hydrogen bond radioactive
atomic number hydrophilic solution
Another document from Scribd.com that is
random and unrelated content:
 THE PRESIDENT: Yes. The translation said 12 million.
GEN. ALEXANDROV: That was an error.
SAUCKEL: In connection with this document I must state
emphatically that the figure here is indicated as 5,124,000. It includes
1,576,000 prisoners of war, but the latter do not rank with the civilian
workers. The prisoners were the responsibility of the Armed Forces and
during their employment, or during their employment by the generals in
charge of the prisoner-of-war camps, they were housed and cared for in
the individual military areas.
GEN. ALEXANDROV: They were employed in the German
industries. Please read after me Subparagraph V: “General Summary of
Foreign Workers ... at present employed in Germany.”
SAUCKEL: Yes. That is correct.
GEN. ALEXANDROV: That is all I want. Now take...
SAUCKEL: Please, have I your permission to explain that these
prisoners of war were not housed and cared for in the factories or by the
DAF (German Workers’ Front) but were billeted in the camps which
were under the jurisdiction of the generals in charge of prisoners of war
in the military areas, and they were consequently not included with the
civilian workers in my statistics.
GEN. ALEXANDROV: As far as the number of prisoners of war
working in your organization is concerned, a supplementary question
will be asked later on. Actually, I am interested to know how many
civilians and how many prisoners of war were employed in the German
industries. Do you confirm this figure of 5,124,000? Is this figure correct
or not?
SAUCKEL: That is a correct figure for this particular time. But in
order that the Tribunal may get an exact picture of the procedure I should
like to be allowed to refer to a very accurate document. That would be
Document Number 1764-PS. It deals with the exact enumeration of
individual workers from individual countries, and of prisoners of war
about 6 months later. I submitted it to the main Reich offices, and to the
Party offices in Posen. It was also submitted to the Führer and to the
Reich offices...
GEN. ALEXANDROV: I have to interrupt you...
SAUCKEL: I beg you to allow me to complete my explanation. I
must completely clarify these matters here and now. My conscience
demands that I do so before the entire world.
 For February 1943, that is half a year later, there appears on Page 7
of Document Number 1764-PS another exact enumeration with a figure
of 4,014,000 civilian workers and 1,658,000 prisoners of war. The sum
total—this figure was very accurate—was 5,672,000. That in spite of the
inclusion of more foreign civilian workers this figure was not materially
increased has been proved by the fact—as I already stated yesterday—
that civilian workers from western, southern, and southeastern territories
for the most part had labor contracts binding them for 6 months only.
Whenever possible, when under my charge, these contracts were
observed; for otherwise, had I failed to keep to the contracts, that is, if I
had not insisted on doing so, I would never have obtained any more
workers.
If I employed several hundred thousand workers in half a year and
then sent them back again, this figure would always disappear again
because they went home. Therefore, far more civilian workers entered
Germany than officially stated at any one time—than appeared in the
total amount—for the number of those returning would always have to
be deducted, and there were very many of them.
A French document has been presented which is a report from the
Envoy Hemmen in Paris. My counsel will be good enough to tell me the
PS number later. It shows that French workers, about 800,000 of them
came to Germany; but these figures are not in accordance with those
issued by my department, but in accordance with a statement from the
French Embassy. In 1944 there were only 400,000 left in Germany as,
owing to the time limits of their contracts, these contracts were expiring
every day and thousands were returning home daily. Roughly 50 percent
of the contracts would expire while another 50 percent would still be
working. That is an exact explanation of this statement, made in all
conscience.
GEN. ALEXANDROV: As to what these labor contracts actually
were, those so-called labor contracts, I shall mention at a later date. My
French colleague, during his examination, sufficiently proved the
criminal methods used in the mobilization of workers in the West. How
this was done in the East I will tell you a little later on. I should now like
you to confirm the figures of your report—5,124,000 persons. Is this an
exact figure, or is it not? I am not asking for any superfluous
explanations. You are asked to state only whether this figure is correct or
not.
 SAUCKEL: It is correct for the time this statement was made, but it
changed constantly for the reason I have mentioned.
GEN. ALEXANDROV: This figure is dated 24 July 1942; that is
quite clear to everybody. Now, take the second document, 1739-PS. The
last page of 1739-PS, where you will find the following sentence:
“Only then can we be sure that the immense number of foreign
workers, both men and women, in the territory of the Reich—
which has now reached 7 million, including all working
prisoners of war—will furnish the greatest possible assistance
to the German war industry.”
Does this sentence occur there? Is the number of 7 million given
there?
SAUCKEL: The figure of 7 million is quoted here and includes all
prisoners of war employed as labor at that particular time...
GEN. ALEXANDROV: I know what is written there. I am asking
you: Is this figure of 7 million contained in the document or not?
SAUCKEL: Yes, it is written in this document.
GEN. ALEXANDROV: It is the correct figure?
SAUCKEL: It is the correct figure, and I am asking the Tribunal
that I be allowed to read the two following sentences as well because you
are accusing me of resorting to criminal methods. I, on my part, did all I
could, and used all the influence I had, to prevent the use of criminal
methods. This is proved by the two following sentences which I shall
now read, and which state...
GEN. ALEXANDROV: I am obliged to interrupt you once more.
SAUCKEL: Please, may I add to the explanation I have already
given, in accordance with the possibilities granted to me by the Tribunal,
two more sentences in support of my declaration: “...undernourished
half...”
GEN. ALEXANDROV: Defendant Sauckel...
THE PRESIDENT: Let him read the two sentences he wants to
read.
GEN. ALEXANDROV: They have absolutely nothing to do with
the question of the number of workers imported into Germany...
THE PRESIDENT: I have not got the translation of the document,
so I cannot tell. I want to hear him read the sentences...
GEN. ALEXANDROV: Then read them, please.
 SAUCKEL: “...half-desperate Eastern Workers would be more
of a hindrance than a help to the war economy.
“It is essential that all the government offices, right down to
the factories concerned”—for these, I must add, I was not
responsible—“should be quite clear on the subject, and that is
my constant endeavor.”
I merely wanted to show my conscientiousness by those two
sentences, and how sincerely I endeavored to carry out my task which
was an extremely difficult one for me.
THE PRESIDENT: Now, Defendant, will you kindly answer the
questions and only give explanations when it is necessary to explain the
answer. All you were asked was whether the figure of 5,124,000 in the
first document was correct and whether the figure of 7 million in the
second document is correct, and you said both of them were.
Now go on, General.
SAUCKEL: I have already answered that it is correct, that the
figure of 7 million is given in this document...
THE PRESIDENT: Well, we do not want any more explanations.
GEN. ALEXANDROV: I can understand perfectly well that you are
not interested in increasing these appalling figures even by a single point,
let alone by several millions.
Yesterday you stated that in 1943, 2 million more foreign workers
came to Germany, and in 1944 a further 900,000 persons.
SAUCKEL: I must definitely correct that. I did not say that, but it is
true that from July 1942 until the end of 1943 about 2 million foreign
workers came to Germany, not in 1943 only. From February 1943, for
instance, until the end of 1943 only 1 million came to Germany because
we were experiencing considerable difficulties at the time. But from July
1942 until the end of 1942 about 1½ million arrived, so that in 1½ years
2 more million were added to the first number which I mentioned
yesterday.
GEN. ALEXANDROV: It is already known how many you
received in 1942. Yesterday you stated quite definitely that in 1943 about
2 million workers came to Germany. Is that correct? I am talking of
1943.
SAUCKEL: If I am supposed to have said that yesterday I do not
remember it, for it is not true; but the truth is that from about July 1942
until the end of 1943 about 2 million foreign workers were sent to
Germany.
THE PRESIDENT: General, the Tribunal is not really interested in
the exact number of foreign workers who came to Germany. It does not
seem to us to make very much difference whether 5 million or 6 million
or 7 million came there. It is extremely difficult to follow the figures.
GEN. ALEXANDROV: I do not intend to determine the numbers of
workers brought to Germany with mathematical precision. I do,
however, consider it quite indispensable to realize the scale on which
these crimes were committed. I would like the Defendant Sauckel to
state definitely how many workers were brought to Germany during the
war.
THE PRESIDENT: Well, I just told you we do not consider it
important. You say that you do not want to ascertain with mathematical
accuracy, but we have spent a considerable time in attempting to do so.
GEN. ALEXANDROV: This can be explained by the fact that the
Defendant Sauckel does not give a precise reply to the questions put to
him.
[Turning to the defendant.] Tell me, do you consider such methods
of warfare, the mass driving into slavery of millions of people from the
occupied territories, to be in accordance with the laws and customs of
war and human morality in general?
SAUCKEL: I do not consider slavery and deportation admissible.
Please allow me to add the following explanation to this clear reply.
Personally, I was firmly convinced that it is no crime...
GEN. ALEXANDROV: Please do not evade the question.
SAUCKEL: I am not evading the question, but I may and I have the
right to give an explanation of my reply; I have already given the answer.
GEN. ALEXANDROV: Give a direct answer.
SAUCKEL: It is necessary for my defense...
GEN. ALEXANDROV: I do not think it is necessary. Answer
directly: Do you consider these methods criminal or do you not?
THE PRESIDENT: One moment, General, you asked the defendant
whether he considered it honorable. Let him answer it in his own way. It
is not a question whether a thing is honorable. He is entitled to answer it
freely.
SAUCKEL: Now that I have given a clear reply to the effect that I
could not be convinced in all conscience that I was committing a crime, I
ask permission to read out the relevant sentences from Document
Sauckel-86 in Document Book 3. They contain the instructions which I
gave to my department and to the industrial concerns:
“We are not concerned”—I quote—“with material things but,
and I would emphasize this again very definitely, with human
beings, with many millions of human beings, every single one
of whom—whether we want it or not—makes his criticism
from his own point of view, be he a German or a foreign
worker.
“On the other hand, the output of the individual, be he a
Volksgenosse”—that means a German—“or not a
Volksgenosse”—that means an alien—“be he a friend or an
enemy of Germany, will always depend on whether he admits
to himself that he is being treated justly, or whether he comes
to the conclusion that he has been exposed to injustice.
“Be just”—I may add that this was my order to my
departments—“Be just! There are many questions which you
cannot always answer by merely studying my instructions, or
the Gesetzblatt, or the Reichsarbeitsblatt....”
THE PRESIDENT: We do not want to go into a very long speech,
you know, about a question like that. I mean, you do not want to read all
your instructions to your subordinates again.
SAUCKEL: No, I only want to read two more sentences, Your
Lordship:
“The worker’s life is so rich that it cannot be comprised even
in many thick volumes. But every human breast harbors a
feeling which says to him, ‘Have you been treated with
kindness and justice...’ ”
THE PRESIDENT: Defendant, that is enough. We have heard
enough of that.
GEN. ALEXANDROV: Defendant Sauckel, in July 1944 a
conference was held at Hitler’s headquarters to deal with the question of
the treatment of foreign workers in case of a further successful advance
of the Allied armies. Do you know anything of this conference or not?
SAUCKEL: May I ask once more—what was the date?
GEN. ALEXANDROV: I am asking you about the conference
which was held at Hitler’s headquarters in July 1944. Do you know
anything about this conference or do you not?
SAUCKEL: I cannot remember for certain. I must ask you to place
some document before me. I cannot remember any meeting in July
because from 20 June 1944, or thereabout, I was no longer admitted to
the Führer for any discussions.
GEN. ALEXANDROV: That is enough for me. That means that
you do not know anything at all about this conference?
Tell me, for what purpose, for what kind of work were the foreign
laborers employed who had been imported into Germany? Is it correct to
state that they were primarily employed in the armament and munitions
industries?
SAUCKEL: Workers were brought to Germany for employment in
the armament industry. The armament industry is a very wide term, and
is not identical with the manufacture of arms and munitions. The
armament industry includes all products—from matches to cannons—
that have anything to do with supply for the army. It is, therefore,
necessary, within this broad, far-reaching term, to limit or isolate the
manufacture of arms and munitions.
Moreover, workers were brought to Germany for all other branches
of civil economy essential to the war effort, such as agriculture, mining,
skilled trades, and so forth. We made three distinctions: War economy,
which meant the entire German economy in wartime; armament
economy meant...
THE PRESIDENT: Well, Defendant, we do not want a lecture upon
that, you know. All you were asked was whether they were brought there
for work in the armament industry.
SAUCKEL: A part of them.
GEN. ALEXANDROV: I should like you to answer whether the
workers brought to Germany were primarily employed in Germany’s war
industries and for military purposes? Is that right or not? I mean in the
broad sense of the word.
SAUCKEL: In the broad sense of the word, yes, including the entire
economy in wartime.
GEN. ALEXANDROV: Then the utilization of imported manpower
was subordinated entirely and fully to the conduct of the war of
aggression by Germany? Do you admit that?
SAUCKEL: That is stretching the idea too far. My own views,
according to which I acted and could only act at the time, excluded the
word “aggressive.”
GEN. ALEXANDROV: Please answer briefly if it appears to go too
far. Tell me do you admit it or do you not?
SAUCKEL: I have already answered.
GEN. ALEXANDROV: Your part as organizer of the mass drive
into slavery of the peaceful population of the occupied territories is
sufficiently clear. I should now like to pass over to the elucidation of the
part played by the individual ministries in this matter. Please enumerate
the ministries and other government organizations which directly
participated in carrying out the requisite measures for the mobilization
and utilization of foreign manpower. Mention has already been made of
the Ministry for the Occupied Eastern Territories, of the War Ministry
and of the OKW, so that it is not necessary to speak about them again.
Kindly enumerate the others.
SAUCKEL: On the plan, which has also been submitted to your
delegation, Mr. Prosecutor, there are some small inaccuracies,
inaccuracies made by the draftsman. I have not seen the completed
drawing, but I took it for granted that the original drawing, as submitted
to me, was correctly made by the draftsman. These small inaccuracies
and deviations can be rectified, and the plan will then be unmistakably
clear and offer the soundest explanation.
GEN. ALEXANDROV: Your defense counsel has stated here that
this plan is not sufficiently accurate. It is precisely for that reason that I
ask you this question and request you to explain which ministries and
other government offices played an immediate part in the mobilization
and utilization of foreign manpower, over and above those which I have
already indicated.
THE PRESIDENT: General, he says that it is substantially correct,
and that there was only one minor alteration suggested in it. Surely that
is sufficient for us.
GEN. ALEXANDROV: Mr. President, Sauckel’s defense counsel
has himself stated that there are a number of inaccuracies in the plan. I
will, however, endeavor to facilitate this task.
[Turning to the defendant.] Please tell me how the Foreign Office
was connected with this matter.
SAUCKEL: The Foreign Office was connected with this matter in
the following way:
 It had to establish connections with countries where embassies,
legations, or German delegations were acting. Negotiations would then
take place under the chairmanship of the head of an embassy or
delegation. The Foreign Office always made every effort to conduct
these negotiations in a suitable way and in a proper manner.
GEN. ALEXANDROV: On 4 January 1944 a meeting was held
with Hitler. This is Document 1292-PS. It is written in Subparagraph 4 of
the minutes of this meeting, “The Plenipotentiary General for the
Allocation of Labor must, before taking measures, contact the Minister
for Foreign Affairs.” What did that mean in this particular case?
SAUCKEL: In this case it meant that if I had to negotiate with the
French or the Italian Government, I would first have to get in touch with
the Minister for Foreign Affairs.
GEN. ALEXANDROV: After this meeting, which was held with
Hitler on 4 January 1944—on 5 January 1944 you sent a letter to
Lammers in which you related the question regarding the necessity for
issuing a special directive as a result of this meeting, in order that all aid
should be given you by the following authorities—I will enumerate
them: The Reichsführer SS, the Minister of the Interior, the Minister for
Foreign Affairs, Field Marshal Keitel, the Minister for the Occupied
Eastern Territories, Rosenberg, the Reich Commissioners, the Governor
General, and others. Do you remember this letter?
SAUCKEL: I remember that letter; will you be kind enough to put
it before me. I cannot, of course, remember the contents in detail.
THE PRESIDENT: What is the number of that document, General?
GEN. ALEXANDROV: That is Number 1292-PS, Page 6 of the
Russian text.
[Turning to the defendant.] Have you found the passage?
SAUCKEL: Yes. It is on the last page? May I ask if this is correct?
GEN. ALEXANDROV: This means you considered that all these
organizations were to participate fully, one way or the other, in the
execution of measures for the recruitment and utilization of manpower.
Is that correct?
SAUCKEL: That is correct and I ask permission in this connection
to give the following explanation: It is obvious that I myself, in my
office, could not do certain things without informing the high-ranking
authorities of the Reich. It merely proves that I was attempting to work
correctly, and not to interfere wildly within the Reich, or in other
administrative departments.
GEN. ALEXANDROV: I would like you to explain the following:
When the Hitlerite government resorted to these criminal measures for
driving off into slavery the population of the occupied territories, did
practically all the government organizations of Hitlerite Germany—
besides yourself—and the Party machinery of the NSDAP participate in
these activities? Would it be correct to say so?
SAUCKEL: I protest against the words “driving off.” Please hear
my defense counsel on the subject in rebuttal.
GEN. ALEXANDROV: It is not a question of the words used.
Answer me—is it correct or not?
SAUCKEL: The words are extremely important.
GEN. ALEXANDROV: Did the entire machinery of the German
State participate in this matter or not?
SAUCKEL: In this form I must answer your question in the
negative. There was...
GEN. ALEXANDROV: No other reply is demanded of you.
SAUCKEL: In the—I might explain this. For the recruiting of
manpower, that is in the registration according to German orders, it was
the chief, duly authorized and appointed for this purpose at the time, of a
territorial government, a Reich commissariat, or the like, who
participated—for I emphasize that I was unable to issue any laws in that
field and was not allowed to do so. I could not interfere in any
government department; that is impossible in any government system in
the world.
GEN. ALEXANDROV: Yes. But you were obliged to co-ordinate
the activities of all these representative organizations in Germany. That
was the task assigned to you?
SAUCKEL: Not to co-ordinate, but to instruct them: and to ask for
their co-operation where the case arose, if it came within their
jurisdiction.
GEN. ALEXANDROV: That is not quite so. I did not wish to touch
on this question, but I must revert to it now as you have somewhat
minimized your part in this matter.
SAUCKEL: I request permission to reply to the word “minimize.”
The distribution and direction of manpower in the Reich was my
principal task. It included, with the German workers, 30 million persons.
I do not wish to minimize this task, for I did my best to introduce order
into this mass of workers, as dictated by my sense of duty. I do not wish
to minimize anything. It was my task and my duty towards my people.
GEN. ALEXANDROV: We need not argue on this subject. It would
be much simpler to consult the document. An order by Göring will be
handed to you in a moment.
SAUCKEL: I wish—I must apologize to you if you have
misunderstood me. I—I have no intention of arguing. I am only asking
for permission to clarify my conception of duty with regard to this task,
for it was the most personal task I had.
GEN. ALEXANDROV: That is quite apparent in this order by
Göring of 27 March 1942. It is Document Exhibit Number USSR-365. It
will be handed to you in a minute. I will read a brief excerpt from it,
showing the powers you were endowed with.
THE PRESIDENT: What is the number of it?
GEN. ALEXANDROV: It is Exhibit Number USSR-365.
THE PRESIDENT: Has it got a PS number?
GEN. ALEXANDROV: No. This is a Soviet exhibit.
[Turning to the defendant.] Please read Subparagraph 4 which
clearly states:
“The Plenipotentiary General for the Allocation of Labor for
the execution of his tasks is given authority through power
assigned to me by the Führer to issue instructions to the
highest authorities of the Reich and to their subordinate
offices, as well as to the offices of the Party and to its
organizations and affiliated organizations, to the Reich
Protector, the Governor General, the military commanders, and
the heads of civil administration.”
That is what we read in Subparagraph 4 of this order. I believe,
therefore, that on the strength of this order you were appointed
Plenipotentiary General, with extraordinary powers, for the Allocation of
Labor. Is that correct or not?
SAUCKEL: That is correct. I should like to add that this authority
was limited to my own special sphere, and I take the liberty of reading
the following sentence: “Orders and directives of fundamental
importance are to be submitted to me in advance.”
 Also I might point out that a restriction was imposed on my
deputies later in the autumn. There is a witness who can make a
statement to that effect.
GEN. ALEXANDROV: I am not talking about your deputies. Your
powers are only too clearly defined in Subparagraph 4 of Göring’s order.
Now, will you enumerate which of the defendants, at the same time
as yourself, directly and in his own sphere of action participated in the
execution of measures for the mass deportation into slavery of the
population of the occupied territories and their employment in Germany.
Name them in succession. Did Defendant Göring participate in all these
crimes, as your immediate chief and leader?
SAUCKEL: I want to point out most emphatically that I could not
possibly have been aware that entire populations had been carried off by
means of lawful recruitment and service engagements based on legal
decrees. I deny this. I had nothing to do with measures concerning
prisoners, et cetera, but...
THE PRESIDENT: The question was, did the Defendant Göring
participate with you in the bringing of foreign workers into Germany?
You do not seem to me really to be answering it at all.
SAUCKEL: I was directly subordinate to the Reich Marshal of the
Greater German Reich in the question of the introduction of foreign
manpower.
THE PRESIDENT: Then why do you not say so?
GEN. ALEXANDROV: So the Defendant Göring participated in
the execution of these criminal measures?
THE PRESIDENT: General Alexandrov, when you want to ask a
question of that sort I think it would be much better that you should not
allege the fact that it is a crime. If you want to know whether the
Defendant Göring took part with this defendant in the work that he was
doing you can refer to that without calling it a crime; and then he perhaps
will answer you more easily.
GEN. ALEXANDROV: Yes, My Lord.
[Turning to the defendant.] Did the Defendant Von Ribbentrop
participate in carrying out these measures on diplomatic lines, and did he
sanction the violation of international treaties and conventions where the
utilization of foreign workers and prisoners of war in the German
industries was concerned?
 THE PRESIDENT: Well, there again, these defendants are saying
that there was no violation of international law; so the question you
should put to him is: Did Von Ribbentrop participate with him in these
measures as far as diplomacy was concerned?
GEN. ALEXANDROV: I am now asking what was the connection
between the Defendant Von Ribbentrop and the allocation of labor, and I
would like to receive an answer to this question from the Defendant
Sauckel.
SAUCKEL: The part played by Defendant Ribbentrop consisted in
holding conferences with foreign statesmen or foreign government
offices in the occupied territories as well as in neutral and friendly
foreign countries; and he considered it highly important that these
conferences should be conducted in a correct manner and that the aim
should be to obtain the best possible conditions for foreign workers.
GEN. ALEXANDROV: I will question you about that a little later,
when the question arises concerning the employment of prisoners of war
in the German industries.
Please tell me now, what was the attitude of the Defendant
Kaltenbrunner regarding these measures?
SAUCKEL: In this connection I met the Defendant Kaltenbrunner
on one single occasion during a conference—the date of which I cannot
at present remember—at the Reich Chancellery with Minister Lammers.
I believe it was in 1944. Apart from that, I had no interview of any kind
with Kaltenbrunner, nor did I reach any agreements with him on
questions concerning the employment of labor.
GEN. ALEXANDROV: Yet the Defendant Kaltenbrunner placed
police forces at your disposal for carrying out the recruitment of labor,
did he not?
SAUCKEL: I have repeatedly emphasized the fact that the
recruitment of workers was no concern of the Police. I must ask my
defense counsel to submit the relevant regulations, of which there are
numerous specimens available. They prove quite clearly and
unequivocally and irrefutably the division of tasks between the Police
and my department.
GEN. ALEXANDROV: Did the Police participate in the execution
of these measures or did it not? I am not reproaching you now.
SAUCKEL: In my opinion the Police participated only in cases
where the execution of administrative duties was rendered impossible in
partisan areas. In White Ruthenia alone 1,500 local mayors were
murdered by the partisans. This is seen from the document.
GEN. ALEXANDROV: But was recruitment, even in normal
circumstances, not carried out by police methods? Did you know nothing
at all about that?
SAUCKEL: I will tell you exactly what I know about it. There were
in the occupied territories of Europe about 1,500 districts—here I mean
areas or departments, the Feldkommandanturen, which we in German
administration would describe as being the size of a Kreis (district)—and
these 1,500 districts contained 1,500 administrative centers staffed partly
by local and partly by German personnel. In addition to this personnel, in
the territories of the Soviet Union alone, 1,000 Russian workers who
were previously employed in Germany were acting as recruiting officers.
Now if each of these administrative centers, which would correspond to
a German Landkreis and have a population of 40,000 to 70,000
inhabitants, selected in a proper way, examined, and tested five persons
daily, that alone would amount to 2 million people a year; a perfectly
clear method of administration, such as I ordered, organized, and carried
out to the best of my administrative possibilities.
GEN. ALEXANDROV: You are giving needlessly detailed
explanations in reply to these questions, and under such conditions the
interrogation is being greatly prolonged. I consider it necessary that you
answer briefly. You are perfectly able to do this, for I am putting the
questions to you clearly.
SAUCKEL: I am trying to answer as briefly as possible. I regret
that a specialized field is always difficult to understand and calls for
explanations; I found it very difficult myself.
GEN. ALEXANDROV: Please answer: What part did the
Defendant Kaltenbrunner play in the execution of measures on the
allocation of labor? Did he participate in this or did he not?
SAUCKEL: I have already given you that answer.
GEN. ALEXANDROV: I did not understand you. Did he
participate or did he not?
THE PRESIDENT: I beg your pardon. He said that he only met
Kaltenbrunner on one occasion and that the task of the recruitment of
labor was not one for Police. That is what he said.
GEN. ALEXANDROV: It is not necessary to multiply the number
of meetings in order for Kaltenbrunner to have participated in the
execution of these measures. He did not have to meet Defendant Sauckel
frequently.
THE PRESIDENT: General Alexandrov, I do not want you to argue
with me. I have told you what his answer was. It seemed to be an answer
to your question.
GEN. ALEXANDROV: I am not arguing. I am merely explaining
the reason for this question.
[Turning to the defendant.] As far as the participation of Defendant
Rosenberg is concerned, I shall not ask you any questions, as Defendant
Rosenberg gave sufficiently clear answers when questioned by my
American colleague, Prosecutor Dodd. Now tell me, what part did
Defendant Frick play in the execution of these measures?
SAUCKEL: Defendant Frick, as Reich Minister of the Interior—I
do not know how long he remained in office—scarcely participated at
all. As far as I can remember I had discussions with his Reich Ministry
of the Interior concerning the most necessary laws to be promulgated
within Germany for German workers and the validity of those laws.
Apart from that, he had no further part in this task; his work was quite
different.
GEN. ALEXANDROV: We are discussing the question of foreign
manpower. It was not merely by accident that you mentioned, in a letter
to Lammers written after a meeting at Hitler’s headquarters on the 4
January 1944, that the Ministry of the Interior was among the
government offices detailed to operate with you. That is why I ask you,
what part did Defendant Frick play in the execution of these measures
for the recruitment of labor? You yourself asked for the co-operation of
the Ministry of the Interior. Then how was this co-operation to be
expressed?
SAUCKEL: To my very great personal sorrow Frick was at that
time no longer Reich Minister of the Interior, but Himmler—if I
remember correctly.
GEN. ALEXANDROV: What co-operation did you expect from the
Ministry of the Interior?
SAUCKEL: It is, I believe only natural that in every form of
government the internal and the general administration should be kept
informed of events occurring and should participate as well, and so
important a sphere as the employment of human beings calls for many
ordinances. I could not possibly issue legal decrees, nor had I authority
to do so. I had to submit them to the Ministerial Council for the Defense
of the Reich. I could only issue technical directions, and that is quite a
different thing altogether.
GEN. ALEXANDROV: Were Defendant Funk, as Minister of
Economics, and Defendant Speer, as Minister for Armaments, the
principal intermediaries between the industrialists and yourself as
suppliers of manpower? Is that correct?
SAUCKEL: The end of your sentence contains a very erroneous
conclusion. They were not middlemen between myself and the
industries, but the industries were responsible to the Ministry for
Armaments. Of course there were personal instructions issued about this
in the course of years. I did not negotiate with the industries. The
industries asked for workers and they got them, as did the agricultural
industries.
GEN. ALEXANDROV: Please tell me, what part did the
Defendants Funk and Speer play in the execution of these measures? I do
not want any long drawn-out explanations. Answer me briefly.
SAUCKEL: Those two ministers were heads of the various business
enterprises inside German economy which came within the jurisdiction
of their ministries. They received their workers, and that was the end of
my task.
GEN. ALEXANDROV: Did the Defendants Frank, Seyss-Inquart,
and Neurath participate in the execution of these measures for the
allocation of labor in such territories as were under their jurisdiction? I
mean the territories of Poland, Bohemia and Moravia, and Holland. Is
that correct?
SAUCKEL: These gentlemen, within the framework of their duties
inside their own territories, supported me in issuing decrees and laws,
and they themselves attached great importance to the proper and humane
drafting of these laws and decrees.
GEN. ALEXANDROV: What was the part played by Defendant
Fritzsche?
SAUCKEL: That I cannot tell you. I only met Dr. Fritzsche in
Germany on one occasion—and that a very brief one—in, I believe,
1945, the beginning of 1945. I never spoke to him at all about my work,
nor do I know whether he had anything to do with it. I can only state that
I made repeated applications to the Reich Ministry for Propaganda to
have my instructions and directives—as contained in the document
books submitted by my defense counsel—widely circulated, particularly
to the industries and other circles which received these workers.
 GEN. ALEXANDROV: But one defendant is left—Bormann—and
he is missing. What part did he play? He placed at your disposal the
entire Party machinery of the NSDAP, did he not?
SAUCKEL: No, he did not. He placed the Gauleiter at my disposal.
The instructions which I issued to the Gauleiter and the letters which I
addressed to them—three of which are available here, and there never
were many more of them—were to the effect that I was entitled to call on
the Party for assistance in insuring the welfare, feeding, and clothing of
the workers, and to see that they received everything that was humanly
necessary and all we could possibly supply in view of existing wartime
conditions. That was the role played by the Party, to the extent that it was
asked to do so for me. Thus it was a form of control for the benefit of the
foreign and German workers employed in Germany. Otherwise the Party
had nothing to do with it. Incidentally, I did not much like interference
on the part of outside offices.
GEN. ALEXANDROV: That is incorrect. I would remind you of
your program for the allocation of labor which was issued in 1942. This
is Document Number USSR-365 which states that the Gauleiter are
appointed as your plenipotentiaries where the question of manpower is
concerned, and that they will utilize this manpower.
SAUCKEL: Where does it say that? I could not appoint my
plenipotentiaries myself.
GEN. ALEXANDROV: You will be shown the document in one
moment. I do not quote the paragraph, I merely mention the contents, the
gist of the paragraph, where it states that the Gauleiter will use the Party
organizations in the districts subordinate to them. I therefore assume that
the Party machinery as a whole participated in the execution of these
measures.
SAUCKEL: It does not say so at all, Mr. Prosecutor.
GEN. ALEXANDROV: Have you found it: “The plenipotentiaries
... make use of their...”?
SAUCKEL: Yes, and I did this only for the purpose I have
described. Will you be good enough to read on?
GEN. ALEXANDROV: Read it yourself.
SAUCKEL: Thank you.
 “The leaders of the highest departments of the state and of
economy which are competent in their respective Gaue shall
advise and instruct the Gauleiter on all important questions
dealing with the allocation of labor.”
That means within the scope of their spheres of duty; and then the
latter are specified:
“The president of the Regional Labor Office”—that is not a
Party but a government department—“the Trustee for
Labor”—not a Party but a government department—“the
Regional Peasant Leader”—not a Party but a government
department—“the Gau Economic Adviser”—now, that is a
Party department...
THE PRESIDENT: Please observe the light, to be sure the
interpreters are getting it.
SAUCKEL: I apologize, Your Lordship.
“...the Gau representative of the Labor Front”—a department
of the Labor Front—“the Regional Leaders of the Women’s
League...”
GEN. ALEXANDROV: Everything is perfectly clear, you need not
enumerate. I should like to draw your attention to Subparagraph VI. It
clearly states that the Gauleiter, functioning as plenipotentiaries for the
allocation of labor, will, in their own Gaue, make use of the Party
organizations under them. Is it written there?
SAUCKEL: Yes.
GEN. ALEXANDROV: It next enumerates the methods by which
this task was executed, also through what institutions and what
authorities. I conclude from this subparagraph, which states that they will
utilize the Party institutions under their control, that the entire
organization of the NSDAP participated in the execution of these
measures, and I wish you to answer “yes” or “no.”
SAUCKEL: No.
GEN. ALEXANDROV: There is no more to say.
SAUCKEL: No. May I supplement this reply of “no.” You, in your
first reply, told me that my description was not quite correct. My
description is absolutely correct, that the Party was employed to deal
with the welfare of German and foreign workers and to see to it that they
were properly cared for and supplied. The Party organizations here
mentioned were only entrusted with this kind of task, and could have had
no other; and I, a former workman myself, was eager that these workers,
both German and foreign, should be cared for as well as wartime
conditions allowed. Hence this employment of Party organizations and
no others. Therefore, my reply was absolutely correct.
GEN. ALEXANDROV: Did the district leaders of the Hitler Youth
also participate in the execution of these measures?
SAUCKEL: The district leaders of the Hitler Youth participated in
order to protect and care for the young people as expressly required by
Reichsleiter Schirach and later by Reich Youth Leader Axmann.
Protection had to be provided for the young people against any danger.
The Hitler Youth did this, including young people employed from
foreign countries. I must expressly emphasize this.
GEN. ALEXANDROV: Did you personally approve of the policy
of the Hitlerite Government with regard to the deportation into slavery of
the population of the occupied territories in order to insure the waging of
a war of aggression? Did you approve of that policy?
SAUCKEL: I am forced to consider your question in the light of an
accusation.
I personally have said over and over again that I had nothing to do
with either foreign or domestic politics; nor was I a soldier, I meant to
say. I received a task and I received orders. As a German, I tried to carry
out that task correctly for the sake of my people and its government and
to carry it out to the best of my ability, for it was made perfectly clear to
me that the fate of my people depended on the accomplishment of this
task. I worked with this in mind, and I admit that I did my utmost to
accomplish that task in the manner which I have pointed out here. I
conceived this to be my duty and must acknowledge this fact here.
GEN. ALEXANDROV: In order to define your personal attitude to
these crimes, I would like to remind you of a few of your own
statements. These are taken from Document Number USSR-365. This
document is a program for the utilization of labor in 1942, Page 9. You
will now be shown the passage which I am about to quote: “I beg you to
believe me, as an old and fanatical National Socialist Gauleiter...” Is it
written there?
SAUCKEL: That is written there.
GEN. ALEXANDROV: Now we will go on to Document Number
566-PS. It is your telegram to Hitler dated 20 April 1943 which you sent
during your flight to Riga. This telegram will now be handed to you and
you will be shown the excerpt which I am about to read:
“I shall devote my entire strength with fanatical determination
to the accomplishment of my task, and to justify your
confidence.”
Is that correct?
SAUCKEL: It is correct. I saw in Hitler, whom at that time I
revered, a man who was the leader of the German people, who had been
chosen by the German people; and I, as a German citizen and a member
of a German government department, considered it my duty to justify by
my work in my own sphere the confidence placed in me by the head of
the State. I might say regarding this telegram...
GEN. ALEXANDROV: No explanations are needed about this
telegram. I am not interested in your attitude towards Hitler. I am only
interested in your personal attitude to those measures for compulsory
labor which were carried out by you. It is essential to keep all questions
within these limits. Now follows Document Number 1292-PS. This is a
record of the meeting at Hitler’s headquarters on 4 January 1944...
SAUCKEL: I request the permission of the Tribunal to add a few
words to your last statement, Mr. Prosecutor. I was unable to see a
criminal in Hitler at that time, and I never felt he was one; but I did feel
obliged to do my duty, nothing else. As a human being and as the result
of my upbringing I would never have supported crime.
THE PRESIDENT: What was your question, General? Simply
whether this was a telegram sent to Hitler?
GEN. ALEXANDROV: I asked about the telegram, from which I
have read one sentence into the record, in order to obtain a confirmation
from the Defendant Sauckel that this telegram had been sent. I was not
interested in anything else.
[Turning to the defendant.] The next document is 1292-PS. Have
you got this document?
SAUCKEL: No.
GEN. ALEXANDROV: You have already been shown the passage I
am about to read. Your statement reads as follows: “GBA Sauckel
declared that with fanatical determination he would attempt to secure this
manpower.”
You were, at that time, speaking of the mobilization of 4 million
workers. It says further: “He would do everything in his power to obtain
the manpower desired for 1944.”
Did you say that? Is the statement correctly rendered in the minutes
of the report?
SAUCKEL: I did say that, and I ask to be allowed to add the
following to my affirmative reply. I knew that the German people, and
they were my people, were in dire—may I add an explanation to my
clear reply, stating why I answered as I did? I am entitled to do so.
GEN. ALEXANDROV: Defendant Sauckel, you accompany every
answer you give with lengthy supplementary explanations. You are
merely delaying the interrogation. I am quite satisfied with your reply;
what you have told me is perfectly sufficient.
THE PRESIDENT: General, he has given a perfectly clear answer
that he did say it, and I think he is entitled to give some word of
explanation. It is perfectly true that his explanations are intolerably long,
but he is entitled to give some explanation.
GEN. ALEXANDROV: Mr. President, if every answer is to be
accompanied by such extensive explanations...
THE PRESIDENT: General Alexandrov, I have said that he is
entitled to give some explanation.
[Turning to the defendant.] Now then; please make it short.
SAUCKEL: I knew that the German people were engaged in their
most bitter struggle. It was my duty to carry on with my task with all my
strength—that is what I meant by “fanatical.” I further explained, in
another sentence, that I could not accomplish my task that year. As far as
I was able to accomplish it in 1944 two-thirds were German workers, not
mainly aliens but more than two-thirds Germans; and I was trying my
utmost to put all German women to work, as far as they were capable of
working, and in 1944 there were over 2 million of them.
GEN. ALEXANDROV: In April 1943 in order to accelerate the
deportation of manpower to Germany from the occupied territories you
visited Rovno, Kiev, Dniepropetrovsk, Zaporozhe, Simferopol, Minsk,
and Riga. In June of the same year you visited Prague, Kiev, Kraków,
Zaporozhe, and Melitopol. Is that correct?
SAUCKEL: That is true, and during those journeys I personally
satisfied myself that my departments were working properly. That was
the object of my journey.
GEN. ALEXANDROV: Thus you personally organized the
deportation into slavery of the peaceful population of the occupied
territories. Is that correct too?
SAUCKEL: I must protest against that statement in the most
vehement and passionate way. I did not do that.
GEN. ALEXANDROV: Then why did you go to all these towns
and inhabited places? Did you not do so in order to enforce the
deportation of the people in the occupied territories?
SAUCKEL: I visited these areas to satisfy myself personally as to
how my offices in these cities—I should not say “my,” but the labor
offices of the local administrations—were working; whether they were
conscientiously carrying out their obligations towards the workers;
whether they were attending to medical examinations, card indexing, et
cetera, according to my instructions. That is why I went to those towns. I
negotiated with the chiefs in the matter of quotas, that is quite true, since
it was my task to recruit workers and to check the quotas, but during my
visits to these cities I inspected the offices personally to satisfy myself
that they were functioning properly.
GEN. ALEXANDROV: And also to insure the speedy deportation
of compulsory labor to Germany? Is that correct?
SAUCKEL: To employ the best possible methods for the purpose in
view. That is indisputably stated in my orders, and the manifesto which
has been submitted to the Tribunal was written on this very journey
which you have just mentioned.
GEN. ALEXANDROV: You specially visited these cities in order to
improve the methods of compulsory recruitment? Have I understood you
correctly?
SAUCKEL: I went to these towns to see for myself whether the
methods were correct or not, and to discuss them with the departments.
That is true, for it was not necessary for me to visit Kharkov, Kiev, or
any other town to discuss my task in terms of figures. For that I would
only have to talk to the reporter for the East, whose office was in Berlin,
or with the Reich Commissioner—whom I did not contact as he was
sometimes in Rovno.
GEN. ALEXANDROV: In your statements to your defense counsel
you declared that no cases of criminal or illegal methods of compulsory
recruitment had ever come to your knowledge. Then what was the reason
for such extensive trips to the occupied territories? Does it mean that
some indication had already reached you that large-scale, illegal
practices were taking place in the process of labor recruitment? Was that
the reason for your journeys? You visited over 10 cities.
 SAUCKEL: May I inform you, Mr. Prosecutor, while we are on this
subject, that my defense counsel has already asked me that question and
that I answered it with “yes,” and that, generally speaking, whenever
complaints reached me I discussed them with Rosenberg, and that
wherever a wrong could be righted it was righted. Please hear my
defense counsel and my witnesses in this connection...
GEN. ALEXANDROV: The witnesses will be called on the
decision of the Tribunal. I should now like to ascertain that you took
those trips in order to improve methods of recruitment. I have come to
the logical conclusion that in all these towns, prior to your arrival, a
certain lawlessness had prevailed and crimes had been committed during
the recruiting of manpower. That is what I am speaking about. And now
will you give me a definite answer as to why you visited these places?
SAUCKEL: I have already answered that question in every respect.
However, I would add that I assume that you, Mr. Prosecutor, have
yourself had sufficient administrative experience to realize that in every
department, anywhere in every country of the world, it is a matter of
course that administrative orders should be checked. One does not need
to know that mistakes are made in human life and in every human
organization; a control must be exercised all the same.
GEN. ALEXANDROV: If you deny that you went there in order to
improve conditions and to suppress the crimes perpetrated in the course
of labor recruitment, then you must have gone there to accelerate the
deportation of manpower into Germany. It is one thing or the other.
Choose for yourself.
SAUCKEL: No, I must emphatically deny that. I undertook these
journeys in order to satisfy myself, within the scope of my duties, how
this task was being carried out, and to stop defects which were reported
to me, as for instance—as I once told my defense counsel during my
interrogation—I had also been asked to do so by Field Marshal Kluge.
But I also wanted to look into matters carefully and myself give
appropriate admonitions and instructions to the departments. My best
evidence of this is the manifesto produced during this journey.
THE PRESIDENT: General Alexandrov, can you tell the Tribunal
how much longer you will be?
GEN. ALEXANDROV: I am afraid to make an exact statement, but
I should imagine about 2 more hours.
THE PRESIDENT: You are not losing sight of the fact, are you, that
we have already had a thorough cross-examination by the French
Prosecutor?
GEN. ALEXANDROV: Mr. President...
THE PRESIDENT: The Tribunal hopes that you will try to make
your cross-examination as short as possible, and the Tribunal will
adjourn now.
[A recess was taken.]

GEN. ALEXANDROV: Defendant Sauckel, tell us what attitude

you, as Plenipotentiary General, adopted toward the employment of
Soviet prisoners of war in the German industries?
SAUCKEL: I must reply to your question by saying that I had no
collaborators in the employment of prisoners of war, for I did not employ
prisoners of war.
GEN. ALEXANDROV: And you never saw to their mobilization;
you never registered them?
SAUCKEL: As the authorized mediating agency I had to have the
administrative measures carried out through the labor offices, or the Gau
labor offices, which served as intermediaries between the factories and
the Stalags or the generals in charge of prisoner-of-war affairs, who in
their turn supplied prisoners of war for the industries.
GEN. ALEXANDROV: And what were these organizations? What
kind of organizations were they?
SAUCKEL: They were either the generals in charge of prisoner-of-
war establishments in the military administrative districts, or the
organizations of the industries, or the factories themselves. These worked
through the respective ministries, such as the Reich Ministry of Food and
Agriculture, in which case the majority of the prisoners were billeted
with farmers for work on the land or in war industries.
GEN. ALEXANDROV: In other words, you had nothing to do with
it? I would remind you...
SAUCKEL: I had to include the labor offices and the Gau labor
offices to the extent that they had undertaken to act officially as
intermediaries, but only if they did not act directly between the factories
and the Stalags.
GEN. ALEXANDROV: I shall now quote an excerpt from your
report to Hitler on 27 July 1942. It is Document Number 1296-PS. In this
report, Part III, there is a particular section. It is entitled...
SAUCKEL: II or III, please?
 GEN. ALEX ANDROV: III. It is entitled: “Employment of Soviet
Russian Prisoners of War.” You write there:
“In addition to the employment of civilian manpower, I have
increased the employment of Soviet prisoners of war,
according to plan, in co-operation with the Prisoners of War
Organization of the OKW.”
And further on.
“I particularly stress the importance of a further increased and
expedited deportation of the maximum number of prisoners of
war possible from the front to work within the Reich.”
Is this correct?
SAUCKEL: That is correct, and it corresponds exactly to what I
have stated before.
GEN. ALEXANDROV: It does not altogether correspond.
SAUCKEL: But it does.
GEN. ALEXANDROV: You mentioned that you did not have
anything to do with the employment of prisoners of war in the German
industries and now, in your report, you give perfectly different data. So I
am asking you, in connection with what I have read into the record: Did
you not plan in advance the employment of Soviet prisoners of war as
workers in the industries? That was provided for in your plans and your
report covers that. Was that so, or was it not?
SAUCKEL: I must point out one fundamental error on your part.
Labor procurement, the whole world over, whether operated by the state
or by private individuals, is not an organization or institution which
exploits workers, but rather which procures workers. I must establish this
fundamental error. It was my duty to provide the necessary connection,
so that prisoners of war in Stalags in the occupied territories—let us say
in the Government General—could be registered by local generals in
charge of prisoner-of-war establishments, for work contemplated in
Germany in certain agricultural or other sectors, and then allotted
accordingly. Employment of labor in factories was not under my
supervision and had nothing to do with me.
GEN. ALEXANDROV: In other words, you participated in
supplying Soviet prisoners of war for utilization in German industry. Is
that correct?
 SAUCKEL: That is not correct, according to my use of the German
language, as I understand you. Rather, to act as agent is quite a different
thing from utilization; concerning this, other gentlemen would have to
comment. I can only speak as far as agency is concerned. In Germany
this was managed by the State. In other countries it is managed privately.
That is the difference, but I have never exploited anybody. As
Plenipotentiary General for the Allocation of Labor I did not employ a
single worker.
GEN. ALEXANDROV: Did you know that the Soviet prisoners of
war were being employed in the armament industries in Germany?
SAUCKEL: It was known to me that Soviet prisoners of war were
being employed in the German war industry for this industry was vast
and widespread, and covered the most varied branches.
GEN. ALEXANDROV: Were you acquainted, in particular, with
the directive of Defendant Keitel regarding the employment of Soviet
prisoners of war in the mining industry? This directive is dated 8 January
1943. Do you know anything at all about this directive?
SAUCKEL: I cannot recollect it in detail. I have not got it. Will you
be good enough to put it before me?
[The document was handed to the defendant.]
GEN. ALEXANDROV: Have you read it?
SAUCKEL: I have read it.
GEN. ALEXANDROV: It clearly mentions the employment of
Soviet prisoners of war in the mining industry for military purposes. Is
that correct?
SAUCKEL: It refers to the employment of prisoners of war in the
mining industry in Germany.
GEN. ALEXANDROV: For what purpose? It is clearly stated in
this document.
SAUCKEL: For employment in the mining industry.
GEN. ALEXANDROV: But for what purpose? What purpose was it
to serve? It is clearly stated here.
SAUCKEL: For work, I presume.
GEN. ALEXANDROV: In the interest of the war?
SAUCKEL: Well, as a matter of fact, the German mining industry
did not only work in the interest of the war; Germany also supplied quite
a lot of coal to neutral countries. It varied according to circumstances.
 GEN. ALEXANDROV: Follow this document; read it with me:
“For the execution of the expanded iron and steel program the
Führer ordered on 7 July the absolute guarantee...”
SAUCKEL: I have not been given the part you are reading.
GEN. ALEXANDROV: “For the execution of the expanded
iron and steel program the Führer ordered on 7 July the
absolute guarantee of the coal and means of production
needed. For this purpose he has also ordered that the necessary
manpower be supplied by prisoners of war.”
Now, have you found the place?
SAUCKEL: Yes, I have read it.
GEN. ALEXANDROV: Thus the Soviet prisoners of war were to
be employed in the mining industry for the purposes of the war. Is that
right? The fact is definitely established by this document.
SAUCKEL: Yes; it says so—I might remark that this document is
not addressed to me.
GEN. ALEXANDROV: I asked you whether you knew of this
document. You said “yes,” did you not?
SAUCKEL: I am not acquainted with it—no; I do not know it now.
I did not know it previously as it was not addressed to me.
GEN. ALEXANDROV: You said that, broadly speaking, you did
know about this directive and you asked me to allow you to acquaint
yourself with it in detail. This is how it was translated to me.
SAUCKEL: No; I told you—and I should like to emphasize this—
that I did not remember; I only asked that this document might perhaps
be placed before me. The document is not addressed to me. The office to
which it is addressed is clearly indicated and according to that it never
came into my hands nor reached my office.
GEN. ALEXANDROV: In order that you may fully understand this
question, I shall give you Exhibit USA-206. That is your directive of the
22 August 1942 with regard to supplying manpower by means of
importation from the occupied territories. Do you know about this
directive?
THE PRESIDENT: What is the PS number?
GEN. ALEXANDROV: One minute, please. Unfortunately I have
no information about the PS number. All I have is the USA Exhibit
Number, which is 206. Defendant Sauckel...
THE PRESIDENT: Have the United States prosecutors got the
corresponding number to USA-206?
MR. DODD: I could have it in a few minutes, Mr. President. I do
not have it right at my fingertips, but I will obtain it.
THE PRESIDENT: Right; thank you.
GEN. ALEXANDROV: Defendant Sauckel, Subparagraph. 8 of this
order states: “This order applies also to prisoners of war.” Does it contain
a reference of this description?
SAUCKEL: Yes.
GEN. ALEXANDROV: Therefore, you yourself did not
differentiate between prisoners of war and the civilian population as far
as their utilization in the German war industries was concerned. Do you
admit that?
SAUCKEL: Yes, and I have already replied to my defense counsel,
I think it was yesterday, that a catalog was given to me and the Ministry
of Labor in general showing how prisoners of war might be employed.
But this Paragraph 8 has nothing to do with this document, for that was
an agreement or an order which did not come to me and was also not
addressed to me.
GEN. ALEXANDROV: Mr. President, Exhibit USA-206 bears the
following number: 3044-PS.
[Turning to the defendant.] In addition to those statements to your
defense counsel which you have just mentioned, you also declared that,
although employing prisoners of war in the German war industries, the
requirements of the Geneva and Hague Conventions were nevertheless
observed. Do you remember saying that?
SAUCKEL: Yes, and it is also proved by documentary evidence
that in the Reich Ministry of Labor, and in my offices, the directive was
issued and circulated that the Geneva Convention was also to be
observed with regard to Soviet prisoners of war.
GEN. ALEXANDROV: You did not differentiate at all between
Soviet prisoners of war and civilian workers? Does that result from the
foregoing?
SAUCKEL: No, that is not so at all.
GEN. ALEXANDROV: In other words, a violation of these
conventions occurred in the utilization of manpower, inasmuch as they,
the prisoners of war, were treated by you in the same way as the
civilians, and were utilized in industries for the purpose of waging war.
SAUCKEL: In that case, I must have misunderstood you, or you
may have misunderstood me. I particularly declared that I did attach
importance to it, and that it was printed and that during the time I was in
office a special copy was published for the factories and the interested
parties in which it was stipulated that the Geneva Convention was to be
observed. I could do no more than that.
GEN. ALEXANDROV: Your defense counsel questioned you in
connection with the operation known under the code name of “Hay.” You
answered his question as follows and I quote from the transcript:
“Sauckel: No, I had nothing to do with these particular measures.”
I shall now hand you a letter from Alfred Meyer dated 11 July 1944.
This is Document Number 199-PS. It is a letter addressed to you. Will
you please study Subparagraph 1; it reads:
“Army recruiting staff ‘Mitte,’ hitherto stationed in Minsk,
must continue its activities with regard to the recruitment of
young White Ruthenian and Russian workers for military
employment within the Reich. The staff has the additional task
of bringing into the Reich young folk from 10 to 14 years of
age.”
Have you found this passage?
SAUCKEL: I have read the passage and my reply is that the letter,
to be sure, is addressed to me, but only for my information, and I had
nothing to do with those proceedings either in my office or personally. I
have—that was—it has been mentioned already in the case of the
Defendant Schirach—that was carried out within those offices, and the
Allocation of Labor, as an office was not involved in it. I personally do
not remember it.
GEN. ALEXANDROV: What were your relations with the army
recruiting staff Mitte? Was that your staff?
SAUCKEL: I do not understand your question. What staff do you
mean?
GEN. ALEXANDROV: The staff referred to in Alfred Meyer’s
letter, staff Mitte, dealing with the employment of labor.
SAUCKEL: I cannot find the word “staff.”
GEN. ALEXANDROV: Right in the beginning of the sentence: “It
is imperative that the army recruiting staff...”
 SAUCKEL: The army recruiting staff Mitte is a term completely
unknown to me. I do not know what it was, or whether it was a military
or a civil office. It had nothing to do with me. I do not know it.
GEN. ALEXANDROV: You have testified here that the Reich
Security Office had introduced special identification badges for people
brought in from the occupied territories. For the Soviet citizens the badge
was—can you not hear me?
SAUCKEL: I cannot understand the translation.
GEN. ALEXANDROV: You have testified before the Tribunal that
for people brought in from the occupied territories special identification
badges were introduced. For the Soviet citizens the marking was “Ost,”
for Polish citizens it was the letter “P.” You testified that you were not in
agreement with the marking. What did you do to stop this insult?
SAUCKEL: I persistently tried to avoid the identification markings
altogether. But the Reichsführer SS categorically demanded—to the best
of my knowledge there is a letter from him to that effect—that these
foreign workers who, at my request, were free to move about Germany,
should bear a distinguishing mark when they went out of their camps. It
was no insult. I should like to emphasize expressly that I did not look on
this as an insult.
GEN. ALEXANDROV: That is your point of view. Did you discuss
the matter at all with your immediate superior, the Defendant Göring?
SAUCKEL: I can no longer remember today whether I spoke
directly to Göring or not. I can only declare that I made repeated efforts
to stop the practice, and that in the spring of 1944, in March I believe,
my efforts were actually crowned with success and the small badge
“Ost” was changed to a national badge on the sleeve, as had been
suggested by liaison officers for the various peoples in the East.
GEN. ALEXANDROV: I asked you whether you discussed the
matter with Göring?
SAUCKEL: I cannot remember. Perhaps I did; perhaps not. It was
frequently discussed.
THE PRESIDENT: General Alexandrov, I think you might pass on
from this.
GEN. ALEXANDROV: In reply to questions by your defense
counsel and by my French colleague in regard to Speer’s attitude to your
appointment as Plenipotentiary General, you mentioned that you did not
know anything at all about it. You will now be handed an article from the