NSL

· • PART OF ASCOWORLD

The International
RIGGING & LIFTING
Handbook
International English I 14th Edition
IMPORTANT NOTICE
This handbook is designed to give guidance aimed at reducing the risk of injury during
Rigging and Lifting operations.

It is intended to be used as a reference guide. It is not intended as a fully comprehensive

manual on health and safety nor as a substitute for formal training.

The information contained in this handbook is intended to comply with and reflect the
guidance given in UK health and safety legislation current at the time of publication. The
users must always satisfy themselves, as to the relevant health and safety legislation
affecting the work site.

Lifting equipment, lifting operations, specific tasks and work sites have inherent
associated risks and hazards. While following the procedures and recommendations
contained in this book should reduce the risk of injury, it will seldom be possible to
eradicate risk completely.

This book contains general recommendations only. The users will require to satisfy
themselves that these recommendations are suitable for their particular circumstances
AND DO NOT CONTRADICT GUIDANCE GIVEN BY MANUFACTURERS FOR THEIR
PARTICULAR EQUIPMENT.

All statements, technical information, diagrams and recommendations contained in

this book are believed to be correct but no guarantee is given as to their accuracy
or completeness. In particular and without prejudice to the foregoing generality, no
guarantee is given regarding information which has been sourced from third parties.
To the fullest extent permissible by law, North Sea Lifting Limited shall have no liability
whatsoever for any loss, claim or damage arising as a result of anything contained in or
omitted from this book.

©North Sea Lifting Limited 1991 (Revised 2018)

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in

any form or by any means, including photocopying and recording without the written
permission of the copyright holder, application for which should be addressed to the
Company. Such written permission must also be obtained before any part of this
publication is stored in a retrieval system of any nature.

2 I C NSL 1991 I nsLascowor1d.com

Ownership

NSL
• PART OF ASCOWORLD
The International
Rigging & Lifting
Handbook
I
Details:

Name:

Address:

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Employer:

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The International Rigging & Lifting Handbook I3

4 I e NSL 1991 I nsl.ascoworld.com
Introduction

The purpose of this handbook is to provide an awareness of lifting equipment and

of its correct and safe usage.

It is a statutory requirement of SI 1999 No.3242 -The Management of

Health and Safety at Work Regulations 1999, that work is carried out by
trained personnel.

Irrespective of your normal job designation or duties, the occasion may arise when
you have to operate lifting equipment.

The prime considerations are for the health and safety of personnel and then to
ensure that materials and cargo are handled with the minimum risk of damage.

This handbook reflects recognised policies and process of industries for safe lifting
practices and the guidance given by regulatory authorities. Statutory requirements
are the minimum standards acceptable and in many cases these practices will
exceed the minimum requirements.

The individual sections under the heading "Safe Use of Equipment" have
been compiled in general terms as the equipment can originate from various
manufacturers. Should any doubt exist as to the limitations of the equipment, the
manufacturer's technical and operational literature should be consulted.

Each lifting appliance or accessory should have an identification number and its
Safe Working Load (SWL) or Working Load Limit (WLL) clearly marked. Although
not required by law, it should also be colour coded to indicate its certification
status. Only use equipment marked with the current colour code which will be
prominently displayed at the worksite.

This handbook is issued in support of existing Health and Safety at Work Policies.
It provides information on lifting equipment and lifting operations which, if used
properly, will lead to safer working practices.

The International Rigging & Lifting Handbook I5

Scope of Application
This Handbook has been produced to comply with the requirements of Health
and Safety at Work Regulations, The Lifting Operations and Lifting Equipment
Regulations SI 1998 No 2307(LOLER), Health and Safety Codes of Practice and
various Safety Guidance Notes. Principally, it provides guidelines for the safe use
of lifting equipment at worksites but also contains information relating to general
rigging practice and standards relevant to lifting operations.

The handbook is aimed at any personnel involved in Lifting operations and those
working with lifting equipment.

The aim of this handbook is to alleviate "every day" mechanical handling problems.
It is not intended to solve complex rigging problems. These must be addressed
separately and individually.

British Standards
British Standards give guidance and recommendations and compliance is
not mandatory however we recommend the guidance contained within these
standards is followed as this will help you comply with your duties under Health &
Safety legislation. However, where standards have been revised I rewritten and no
longer contain the level of technical information or safety advice of the superseded
standards, reference to "withdrawn" standards technical information is made.

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SECTION INDEX

BASIC PRINCIPLES OF
RIGGING AND LIFTING
PAGE 10
SAFE USE
OF EQUIPMENT
PAGE35

SAFETY ADVICE
PAGE 160

WORKING LOAD
LIMIT TABLES
PAGE221

APPENDICES
PAGE232
BASIC PRINCIPLES OF
RIGGING & LIFTING

10
•
GLOSSARY
OF TERMS
2 .0 REGULATIONS

30 A~D
4.0 ELIXF~r:::
DEFINITION ATION OF
• LIFTING
PRINCIPLEEQSU?PMENT EQUIPMENT

50
•
SEL~~1:~~81~MENT
Lin
6• 0 SAFE APPROACH
TO LIFTING
 1.0 GLOSSARY OF TERMS

1.1 Competent Person (For Lifting Equipment Inspection)

A person having the appropriate practical and theoretical knowledge and
experience of the lifting equipment so that they can detect defects or
weaknesses, and assess how important they are in relation to the safety
and continued use of the equipment.
This person should not be the same person who performs the routine
maintenance of the equipment and be sufficiently independent and
impartial to make objective decisions

1.2 Working Load Limit (WLL)

The maximum load which an item of lifting equipment is designed to
raise, lower or suspend. The WLL does not account for particular service
conditions which may affect the final rating of the equipment (see SWL
below).

~ Note: Tile Working Loacl L1m1t as determined by tile Manufactu1er must

L::.J never be exceeded
I

1.3 Safe Working Load (SWL)

Tile maximum load (as certified by a Competent Person) which an item of
lifting equipment may raise, lower or suspend under particular service
conditions, e.g. the SWL can be lower than the WLL.

~ Note: Tile Safe Working Load as oeterm1ned by t11e Competent Person

L::.J must never be exceeded

1.4 Factor of Safety I Safety Factor

The ratio of the load that would cause failure of an item of lifting equipment
to the load that is imposed upon it in service, i.e. SWL (this is to allow for
detrimental criteria such as wear and tear, dynamic loadings, etc).

1.5 Colour Code

A method of marking equipment (normally with paint) to give a visual
indication of its certification status. This colour should be changed at each
periodic examination.

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1.6 Plant / Identification Number
A unique number given to an item of lifting equipment for registration
purposes and to facilitate traceability.

1.7 Headroom
The maximum vertical distance between the item to be lifted and the point
of suspension of the hoisting machine, e.g . between the lifting eyes and
the underside of runway beams.

1.8 Height of Lift

The amount of possible travel between the top and bottom connection
points, e.g. hooks of a hoisting machine.

1.9 Drawn-up Dimension

The minimum distance between the suspension level and the bottom hook
saddle (also known as closed-height).

1.10 Load Sensors

A piece of equipment used for detecting the actual loadings at a rigging
point, e.g. load cell shackle, test clock or compression load cell, etc.

1.11 Lifting Equipment

A generic term which includes lifting appliances and lifting accessories.

1.12 Thorough Examination

A systematic and detailed examination of lifting equipment by a competent
person to detect defects that are, or might affect the safe use of the
equipment.

The International Rigging & Lifting Handbook f 11

2.0 REGULATIONS
The principal Statutory Legislation & Regulations which govern lifting
activities are:

The Health and Safety at Work, etc. Act (197 4).

SI 1998 No. 2307 The Lifting Operations and Lifting Equipment
Regulations 1998.
SI 1992 No. 2793 The Manual Handling Operations Regulations.

2.1 Health and Safety at Work, etc. Act (1974)

This Act came into force in 1975 for onshore areas and was extended in
1977, to offshore areas. It is important that persons involved with lifting
and lifting equipment ensure the safe use of lifting appliances and lift gear.

2.2 The Effects of the Act

It is the duty of every employer to ensure, so far as reasonably practicable,
the health, safety and welfare at work of all his employees. This duty
includes the provision of all necessary instruction, training and supervision.
YOU have a legal responsibility to take reasonable care for your own
health and safety for that of other people who may be affected by your
conduct at work. You must comply with any safety requirements and co-
operate with your employer I supervisor as far as necessary to enable that
duty or requirement to be performed or complied with.

2.3 The Penalties for Non-Compliance

Legally, YOU are liable for the same statutory penalties as your employer if
you do not comply with your obligations under the Act.
If you are in breach of the Act, you commit a criminal offence and may
be prosecuted whether or not an accident occurs. The Act allows for
substantial fines and I or imprisonment.

2.4 SI 1998 No. 2307 The Lifting Operations and Lifting Equipment
Regulations 1998 (This is backed by an approved code of practice).
These regulations came into force in December 1998. The parts of this
Statutory Instrument pertinent to this handbook and that affect you "the
user" are Regulations 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9. Relevant information has been
extracted from these regulations and is shown here:

12 I C NSL 1991 I nsLascowOOd.com

2.5 Regulation 4 - Strength and Stability:
Regulation 4 considers the safety risks of lifting equipment that could fail or
collapse under load because of:
- inadequate physical strength of any part of the equipment; OR
- instability in the lifting system.
Employers are required to ensure that:
a) lifting equipment is of adequate strength and stability for each load,
having regard in particular to the stress induced at its mounting or fixing
point;
b) every part of a load and anything attached to it and used in lifting it is of
adequate strength.

2.6 Regulation 5 - Lifting Equipment for Lifting Persons:

Under this regulation, equipment for lifting persons must be specifically
designed for that purpose and will include all the necessary I additional
safety features. Any such equipment will be marked accordingly. Do not
attempt to use standard lifting equipment which is NOT marked
accordingly for lifting, lowering or suspending personnel.

2.7 Regulation 6 - Positioning and Installation:

Under this regulation, lifting equipment must be positioned and installed
in such a way as to minimise the risk of damage to the load or injury
to personnel. In certain cases, this includes the fencing off or erection
of safety barriers around shafts or hoistways. Never cross or venture
beyond these barriers even if it appears safe.

2.8 Regulation 7 - Marking of Lifting Equipment:

All lifting machinery and accessories shall be plainly marked with their
safe working load I working load limit (or loads if dependent on lifting
configurations). No lifting appliance or piece of lifting gear shall be
used by any person for any load exceeding the SWL I WLL marked
t hereon.

2.9 Regulation 8 - Organisation of Lifting Operations:

Every lifting operation must be properly planned by a Competent Person,
appropriately supervised, and carried out in a safe manner. ("lifting
operation" means an operation concerned with the lifting or lowering of a
load). This would include risk assessment at a level propo rtionate to
the complexity and t he perceived level of hazard.

The International Rigging & Lifting Handbook 113

2.10 Regulation 9 - Thorough Examination and Inspection:
Every lifting appliance and every piece of lifting gear must be thoroughly
examined and, where necessary, tested by a Competent Person before
it is used for the first time, after any substantial repair or modification and
thereafter at regular intervals. Outwith this, all equipment and gear must
be examined by you prior to and after each use.
Note: LOLER does not apply to lifting equipment which is not provided for
use at work.

2.11 The Manual Handling Operations Regulations 1992

The Manual Handling Operations Regulations 1992, Statutory Instrument
2793 actually came into force on the 1st of January 1993. Manual handling
is the handling of loads by human effort, as opposed to mechanical
handling, i.e.: the lifting, putting down, pushing, pulling, carrying or moving
of a load by hand or bodily force. A "load" includes persons, animals,
material supported on a fork or shovel, etc. Further information on Manual
Handling can be found in section 26 of this handbook and in the HSE
Guidance document.

141CNSL1991 J nsl.ascoworld.com
3.0 DEFINITION AND PRINCIPLES OF LIFTING EQUIPMENT

Definition

3.1 Lifting Equipment

Work equipment for lifting or lowering loads and includes its attachments
used for anchoring, fixing or supporting it and comprises of Lifting
appliances and lifting accessories.

Lifting Appliances
Mechanical device capable of raising or lowering a load, e.g.: Cranes,
Forklift Trucks, Lifts, Suspended Cradles, Powered Hoists, Manual Hoists,
Lever Hoists, Rope Hoists, Beam Trolleys, Beam Clamps, Sheave Blocks,
Winches, Runway Beams.

Lifting Accessories
Any device which is used or designed to be used directly or indirectly to
connect a load to a lifting appliance (see above) and which does not form
part of the load, e.g. Wire Rope Slings, Chain Slings, Man-made Fibre
Slings, Hooks and Fittings, Swivels, Shackles, Eye Bolts, Rigging Screws,
Wedge Sockets, Plate Clamps.

3.2 Principles of Lifting Equipment

All lifting equipment should be of adequate strength, sound material, of
good construction and suitable for the duty which it has to perform. It
should be tested in accordance with statutory requirements (i.e. a proof
load applied) and a test certificate should be raised prior to its first use.
The certificate is an important legal document.

fil\ Warning! The use of 1mprov1sed (home made) l1ft1ng equipment 1s

\.V strictly proh1b1ted

The International Rigging & Lifting Handbook 11 s

3.3 Factor of Safety I Safety Factor
Good practice requires that any lifting equipment shall have an adequate
factor of safety incorporated in its design. Where appropriate in each
of the separate equipment types, a minimum factor of safety for the
specific item is recommended and this should not be decreased.
The purposes of a factor of safety are numerous including allowance for
wear, impact, dynamic loading and accidental overloading. However, it
cannot be too highly stressec that such allowances are a contingency only
and must never be purposely eroded. Care should always be taken to
avoid circumstances which can cause overload (e.g. impact, shock) and
care should also be taken in circumstances where inadvertent overload
can occur. In extreme cases where several adverse circumstances occur
at the same time, the result may be failure even though the nominal
load lifted does not exceed the safe working load of the equipment. If
such circumstances are likely to occur, advice will be sought from your
supervisor.

3.4 Many items are covered by British, European and International Standards.
Where applicable these are listed against individual types of equipment
(refer to Appendix 1).

3.5 Some lifting equipment (e.g. lifting beams) can be used in a variety of
ways. It is therefore important that information on the specific intended use
should be indicated by the manufacturer I supplier in such cases and the
advice sought before any change of use is attempted.

3.6 It will be apparent when reading specific sections of this handbook that
reference is made to the angle at which the equipment is used (e.g. the
angle between the legs of a multi-leg sling). It is most important that
allowance is made for the change in forces applied and resultant variation
in safe working load which can result from using the equipment at an
angle.

3. 7 A final point to be considered when selecting equipment for a particular

operation is compatibility between the various items required. A number of
different grades of material are used for lifting equipment and in particular it
will be found that hooks, links, rings and shackles vary considerably in size
for a given capacity according to the grade of material used. Care must
therefore be taken to ensure that each item of equipment seats correctly
and aligns correctly with its neighbour. Where necessary an intermediate
link or shackle should be used to ensure this.

'1 6 I C NSL 1991 I nsl.ascoworld.com

4.0 EXAMINATION OF LIFTING EQUIPMENT
This section highlights the examinations which must be carried out to meet
legal requirements and ensure safe working conditions.

4.1 Companies and users of lifting equipment are required by law to have it
thoroughly examined periodically by a Competent Person (Examination
periods are referenced further within this section - "Periodicity of
Examinations"). The legal responsibility for ensuring this happens lies with
senior management who would normally delegate to supervisory staff.

4.2 Pre-use Examination

Notwithstanding the above, all items of lifting gear must be examined by
the user prior to each use to ensure, so far as is practicable, that they are
in a good state of repair and SAFE to carry out the task in hand.

4.3 The three common particulars to check for are:

i) The required SWL.
ii) Plant number I Identification number.
iii) If applicable, Correct Colour Code (The current colour code should be
prominently displayed at the worksite and can be confirmed by
referring to a supervisor).

4.4 Further details of what to check for during an examination are contained in
the "Safe Use of Lifting Equipment" section of this handbook as the details
vary according to the type of gear.

qp Remember: 1f there 1s no SWL I WLL, ID and I or

l!!f colour code, do not usei

The International Rigging & Lifting Handbook I 17

4.5 Examination (And Testing) Requirements
4.6 Initial examination (and testing)
All lifting equipment must be thoroughly examined (and tested where
appropriate) prior to being used for the first time (unless it has not been
used before or has an EC declaration of conformity less than 12 months
old), after installation or re-installation or after any repair or modification
which may affect the safety of the equipment.

4.7 Periodicity of examinations

Lifting equipment exposed to conditions which may cause deterioration
and result in hazardous situations must be thoroughly examined by a
Competent Person:

a) In accordance with an inspection scheme, or

b) On a regular basis dependent on equipment type and I or
usage, i.e.

Accessories and "Personnel" hoisting equipment.

intervals not exceeding 6 months
ii) Lifting appliances and other lifting equipment.
intervals not exceeding 12 months•

• Where the equipment is used offshore, due to the harsh environment,

we recommend the maximum period between examinations should be 6
months. However, lifting support steelwork with no moving parts such as
runway beams, padeyes, permanently attached or integral lifting eyes, etc.
could have their periodicity of examination left at 12 months (maximum) as
long as:

They are not used for supporting personnel.

ii) Their use is infrequent to the extent that wear is not an
adverse factor.
iii) They are adequately coated I protected so that corrosion is not an
adverse factor.

4.8 Hand splices on certified wire rope are not required to be proof load
tested.

fn\ Warning! Do not stow l1ft1ng tackle 1n lockers or tool boxes as the gear
~ could be missed during a statutory 1nspect1on and hence become uncert1f1ed

18 I0 NSL 1991 I nsl.ascowor1d.com

5.0 SELECTION OF LIFTING EQUIPMENT
5.1 The most important fact to establish prior to preparing for a lift is the
weight of the item to be handled. In the majority of cases this will be
known but where it is not, use a load measuring device (see figs 5. 1 to
5.3 below for typical examples) to confirm the weight. As alternatives, you
could consult with the manufacturer or take measurements and calculate
the weight using the Material and Density Table (Appendix 2). If any doubt
exists, contact your supervisor.

Fig 5.1 Fig 5.2 Fig 5.3

Loadcell Shackle Crane Weigher Dynamometer

5.2 Once the weight has been established, another consideration is the
available "head-room''. This has a bearing on sling angles and increasing
tension in the sling legs.

~ Note: The weight of the selected ngg1ng must be added to the weight of
L::J the load to be lifted and the total weight considered when selecting the
ho1st1ng machine

5.3 Check the compatibility of the various components as sizes vary according
to materials used in manufacture.

5.4 Check suitability of hoisting equipment for specific tasks and environment,
e.g. you may wish to use it under water and not all types of equipment are
suitable for sub-sea use.

5.5 Once the equipment is selected, it must be subjected to a "pre-use"

examination as described throughout the individual sections of this
handbook. Should any item fail this visual examination, it must be
withdrawn from service immediately and reported to the supervisor.

The International Rigging & Lifting Hanct:>ook 119

 6.0 SAFE APPROACH TO LIFTING
The following section gives recommendations as to the correct procedures
to adopt when effecting a lift.

n
'!!!!'

u
6.1 Personnel Competence
Any person using lifting equipment must be trained in the safe use of
that equipment. The person must also have a working knowledge of its
capabilities and the defects likely to arise in service. This knowledge will be
of value when carrying out the pre-use examinations.

6.2 Never Exceed the Safe Working Load I Working Load Limit
In all lifting operations care should be taken to ensure that the load imposed
on any item of equipment or on part of any item does not exceed its SWL
I WLL. When there is any uncertainty about the weight of the load or the
load applied to a particular part of the equipment it is recommended that
load sensing devices be used. In addition, care should be taken to ensure
that the load remains in a stable condition through the duration of the lift. In
general the load may be unstable if at any time the centre of gravity of the
load is not vertically beneath the crane hook, or the centre of gravity of the
load is higher than the point of attachment of the slings to the load. There
are other causes of instability to be considered, e.g. liquid moving within a
vessel, etc.

6.3 Correct Use

The equipment should be used only for the specific purpose for which it
is designed and should not be adapted for any other purposes without
the approval of a Competent Person and I or the original equipment
manufacturer I supplier.

6.4 Check The Lift

The load should be lifted a nominal distance only in the first instance.
This 'trial lift" allows the operator to check his estimations of balance,
stability, and general security of the load while it is in a safe position. If
discrepancies are found the load should be lowered and the slinging
revised. The sequence of trial lift and adjustment should be repeated until
the operator is satisfied that the load is balanced. stable and secure.

Warning! Do not stand below loads, keep hands clear of rigging as

(i]\ slack IS taken Up (as pe1 the "hanos-free" l1ft1ng policy) avOld c.imb ng on
\..V co.cta1ncrs and stacked ma:enals never stand between loads and walls
bulKheads, etc

20 I C NSL 1991 J nsl.ascoworld.com

6.5 Think Ahead
Plan the route the load will be travelling and where practicable, ensure
obstructions are cleared prior to the task taking place.

CD Warning! Never travel a load over personnel

If necessary, give warning to personnel to clear the area prior to moving

the load. Avoid travelling over running machinery or critical equipment.

~ Note: A spec1f1c nsk assessment must take place prior to travelling loads
~ ovw unprotected pressurised process pipework or suspending loads
from same

When planning a task, checks should be made to ensure that the lay-
down point is of adequate size and capable of taking the weight of the
load. It may be necessary to provide suitable landing packing, e.g. timber
bearers, to enable the slings to be removed from under the load. THE
LOAD SHOULD NEVER BE LOWERED SO AS TO TRAP THE SLINGS
AS THIS ACTION CAN CAUSE SEVERE DAMAGE TO THE SLINGS.
When lowering the load it should be brought to a halt a short distance
above the landing site to allow the operator to steady it, check the position
of the landing packing and ensure that all personnel have their fingers and
feet clear of the load. The load should then be inched down into position.
Before slackening off the slings check that the load is safe and stable. If
not, it should be lifted slightly (to allow the landing packing to be adjusted)
and lowered again. The trial landing procedure is very similar to the trial lift
procedure and should be repeated until the load is safely landed.

6.6 Safety Margins

When undertaking a multi-point lifting operation where two or more lifting
appliances are used, steps must be taken to ensure that no item of
equipment or lifting point is at any time subjected to a load in excess of its
capacity (SWL I WLL).
There are a number of ways of ensuring this according to the nature of the
operation, e.g. where total lifting capacity is not unduly limited then, each
lifting point together with its associated lifting machine and tackle could be
selected to be capable of sustaining the entire load.

The International Rigging & Lifting Handbook j 21

 Alternatively, where the capacity is limited, the use of load sensors will
provide continuous monitoring and feedback on individual lift-point
equipment loadings as the operation proceeds. Alternatively, carefully
calculate the loads imposed. Care must be taken to ensure that no false
assumptions are made especially with regard to the weight and the
position of the centre of gravity.
It is recommended however that unless load sensors are used, the safe
working load of each lifting point and its associated equipment should not
be less than 1.5 times the share of the load which it is intended to take.
As the lift proceeds, a constant check should be kept on the angles and
loads as these provide an indication as to the way the load is distributed.

6.7 In the case of rigid loads, consideration should be given as to how many
lifting points will bear the load at any time as in practice the majority of
the load may be taken on only two lifting points. In such cases the safe
working load of each lifting point and its associated equipment should not
be less than half the total load.

6.8 Misuse of Equipment

The use of lifting equipment beyond its SWL I WLL is strictly
forbidden. Particular attention must be given to the avoidance of over-
loading, incorrect slinging and trapping of slings between the load and the
fioor.

Never attempt to repair any item of lifting gear or equipment as all repairs
must be carried out by properly trained personnel who are in possession
of approved repair procedures and have the relevant manufacturer's
reference literature. Should you come across faulty equipment, report it to
your supervisor who will take the necessary action.

Never attempt to weld any lifting accessory as they tend to be

manufactured from high grade materials and require special welding
processes.

(ii\ Warning! Unauthorised welding, mod1f1cat1ons or repairs to l1ft1ng

~ equipment automatically 1nval1dates its cert1f1cat1on This also applies to the
removal of any integral part of a l1ft1ng assembly

6.9 When using pneumatic equipment ALWAYS check the pressure rating
as too high a supply pressure can cause the machine to overload. It is
recommended that you install an air service unit with a pressure regulator
as close to the unit as possible.

22 I O NSL 1991 I nsl.ascoworld.com

6.1 O Planning and Risk Assessment in Lifting Operations
It is a fundamental requirement of legislation that all work undergoes
risk assessment to identify the nature and level of risks. You should then
manage these risks to reduce them as far as reasonably practicable
- proportionate to the risk identified. The level of planning and risk
assessment increases with the complexity of the lifting operation as does
the required level of supervision. To simplify this subject, lifting operations
have been categorised as either Routine or Non-routine with the non-
routine operations being further classified as; Simple, Complicated
and Complex, i.e. four categories in total. For each category, there is a
suggested level of competence I training, planning, risk assessment and
supervision. This information has been laid out in the form of a flowchart on
the next page and is designed to be guidance only which can be amended
I customised to suit individual industry I company I requirements.

6.11 Planning
In addition. a "Lifting Operation Plan" which contains a list of possible
considerations is provided. Not all will be relevant to each task, but
the list will prompt you to address something you may have previously
overlooked.

~ Note: For both complicated and complex l1ft1ng operations, 1f a

~ documented lifting plan already exists 1t may be re-used but only after
review to ensure that prov1s1ons are made for any change 111 crrurnstances

6.12 Lift Categorisation and Risk Assessment

Appendix 5 contains a four page "Lift Categorisation" questionnaire to
help you decide the level of difficulty of the lift. If used in conjunction with
the "Organisation of Lifting Operations Flowchart" in section 6, it will help
identify and select the appropriate level of competence required for the
personnel carrying out the work. It will also give an indication of supervision
required. Appended to this is a one-page risk assessment form designed
to record each step of the lift procedure, identify any hazards, eliminate
them or at least reduce them to an acceptable level.

6.13 As part of the risk assessment, we have provided a "Self-assessment"

pocket card as a quick check on your own ability and I or competence to
do the job.

The International Rigging & Lifting Handbook I 23

NSL The Organisation of lifting Operations Flowchart
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=.:. . --·
~==~
atllr.~ Abasc ...,,,.,.~.....,.,.
=:.":~=tr ......
rislo.ISSll:ll'l'loMmusltlt .. _ ....... - . RISkAssmmelll ..... be

~=:*'" ~=*'II
s.,.ntlllll: !liroC*llDf
Kl~l)llllOrmingllt\111111<.
.__,_..._
.. Ell.. ..... 2.E<m ..... 3<S
_ . . . . . _ ... '-"l

~-·---
::::.c::::...-- --·
-~
~l'lrul"willl

!ecp.Jled.
....

AllliftingOperationsmustbe: • COOl)eteolt)'plamed TheCompetentPerson: Thea,OJXi'lledper::niresponsit:4eforproW:rr;iv.tltten~aoo~cornpbtedirld~x~

• aP1Yopria~~ Competent Personnel: PersomelSl.ilably trai'led <n:l/or ex~ to perfam the lilti1g operalionsaletyMdeflicientfy asl.&slratedOOove.
• cariecl rut ii asale marre
• riskas.sessed

~
Brief Description of Lifting Operation ~ndudng IOC&tlon) ·

Posstble Considerations (not exhaustive) - tick ti relevant Md edd1ess each poill n •step-by-step· plan sectloo below):
1 ~OllOadunmown ............. :J 7 Nodedlcatedriggiig ................D 13lrtlngthro'substantlalheights .... a
2 Hlghcentreofgrall1ty... ........ 0 8 loadhassharpedges ................O 14 Dynarrkfactorslnvctved ...........a
3 l..lnslabl91oad... ...... D 9 Extremetyheavybad .................O 15 Hazards to personnel ................a
Awkwardstza/shape .............. 0 10 Noiflpointaboveload .............O 16 Commt.nicatk>ns ....................a
Fmgllsload ............................. 0 11 Aestrlctedheadroom... ..... D 17 Tag lines needed ........................a
6 Nodedicatad8ftpclnts .......... 0 12 COnftnedw::irktw"ea................ 0 18 Poorlightcordillons .................0
Step by step plan of llftlng operation (lncUde any site clearance lf relevant) :

Route to be travelle<I & laydown area :

1 Has l'Ql.Ae '°be lravel!OO been selected and clearvd of obstrucdons? .. . ................................................. a yes a f\fa
2 Is layOOwn/ ltn:lilg erea{s) adequate In both size and load bealtlgcapadty? ........................................... ayes O f\fa
3 Is Slitable padli'Q avaiable for protection of toad I Slings while landing \he load (e.g. timber)? ............... O yes O IVs
Haw ba'rlers boon positioned to prevent access to lKl8Ulllorised peraomel?.. .. . ..... a yes O !Va
Have you conlimed that the laydown area is within the opera~ fadlus of the craie? ........................... yes a a nfa
Wil the baAAsman 8'W&/S be \llsll:lle to UlQ Crane Operator or has an altemati\19 meltlod of
c:on'ITlJnlcallon (e.g. raclOSJ been estabHshed? ......................................................................................... O yes a !Va
7 Have weather condlbns been considered regadlng their ettect m !he safety of the lifting operation? ...... O yes a !Ve

Levels of peraonn&I competence 1-o"~

& manning kwels requlrad:
"'ksma
-o_Sl
_oge
~•~D--
Oty
~ ' -~I-"~
Technlden
'""'
~ '
O Qty:
__o__Oty~'-~~­
: support engineering reQUlred : Yes D No O
Rigging I mater1al list :

Leve l of AWlng & Lift.Ing ~of PocKetCsrd Q

Risk Assessment performed : Written assessment a (ettachcopytothisplwl)

Level of Manual Handllng Notappicatje a Use of Pocket card a

"'"*!'!*'*'•''
Risk Assessment perfonned: Written assessment a (attach copy to lllis plan)

;+meni!MM!ii! H'@!iiif.!*FH94fi
~~00nplam9dby: --
~+~
-'-''-;.,.,
-,---------<
!:!!· · mmp:mp
11 11 11!1if SMMM 111 m. _ u 11 'i?uM."ilifi t.t-M·' l@'tJCH!"·'

The International Rigging & Lifting Handtxx>k I 25

 Self Assessment Pocketcard

i~ The Pocketcard System Works As Follows:

:f1
~ .2' If you can answer "Yes" to the six questions on the first
u side of the card, proceed with the lifting operation.

2 If you answer "No" to any of the questions, turn over the

card and try to answer the additional twelve questions.

3 If you can answer "Yes" to the twelve questions on the

second side of the card, proceed with the lifting operation.

4 If you answer "No" to any of the twelve questions, ask

your immediate supervisor for assistance.

5 If your immediate supervisor can give you sufficient

assistance to enable you to carry out the job safely,
proceed with the lifting operation under his guidance.

6 If your immediate supervisor cannot help or advise you,

the full lift categorisation will have to be performed (See
five page check list in Appendix 5).

7 These five pages should be enlarged to 200% on

the photocopier and actually used to perform the
assessment.

26 IC NSL 1991 I ns1.ascowor1d.com

 NSL "Reducing Risks"
nsl.ascoworld.com

Self Assessment in Lifting Operations

Routine lifts which can be carried out by all

Personnel who have been suitably trained.

Six Basic Questions

1. Has the lifting operation been performed before?

2. Is there a documented procedure and I or suitable

guidance available?

3. Are you experienced with all the lifting equipment and

gear to be used?

4. Has the load been checked and made ready for lifting
(e.g. sea fastenings released, hold down bolts and I or
weldments removed)?

5. Have you the experience to lift a load of this weight?

6. Is the lift an area free from obstructions and other

possible hazards?

If the answer to all six questions above is "YES",

proceed with the lifting operation in accordance
with the documented procedure.

If the answer to a ny of the above is "NO", ~

turn over the card.

Copyright © NSL 1996

The International Rigging a Lifting Handbook I 27

 Simple lifts which can ALSO be carried
out by all personnel who have been
suitably trained.

1. Do you know the weight of the load and does the lifting operation
appear to be straight forward?
2. If the task is not a routine lift, do you have the relevant permission
and I or permit?
3. Is there a crane or certified support steelwork (e.g. runway beam or
lifting eye) directly above the load?
4. Does the load have certified lifting points (lifting eyes/collar eyebolts.
etc) fitted and if not. can slings be wrapped around easily (e.g. no
sharp edges.load not fragile etc)?
5. Is there ample headroom for the lifting appliance and slings?
6. Is the lift stable (e.g. centre of gravity below lifting points)?
7. Is the lift balanced (e.g. centre of gravity in the middle) or fitted with
special slings to compensate?
8. Is the work area restricted, e.g. inside a basket or open topped
container?
9. Is the removal route clear of any obstructions?
10. Can the removal (lift, transfer and landing) be performed without
cross-hauling?
11. Is there a suitable lay down area and does the load come within the
allowable load bearing capacity of the ground/deck?
12. Are you experienced in using all the lifting equipment and gear involved?

If you can answer "YES" to all the above, proceed with the hft.

If you answered " NO", to any of the above,

Check with your 1mmed1ate supervisor who will advise you to:

STOP!

I
Due to further engineering and/or risk assessment being required.
PROCEED WITH CAUTION!
Operation must be performed by qualified rigging personnel only.
GO!
Proceed with lifting operation following the supervisor's guidance.

28 f C NSL 1991 I nsl.ascowor1d.com

6.14 NSL can also create a bespoke suite of policies and procedures designed
to give companies complete control over lifting operations and to help them
comply with current legislation and regulations. This document is called the:

Lifting Equipment Control and Operation Policy I Procedures

(LECOP) Manual

These procedures are constantly revised in line with current legislation

and industry best practices and are updated to reflect the latest products,
technology and technical information relevant to our industry and
operations.

SI 1998 No 2307 - The Lifting Operations and Lifting Equipment

Regulations (LOLER) call for written instructions to be provided which also
specify practices to be observed to ensure safety in the workplace and the
safe use of equipment therein.

It is divided into three parts directed at specific levels, i.e.:

LECOP Part 1 : Management

LECOP Part 2 : Supervisory Staff

LECOP Part 3 : Workforce

The whole document is designed to encourage input, development and

participation through an organisation.

The documents allow the operating company to remain in total control

of Rigging and Lifting operations, including where they are carried out
by others such as sub-contractors on the operational side, and vendors
dealing with supply and maintenance.

British and International Standards are quoted throughout but the dates of
issue have purposely been omitted to eliminate the need for revision each
time a standard is re-issued. It is to be understood that the latest issue I
revision complete with any amendments will apply to equipment supplied
to or used by the operating company.

The prime considerations are the safety of personnel and to ensure loads,
materials and cargo are handled with the minimum risk of damage.

The International Rigging & Lifting Hanclx>ok j 29

 Weather conditions

6.15 When planning your lifting operation, remember that weather conditions
can have an adverse effect on the overall safety of the lifting operation.

6.16 Wind: High or gusting winds have the potential to affect the stability and I
or structural integrity of a crane. An indirect effect is that it can destabilise
a load or blow a load out of the safe working radius I safe operating
parameters of a crane and make the landing of a load hazardous as the
load can blow or swing and strike equipment or personnel. Wind can
cause loose material to fall from both the crane and the load. Crane
manufacturers indicate the maximum desirable wind speeds for safe
operation of their cranes. There are additional criteria to consider, e.g.
boom length, type of load (large surface areas can act as a sail) weight of
load (light loads are blown about more easily), etc. Most cranes have an
anemometer fitted so actual wind speeds will be readily available. If not,
hand-held anemometers can be used.

Fig 6.1

6.17 Wind at sea: Windy conditions have the effect of creating waves and a
swell. This increases the dynamics in lifting operations when lifting loads
from floating vessels using a crane on a fixed platform, e.g. if the vessel
drops just as the load is taken, it creates a "snatch" effect increasing the
actual loading and stresses through the crane. This is even worse when
lifting between vessels if one is rising as the other is falling.

6.18 Rain: Excessive rain can destabilise ground conditions which is critical
when positioning and setting up cranes. Rain can also adversely
affect visibility and interfere with communications especially visual
communications I hand signals. Radio clarity may also be affected by
adverse weather conditions unless they are suitably protected.

30 I C NSL 1991 I nsl.ascoworld.com

6.19 Snow and Ice: Snow and ice can be slippery underfoot with obvious
consequences e.g. slipping I falling under a suspended load. Pieces of
ice can also fall a substantial height, e.g. from the top of the crane boom
I jib and cause serious injury. Ice can also cause the temporary seizing
up of safety equipment such as over-hoist limit switches and requires the
operator to check the equipment thoroughly before operating. Snow and
ice can add substantial weight to a load and should be removed prior to
lifting. Extreme cold can also affect the safety of lifting equipment. Most
equipment is safe to use in temperatures as low as minus 20 degrees
Centigrade. Below this temperature, steel can become brittle and weaker.
There are specially designed lifting accessories such as polar shackles
for use (down to minus 40C) and manufacturers' instruction and safe use
instructions will clearly indicate this.

6.20 Electrical storms: Outside crane operations should be suspended if there

are electrical storms in the vicinity as the crane boom is probably one of the
tallest metal structures in the area and could act as a lightning conductor
with devastating results. Crane booms should be retracted or laid down in
a safe resting position (in the case of lattice booms on crawler I pedestal
cranes).

6.21 Sunshine: Direct sunlight causes deterioration in certain man-made

fibre lifting accessories such as fibre rope and webbing slings. Bright
sunlight can also prevent people seeing a hazard approaching. There
are associated hazards to personnel such as dehydration and fatigue in
hot conditions and planning I risk assessment of lifting activities should
account for this.

The International Rigging & Lifting Handbook I 31

 AFE USE OF EQUIPME

7•
0
CRANES
OF PERSO
(~NEL)
HOISTING
8 • 0 f HAIN HOISTS
PULLIFTS

10• 0 BEAM
CLAMPS
11• 0 BEAM
TROLLEYS
12 • 0 PLATE
CLAMPS

14 0•
WINCHES
(& HOISTIN:EL)
OF PERSON

16 0 WIRE ROPE
17• 0 MAN-MADE
FIBRE SLINGS
• SLINGS

19.0 SHACKLES
1 8 •0 ~~':.~ GRADEBO
SLINGS

20. 0 EVE BOLTS

21.0 TURNBUCKLES

2 2• 0 FALL ARREST
DEVICES
34 I 0 NSL 1991 I nsl.ascoworld.com
7 .0 THE SAFE USE OF CRANES

Only Authorised Crane Operators are Permitted to Operate Cranes.

Training and competency requirements as defined within BS ISO 15513,
BS 7121-1 Annex Band OMHEC training standard 03-2003. Note: Other
regional legislative requirements may apply.

7.1 Crane Operations are a major part of industrial processes. Whether it is

construction, building, manufacturing, mining, or shipping cargo, there
are always heavy loads to be moved. In a marine environment, the crane
is used to take onboard supplies and provisions and due to the possible
catastrophic consequences of crane failure, they must be properly
maintained. Local regulations normally dictate that cranes must only
be operated by competent and qualified personnel who are trained
in all aspects of crane operations. They must be capable of performing
the daily safety checks including the accuracy of the load indicators and
carrying out routine preventative maintenance tasks such as lubrication. In
order to operate the cranes safely, it is important that loads are correctly
slung and cargo is properly packed, weighed and manifested to prevent
the possibility of overloading on the crane.

7.2 Crane Types, Basic Functions and Safety Features

The most common cranes on land are Mobile Cranes with a telescopic
boom. Once in situ they are normally statically positioned on outriggers
after ensuring that loads are within the operating limits I radius of the
crane. Their ability to move with a load is very limited and so they are
generally restricted to lifts within their safe operating radius in any particular
location.

7.3 Crawler Cranes are also mobile and are usually found in construction
yards and project sites. They can travel with a load as long as the ground
is reasonably level. Usually these cranes have lattice booms but newer
models can have telescopic booms.

Typical Mobile Crane Typical Crawler Crane

Fig 7.1

The International Rigging & Lifting Handbook I 35

 7.4 For longer term projects where relatively light loads are lifted, there
are Tower Cranes. They are transportable and are either self-erecting
or modular assembly. They are usually found on building sites or in
construction yards where repetitive lifts are required in areas with limited
space.

7.5 High Portal Cranes are less familiar. Their main feature is an elevated
control cab which allows the operator to see into the holds of ships. These
cranes are usually restricted to docksides where larger capacity models
are permanently installed and run on rails.

7.6 Finally there are Pedestal Cranes, again permanently installed, and usually

}
0
found on ships and offshore installations.

~
::>

Typical Tower Crane

Typical Portal Crane

·1_,.,~~--c::::::====:::.,_.

~'\,
Typical Pedestal Crane ~

Fig 7.2
36 I C NSL 1991 J nst.ascoworld.com
7.7 To work safely with cranes, it is important that you understand how they
function. The main six motions of the crane are:

1) Boom, Luff or Jib Up (To decrease the working radius)

2) Boom, Luff or Jib Down (To increase the working radius)
3) Hoist Raise
4) Hoist Lower
5) Slew Left
6) Slew Right

Where relevant (e.g. Crawler Cranes} there are an additional two motions
which are Travel Forwards and Travel Backwards.

Boomup \

r r

Auxiliary hoist winch

Boom hoist winch

~.#.:."~ Raise

Lower
Main hoist winch

Fig 7.3

The International Rigging & Lifting Handbook I 37

7.8 In the interest of safety and to assist the Crane Operator, the crane
normally has various limiting devices for the six motions to prevent
damaging the crane. If fitted, they would be as follows:

1) When booming up, limits to prevent the boom coming into contact
with the back-stops.
2) When booming down, limits to prevent the boom angle becoming
less than approx 15° to the horizontal. (This limit can be over-ridden
to allow parking of the boom in the rest).
3) When hoisting, an over-hoist limiting device is used to prevent the
hook block being pulled through the sheaves (see fig 7.4 below).
4) When lowering, lower hoist limiting device I switch to prevent
running the hoist rope completely off the winch drum thus losing
the rope, hook block and possibly the load.
Note: Depending on manufacture and I or c rane type this activates
when there are 3 - 5 wraps of rope left on the hoist drum.
5) Slewing limits are sometimes fitted but care still has to be exercised
by the Crane Operator and the Banksman to avoid striking the
boom against obstructions (such as other cranes, buildings and
structures).

Note tile loss of headroom due lo

lhe overhoist limil mechan~m

--- -- 'E-! ~
U1 0.
0 _ "-
________ co

F'ig 7.4

38 I C NSL 1991 I nsl.ascoworid.com

7.9 In addition to limit switches, another safety feature the Crane Operator has,
is an automatic Safe Load Indication (SU) or Rated Capacity Indicator (RGI)
system backed up by visual and audible alarms. The SU tells the Crane
Operator the operating radius of the crane boom (i.e. where the hook is),
the WLL of the crane at that radius and the actual load on the hook. The
visual alarm is set to activate at approximately 95% of crane capacity at
any given radius whereas the audible alarm activates at approximately
105% of crane capacity, i.e. in an overload situation.

7.10 Certain cranes are fitted with additionaJ safety devices such as Gross Over-
moment (overload) Protection (GOP) or Ultimate Protection Systems (UPS), 'Aind
speed indicator (Anemometer) and wind direction indicator (Windsock).

7.11 If the crane is situated on an offshore installation, the operating cab should
contain a fire extinguisher, smoke hood and life jacket.

7.12 As with all lifting machines, cranes have a maximum safe working load I
working load limit but this depends on the number of wire rope falls reeved
up at the time. Obviously, the more falls, the greater the lifting capacity
but this decreases the hoisting speed. This in turn could affect the ability
to perform a lift from a vessel if the hoist speed is too slow to prevent the
load re-impacting on the vessel's deck as it rises on the next wave. The
SWL I WLL also reduces as the operating radius increases (see fig 7 .5
below). You must always refer to the load radius chart (and manufacturer's
instructions) which will be posted in the crane cab.

-~
'!
'
~~-,
~/1 ~
I
I

I
I Minradius I
i Max load 1 Max radius
r Min load

Fig 7 .5

The International Rigging & Lifting Handbook I 39

7.13 Duties of a Crane Operator
To qualify as a Crane Operator, the person should:

1) Be 21 years of age or over.

2) Be medically fit, with particular regard to eyesight, hearing and
reflexes and capable of operating the crane without aid.
3) In the case of mobile cranes, they be fully conversant with the
correct use and positioning of outriggers and how to correctly
support the outrigger feet.
4) Have been adequately trained and be familiarized in the operation
of the type of crane he is driving and be able to judge distances,
heights and clearances.
5) Have been authorised to operate the crane.
6) Have sufficient knowledge of the working of the crane to enable
him to carry out routine checks in accordance with the check lists
specific to his crane as and when instructed.
7) Understand fully the duties of the Slinger and be familiar with
hand signals (British Standard signals are shown in appendix
3 but alternative signals may be used I encountered) in order
to implement safely the instructions of the Slinger or Signaller
(Banksman).
8) Be able to set and check the functioning of the SU I RGI.
g) Resist pressure from other persons to carry out unsafe operations
and to take action to avoid dangerous situations, including
stopping operations.

7.14 The Crane Operator must also be fully conversant with rigging and slinging
of loads and their lifting arrangements. He is responsible for the condition
of the crane and for operating it within its safe limits. He must be able to
program the load indication system accordingly to reflect the environmental
conditions.

7.15 Prior to using the crane, he must perform pre start-up checks in
accordance with the daily check sheets. Under certain circumstances, he
may be assisted by the Crane Mechanic. Fuel, lubricant and coolant levels
have to be checked, and the structure itself must also be inspected. Once
the crane is started up, it should be left to run for approximately 5 minutes
to allow it to warm up. Then, all controls, brakes, instruments and safety
devices checked to ensure they are functioning correctly and set-up I
stability checked and monitored throughout operations.

40 I C NSL 1991 I nsl.ascoworld.com

7.16 At the beginning of each shift or working day, the Crane Operator, or other
Competent Person, e.g. Crane Mechanic, should carry out routine checks
including the following:

1) Automatic safe load indicator is configured with the correct cam

I card appropriate to the boom length, or boom and fly-boom
lengths and the number of falls of hoist rope.
2) Where applicable, check the security of the counterweight
or ballasting. Where this is in the form of removable weights,
check that the weights are fittec correctly and correspond to the
operating condition and SU configuration.
3) Check the oil level(s), fuel level and lubrication.
4) Check the ropes, and rope terminal fittings and anchorages for t
obvious damage and wear. f
!l
5) Check the condition and inflation pressure(s) of tyres (where 1l'

6)
applicable).
Check that water is drainec from air reservoirs.
t
7) Check the boom structure for damage.
8) In the interest of safety and fire prevention, check that the crane
cabin is in a tidy condition and free from tins of grease and oil, rags,
tools, or materials other than those for which storage provision is
made.
9) Check the operating pressures in any air and I or hydraulic
system(s).
10) Check the operation of the crane through all motions with particular
attention to brakes to ensure that these are operating efficiently.
11) Check the operation of all limit switches or cut-outs (use caution in
making the checks in case of non-operation).

The International Rigging & Lifting Handbook I 41

7.17 The Crane Operator must report any faults found to the Crane Mechanic
or appropriate person in order that they can be rectified. Should the
mechanic not be able to solve the problem, a supervisor should be
informed so he can mobilise suitable personnel.

7.18 If a crane is working in a pipe yard or similar, there may be specific setting
up requirements at the work site. Ground conditions are crucial and ideally
the ground would be firm and even. Where ground conditions are not ideal,
special measures have to be taken to spread the load from the outriggers.

limber, steel or
fibre matting

Fig 7.6

7.19 The Crane Operator must ensure, as far as possible, that there are no
underground facilities such as drains, gas mains, or water pipes that might
collapse under loading.

7.20 Special care has to be taken when working near the edges of excavations,
or even quay sides. When the load is transferred through to an outrigger, it
could be disastrous if the edge collapsed (See Figs 7. 17 and 7. 18).
7.21 If a crane is involved in laying pipelines or similar in open countryside, the
operator must also be aware of potential danger overhead in the form of
electrical power cables. There is a recommended minimum distance to
operate from these power cables (refer to paragraph 7.41 & fig 7.11 for
further information).

42 I 0 NSL 1991 I nsl.ascowor1d.com

7.22 If a crane has to work any closer to a line, then the line will have to be
isolated. Remember, cables can swing in windy conditions, and high
voltages can arc across substantial gaps.

7.23 Pedestal cranes working offshore do not have the hazards of overhead
power lines, however, the hazard of another crane working in close
proximity is common and the Crane Operator must be vigilant when
moving loads around the deck.

7.24 Ideally the Crane Operator should be able to see the load all the time but
as this is not always possible, he will need someone to guide and signal
to him. There will always be a designated and identifiable Banksman.
Recommended hand signals are contained in Appendix 3 of this ~
handbook. if
7.25 He must exercise great care when manoeuvring the crane up, down or f_,·
across an incline, e.g:

Level ground: Correct radius

~~~~:

/
• .'
''
''
Normal operations on level ground

/ '' Uphill: Radius reduces

''
' : In this example. the crane could tip over backwards
I . •: :i when the load is set down

- :
''' -,
''
Downhill: Radius increases
In this example, the crane could tip forwards as the load
swings out of radius

..' .....mil''
Fig 7.7
The International Rigging & Lifting Handbook j 43
 In these examples, the side loading inflicted on the boom could either tip the crane or
cause the boom to collapse.

Fig 7.8

44 I C NSL 1991 j nsl.ascowor1d.com

7.26 Duties of the Slinger I Load Handler and Banksman During Lifts
To qualify as a Slinger I Load Handler or Banksman, the person should:

1) Be 18 years of age or over.

2) Be medically fit, with particular regard to eyesight, hearing and
reflexes.
3) Be able to install, remove. inspect and position the required lifting
accessories.
4) Have been trained in the general principles of slinging.
5) Be capable of selecting lifting gear suitable for the loads to be
lifted.
6) Understand hand signals (examples shown in Appendix 3) and be
able to give clear and precise signals.
7) Be capable of directing the movement of the crane and load in
such a manner as to ensure the safety of personnel and plant.
8) Authorized to carry out signaling duties. Be able to establish
weights and judge distances, heights and clearances.

7.27 The most important task the Slinger I Load Handler has is to prepare and
sling the load correctly. This includes the selection and fitting of appropriate
rigging, protection of the load, protection of the rigging where necessary
and to check the stability of the load (refer to section 24 for further
information on slinging).

7.28 Under normal circumstances, there is only one person nominated to signal
or guide the crane (Banksman). He must be in full view of (or in radio
communication with) the Crane Operator at all times and remain "hands-
off" the load.

7.29 There may be instances where a Banksman is required to be in multiple

positions during a lift to aid visibility, and therefore multiple persons may
be required to perform the role. There must be an understood hand-
over process between the Banksman positions to ensure the lift and
communications are not interrupted. One should be appointed as the
Senior Banksman and remain in sight of the Crane Operator at all times.
During this type of operation it is recommended that they use radio
communications (see 7.66 for operating procedures).

The International Rigging a Lifting Handbook I 45

7.30 If at any time the Crane Operator is unable to see (or loses radio contact
with) the Banksman, he must cease operations until communications are
re-established.

7.31 If vessels are involved, radio communications between the crane, the
Banksman and the vessel must be established prior to lifting over the side.

7.32 On offshore installations, all communications between the Crane Operator

and the supply vessel shall be by two-way UHF I VHF radio. Operations
must be immediately halted and the load made safe in the event of a
communication breakdown.

7.33 In circumstances where two or more cranes are used simultaneously,

individual channels should be selected for each crane to prevent confusion
and incorrect operation of the crane. If cranes are using the same channel,
call signs should be used to ensure that the correct crane responds to any
particular command.

7.34 On offshore installations, during periods of radio silence, all radios must
be isolated and no lifts shall take place either to or from vessels. Crane
operations will be restricted to onboard areas where the Banksman can be
clearly seen by the operator.

46 I C NSl 1991 I nsl.ascoworld.com

7.35 Specialised Lifting Operations
Tandem Lifting: Lifting a load with two cranes can be a hazardous
operation and should be avoided if at all possible. Where the physical
dimensions, or weight of the load prevent it being handled by a single
crane, then tandem lifting will be acceptable as long as the operation has
been carefully planned. The lift must be supervised by a qualified and
Competent Person. It is vitally important that an accurate assessment is
made of the load liable to be imposed on each crane. There should be
a full appreciation of how and to what extent this load situation can vary
should the load come out of level or should one or both cranes have to luff
(boom up or down), travel or slew, resulting in the hoist ropes coming out
of the vertical.
If any of these circumstances occur, the resultant loads on either or both
cranes may affect crane stability or cause structural collapse.

7.36 Special rigging may be necessary to suit the maximum variation in load
distribution and angular loading during the tandem lifting operation.

7.37 All tandem lifting operations should be thoroughly planned in advance by

a Competent Person or team. Where possible, cranes of equal capacity
and similar characteristics should be used. The cranes and rigging gear
should be selected to have a capacity margin greater than that needed
for the proportional load when handled as a single lift. It is recommended
that unless load sensors are used, each crane be capable of lifting 75%
of the total load at the required boom length and operating radius. If load
sensors are used, each crane need only be capable of lifting 25% above
its estimated share of the load.

I/

Generally, each crane to be capable of lifting 75% of the total load

Fig 7.9
The International Rigging & Lifting Handbook I 47
 7.38 A Competent Person should be appointed to supervise the operation and
the signals to each crane driver should be clear and well rehearsed. Do not
attempt to lift a load using more than two cranes. Although multi-crane lifts
are commonplace, the required controls and specialist understanding of
forces requires planning and consideration by competent persons.

Note: Although each crane should normally be capable of lifting 75% of

the total load, rt is possible to reduce thrs safety margin rn special cases.
In these cases rt is recommended that lifting procedures and calculated
loadings are submitted to the certifying authority for approval. Crane
barges for example have their own rules for tandem lrfts as agreed wit11 the
certifying authority. Wrth heavier lrfts (1.e. hundreds of tonnes) you would
not expect each crane to l1andle 75% of the load.

~ 7.39 Overturning: Overturning, upending or "top & tailing" operations are

similar to tandem lifting where two cranes lift the load but once the load is
clear of the ground, one crane lowers as the other one raises further and
rotates the load through go•.

(i1\ Warning! In a tarlrng operation, r e two cranes lrftrng a load and rotating
~ the load through 90 , the total weight wrll be transferred to and supported
by one or other of the cranes

Ideally, each crane should be capable of lifting the full load unless planned for accordingly

Fig7.10

48 I C NSL 1991 j nsl.ascowor1d.com

7.40 Crane operations should be suspended if electrical storms are reported in
the vicinity.

7.41 Depending on the type of crane being used, certain precautions must be
observed to ensure the safety of the operators and any personnel in the
vicinity of the crane operations. When working onshore in close proximity
to overhead electric lines or cables supported by pylons, unless otherwise
agreed by the District Engineer of the local Electricity Power Company,
no part of the crane must come within 15 metres of the cable. To ensure
this minimum clearance, the crane should be positioned no closer to the
plumb of the nearest line or cable than a distance equal to the maximum
length of the crane jib fitted, plus 15 metres measured along the ground.
(This can be reduced to 10 metres if the cables are supported on wooden
or concrete poles). Failure to comply with these instructions could have
fatal consequences for people working in the vicinity of the crane as per fig
7.11.

If in doubt or difficulty consult the local Electricity Company Engineer.

'
I
'

I
~ism~·

Fig 7.11

The International Rigging a Lifting Handbook I 49

7 .42 Never travel a crane in the vicinity of overhead electric lines unless guided
by an experienced Banksman. Always try to keep the overhead lines in
view when manoeuvring the crane, but remember it is difficult to estimate
the heights or clearance distances of the lines by normal methods of
observation .

7.43 If the machine makes electrical contact with a live overhead electric line
observe the following precautions:

1) Remain inside the cab if safe to do so.

2) Tell all other personnel to keep away from the machine and not to
touch any part of the crane, rope or load.
3) Try, unaided, and without anyone approaching the machine, to
back off the crane until it is well clear of the power line.
4) If the machine cannot b e self-propelled away or disentangled from
the line, remain inside the machine. If possible, get someone to
inform the Electricity Power Company at once. Take no action until
they confirm that conditions are safe.
5) However, if it is essential to leave the cab because of some other
reason then, to avoid being electrocuted, jump clear as far away
from the machine as possible. Avoid touching the crane and the
ground at the same time. Try and land with your feet together then
make short jumps away from the c rane keeping your feet together.
6) The District Engineer of the local Electric ity Power Company should
be informed of the situation immediately, but until assistance is
received , an attendant should remain near the c rane to warn others
of the d anger.

7.44 When working parallel to overhead power cables, a string of warning

markers should be erected at a safe distance from the cables. The string
should be supported on posts at convenient intervals and each post
should carry the warning notice as described in paragraph 7.46.

50 I Cl NSL 1991 I nsl.ascoworld.com

7.45 Where a crane must travel underneath an overhead line the crossing
route should be plainly marked and "goal posts" erected each side of the
crossing approach, to ensure that the jib or moving parts are lowered to a
safe position.

Fig 7.12

7 .46 The dimensions of the goal posts and their distance from the nearest power
cable is to be decided in consultation with the District Engineer of the local
Electricity Power Company. Large notices should be posted stating:

"DANGER! Overhead Electric Lines"

7.47 Crossing routes should be located as close to the support tower or pole as
possible, in order to take advantage of the greater ground clearance.

7 .48 Finally, notices should be inserted in the driver's cab of all cranes likely to
operate in the vicinity of overhead electric lines and cables stating:

Warning! When working in close proximity to overhead electric lines

or cables, unless otherwise agreed by the District Engineer of the local
Electricity Power Company. the crane should be positioned no closer to
the plumb of the nearest line or cable than a distance equal to the length of
the crane boom fitted, plus 15 metres measured along the ground. Failure
to comply w ith t hese instructions could have fatal consequences for you
and or I other people working 1n the vicinity of your crane. If in doubt or
difficulty consult the local Electricity Company Engineer.

The International Rigging & Lifting Handbook I 51

7.49 After the proximity of electrical cables , the other two important
considerations are ground conditions and weather conditions:

7.50 Ground conditions: i.e. the suitability of the ground to support the
crane's outriggers under fully loaded conditions. The ground should always
be firm and level. Care should be taken to ensure there are no dangers to
or from underground services such as gas mains, oil or chemical product
pipelines, electric cables, water mains, etc. Additional care has to be taken
when working near exposed edges such as quaysides· but even more
so, near the edges of excavations. Check that the type of ground can
withstand the bearing pressures transmitted through the outriggers when
the crane is lifting it's heaviest load (refer to table below).

iMMii!..!HWl!.!.H'i
,__
Dense gravel or dense sand and gravel >600 kN/m 2 >87 lbs f1n2

Medium dense gravel or medium dense

<200 to 600 kN/ m2 <29 to 87 lbs /in2
sand and gravel

Loose gravel or loose sand and gravel <200 kN/m 2 <29 lbs /in 2

Compact sand >300 kN/m 2 >43.5 lbs /in 2

Medium dense sand 100 to 300 kN/ m2 14.5 to 43.5 lbs /in 2

Loose sand <100 kN/m 2 • <14.5 lbs /in2

('depends on degree of looseness)

Cohesive Soils
,....-
Very stiff boulder clays and hard clays 300 to 600 kN/ml 43.5 to 87 lbs !in'

Stiff clays 150 to 300 kN/m'1 21.5 to 43.5 lbs fin'

Firm clays 75 to 150 kN/m' 10.5 to 21.5 lbs /in2

Soft clays and silts <75 kN/m 2 <10.5 lbs /in 2

Very soft clay Not applicable Not applicable

Peat Not applicable Not applicable

Made ground Not applicable Not applicable

~ Note: These tables are for preliminary guidance only Consult an

L:J appropriate engineer 1f there 1s any doubt regarding ground cond1t1ons

52 I C NSL 1991 I nsl.ascowor1d.com

7 .51 Outrigger Bearing Pressure: Calculating the actual bearing pressure on
outriggers can be quite complicated as there are many variables. Normally,
with the crane set up correctly, the bearing load would be spread across
four outrigger foot plates (with more load being applied to the side where
the boom I load is), which would give you one set of values.

Fig7.13

As the crane booms out, the bearing pressure in these outrigger foot
plates would increase due to the increased moment, generated by the
extended radius. This would give you a higher set of values.

Boomed out

~ Increase pressure on
this outrigger footplate

........... _____ ........ See Fig 7.15 for view

in this direction

Fig7.14

As the crane slews round, the bearing pressure will decrease on one foot
plate and increase on the other, resulting in yet an even higher bearing
pressure value. Ideally, the crane manufacturer's tables for the various
bearing pressures in relation to loads I radii etc. should be consulted.

The International Rigging & Lifting Handbook I 53

 If these tables are not readily available, for safety's sake, you have to
consider the worst case scenario and that is, the crane boom being
directly over one outrigger and the crane being on the point of balance I
tipping (see fig below).

Note: Tl11s s1tuat1on should 11ever arise 1n

be flashing and alarms would be sound1n

Fig7.15

In simple terms, the bearing pressure would be the total weight of the
crane + total weight of the load and rigging divided by area of ONE
outrigger foot plate.

Suitability of Ground to Support the Load:

For working on normal ground

conditions, refer to table at 7.50.

For quayside work, refer to the Port

Authorities for maximum allowable
bearing pressure for the concrete.

(Spreader plates of a larger size

than the outrigger footplates can be used to Fig7.16
reduce bearing pressure to acceptable levels).

Note: Scaffold boards are not an acceptable means of timber supports.

T1111bers used as packing must not have gaps between them.

54 I C NSL 1991 I nsl.ascowor1d.com

 Note: The outrigger load enters the supporting surface at 45°, so it's
~ 1mperat1ve that the outrigger 1s positioned no closer to the edge of the
[3 excavation than a distance slightly greater than the depth of tl1e excavation
(see below)

d2 must be
greater than d1

(aim for 2 x d1)

Excavation

Fig 7.17

([]\ Warning! If the horizontal distance (d2) 1s less than the depth (d1), there 1s
\..V a danger of the side of the excavation c ollapsing

If d2 is
less than d1

Depth = d1

Load path
'

Excavation

Fig 7.18

The International Rigging & Lifting Handbook J 55

7.52 Weather conditions: i.e. wind speed I gusty conditions, etc. which
can cause possible overload by blowing the load out of radius. If lifting
over water or at sea, high winds often reduce the lifting capacity of
the crane due to dynamic factors caused by increased wave height
ar)d sea swell. Load I radius I sea state charts will be available in the
crane cab to show the derated capabilities. Crane manufacturers
provide maximum allowable I permissible wind speed allowances for
cranes. These should be adhered to unless guidance and approval is
sought from the manufacturers.

7.53 Before any lift commences, it is the responsibility of the person

controlling the lift to ensure that all restrictions have been removed
from the load, e.g. lorry lashings, deck fastenings, transportation
cradles I supports, etc. and that the hook is directly above the
centre of gravity (where known). The hoist rope(s) must be vertical to
minimize the movement of the load as the weight is taken.

7.54 When lifting a load from a vessel, it is the joint responsibility of

the Crane Operator and the vessel deck crew I master to ensure
seafastenings are released and lifts are accomplished safely with
the minimum amount of slew and shock loading. (When the lifting
operation is between two floating vessels, the effects of pitch and roll
are more critical as they can double the normal dynamic factors).

7.55 When using a crane for heavier lifts, the maximum load capacity is
dependent on the number of line parts and this capacity decreases
as the operating radius increases. When preparing for a heavy lift,
confirm the weight of the load, determine the maximum radius
required for pick-up, transfer and laydown and then consult the crane
load I radius chart to ensure that it is adequately reeved.

56 I Cl NSL 1991 I nsl.ascoworld.com

7.56 The Crane Operator ideally should be able to see the load at all times
but the nature and design of the vessel I installation means this is not
always possible. In these cases, he should be in radio contact with the
person controlling the lift, and I or be directed by a Banksman who has
visual contact with the load and can be clearly seen by the operator. The
recommended hand signals are shown in Appendix 3.

7.57 Prior to any lifting operation, all slings and associated equipment should be
checked for security, fitting and balance. Should they require to be held in
place while slack is being taken up, a block of wood or Push I Pull Poles
should be used, i.e do not curl fingers round or grip the slings.

7.58 The person in charge should also consider whether a "tag line" is required
to control the load once it is in the air. This is recommended in the case of
long loads where tag lines should be attached at one or both ends so that
rotational movement may be controlled. The tag line should be of such
length that the operative(s) need not stand under the load during the lift. It
should always be connected to the load being lifted, not the rigging {see
fig 7].19).

7.59 All instructions to the Crane Operator (apart from emergency stop),
whether through radio contact or via the Banksman (refer to Appendix 3)
will only be given by the person controlling the lift.

The "EMERGENCY STOP" command or signal however can be

given by any person observing a hazardous situation developing
during the lifting operation.

The International Rigging & Lifting Handbook I 57

7.60 Care must be taken when lifting loads of large surface area which can act
as a sail in windy conditions. If necessary use tag lines or with larger loads,
if available, use winch lines to assist in controlling the load.

Snagged on
handrail

Avoid tying the tag line

to the lifting gear

Fig7.19

7.61 Most marine cranes are fitted with 'C' type hooks to prevent snagging on
protrusions such as handrails, etc., and in certain cases also have a safety
catch to prevent the eye of the lifting sling being accidentally displaced (see
fig 7 .20). Larger cranes however tend to be fitted with ramshorn type hooks
which could have an effect on the sling design (see fig 7.21) for options.

HardEye--+ _

'C' Hook Ramshorn Hooks

Fig 7.20 Fig7.21

58 [ C NSL 1991 I nsl.ascoworid.com

7.62 Overhead Travelling Cranes
When operating this type of crane, most controls have two speeds, i.e.
creep and normal speed. Always start at creep speed to ensure and
maintain load stability and security before hoisting I travelling at normal
speed.

7.63 Should the load swing when you cease travelling, the swing can be
eliminated by driving the crane into the swing, e.g. as the load swings to
the left, travel the same distance as the swing to bring the crane hook
back over the load's centre of gravity.

~ Note: This manoeuvre should be practised with a secure load 1n amp e

l.::J space before attempting 1n an actua1 materials handling situation

7.64 Further information on the safe use of cranes and other possible safety
restrictions can be found in BS 7121 HSE Technical Guidance on the Safe
Use of Lifting Equipment Offshore.

The International Rigging & Lifting Hancl:>ook I 59

7.65 Radio Procedures for Crane Operations

i) General
Radio messages should be used to convey work requirements only
and should not be used for general conversation. Under broadcasting
regulations, profane language is prohibited so refrain from swearing.

ii) Establish Links

The Crane Operator and Banksman should establish their radio link (the
radio room will advise the working channel) prior to the commencement
of any lifting operation on the installation. Each time the Banksman moves
position, he should re-establish communication with the Crane Operator.

iii) Radio Channels

Where there is more than one crane working in the vicinity, ideally, each
crane should be allocated a separate radio channel. This is important when
working simultaneously with vessels. When vessels are involved in the
lifting operation, radio communications must also be established w ith the
vessel prior to the commencement of cargo handling operations. This may
involve changing from UHF sets to VHF sets.

iv) Cranes Operating on Different Channels

In circumstances where two cranes are operating on different channels for
onboard lifts at the same time, the Banksmen should make both Crane
Operators aware of the lifts planned and pay attention to the position of
boom tips to avoid contact between cranes.

v) Cranes Operating on Same Channel

However, if they are using the same channel, e.g. during a tandem lifting
operation, individual call signs for each crane should be used and should
precede each communication. These call signs should reflect the c rane 's
relevant position on the installation, e.g. "North I South I East I West I Port
I Starboard or Cent re crane", etc. These call signs must be adhered to at
all times to prevent possible confusion with other radio traffic .

60 I C NSL 1991 I nsl.ascoworld.com

vi) Blind Lifts
During "blind" lifts where the load is hoisted, lowered or suspended for
a long time, do not maintain the transmission button in the depressed
position for the duration of the lift. Likewise do not give an instruction at
the commencement of the lift and then cease communication until the
lift has almost reached its final position. The Banksman should repeat
the command continuously for as long as motion is required, e.g. "Lower
slowly, Lower, Lower, Lower, Lower, Lower, Lower, Stop". As long as the
crane operator can hear the command, it is clear that the radio is working.
If the commands cease before the final "Stop", the operator knows that
communication has broken down and should stop the motion I operation.
Always cease one crane motion before starting another, e.g., Hoist ...
stop! Slew left ... stop! Lower ... stop!

vii) Interference
When directing crane operations, ensure that personnel in the immediate
vicinity on the same channel, have their radios switched off to minimise the
possibility of your instructions being interrupted or distorted.

Warning! Communication Failure Radio communication with the Crane

fii\ Operator, must be ma1nta1ned at all times during lifting operations Should
\_V communications be interrupted by a third party or breakdown altogether,
all crane operations will cease 1mmed1ately and will not resume until the
links l1ave been re-established

viii) The Use of Two Way Radios:

a) Always ensure that the transmission button is fully depressed
before speaking into the microphone. Identify the station you are
calling, e.g. "West crane", speak slowly and clearly at all times and
finish your transmission with the word "OVER". Do not release the
button until a few seconds after completing your message.
b) The receiving operators should indicate understanding of the
message by saying "ROGER". If the message is distorted or the
instructio ns are unclear, they must request for it to be repeated.
c) The transmitting operator should never assume that the message
has been understood until he hears the word "ROGER".
d) At the close of communications, the transmitting operator must
indicate the end of the transmission by saying "OUT".
Refer to fig 7.22 for operation and control functions.

The International Rigging &. Lifting Handbook I 61

 Typical Hand Held Radio (Operation and Control)

(Ensure you are familiar with the particular model you are using.)

Fig7.22

0 On-Off I Volume Control Turns the radio on I off and adjusts the loudspeaker volume.
e Transmit Button Push to talk, release to listen.

e Channel I Scan Selector Selects the operating channel or scan function.

0 Control Button Volume Set or Scan Nuisance Delete.
When pressed, monitors the channel for any activily. Neither carrier,
tone nor DPL squelch is active when monitoring.
0 Monitor Button Selects the mode for operation, carrier squelch or Pl I DPL squelch.
0 Three-Colour Indicator
Red, continuous Radio transmits
Red, flashing during transmit Low battery
Red, flashing during receive Channel busy
Green flashing Scanning
Yellow, continuous Channel monitor active
0 Antenna Connector
0 Accessory Connector Connector for external headset or remote microphone.

62 I0 NSL 1991 I nsl.ascoworld.com

ix) Care and Safety
Always check that the batteries are fully charged prior to booking out the
radio for a shift. Ensure the radio microphone is not exposed to rain. If a
plastic carrying case offering full protection of the radio is not available,
a simple precautionary measure such as a small plastic bag or a piece
of cling film around the microphone will ensure it is maintained in a dry
condition. Do not carry radios in pockets. Always ensure they are carried in
protective holsters attached to the body by either shoulder lanyard or waist
belt; quite apart from maintaining the integrity of the radio this measure will
also ensure that you are not exposing other personnel to danger should
the radio be dislodged from your pocket or dropped from hand when
working at height or climbing ladders.

Warning! These radios transmit at a high output and should the antenna
fi1\ ever become damaged exposing the central core, the antenna must be
\_V 1mmed1ately replaced 1n order to ma1nta1n not only optimum performance
but to ensure user safety

x) Radio Silences
On an offshore installation, during periods of radio silence, the crane radios
will be isolated. No lifts shall take place either to or from vessels. Crane
operations will be restricted to platform areas where the lifting operations
and banksmen are clearly seen by the Crane Operator.

The International Rigging & Lifting Handbook I 63

7.67 Suitability of Cranes for Hoisting of Personnel
There may be occasions where cranes are used for personnel
hoisting, e.g. personnel hoisted in specially designed and fabricated
work baskets (see fig 7 .23 below for typical example). This being the
case, the cranes must meet certain safety criteria as specified by the
Health and Safety Executive (HSE), LOLER Regulation 5 and 687121.
To help ascertain if your crane meets these requirements, a check list
has been prepared and is displayed on the following two pages.

Typical Fabricated Wol1< Basket

Fig 7.23

64 I C NSL 1991 j nsl.ascowor1d.com

NSL "Reducing Risks"
nsl.ascoworld.com

Suitability of Cranes for Hoisting Personnel

Due to specific verification requirements, the suitability of cranes for hoisting
personnel must be assessed for each and every operation. To assist with the
assessment , t he checklist below should be completed by the appropriate
Competent Person appointed by the duty holder under SI 1998 No 2307.

Yes No
1. Has it been established that no other viable option of carrying out
the work is available?
a a
2. Ive all the necessary certificates for the crane, crane
wire ropes, slings and other associated equipment current?
a 0

3. Has the crane and associated equipment been thoroughly inspected

by a suitably qualified I Competent Person wnhin the last 6 months?
a 0

4. ts the crane in good condition , regularly inspected and

maintained and are records kept to substantiate this?
a 0

5. Ate all the safety features and systems working properly

(e.g. Rated Gapacity Indicators (RCls). overhost limners, etc)?
a a
6. In the event of a complete power failure, will the crane maintain
the load in a safe condition (e.g. do the brakes fail to the a 0
applied pcsitioo)?

7. ke the brakes applied progressively (e.g. to avod shock or

snatch loading)?
a 0

8. In the event of a complete power failure, can the load be lowered

manually to a position where the personnel can be recovered safely 0 0
or can they self·rescue?

9. In the event of a primary brake or transmission system failure,

will the load be prevented from free-falling (e.g. is there a 0 0
secondary braking system or does the transmission system
have hydraulic retardation to prevent this)?

10. In the event of the primary brake system failing, can the load be
lowered manually to a position where the personnel can be a 0
recovered safely?

11. Is the crMe fitted with an emergency stop which is

located for immediate operation by the Crane Operator? a 0

12. Is the crane so designed that inadvertent freefall is prevented

0 0
.. .. . . .
when the drive train is in motion or the hook is loaded?
.
<Cl NSL2000

The International Rigging & Lifting Handbook I 65

 If the ans1.Ner to all of the questions overleaf 1s yes,
the crane 1s suitable fo r ho1st1ng personnel and
sliould be marked accordingly

If the answer to any of the questions overleaf

1s no, the crane 1s not suitable for ho1st1ng personnel
and must be marked accordingly

Once it has been established that the crane is suitable for hoisting personnel,
you must plan the actual operation you are about to perform anc carry out a risk
assessment in the normal manner.

If the risks have been minimised anc deemed acceptable. you can then carry
out the lifting operation in accordance wijh your generic procedures for hoisting
personnel as long as:

1. The workover basket I transfer basket complies with the current LOLER (SI
1998 No 2307) recommendations.

2. Personnel have been trained I have experience of work I transfer baskets.

3. The Crane Operator has been trained and assessed as competent for this
type of basket I transfer operation.

4. An operator I mechanic capable of operating the crane is available in the

event of an emergency.

5. The crane is inspected by the operator prior to the lifting operation.

6. A line of communication has been established between the operator

and the personnel in the work basket 0ncluding a dedicated banksman if
required).

7. The environmental conditions have been established by a Competent

Person as being suitable for lifting I transferring personnel by this method.

Note:
This document provides guidance only.
Crane m anufacturer instructions and legislative requirements must be
followed at all times.

C NSL 2000

66 I 0 NSL 1991 I nsl.ascoworld.com

8.0 THE SAFE USE OF CHAIN HOISTS (Chainblocks and Pullifts)
8.1 Selection
When selecting a hoist, the first consideration is the SWL I WLL to suit
the load being lifted. Should the load be of unknown weight, a calculation
should be carried out to determine the weight, a percentage added for
error and a selection then made.

([]\ Warning! Avoid lifting loads below 10°0 of the ho1st's capacity and
\.V NEVER lift loads below 5°0 of capacity as the weight of the load may not
be enough to activate the friction brake

8.2 The second consideration is the minimum "drawn-up" dimensions. Lack

of headroom is often a problem in confined spaces. This dimension varies
with different manufacturers and I or models.
8.3 The third consideration is the height of lift (H.O.L.). Chain blocks normally
have a standard 3 metre H.O.L. (Operating chains usually half a metre less)
but can be procured with practically any H.O.L. required. Pullifts normally
have 1.8m H.O.L. but again can be fitted with longer chains to suit the
operational requirements.

8.4 Pre-use Examination

Before using a chain hoist, it is the responsibility of the individual to ensure
the hoist is in working order and safe to operate. The following checks
should be made:

Check that:

The SWL I WLL is adequate for the load.

ii) The colour coding (where applicable) is current and the hoist has a
plant number I ID mark.
iii) Safety catches are fitted.
iv) There are no signs of misuse, i.e. stretched hooks, cracked
casings, stretched I distorted chain, etc.

([]\ Warning! Stretched handcha1n or a distorted operating lever could

\.V 1nd1cate previous overloading

The International Rigging a Lifting Handlx>ok I 67

 v) In multi-fall hoists, there are no twists in the chains (usually caused
by the bottom block flipping over) between the bottom block and
the hoisting unit.
vi) The ratchet sounds crisp when spinning the handchain wheel or
operating the lever.

8.5 Installation of Hoists

It is essential that the structure from which a hoist is suspended is
adequate for the load it is intended to carry. This load should include the
weight of the hoist itself together with any above hook attachments, e.g.
slings, shackles, trolley, etc.

8.6 When using a hook suspended hoist, the top hook should be attached to
its support in such a manner that the support fits freely into the seat of the
hook and does not exert any side thrust upon the point.

8.7 The top hook should be fitted with a safety catch.

8.8 After installation, a check should be made to ensure

the hand and load chains hang freely and are not
twisted or knotted. Special care should be taken with
multi-fall blocks to ensure the bottom block has not
been turned over between the falls of chain imparting a
twist to the load chain. If this has occurred the bottom
block should be turned back through the falls of chain
until the twist is removed (see Fig 8.1 ). Fig s.1

fli\ Warning! The hoist should be used for ra1s1ng and lowering only, 1e
I ~ loads should not be left suspended (unattended) from them for any length
of time

8.9 The length of the load chain should be checked to ensure that the bottom
hook will reach the lowest point required without running the load chain
fully out. If the load chain is permitted to run fully out, undue stress may
be placed on the slack end anchorage (which is not a load bearing
component).

68 I0 NSL 1991 I nsl.ascoworld.com

8.10 Always
i) Ensure the load rigging, i.e. sling I shackle I ring seats correctly in
the bowl of the bottom hook and allows the safety catch to close.

~1 FigB.2

ii) Ensure the load is correctly balanced.

iii) Position the hoist directly above the centre of gravity of the load
(if known).
iv) Ensure all restrictions have been removed, e.g. hold-down bolts.

8.11 Never
Load the tips of the hook.

Never
T Fig 8.3

ii) Use the load chain as a sling, i.e. wrapped around

items to be lifted and hooked back on itself.
iii) Travel a load above personnel.
iv) Use excessive force on the hand chain or operating
lever as this would result in overloading the hoist. FigB.4

v) Use an extension pipe on the lever for extra purchase (pullifts).

vi) Leave a load suspended unattended without back-up rigging.

Note: Although chain hoists were ong1nally recommended for ve~1ca l use
only. tl11s was due to the ratchet pawls being purely gravity-operated. These
pawls are now held 1n pos1t1on by 0:1e or even two springs and therefore
chain hoists aro now suitable for use at up to '15 degrees from the vertical
e.g. 11 a "cross-l1auling" s1tuat1on. L.cvcr hoists can be usec11n <1 l1or:1ontal
oos1l•on. e.g. for pulling ilelTls togmr.er. such as welding.

The lnternaHonal Rigging & lifting Handbook I 69

(n'\ Warning! If a load 1s to be left suspended, the hazardous area beneath
~ the load must be cordoned off to prevent personnel from being at risk

vii) Subject a hoist to shock loading.

viii) Drop a hoist from any height onto the deck or floor.
ix) Never use chain hoists as slings or sling legs when using a crane to
effect a lift. Chain hoists are designed to be loaded gradually, i.e. as
the slack load chain is taken up slowly through the action of their
gearbox. CHAIN HOISTS ARE NOT DESIGNED FOR SUDDEN
SHOCK-LOADING which they could be subjected to if the load
was taken up more rapidly or even "snatched" by a crane. There is
every possibility the brake mechanism will sustain damage or even
more likely, suffer catastrophic failure.

·~

70 I Cl NSL 1991 I nsl.ascoworld.com

If adjustability is required for final positioning, or installation of the
load, you can install a chain hoist in parallel with a sling leg but
with the load chain slack so that the sling leg takes all dynamic
loads. Once the crane has ceased vertical movement and
effectively becomes a fixed structure from which the chain hoist is
suspended, the chain hoist can then take the tension from the sling
so the sling can be disconnected. Thereafter, the chain hoist can
be used to provide final adjustment I positioning as required.

The International Rigging & Lifting Handbook I 71

 8.12 The Use of Hoists Underwater
Occasions arise where hoists are required to be operated by divers sub-
sea. Care has to be taken when selecting hoists for this purpose as not all
hoists are suitable due to the material of their brake discs. Manufacturers
should be consulted to confirm the suitability of their equipment. Hoists
used underwater should, on completion of the job, be returned to
an approved workshop and be completely stripped, purged of salt
water, re-lubricated, re-assembled and tested prior to further use in
accordance with manufacturer's instructions.

8.13 Pneumatic Hoists

Should the hoist be air powered, ensure an air service unit (filter, lubricator
and regulator) is fitted to set the air supply at the correct pressure and
prevent contamination of the air motor.

~ 8.14 Function test the hoist through its entire lifting height and check the
operation of the over-hoisting limits.

8.15 Check the pendant controls and ensure the operating buttons are not
sticky and that they return to neutral on release.

8.16 In extreme cold weather conditions, a de-icing agent may be introduced

via the lubricator to prevent the air motor freezing.

8.17 The preferred fittings to use for connecting hoses, etc. are the MacDonald
type couplings which are rated at 250 PSI. However, if you are using
crowfoot type fittings, they must be the type with the locking "R" clip (see
fig 8. 7 below). As additional backup in the event of failure or to prevent
accidental disconnection, they should also be fitted with a "whip check",
i.e. tied together with wire.

Standard Assembly Assembly with Locking pin

(Rated up to 100 PSI) (Rated up to 175 PSij
Fig8.7

8.18 Spark Proof I Explosion Proof Hoists

Spark proof I explosion proof hoists are available for use in
hazardous areas.

72 I C NSL 1991 I nstascoworld.com

9.0 THE SAFE USE OF WIRE ROPE HOISTS (Tirfors)
9.1 Wire rope hoists are available in mainly three capacities with a minimum
safety factor of 4 to 1 . Previously wire rope hoists were dual rated for
lifting (with a factor of safety 5 to 1) and pulling (with a factor of safety of
approximately 3.3 to 1), but most hoists are now single capacity rated for
both types of operation, e.g.

WLL (Lifting) Capacity (Pulling)

800kgs 1200 kgs
1600 kgs 2500 kgs
3200 kgs 5000 kgs

9.2 Lifting I Pulling

i) A lifting application is one in which a load DOES NOT become
stationary should either the machine or any of its associated
equipment fail.
ii) A pulling application is one in which a load DOES become
stationary should either the machine or any of its associated
equipment fail.

Basic Lifting Basic Pulling

(II ttie hoist or rope fails, (II the l10ist or rope fails,
the load drops) t11e load remains stationary)

Fig 9.1

The International Rigging & Lifting Handbook I 73

 Example 3
' .>

Pulling up an incline = Lifting as, if the hoist or rope fails, the load runs
down the slope, i.e. the load does NOT remain stationary.

Example 4

,,,,,,,,,,,,

- LI\
m
-
r---.
~---~
Cross hauling = Lifting as, if the hoist or rope fails, the load swings back,
i.e. the load does NOT remain stationary.

9.3 The hoists are supplied with a specially constructed rope to withstand the
gripping power of the jaws and to prevent "Bird-Caging". The standard
length of rope supplied is 20 metres but shorter or longer ropes are readily
available.

9.4 Wire rope hoists are normally manually operated but hydraulically
powered hoists can be procured to suit specific purposes such as extra
long lifts or pulls.

Standard Manual Hoist Hydraulic Hoist

Fig9.2
74 I 0 NSL 1991 I nsl.ascoworld.com
9.5 Safety
It is imperative that the correct rope is used with the hoist as the machines
are designed to work with a specific diameter of rope and these vary
according to different manufacturers. See example table below.

Manufacturer A

800 kg
,..
8.3mm Bmm
-- Bmm
1600 kg 11.Smm 11.2mm 11mm

3200 kg 16.3mm 16 mm 16mm

Should you use a rope from manufacturer "C" in a hoist manufactured by

"A" you will have a potentially hazardous situation, e.g. the rope can
slip through the machine under load.

9.6 Pre-use Examination

Before using the rope hoist, you must satisfy yourself that it is in working
order and safe to operate. The following checks should be carried out:

The SWL I WLL is adequate for the load.

ii) The colour coding (where applicable) is current and the hoist has a
plant number I ID mark.
iii) Examine the load pin I hook and hook seating in the side casings
for wear, distortion or cracking.
iv) Where hooks are fitted, check operation of safety catch and ensure
the hook is free to swivel.
v) Check the operation of both forward and reverse operating levers
and ensure the shear pins are intact. (Sheared or cracked pins
indicate overloading).
vi) Check operation of the release lever I handle.

The lntemaliona1 Rigging & Lifting Handbook I 75

 vii) Insert a rope and check the stroke of both the forward and
reversing levers. The length of stroke will depend on the
model used (see below - given as example only). Stroke
lengths should be available in the manufacturer's instructions

• T508 - 55 mm approx.
• T516 - 55 mm approx.
• T532 - 32 mm approx.

~ Note: A longer stroke could 111d1cate 111tema/ wear. a sl101ie1 stroke could
~ 1nd1cate 111ter net! contarn1n2t•O 1 I dzimage

viii) Examine the rope ensuring it is the correct rope for the hoist
and it is free from kinks, corrosion and wear, etc.
ix) Ensure the hoist is well lubricated.

76 I 0 NSL 1991 I nsJ.ascowor1d.com

9. 7 How to Use the Hoist (Lightweight Models)
Step 1 Uncoil the Tirfor Maxiflex wire rope in a straight line between the
machine and the load to prevent loops which might untwist the
strands or form kinks when under tension.

L2 V

• A

c
Fig9.3

Step 2 Remove the anchor locking pin and withdraw the anchor pin (C)
from the machine.
Step 3 To enable the rope to be inserted tilt the machine until it rests on
the anc hor pin end (B). With the left hand, turn the rope release
safety catch (V) forward. On models not fitted with the rope
release safety catch, insert a coin or screwdriver into the slot at
(V) and turn forwards. With the right hand, push the rope release
lever (P) firmly towards the anchor pin, until it locks into position.
Step 4 Ensure that both operating levers point in the same direction.
Insert the fused and tapered end of the Maxiflex rope through the
rope guide (A) at the opposite end from the anchor pin, until it
passes completely through the machine.

2 3a

Fig 9.4

The International Rigging a Lifting Handbook I 77

 9.8 Steps Pull the slack rope through the machine by hand (B).
Step6 Position the anchor sling and refit the anchor pin through the
eyes of the sling. Replace the anchor locking pin. Ensure that the
Maxiflex wire rope passes beneath the anchor pin.
Step 7 To engage the machine onto the rope, push the rope release
lever downwards and allow the lever to travel back to its original
position.
Step8 Place the telescopic operating handle on the forward operating
lever (L1) which is nearest to the anchor pin, or on the reversing
lever (L2) situated at the centre of the machine. Lock the
operating handle onto the selected lever by twisting. The

l
machine is ready for either forward or reverse operating.
Step9 Move the operating handle backwards and forwards and the
'5 rope will pass through the machine.
~
~

Fig 9.5

(ii'\ Warning! Never attempt to operate both ho1st1ng and lowering levers
~ simultaneously as this could result 1n instantaneous release of load Never
use an extension pipe for extra leverage as this will overload the hoist

78 I Cl NSL 1991 I nsl.ascoworld.com

9.9 How to Use the Heavy Duty Models

A
c___..

L1 Forward Operating Lever

L2 Reverse Operating Lever
Rope Release Lever
A Rope Guide
B Rope Exit
Anchor Hook
v Rope Release Catch

Fig9.6

Step 1 Uncoil the wire rope in a straight line to prevent loops which
might untwist the strands or form kinks when under tension.
Step 2 The following instructions assume that the machine anchor hook
points away from the operator.
With the right hand push in and maintain pressure on rope
release catch (V) on the side of casing by the hook, and, with the
left hand pull the rope release lever (P) away from the hook until
it is vertical. Release catch (V). Continue to pull back on the rope
release lever (P) until it locks into position. Both jaws are now
open.
Step 3 With the machine lying on the ground, insert the fused and
tapered end of the rope at (A). This is the best position for
feeding the rope between the jaws. Push the rope through until it
emerges at (B).

The International Rigging & Lifting Handbook I 79

 Step 4 Anchor the machine and the cable hook with the correct
slings, and ensure that the safety catch is closed.
Step 5 Pull the wire rope by hand until the rope becomes tight on
the load.
Step 6 To engage the machine on the rope, ease the rope release
lever (P) away from the hook, press and maintain pressure
on the rope release catch (V) on the side of the machine.
Allow the release lever (P) to slowly travel back to its original
position.
Step 7 The rope is now firmly fixed in the jaw of the machine. To
operate the machine, place the operating handle on the
forward operating lever L1, lock it into position by twisting
and move the operating handle to and fro. The rope moves
through the machine on both forward and backward strokes
of the lever.

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9.10 Never
Never use wire rope hoists as slings or sling legs when using a crane
to effect a lift. Wire rope hoists are designed to be loaded gradually, i.e.
as the hoist's slack wire rope is taken up slowly through the "alternative
gripping" action of the hoist jaw sets. Wire rope hoists are not designed
for sudden shock-loading which they could be subjected to if the load
was taken up more rapidly or even "snatched" by a crane. There is every
possibility the gripping jaws will sustain damage or even more likely, suffer
catastrophic failure allowing the rope to run freely through the hoist.

Fig 9.7

(ii\ Warning! The practice of "down-rating" a rope hoist for use 1n the above
~ circumstances is not an option No manufacturer will endorse this misuse
of their products

The International Rigging & Lifting Handbook 181

 If adjustability is required for final positioning, or installation of the load, you
can install a wire rope hoist in parallel with a sling leg but with the load rope
slack so that the sling leg takes all dynamic loads. Once the crane has
ceased vertical movement and effectively becomes a fixed structure from
which the wire rope hoist is suspended, the wire rope hoist can then take
the tension from the sling so the sling can be disconnected. Thereafter, the
wire rope hoist can be used to provide final adjustment as required (See
Fig 9.8).

82 I C NSL 1991 j nsl.ascoworld.com

10.0 SAFE USE OF BEAM CLAMPS
10.1 Beam clamps provide a simple and portable means of attaching a hoist to
a runway or lifting beam. They should not be used on any beam other than
those designed, tested and marked as a runway beam (or lifting beam)
with the exception that they may be used on a beam forming part of a
structure where a specific design check for this purpose has been made.

10.2 Selection
Beam clamps are available in two basic designs, the clip-on type (fig 10.1)
and the more popular adjustable type (fig 10.2).

Fig 10.1 Fig 10.2

The main consideration when selecting the clamp is the required SWL I
WLL, i.e. the load to be lifted plus the weight of the hoisting unit.

Note: If the clamp 1s to be used to suspend a sheave block, the add1t1onal

~ loading caused by the downward pull on the effort rope must be taken
L::.J 1rto consideration when determining the SWL I WLL requirement (' efer to
section 14)

10.3 The width and thickness of the beam must also be considered and may
well lead to the selection of a clamp in excess of the desired SWL to be
compatible with the beam dimensions. The range and adjustability are
indicated on the clamp's identification plate.

10.4 The majority of clamps are designed for "in-line" use only, i.e. the line
of force must be at right angles to the flange of the beam to which it is
attached (see fig 10.3). It is therefore important to ensure that for "angled"
applications, a clamp of suitable design is selected (see fig 10.4).

The International Rigging & Lifting Hanc:R:>ook l 83

 Line of force Line of force

The tables below only apply to selected models of Riley clamps.

Stress calculations should be carried out by the user's engineering
department for any I all support steelwork from which the clamp
will be suspended. The following working load limits and derations have
been established specifically for most "S" type clamps and only apply in
overhead beam attachment, i.e. do NOT apply if clamps are to be used
for lifting beams. (The side load clamp "USC range" has been specifically
designed for this purpose).

F.@M·"11·&*•1§ 6 \1Mii•MMI
• • . • . . O" 1S' 30" 4S'
NIL 17% 34% SO%
Models WLL WLL WLL WLL

3t 2.St 21 1.St
4t 3.3t 2.61 2t
St 4.1 t 3.3t 2.S t
7t S.8t 4.6t 3.S t
6t St 4t 3t
101 8.3t 6.6t St
1S 1 12.41 10t 7.Sl
20 1 16.61 13.21 101
2S t 20.7 t 16.St 12.5 l
30 1 2S t 19.8t 1St

fO\ Warning! Clamp models S 1. S2 & S5 are not suitable for side loading as
\..V they are a lightweight design

84 I0 NSL 1991 I nsl.ascowor1d.com

10.5 Pre-use Examination
Before using a beam clamp, it is the responsibility of the individual to
ensure that the clamp is in good working order and in a safe condition. The
following checks should be made:

The SWL I WLL is adequate for the load.

ii) The colour coding (where applicable) is current and the clamp has
a plant number/ ID mark.
iii) Examine suspension shackle and check for wear, stretch or
distortion.
iv) Examine load bar and check for wear, stretch or distortion.
v) Examine inner clamp half and check for wear, distortion and
cracking - check jaws for deformation.
vi) Examine outer clamp half and check for wear, distortion and
cracking - check jaws for deformation.

~ Note: Where swivel jaws are fitted, ensure they are free to mtate.

vii) Operate adjusting bar and check straightness and function. Check
threads for wear and stretch.
viii) Examine female screwed spigots (in each clamp halq and ensure
they are not deformed due to over I under tightening of clamps on
the beam.
ix) Check "tommy bar" handle and ensure it is not bent or has any
damage which may be injurious to your hands.

The International Rigging & Lifting HanOOook I 85

10.6 Installation of Beam Clamps
Where possible, position the beam clamps on the beam flange directly
above the load to be lifted (to avoid I minimise any angular loading).

10.7 Hand tighten the clamp onto the flange by means of the "tommy bar"
and ensure it has seated correctly. Do not use an extension pipe on the
tommy bar as over tightening causes undue pressure on the clamp
knuckles and can result in the clamp failing.

Fig 10.5

fi1\ Warning! Under tightening results 1n the load being transferred to clamp
\..V knuckles and can result 1n the clamp falling

10.8 Always
Ensure the correct clamp is selected to suit the beam flange and the
weight of the load to be lifted.

10.9 Ensure the beam or structure from which the clamp is to be suspended is
adequate for the loading (refer to 10.1 ).

10.10 Ensure the hoisting unit is correctly seated in the suspension shackle.

10.11 Never
Subject the clamp to side loadings outwith the manufacturer's
recommendation.

10.12 Overload the clamp.

10.13 Throw or drop clamps onto the floor or deck.

10.14 Universal side loading clamps are available which are designed to be
loaded at any angle including side loads.
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11.0 SAFE USE OF BEAM TROLLEYS
11.1 Beam trolleys should not be used on any beam other than those designed,
tested and marked as a runway beam, with the exception that they may be
used on a beam forming part of a structure where a specific design check
for this purpose has been made and end stops or a suitable means
of preventing the trolley running off the end of the beam have
been fitted. The beam should also be sufficiently level under all loading
conditions such that the trolley will not run away under gravity.

11.2 Beam trolleys are in the main, adjustable to suit a specific range of beam
flange widths. Adjustment is achieved by means of a screwed adjusting
bar (see fig 11 . 1) or by the positioning of spacer washers on the load bar
between the side plates (see fig 11.2).

Threaded

Fig 11.2

11.3 There are two types of beam trolley available, push travel (see fig 11 .1 and
11.2) and geared travel (see fig 11.3). Push travel trolleys are normally used
for loads of up to 2 tonne and linear movement is achieved by pushing
against the load. Geared travel trolleys are preferred when loads in excess
of 2 tonne are to be handled or accurate positioning is required, e.g.
alignment of flanges, bolt holes, etc.

Fig 11.3

11.4 The SWL I WLL of the trolley must be adequate to take the load to be
lifted plus the weight of the hoist, and the operating chain (where fitted)
should be long enough to hang approximately half a metre above the
operating level.

The International Rigging & Lifting Handbook I 87

11.5 Beam trolleys are designed for "in-line" use only, i.e. the load must always
be picked up, travelled and landed directly below the runway beam.

11.6 Pre-use Examination

As with all lifting gear, it is your responsibility to ensure that the beam trolley
is in a safe condition to operate. The following checks should be made:

The SWL I WLL is adequate for the load.

ii) The colour coding (where applicable) is current and the trolley has a
plant number I ID mark.
iii) Examine side plates and check for wear, distortion and cracks.
iv) Examine wheels, axles, bearings, wheel treads and flanges.
v) If geared travel, check gear teeth on wheel flanges and drive
sprocket of hand chain wheel shaft for alignment, broken teeth,
etc.
vi) Examine hand chain and hand chain wheel and ensure chain seats
properly in the chain sprockets.
vii) Check hand chain guides are not deformed and are correctly
positioned to ensure smooth feed of chain onto chain wheel.
viii) Examine load bar I bars and check for deformation.
ix) Examine suspension plates I yokes I shackle for wear, distortion
and cracking.
x) Where an adjusting screwed bar is fitted, check for straightness
and examine threads for stretch I damage and check function of
locking device.
xi) Ensure both the female threaded knuckles (mounted on the side
plates) are not damaged or deformed.
xii) Ensure suitable and effective end stops are fitted to the beam on
which the trolley will be mounted.

88 I C NSL 1991 I nsl.ascoworld.com

11.7 Installation of Beam Trolleys
Measure the beam flange on which the trolley is to be fitted and while
the trolley is still on the ground I deck, transfer the spacer washers from
the outside to the inside of the side plates, or vice versa, as required, to
achieve the desired width setting.

Important
Check that, between the side plates, the adjusting washers are equally
disposed on both sides of the yoke or suspension plate(s) to ensure that
the loads imposed are directly in line with the web of the beam (see fig
11.5).

Fig 11.5

11.8 Remove one side plate, mount the trolley on the beam and reposition the
side plate taking care to tighten all bolts and locknuts. Should the trolley be
of the screwed adjusting bar type, open out to just over the beam flange
width, hook on one side of the trolley and close again until the desired
width is attained.

CD Warning! Remember to lock the ad1ust1ng bar where fitted

11.9 Correct Setting

Whichever type of trolley is being fitted, the recommended clearance
between the edge of the beam flange and the wheel flange is 1 .5mm
to 2mm, i.e. flange width plus 3mm to 4mm total. Always follow
manufacturer's instructions for installation and safe use.

The International Rigging & Lifting Handbook I 89

 11.10 Always
Ensure the beam flange is clear of any obstructions and is clean and free
from debris.

11.11 Ensure the operating chains will not foul or snag during travel.

11.12 Ensure the hoisting unit is correctly seated in the suspension yoke.

11.13 Never
Subject the beam trolley to side loadings.

J 11.14 Overload the beam trolley.

0
~ 11.15 Throw or drop trolleys onto the floor or deck.

11.16 Where curved beams require a beam trolley to be fitted, normal trolleys
may not be suitable (depending on radius of curve) and may foul and jam.
Specialist articulated trolleys are available for this.

Fig 11.6

Warning! Do not use beam trolleys on beams unless they are fitted with
{[]\ end stops or a suitable means of preventing the trolley running off the end
\.V of the beam Check the effectiveness of the end stops with the actual trolley
being used

oo I e NSl 1991 I ns1.ascowor1c1.com

12.0 SAFE USE OF PLATE CLAMPS
12.1 Plate clamps are available in two basic designs, horizontal plate clamps
(used in pairs and usually suspended by a two leg sling from a lifting
beam) for handling plates in the horizontal position only, and universal plate
clamps for handling plates in the vertical position. (These clamps can also
lift from horizontal to vertical and vice versa, but should NOT be used to
transport plates horizontally).

0\ ...... Locking

Max 90°
LockHand:__d•
• • -

i 90' Plate
o "'·.·
Horizontal Clamps Universal (Vertical) Clamps

Fig 12.1

12.2 Selection
The first consideration when selecting the clamp is how the plate is to be
transported and stacked, i.e. horizontally or vertically.

12.3 The second consideration is the weight of the plate to be handled which
will determine the SWL I WLL of the clamps.

12.4 The third consideration is the plate thickness which will determine the
correct model of clamp with the appropriate jaw opening.

~ Note: Universal (Vertical) Clamps work on the basis of friction Selecting a

L:J SWL I WLL close to the load weight and maximum perm1ss1ble thickness
ensures a greater fnct1011 gnp on the load

12.5 Pre-use Examination

Before using any plate clamps, the following checks should be made:

The SWL I WLL is adequate for the load.

ii) The colour coding (where applicable) is current and the clamp has
a plant number I ID mark.

The International Rigging & Lifting Handbook I 91

 Horizontal Clamps
iii) Examine hook ring and look for wear I stretch in crown of link.
iv) Check lateral movement (if any) of hook ring on load bolt
connection to serrated jaws I rocker arms as excessive movement
could indicate wear I distortion.
v) Check lateral movement (if any) of serrated jaws I rocker arms on
load bolt connection to main body as excessive movement could
indicate wear I distortion.
vi) Examine the serrations on the jaws or swivel toe and check for
wear deformity.
viO Where a toe is fitted, check for lateral movement (if any) of swivel
toe on load bolt connection to rocker arms as excessive movement
could indicate wear I distortion.

Vertical Clamps
viii) Examine hook ring and check for wear I distortion in the crown of
ring.
ix) Ensure the hook ring is not too slack in the clamp as this could
indicate internal wear.
x) Examine jaw pin and nut and ensure it is secure and not deformed.
xi) Check operation of cam-assembly locking lever I jaw spring.
xii) Examine serrated jaw and serrated pad and check for wear I
deformation.
xiii) Examine main body shell and check for wear, cracks or
deformation which may affect the operation of internal
components.

12.6 Correct Attachment

To attach the universal clamps, unlock the movable cam jaw and push
down the lifting ring to retract the moveable jaw.

12_7 Position the clamp over the edge of the plate and ensure the plate butts against
the jaw stop (see fig 12.2). Should you be using two clamps to lift the plate,
they should be suspended from a spreader beam to prevent the clamps
canting over at an angle in excess of the allowable 10° (see fig 12.3).

92 I C NSL 1991 I nsl.ascowor1d.com

 Fig 12.2 Fig 12.3

12.8 Lock the jaw in the closed position and ensure the jaws have a firm bite on
the plate.

12.9 Always
i) Check that the plate is clean and free from mill scale, dirt, oil and
grease.
ii) Double check that the jaws are locked.
iii) Use an adequate number of clamps to balance the load.
iv) Lift slowly to allow the jaws to obtain a good grip.

12.10 Never
Attach clamps to the side of the plate.

Fig 12.4

The International Rigging & Lifting Handbook I 93

 Never
ii) Fast lower onto the floor as this could cause the clamp to open
and release the plate.

fig 12.5

iii) Lift horizontally with a vertical clamp.

iv) Lift more than one plate at a time (refer to fig 12.6).
v) Use large capacity clamps to lift light loads.

Fig 12.6

12.11 When using horizontal plate clamps, do not exceed the sling angles
indicated below and do not lift more than one plate at a time unless the
clamps are suitable, i.e. sheet bundle clamps.

Max 45'
Fig 12.7
12.12 Never
Use endless slings with clamp pairs as this practice can drastically
overload the clamps.

94 I C NSL 1991 I nsl.ascoworld.com

13.0 SAFE USE OF SNATCH BLOCKS I SHEAVE BLOCKS
13.1 Sheave blocks are available in the form of single sheave blocks or multi-
sheave blocks with a selection of head fittings, the most popular being
swivel shackle or swivel oval eye.

Fig 13.1

13.2 The main function of a single sheave block is to change the direction
of the hoisting or pulling rope whereas multi-sheave blocks reduce
the necessary pull required on the lead rope to lift the load, i.e. the pull
required reduces as the number of falls (sheaves) increases.

13.3 Selection
The main consideration when selecting single sheave blocks is the load
to be lifted and the resultant load on the head fitting, i.e. the load plus
the line pull {which will be slightly greater than the load, due to friction in
the sheaves). The resultant load increases as the angle between the ropes
decreases.

~ Note: If the sheave block 1s of the snatcl1 block variety, the design should
i.:=.J be such that the side plate securing bolt cannot be fully withdrawn

The International Rigging & Lifting Handbook I 95

13.4 Angular Pulls Angle ° Factor Angle ° Factor

2.00 100 1.29

R 10 1.99 110 1.15

~ 20 1.97 120 1.00

\ 30
40
1.93
1.87
130
135 0.76
0.84

45 1.84 140 0.68

50 1.81 150 0.52
60 1.73 160 0.35
70 1.64 170 0.17
80 1.53 180 0.00
90 1.41

R Resultant (Head Load)

w Weight to be Lifted
p Line pull 0N + % for friction)

To calculate the resultant load (R), firstly obtain the line pull (P) by
multiplying the load to be lifted (W) by 1.04 (bearing sheaves) or 1.08
(bushed sheaves). then multiply by the factors indicated in the table fig
13.2 according to the angle between the ropes.

(n'\ Warning! When using a single sheave block as a top block, the resultant
~ load imposed on the structure to which you attach the block can be more
than double the load being lifted, e g 1n the extreme cond1t1ons

t R=2W+F

(Where F = Friction)

96 I0 NSL 1991 I ns!.ascoworld.com Fig13.3

13.5 When selecting multi-sheave blocks, you must consider the load to b e
lifted (W) plus the line pull capacity of the winch (P) which will dictate the
number of sheaves required (i.e. the number of falls) to perform the lift. This
will affect the resultant load (R) on the head fitting.

To assist your selection of blocks. refer to the table below.

Multiply the load to be lifted (W) by the factors indicated to establish

resultant head load (R) and line pull (P) requirements.

R R R R
R R
t t t t t t
•
~
f
2.
{
p
l
"'

w
w w w w w

BRG BUSH BRG BUSH BRG BUSff BRG BUSH BRG BUSH B11G BUS!t
2.04W 2.08W 1.54W 1.58W l.38W 1.42W 1.29W 1.34W 1.24W 1.29W 1.21W 1.26W
1.04W 1.08W 0.54W 0.58W 0.38W 0.42W 0.29W 0.34W 0.24W 0.29W 0.21W 0.26W

Fig13.4

Conversely, divide your line pull capacity (P) by the load to be lifted (W)
and compare the factor with the table to establish block type and SWL I
WLL required.

The International Rigging a Lifting Handbook I 97

13.6 Pre-use Examination
Before using any sheave block, the following checks should be made:

The SWL I WLL of the block I head fitting is adequate for the
load.
ii) The colour coding (where applicable) is current and the block
has a plant number I ID mark.
iii) Examine sheaves for wear in the rope groove, cracks or
distortion.
iv) Try to lift sheaves to check bearings I bushes for wear.
v) Spin the sheaves to check bearings I bushes and ensure
smoothness of operation.
vi) Where applicable, ensure all grease ports are clean and
unblocked and the machine is well lubricated.
vii) Examine swivel head fittings and check for wear I stretch.
viii) Examine (if possible) thrust bearing I washer and ensure
smoothness of operation.
ix) Examine upper load pin I spigots and check for wear I
distortion.
x) If head fitting is of the shank type, check security of shank and
nut and examine for stretch I distortion. Examine cross-head
for wear.
xi) Examine head fitting shackle I eye checking for wear, stretch
or cracking.
xii) Examine side plates I straps and check for distortion, wear
or cracking (especially around main load pin hole and top
suspension hole).
xiii) Ensure there are no sharp edges or burrs in the side plates
which may be detrimental to the wire rope.
xiv) If fitted, examine becket and check for wear, stretch or
cracking.
xv) Check all spacers and tie bolts and ensure they are not
deformed.
xvi) Using sheave gauge, check rope groove for compatibility with
winch rope.

98 J 0 NSL 1991 I nsl.ascoworld.com

 Wire supported through Groove too small Groove toe large
Vt' of circumference (sheave will scrub wire) (wire will flatten)

Fig 13.5

13.7 Safety
When attaching the sheave block to the support structure, ensure all split
pins, locking and secure pins are in place. Should the block be a "snatch"
block, ensure the side plate locking pin is replaced.

Fig 13.6

13.8 Ensure the support structure is of adequate strength to support the

resultant head loadings and consult your supervisor if in doubt.

The International Rigging a Lifting Handbook I 99

13.9 Ensure the sheave block is correctly aligned with the lead rope to prevent
the rope abrading on the cheek I side plates.

13.10 Should the rope be plain ended, after reeving:

Always
i) Terminate the wire by means of an open wedge socket (see winch
section 14.12).

Never
ii) Form the termination by using wire rope grips as their use is
strictly prohibited in lifting applications.
iii) Overload the sheave block.

100 j O NSL 1991 j nsl.ascowortd.com

14.0 SAFE USE OF WINCHES
14.1 Winches can be manual or powered but the most common in use is the
pneumatically powered series.

Manual Pneumatic
Fig 14.1

14.2 Selection
When selecting the winch, the most important consideration is the required
line pull. If you are operating in a multi-fall situation. refer to section 13.5
of the handbook to assist your calculations. It must be borne in mind that
the majority of manufacturer's line pull ratings are based on half drum
performance and that line pull decreases as the winch drum fills up.

..-!'.~~...---- Full Drum - Min Line Pull

l"K~~~.--- Half Drum - Med Line Pull
(Rope Capacity = 36% Of Total)

- -- - - - 1• wrap - Max line Pull

Fig 14.2

~ Note: Half drum rating establishes average performance only Do 101

~ confuse this rating with cable capacity, w hich 1s approx 36% of full drum
storage at this point

The International Rigging & Lifting Handbook; 1101

 14.3 The next consideration is the drum capacity, i.e. how much w ire rope is
required for the operation. An example of establishing rope requirement is
given in fig 14.3.

I Warning! The rope should, as a minimum, be of such length that at the

(ii'\ extreme pos1t1on (1 e where the top and bottom blocks are at the,c furthest
\..V apart) at least five turns rema1'1 on the winch drum This 1s to prevent any load
being transferred to the rope ancnor which 1s NOT a load bearing component

To help you determine the length of rope required,

a typical example of the details to consider are shown
below, e.g. using 3 sheave and 2 sheave rope blocks

..
with a snatch block and winch:

Multiply the distance between the centres

of the blocks by the number of rope falls .
e.g. 35m x 5 = 175m
ii) Add the length of rope leading from the top
block through the snatch block to the winch.
e.g. 30m + 1Om = 40m
iii) Add the length of the rope round the sheaves,
i.e. No. of sheaves x 0.5 circumference
of the sheave.
e.g. 5 x 600 mm = 3m
iv) Add allowance for 5 turns on the winch barrel,
i.e. 5 x circumference of the drum.
e.g. 5 x 2.5m = 12.5m
v) Total length of wire rope required.
= 175m + 40m + 3m + 12.5m = 230.5m

10 metres

Fig 14.3
35 te
(Should this amount be more than 36% of drum capacity
double check the line pull rating in the winch manufacturer's catalogue).

102 I0 NSL 1991 I nsl.ascowor1d.com

14.4 Pre-use Examination
Prior to operating the winch, the following checks should be carried out:

The SWL I WLL is adequate for the load.

ii) The colour coding (where applicable) is current and the winch has a
plant number I ID mark.
iii) Examine rope guard and ensure there is no damage I distortion
which may obstruct and I or abrade the winch rope.
If no rope guard is fitted, DO NOT USE!
iv) Where possible examine winch drum and check for wear, distortion
or cracks.
v) Examine brake bands and drums and check for wear.
vi) Ensure the bands and drums are clean and free from
contamination.
vii) Where fitted, examine the automatic brake and check springs, link
arms and pins.
viii) Examine exposed portion of piston rod and check for corrosion.
ix) With power disconnected, check that all operating levers return to
neutral when released.
x) Ensure directional arrows I markings are in place and clearly visible.
xi) Check oil level.
xii) Examine winch base and check for cracked welds, cracks around
bolt holes, distortion or impact damage.
xiii) Anchorage:
Ensure the hold down bolts I welding I clamping are adequate and
as far as possible, satisfy yourself that the support steelwork has
no indications of deterioration.

~ Note: If 1vv"1cl1 1s 1oposit101'ed 11 sllould he 1etesled unless tlic new

~ , c' 01a9e 1s already crnt1fec

xiv) Check that the air supply is adequate for that particular model of
winch and is of the correct pressure.
xv) Connect air supply and function test the winch.

The lnternatioflal Rigging a Lifting Handbook I ,03

 14.5 Visually examine the winch wire and check for:

Wear and corrosion.

ii) Abrasion.
iii) Mechanical damage (i.e. Crushing) and broken wires.

14.6 Ordering and Fitting of Rope

Should you require a new rope for the winch. ensure you measure the
diameter correctly to avoid being supplied with an UNDER-SIZED WIRE.

!
(For Breaking Loads and Wlls of wire, see table 1 at back of handbook)

Fig 14.4

14.7 When spooling wire rope from a wooden drum onto the winch drum, avoid
reverse bending which is detrimental to the lay of the rope.

Never reel from top to bottom or from bottom to top

Always reel from top to top or bottom to bottom

Fig 14.5

104 I C NSL 1991 j nsl.ascowortd.com

14.8 It is important to establish the required lay of the rope as, when a rope with
the proper direction of lay is spooled, the several coils on the drum will hug
together and maintain an even layer when the load is slackened off. With
rope of improper lay the coils will spread apart at each removal of the load.
With the resumption of winding, the rope may criss-cross and overlap on
the drum, resulting in the flattening and crushing of the rope.

Underwind Overwind
Left to Right Right to Left
Use Left Lay Rope Use Lett Lay Rope

Underwind Overwind
Right to Lett Left to Right
Use Right Lay Rope Use Right Lay Rope

Fig 14.6

Left Lay - Lett Hand Right Lay - Right Hand

Underwind Overwind Underwind Overwind

Fasten on Lett Fasten on Right Fasten on Right Fasten on Lett

Easy way to remember how to wind wire rope on to a drum.

Fig 14.7

The International Rigging & Lifting Handbook I 105

14.9 Spooling
It is important that all the turns of the first layer on the drum are tight and
true to ensure correct seating of the second and subsequent layers.

Spaced winding on first layer Interlocking of Correct winding of first

permits movement and causes strands on first layer layer permits correct
wedging action on second layer causes severe scrubbing winding of second layer

Fig 14.B

14.10 The most popular winches have a long brake calliper and a short
brake calliper.
Check your rope winding in relation to the callipers as incorrect
spooling can:

Affect the efficiency of the brakes and,

ii) Drastically affect the hoisting capacity as the rotary valve will be
working in reverse.

"\Braking "\Braking

Long brake
...--- calliper
Hoisting
+---Hoisting

Fig14.9

~ Note: Any mod1f1cat1ons to the vv1nd1ng direction should be discussed with

~ and approved by the manufacturer

106 I C NSL 1991 I nsl.ascoworld.com

14.11 Fleet Angles
It is recommended that the maximum angle of fleet for plain drums
should not exceed 1 .5° (for grooved drums 2.5°).
You may have to use a deflector pulley or sheave to achieve this criteria.

Fleet Angle
~Angle of fleet

Ideal distances =
12 x width of grooved drum
I Pulley

20 x width of plain drum

Fig 14.10

14.12 In the majority of cases, the winch rope would have a ferrule secured
thimble eye but in certain circumstances (such as multi-reeving) this
eye will be removed and the rope has to be re-terminated on site. The
preferred method is by use of open wedge sockets especially in a lifting
situation. Refer to fig. 14.11 for the correct method of fitting.

~ Note 1 : Open wedge sockets l1ave an efficiency of 80% Tl1ey should be

~ v1sua1ly exa1111ned pnor to use and checked for cracks around the clevis area

~ Live rope is kinked

Fig 14.11

Do Not clamp tail end to live rope (common bad practice).

~ Note 2: Sockets are now available which have an extended wedge with a
~ hole to accommo d ate the wire rope clip This design improves safety and
produces a neater term1nat1on (See Fig 14 1)

Fig 14.11a
The International Rigging & Lifting Handbook J 107
 The ferrule secured thimble eye can either have a hook or a shackle
attached for connecting to the load. Most companies use a closed type
safety hook (e.g. BK type) or a safety type shackle. Safety shackles appear
to be the preferred fitting when using the winch for man-riding.

14.13 There are various wire rope clamps I grips available for terminating a rope
"in situ", the three most common being:

Fist Grips (Efficiency - 80%)

ii) Eureka Wirelocks (Efficiency variable, but on average, 45% - based
on independent tests carried out on 16mm x 2 bolt wirelocks)
iii) Bulldog Grips (only DIN1142 type acceptable - Efficiency - 80%)

The above efficiencies are based on the catalogued breaking load of the
wire rope.

Fist Grip Eureka Clamp Bulldog Grip

Can be fitted either way Can be fitted either way Should only be fitted one way
(see fig 15.15)
Fig 14.12

I Note: In general rrgg1ng s1tuatrons the use of any of the clamps I grips for
' ~ te11111nat1ng ropes 111 l1ft111g or pulling appl1cat1ons 1s forbidden They may
L:J only be used 111 'dead ending srtuatrons as rndrcated 111 fig 14 11 01 for
making up ·hold back lines e g for tongs, etc where 1111n1111al loads occur
I

1os j c NSL 1991 I nsl.ascoworld.com

14.14 When using fist grips, they can be fitted to the rope either way as both
halves have a saddle. The quantity required increases with the rope
diameter and the torque value increases with the bolt diameter. See
table below for details. The distance between grips should be six rope
diameters.

Turnback

eJ.
-y- ...y,..-1
y,....-....:

Fist Grip Table

Nominal Rope Minimum Number Amount of Required Torque

Diameter (Inches) of Fist Gnps Turnback (mm) (ft / lbs)
3/15-% 100 30
5/16 125 30
'la 135 45
7/15 165 65
•;, 3 280 65
/ia
9 325 130
'la 350 130
% 400 225
'la 660 225
5 940 225
1-1/e 5 1,050 360
1- 1/4 1,400 360
1 -3/a 1,580 500
1- 'h 2,000 500

Fig 14.13

The International Rl99lng & Lifting Handbook 1109

14.15 When using Eureka Wirelocks, it is recommended that two be fitted to
make a termination. They should be fitted as shown either way on the rope
and the bolts tightened in accordance with the torque values indicated in
the table below.

~ Note: The t1ghte111ng torques quoted 111 the table apply to the threads having
l.:=J been greased

Eureka Wirelock Table

Bolts Required Torque

No mm Nm lbfl

5 5.8 4.3
6 14.6 10.8
6 17.8 13.1
10 2 8 29.4 21.7
11 8 29.4 21.7
13 10 68.6 50.6
14 10 68.6 50.6
16 12 112.8 83.2
18 12 112.8 83.2
19 4 12 112.8 83.2
20 4 16 276.6 204
22 4 16 276.6 204
24 20 540 398
26 20 540 398

Fig 14.14

Warning! The bolts supplied with the wirelocks are of a high quality to
meet the torque values and should NEVER be replaced with standard bolts.
Always use the correct torque tools.

110 I O NSL 1991 1 nsl.ascoworld.com

14.16 When using bulldog grips, only DIN 1142 standard are acceptable. There
is a right way and a wrong way to fit bulldog grips (see fig 15.15).

Only Grips to DIN 1142 Standard are to be used

1st clip installed 1 clip base

width from end

2nd clip installed as close as

possible to thimble

\ Working part of
rope Qive end)

Thimble

3rd clip installed between first 2 clips

(1 clip based width from other clips)
Add1t1ona1 chps required as rope diameter
increases (see table on next page)

, Turnback ,
1 1

()\-rr--y--

Fig 14.15

(ii'\ Warning! The saddle must always be fitted to the "live" part of the rope (the
\.V easiest way to remember 1s "You Don't Saddle A Dead Horse") The distance
between gnps should be six rope diameters

The quantity of grips required increases with the diameter of the rope. See
table on next page for both quantity and relevant torque values.

The International Rigging & Lifting Handbook J 111

~ Note: The t1gl1tening torques quoted 111 t11e table apply to the threads and
~ bearing surfaces of the nuts having been greased

DIN 1142 Wire Rope Grip Table

M!Mlil1M 3
Nm
2.0
Required Torque
lbft
1.5
6.5 3 3.5 2.6
8 6.0 4.4
10 9.0 6.6
13 33.0 24
16 49.0 36
19 68.0 50
22 107 79
26 147 108
30 6 212 156
34 6 296 218
40 6 363 268

Fig 14.16

~ Note: Refer to the Fist Gnp Table on the previous page for amount
~ of turnback

14.17 For intermediate nominal diameters of rope, the next largest grip size
should be used. The nominal size 5 grip should only be used on a 5mm
nominal diameter rope. For 11 mm diameter rope, use four 1Omm nominal
grips with a tightening torque of 14 Nm (10.3 lb.ft).

14.18 DIN standard bulldog grips applied in accordance with the above table will
have an efficiency of 80%, i.e. they will maintain their grip for up to 80% of
the breaking load of the wire rope.

11 2 j C NSL 1991 j nsl.ascowol1d.com

14.19 During assembly and before the rope is taken into service, the nuts must
be tightened to the prescribed torque. After application of the load, the
torque must be rechecked and, if necessary, corrected. This action should
be repeated within 24 hours of installation.

14.20 Further periodic checking and re-torquing of the nuts is essential during
service, preferably more frequently during the early stages of operation to
ensure that a satisfactory terminal efficiency is being maintained.

14.21 Winch Operation

Always

Keep your hands clear of the rope spooling onto the drum.
ii) Keep other personnel clear of the hoisting rope.
iii) Check the brake efficiency prior to hoisting any significant height.
iv) Lower off slowly to avoid dynamic loadings on the winch and wire
rope.
14.22 Never

Overload the winch.

ii) Use the winch for the raising or lowering of personnel unless
the winch has been specifically designed for this purpose and is
marked accordingly.
iii) Alter the spooling direction without prior consultation with the
manufacturer.

Note: Wl1en you have multiple winches 1n a confined workplace e g

~ on a dnll floor for safety reasons, 1t is advisable to cross-match the rope
~ te1 m1nat1on to the relevant winch, e g w1ncl1 "A - rope te1 minat1on 'A' so
the operator knows wl11cl1 one he will be moving

Warning! When using a winch with the wire rope running over a sheave
aloft, 1t is often necessary to attach a weight at the terminated end of the
CD wire to prevent it being overhauled by the weight of the wire running from the
sheave block back to the winch. This is particularly important when hoisting
and lowering personnel due to the lightness of load.

The International Rigging & Lifting Handbook j 113

 14.23 Winches for Hoisting I Lowering Personnel
On an offshore drilling rig or platform, winches are often used on the drill
floor for the hoisting and lowering of personnel. These winches must either
be specifically designed for this purpose or be modified and re-certified as
such. In either case, they must comply with HSE guidelines and be marked
"Suitable for Man-riding"'. No other winch should be used for transporting
personnel as it would not meet the required enhanced safety specification.

14.24 A detailed risk assessment must be carried out to identify hazards and
either eliminate risks or reduce them to an acceptable level prior to
operations commencing.

I
'l5
!
14.25 The winch operator and the personnel being transported by the winch
must be familiar with and work to the hand signals depicted in Appendix 4.

j 14.26 Ideally, the winch operator should be able to see the person being
transported by the winch at all times. Where this is not the case, e.g.
during a "'blind" lift where the operator does not have direct line of sight, it
is imperative that a suitable means of communication is established and
maintained. This would normally be via short wave radio.

14.27 All personnel involved with man-riding winch operations must at all times,
work within the guidelines of their company's "Safe Operating Procedures"
for such operations.

fn\ Warning! When operating a winch transporting personnel, Nl'VER under

~ any circumstances, leave the winch unattended
I

14.28 Unless marked otherwise, the man-riding winches can also be used as
utility winches as long as the (derated) capacity (for man-riding) is not
exceeded.

1141CNSL1991 I nsl.ascowor1d.com
15.0 THE SAFE USE OF HYDRAULIC JACKS I RAMS
15.1 Hydraulic lifting equipment is available in two basic formats, i.e. a ram
I plunger and cylinder with an integral pump unit (see fig 15.1) and a
ram and pump set which consists of a ram I plunger and cylinder with a
remote pump unit connected by a high pressure hose (see fig 15.2).

•
Fig 15.1 Fig 15.2

15.2 Selection
When selecting your hydraulic equipment, the most important
consideration is the "capacity".

15.3 The second consideration is the number of jacking positions and the
distance between them, i.e. should the positions be quite far apart, using
jacks, you will require one operator per unit whereas if you used rams with
remote pump units, the pumps could be brought together or connected to
a manifold and worked by one operator.

~ Note: When wo rking 1n conf1neo areas 1t 1s also preferable to use rams and
l.:=J oumps as o pposed to 1acks to ensure tl1e safety of the operator(s)

The International Rigging & Lifting Hancl:>ook J 115

15.4 Certain jacks are fitted with a "CLAW" attachment which is normally
rated at 40% of the jack's capacity. Should you require to use the claw
attachment, remember to obtain a jack with a capacity at least 2.5
times the load to be lifted.

~ Note: Ensure the claw attacl1111ent rs the correct type for yoLr oar:rcu'ar
l..:=J n1odel of 1ack

15.5 Should you wish to monitor the loadings on the jacks or rams, they can be
fitted with pressure I load gauges.

15.6 Should the load have to be sustained, jacks I rams can be procured with
locking collars.

Fig15.4

15.7 As a safety measure, a lock off safety valve can be fitted to the ram to
maintain pressure in the event of a hose failure.

116 J ONSL 1991 I nsl.ascowor1d.com

15.8 Pre-use Examination
Prior to using any hydraulic lifting equipment, the following checks should
be carried out:

The capacity is adequate for the load.

ii) The item has an ID I Plant number and correct colour code (w here
applicable).
iii) Examine body of cylinder I jack and check for impact damage,
cracks and oil leaks. (With cylinders, examine inlet I outlet
couplings and check for leakage).
iv) Operate cylinder I jack, pumping the ram to full stroke.
v) Examine the ram and check for belling, scoring and corrosion. ~
c:
vi) If the ram is threaded externally and fitted with a locking collar, II
!!.
examine threads and check for stretch.
vii)
viii)
Examine round seal and check for oil leakage.
Turn valve to lower I release and ensure the ram goes down
smoothly. (Jerkiness could indicate distortion to the ram not visible
i
to the eye and sponginess indicates air in the system which will
have to be bled).
ix) Examine hoses and fittings to ensure they are not perished, cut or
damaged.
x) With the ram in the lowered position check the oil level of the jack I
pump unit.
xi) Function test the pump and ensure the valve does not leak when
closed and under pressure.
xii) Where claw attachments are fitted examine for distortion I cracks.
xiii) Where gauges are fitted, check for leaks, function test and ensure
needles return to zero.

The International Rigging & Lifting Handbook 1 117

15.9 Jacking Procedure
Jacks and rams must only be used on a strong sound footing of sufficient
area to distribute the load. Beware when jacking on top of deck plating
as more often than not, spreader plates have to be used to transfer the
loading to deck support beams.

Ag15.5

15.10 As the load is jacked up. it must be followed by packing (to safe guard
against the jacks failing) and similarly when lowering a load, the packing
must be removed piece by piece.

15.11 A load must not be left supported solely by jacks/rams (i.e. packing must
be left in position) unless they are of the design with the locking collar.

15.12 Wherever possible, use non-slip packing between the ram head and the
load to be lifted.

118 1 O NSL 1991 I nsl.ascoworld.com

15.13 Always
Apply the load centrally and in line with the jack I ram.
ii) Operate within the rated capacity.
iii) Fully support the base of the jack I ram.
iv) Stabilise the base of the pump unit to prevent overturning when
pumping.
v) Ensure that any jack used with a claw attachment has an extended
base.
vi) Screw down locking collar {where fitted) when the load is to be
sustained.
vii) Open release valve slowly when lowering load.
viii) Check pressure rating of hoses I gauges I fittings, etc.
ix) Keep the ram I piston clean.
x) Fully retract ram before disconnecting hoses.
xi) Check oil capacity of pump when using multi-jacking system.
xii) Check all fittings are correctly secured.

15.14 Never

Go under a load supported solely by jacks.

ii) Use equipment if there is evidence of oil leakage.
iii) Drop loads onto jacks I rams.
iv) Exceed 40% of the jack capacity when using claw
attachments.
v) Use a claw attachment unless the jack has an extended base.

The International Rigging & Lifting Handbook I 119

16.0 THE SAFE USE OF WIRE ROPE SLINGS
16.1 Wire rope slings are generally manufactured with terminations being
formed by mechanical splicing {turn back splice I talurit) of ferrules. The
eyes of the sling can be fitted with or without thimbles according to its
purpose.

16.2 Selection
Wire rope slings are by far the most commonly used as they are versatile
and comparatively lightweight in relation to their strength.
They can be made up as single leg slings as shown in fig 16. 1 or as multi-
leg slings as in fig 16.2.

Single and Endless Slings

Effective length

Thimble ~ !i() Thimble

~ Mechanical Splice
Thimble {)&a-------------0 Reeving Thimble

Thimble {)&a------------0 SoltEye

Soft Eye Solt Eye

Endless (..,_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _)

Fig 16.1

120 I Cl NSL 1991 I nsl.ascoworld.com

 Multi-leg Slings

Two Leg Three Leg Four Leg

Fig 16.2

16.3 The majority of multi-leg slings are fitted with thimbles to utilise the strength
of the rope to best advantage as, with soft eye slings, the strength of the
sling is greatly reduced if the eye is supporting a load via a small diameter,
e.g. shackle pin or body.

Fig 16.3

The International Rigging & Lifting Handbook 1121

16.4 Working Load Limits
The WLLs of slings calculated in accordance with BS EN 13414 are as
follows (angles measured from the vertical):

Single leg sling WLL of one leg

ii) Double leg sling WLL of one leg x 2 x 0. 707 (0° - 45°)
iiij Three leg slings WLL of one leg x 3 x 0.707* (0° - 45°)
iii) Four leg slings WLL of one leg x 3 x 0. 707* (0° - 45°)

Note: 'Tl1ere 1s 110 cMmc:1cc 1n WLI bcotwP.<m tlirme ancl fou· le:1 slings as
•o~· ca1culatio11 purposRs, it ·s c.s~;u·necJ that one leg 1r1 U-10 ·o~ir !eg s:·ng is
recl~nclant 1f the C o f G is offset or ti1e l leg lengths are r·ot uxilctly tr1e samo.

The strength of a wire rope is dependent on three factors, i.e.:

i) Diameter.
ii) Construction (type of core).
iii) Tensile strength of wire (200 grade is standard for slings but crane
ropes are often much higher).
Note: 180 (180 kgf/mm~ . 200 (1960 kgf/mm~ or 210 (2160 kgf/mm~
The construction of the wire rope is normally chosen to suit the specific
application, e.g. wire ropes with a steel core are preferred for winch
operations as they have a greater resistance to crushing and flattening on
the drums whereas both steel core and fibre core wire are suitable for sling
manufacture.

Typical Constructions

6 x36 6x19

122
•• More flexible
Less resistant to wear

I O NSL 1991 I nsl.ascoworld.com

Fig 16.4
Less flexible
More resistant to wear
16.5 Advantages of Wire Slings
Strength for strength, wire rope slings are lighter than the equivalent chain
slings and are less liable to damage fragile loads or delicate surfaces. They
are also better suited than chain slings to absorb dynamic loads.
A further advantage is that wire slings can be pushed under the object
being lifted, a feat which cannot be accomplished with chain slings or fibre
ropes.

16.6 When slings are fitted with hooks (e.g. crane pennants) the only types
permitted are the lockable "closed" design, i.e. use safety latch type.

+ BK Type

Fig 16.5
Safety Latch Type

The reason for this preference is that with both types, application of the
load closes the hooks (which lock in the closed position and will not
release on "no load") and their design is such that they do not snag on
protrusions, e.g. handrails, etc.

Warning! The allowable in-service wear on a particular model of the above

BK type of hook results in an opening or gap . This is not a problem if the
hook is supporting a component of the same capacity but can be hazardous
if the component is substantially smaller, e.g. a 1 tonne sling can pull through
the gap of an 8 tonne hook. Wherever possible, use components w ith
matching capacities.

The International Rigging & Lifting Handbook 1 123

 16.7 Pre-use Examination
Prior to using any sling, the following checks should be made:

The SWL I WLL is adequate for the load.

ii) The item has an ID I Plant number and correct colour code (where
applicable).
iii) Examine each individual leg along its entire length and check for
wear, corrosion, abrasion, mechanical damage and broken wires.
iv) Examine each ferrule and ensure the correct size of ferrule has
been fitted.
v) Check that the end of the loop does not terminate inside the ferrule

I
0
I
(i.e. the rope end should protrude slightly but no more than 1/3rd of
the dia.) unless the ferrule is of the longer tapered design which has
an internal step.

"j vi) The ferrule should be free from cracks or other deformities.
vii) Examine each thimble and check for correct fitting, snagging
damage and elongation. (Stretched thimbles I eyes could indicate
possible overload).
viii) Examine wire rope around thimbles as it is often abraded due to
sling being dragged over rough surfaces.
ix) If fitted, examine master link I quadruple assembly and check for
wear, corrosion and cracking.
x) If fitted with hooks, check for wear, corrosion, deformation and
cracking and ensure safety latch functions.

124 I O NSL 1991 I nsl.ascowor1d.com

16.8 Safety
SWL I WLL for Multi-leg slings are measured from the vertical up to 45°.
Previously the angles were measured from leg to leg 90°, diagonally for a 4
leg sling.

Fig 16.6

16.9 When using single slings in pairs or endless slings be aware of reductions
in sling capacity due to angles and sling configurations.
Refer to section 24 of this handbook for further guidance on safe
slinging.

16.10 Cable Grips I Cable Stockings I Chinese Fingers

Cable grips are primarily designed for pulling, towing or supporting cables,
wire rope, tubes, etc. and must be used with due care and attention. They
are hand-woven using high tensile galvanised steel wire as standard (see
below).

Standard single and dooble eyed cable grips.

Fig 16.7

The International Rigging &. Lifting Hanclx>ol<. I 125

16.11 They are manufactured with a specific "breaking load" and tt is up to you,
the user, to apply a suitable factor of safety dependent on the application,
e.g. for standard pulling operations, the accepted norm is 3:1 (i.e. you
divide the breaking load by 3 to establish the safe pulling capacity). In more
critical applications such as lifting (see warning below), the norm is 5:1
~.e. you divide the breaking load by 5 to establish the safe lifting capacity).
This ensures that the actual cable grip won't fail due to tensile loading but
it does not guarantee the efficiency of the grip on the cable or wire rope
being pulled I lifted. That will very much depend on the properties of the
item in question and the amount of cleaning I preparation you do.

fii\
Warning! A number of manufacturers do NOT recommend their cable grips
~ for lifting Always check the 1nstruct1ons and technical literature

16.12 Where used for overhead purposes, sensible additional safeguards, such as
safety nets, should be employed to protect personnel. If these cable grips
are permanently installed, e.g. suppcrting overhead cables, they should be
inspected on a regular basis.

16.13 For special applications, stainless steel wire can be used (particularly useful
for subsea operations). Non-conductive grips in man-made fibre are also
manufactured.

~ Note: Cable g11ps can be div ded into two main groups namely oull1ng grips
~ a,· d suppo1i grips

16.14 Pulling Grips

These are used for applications requiring a pull to be applied to a cable,
tube, wire rope or similar object. The most common use is for the
installation of overhead cables on pylons, underground cables in trenches
or wire ropes on cranes.
The standard range of diameters is from 4mm up to 115mm in various
types and strengths according to the load to be pulled. Specials can be
made to order up to 600mm (or larger if required).

For light loads such as plastic tubes or ropes, etc. a grip made with a single
wire weave is sufficient but for heavy loads, particularly where long lengths
of overhead cables are to be installed, a combination of single, double and
triple weave grips are used with the single weave ensuring the initial grip but
the load being taken by the extra strands in the triple weave portion.

126 1ONSL1991 I nsl.ascoworld.com

 For most applications a grip between 600mm and 1,000mm long is
sufficient but longer types can be manufactured to suit. The larger triple
weave types are longer as standard.

Open ended cable grips can be used as a connecting sleeve to pull in

replacement wires or cables. However, these open-ended cable grips
should NOT be used if there is a possibility that one cable will rotate in
relation to the other, e.g. when pulling in electric cables and wire ropes.
In these types of operations, torque can build up and damage the cable
grip, possibly resulting in failure. In this situation, two independent grips
connected by a swivel must be used (see fig below).

Fig 16.8

Using two cable grips ON TOP of each other is not advised as they
tend to damage each other and grip on the item being pulled cannot be
guaranteed.

A long length of cable may need to be assisted in its installation by

applying supplementary "pulls" by cable grips along its length. The type of
grip used for this is fitted over the cable at any part of its length and laced
up afterwards.

16.15 Support Grips

The construction and application is the same as for pulling grips except
these more or less become part of an installation. They can be of a single
or double weave type according to the load to be supported and have one
or two supporting "eyes" dependent on the available anchoring points and
the disposition of the load.

Cable grips are re-usable tools and provide an efficient method of

supporting cables or attaching a pulling bond. Their use is not confined
solely to cables as basically any circular object can be held or pulled.

The International Rigging & Lifting Handbook I 127

16.16 Prior to fitting Cable Grips (both types):

1) Visually inspect cable grip before use.

2) If fitting to wire rope ensure excess lubricant, surface corrosion, grit
and surface contamination is removed before fitting.
3) Select correct size of grip for the cable I rope diameter.
4) Select correct strength of grip for the job, e.g. single, double or
triple weave.

16.17 Fitting Instructions for Cable Grips (general)

1) To make fitting easier, the open end of the cable grips can be pushed down
on a fiat surface to make the wire ends of the lattice flare out. This will give
a slight funnel effect and make it easier to fit the open end over the cable.

2) Push the cable grip over the cable, pushing from the eye end towards the
open end. This will cause the cable grip to slightly expand and pass over
the cable.

For single eye grips the cable grip must be pushed onto the cable as far
as possible so as to ensure that the cable passes right to the end of the
cable grip.

For double eye grips the cable may be pushed through the cable grip
exiting between the eyes and for as far as your requirement needs.

3) Ensure that the cable grip is seated uniformally and firmly onto the cable by
positioning both hands around the cable's circumference.

For single eye start at the eye end.

For double eye start at the open end away from the pulling eyes.

Grasp the cable grip as firmly as possible and moving towards the other
end of the cable grip, slide your hands firmly over the woven lattice to
ensure that it sits firmly onto the cable.

4) To ensure further grip, a bandit strap or Jubilee clip can be secured

around the cable grip at the open end. i.e. the end furthest away from the
pulling eyes. Apply load slowly to allow the cable grip to contract and take
up the grip.
Pulling loop end Jubilee clip

Fig 16.9

128 I O NSL 1991 J nsl.ascowor1d.com

 Never

Overload or shock load a cable grip.

ii) Use the cable grip if it shows any signs of damage or wear,
(this should be checked each time before use).

Warning! If at any time during the use of a cable grip any of the strands
fii\ 1n the braided woven (lattice) section break, stop the operation 1mmed1ately
\.V Broken strands are normally caused by overloading I uneven apphcat1on
of load

Protective equipment, particularly gloves must be used at all times

when using cable grips.

16.18 Lacing Instructions for Wrap-around Cable Grips

Lacing strands should be the same material I strength, e.g. single, double
or triple weave lace.

Single weave grips should be laced with single strand lacing: double
weave with double strand: triple weave with triple strand.

Laces of higher strength can be used on any cable grips, e.g. triple lace
on a double weave or double lace on a single weave. However, you must
never use a lower strength lace, e.g. single lace on a double weave or a
double lace on a triple weave.

Laces are supplied in manageable lengths. There may be more than 1 lace
per cable grip. You must use the lace(s) provided by the manufacturer.

1) Lay the lace out. Fold it in half and kink it at its mid point.

2) Lay the grip out and wrap it around the cable.

3) Start the lac ing at the lead or anchoring end of the grip.

Thread the lacing through the first two directly opposite loops of the split
and pull through until the lace is centred at this point.

The International Rigging & Lifting Handbook I 129

 rig 16.10

For high load grips the first loop of the lace can be taken round the braid
wires twice to form a double loop before proceeding.

To make fitting easier, the grip can be compressed in its length, wrapped
around the cable and temporally tied at intervals to keep the adjoining
edges of the braid together, then continue as below.

~ Note: Remember, every loop must be laced

4) Lace as you would your shoe, crossing the lacings before lacing the next
two loops.

Fig 16.11

5) Don't pull lacing too tight. Leave a space between adjoining loops
approximately equal to the width of one diamond of the mesh.

130 I ONSL 1991 I nsl.ascoworld.com

6) Twist the lacing strands tightly together at the tail end of the grip.

Fig 16.12

(If a multi length lace is used, tie off at the end of each section).

Fold the twisted tail back on itself to lie in line with the cable.

Start the new lace minimum of 2 braids (diamonds) back lacing over the
previous link and its tied off tail. Then continue as before.

7) Wrap the ends of the lacings once or twice tightly around the tail of the
grip, twisting the ends together securely. Excess lace can be cut off.

~ Note: Remember always remove all temporary ties (1f used before seating
~ the cable grip down and applying any load)

8) For added initial grip a bandit strap or Jubilee clip can be secured around
the cable grip, lace and tail at the open end, i.e. the end furthest away
from the pulling eyes and within two braids of the bottom. Apply load
slowly to allow the cable grip to contract and take up the grip.

~/ ·''~~-{~;:~.
/ / / .!
-... - - - -
Fig 16.13

g) Under no circumstances should a cable grip be overloaded or a sudden

surge load applied.

10) The condition of the cable grip must be inspected before and after use.
Under no circumstances should a cable grip be used if it shows any signs
of damage.

Protective equipment, particularly gloves must be used at all times

when using cable grips.
The International Rigging & Lifting Handbook 1131
17 .O SAFE USE OF MAN-MADE FIBRE SLINGS

Warning! Due to the nature of the sling material, strength 1s lost 1f there
([]\ are any cuts, tears, fraying or burst st1tch1ng For this reason, these slings
~ must be examined very closely pnor to use and they should only be re-
used 1f they are free from these defects

17.1 Man-made fibre slings (web slings and round slings) are available in five
basic formats as follows:

Format Application
With soft becketed eyes Multi-purpose
ii) With "D" links Straight or basket lifts
iii) With "D" link & reevable link Straight, basket I choke lifts
iv) Endless (Flat webbing) Multi-purpose
v) Endless (Round sling) Multi-purpose

Sott Becketed Eyes

'D' Links

'D' Link and Reevable Link

Endless (Flat Webbing)

Endless (Round Sling)

Fig17.1
132 I C NSL 1991 I nsl.ascowor1d.com
17.2 Generally the width of a web sling governs the WLL and equates to 1
tonne capacity per 50mm of width of simplex slings (single thickness) and
1 tonne capacity per 25mm of width on duplex slings (double thickness).

17.3 When selecting the type of web or round sling, you must initially consider
the lifting mode as this affects the capacity of the sling, i.e. to calculate the
capacity of the sling, the SWL should be multiplied by the mode factor "M"
as indicated below.

Straight Lift Choker Basket 0° Basket go•

M=1 M=0.8 M=2 M= 1.4

Fig 17.2

(Refer to table 3 for actual loads)

17.4 For general use, soft eye, endless or round slings are more suitable due to
their versatility but if slings are going to be in constant use it is preferable to
use slings with "D" links which are more wear resistant.

17.5 For awkward or fragile lifts (such as valves, actuators, control panels,
etc.), it is advisable to use round slings as they are soft, flexible and when
choked, take a secure bite on the load.

Effective Working Length

Circumference
1When orderrng always order by circumference and not length or you
will end up with a sling half the length you actually require.)
Fig 17.3

The International Rigging & Lifting Handbook 1133

17.6 Pre-use Examination
Prior to using web or round slings they should be visually examined along
their entire length and checked for:

The SWL I WLL is adequate for the load.

ii) The item has an ID I Plant number and correct colour code (where
applicable).
iii) Cuts, tears or chafing.
iv) Burst stitching (especially round the eyes).
v) Chemical damage.
vi) Heat damage.
vii) Ingress of foreign bodies into the fibres.
viii) Distortion I wear in the metal eyes (where fitted).

(ii\ Warning! When checking round slings, should any cuts be found 1n
~ the outer protective cover, the sling should be removed from service and
quarantined, 1e do not use as the inner strength core could be damaged

17.7 Safety
Generally, man-made fibre slings are only suitable for use at the worksite
or on board the installation and should not be used for the transportation
of materials to and from the installation or worksite .

17.8 The vast majority of slings are made from polyester which is impervious
to sea water, crude oil and its products, and most acids (at room
temperature).
You must avoid using these slings in alkali conditions however as alkalis
cause the polyester to disintegrate.

134 j C NSL 1991 I nsl.ascoworld.com

17.9 Great care must be taken to avoid positioning the slings around sharp
edges which could cut or tear the sling when the load is taken.

I
The webbing will cut here

Fig 17.4

Always
Use packing around sharp edges. Refer to section 24 of this handbook for
further guidance on safe slinging.

The International Rigging & Lifting Hancl>ook I 135

18.0 THE SAFE USE OF ALLOY GRADE 80 CHAIN SLINGS
18.1 Alloy grade 80 chain slings were developed to replace the older mild
steel and high tensile chain slings but unlike these forerunners, they do
not work-harden or require periodic annealing I remedial heat treatment.
Whereas the mild steel and high tensile slings used to be fabricated
by a blacksmith, grade 80 chain slings are constructed from individual
components which can be assembled in numerous configurations to suit
the task in hand. The only tool required is a hammer.

18.2 Selection
Grade 80 chain slings, although approximately one third of the weight of
the high tensile type, are still strength for strength heavier than wire rope
slings but have three main advantages namely:

Greater resistance to corrosion.

ii) More durable.
iii) Adjustable leg lengths (for loads with an offset centre of gravity see
fig 18.2).

18.3 Typical Sling Configurations

Single Leg Endless Double Leg With Clutches

Three Leg Four Leg With Clutches Barrel Sling

Fig 18.1

136 I C NSL 1991 j nsl.ascoworld.com

18.4 Where the slings are to be fitted with hooks, the desired type for safety is
the BK safety latch type (see fig 16.5 in section 16).

18.5 Chain slings fitted with shortening clutches are ideal for lifting loads with
an offset centre of gravity as the leg length can be adjusted to position the
lifting ring directly over the centre of gravity. This allows the load to be
lifted level.

Fig 18.2

18.6 Pre-use Examination

Prior to using a chain sling the following checks should be carried out:

The SWL I WLL is adequate for the load.

ii) The colour coding (where applicable) is current and the sling has a
plant number I ID mark I data tag attached.
iii) Lay out the chain slings on the floor or suspend from the crane
hook and remove all twists from the legs.
iv) Match up the legs and check for stretch I deformation in the
individual legs.
v) Visually examine each leg along its entire length and check for
distortion of the links, e.g. bends, twists, elongation and nicks.
vi) Check for wear between chain links and wear between chain links
and load pins.
vii) Check for heat damage or chemical attack.
viii) Examine end terminations, e.g. hooks and connectors, etc. and
check for wear, stretch and distortion.
ix) Ensure safety catches function (where fitted).
x) Ensure all load pins are secure.
The International Rl99lng & Lifting Handbook 1137
18.7 Safety
When using shortening clutches, always make sure the chain is correctly
seated prior to taking the strain. Grab hooks are sometimes used for
shortening chain but as they result in an offset loading, the capacity of
the chain requires to be reduced by 20-25% depending on manufacturer.
Manufacturer's safe use instructions must be followed.

Shortening clutch Never knol lhe chain to

Correct method of use shorten rt

+--- Unloaded chain

i Loaded chain

Fig 18.3

18.8 Be aware that the capacity of the chain sling decreases when:

The angle between the legs increases.

ii) The sling is in a choked mode.

Refer to table 4 (at back of handbook) for actual loadings. To save

confusion, the tables list only one SWL I WLL which is applicable up to a
sling angle of 90°.

1381ONSL1991 j nsl.ascoworld.com
18.9 Always

Ensure the chain is free from twists before loading.

ii) Use within the rated WLL.
iii) Secure redundant legs back in the master link to avoid snagging
and unwanted movement when travelling the load.

Fig 18.4

18.10 Never

Shorten the sling by knotting the chain.

ii) Join the chain using a bolt.
iii) Weld grade 80 chains or components.
iv) Hammer a chain to straighten a link.
v) Subject the sling to dynamic or shock loads.

18.11 Refer to section 24 of this handbook for further guidance on safe slinging.

The lnternalional Rigging & Lifting Handbook 1 139

19.0 SAFE USE OF SHACKLES
19.1 The two types of shackle most commonly used are the anchor (Bow)
shackle and the chain (Dee) shackle both of which are available with
screw pin or safety pin.

Bow Shackles Dee Shackles

D!l JlJl
Screw pin
anchor shackle
Safety pin
anchor shackle
Screw pin
chain shackle
Safety pin
chain shackle

Fig 19.1

19.2 Selection
Shackles should be selected to suit the load being lifted allowing for any
increased loadings due to sling angles. The dimensions of the shackle will
often be governed by the hole diameter and the thickness of the material
of the lifting eye.

19.3 The selection between Bow type and Dee type will depend on the number
of components being connected.

Crown
Pin bearing PinbCrown
bearing bearing bearing
point point point point

(Two Components) (Three or More Components)

Fig 19.2

140 I 0 NSL 1991 I nsl.ascowor1d.com

19.4 Selection Between Safety and Screw Pin
Safety pin bow shackles are preferred but in certain situations, i.e. diving
operations, screw pin are often more practical. In either case, the pins can
be secured to prevent inadvertent loosening or "backing off" as follows:

Safety Pin Shackles - by the use of a split pin.

ii) Screw Pin Shackles - by wiring the head of the shackle pin to the
shackle body.

The vast majority of shackles used in the Construction I Engineering

Industry are made from alloy materials and constructed to a U.S. Federal
specification. Size for size, these shackles are the strongest available.

(See table 5 for details)

Example:
A British Standard higher tensile shackle has approximately HALF the WLL
of an alloy shackle with the same physical dimensions.

The lnternalional Rigging & Lifting Handbook 1 141

19.5 Pre-use Examination
Prior to using a shackle, the following checks should be made:

The SWL I WLL is adequate for the load.

ii) The item has an ID I Plant number and correct colour code (where
applicable).
iii) Remove shackle pin and examine for wear, deformation and
cracking.
iv) Ensure it is the correct pin for the shackle.
(i.e. NOT a higher tensile pin in an alloy shackle).
v) Check pin threads for wear I deformation.
vi) Examine shackle body for deformation and cracking and check for
wear in the crown and pin holes.
vii) Check alignment of pin holes and ensure the pin fits correctly.
viii) In the case of safety pin shackles, ensure split pins are fitted.

Check for wear

Check for wear and straightness

Fig 19.3

142 I C NSL 1991 j nsl.ascowor1d.com

19.6 Safety
Always centre the load on the shackle pin to avoid angular pulls
against the leg of the shackle.

Packing

Fig 19.4

19.7 Avoid using the shackle in such a manner that movement of the load
rope could unscrew the shackle pin.

If the load shifts. the sling will Shackle pin bearing on running
unscrew the shackle pin line can work loose
Fig 19.5

19.8 Never replace the shackle pin with an ordinary bolt as it will not be as
strong as the proper pin which is manufactured from a high grade material.

The load will bend the bolt

Fig 19.6

The International Rigging & Lifting Handbook 1 143

 20.0 THE SAFE USE OF EYE BOLTS
20.1 Eye bolts are available in three basic configurations namely dynamo,
collar and collar with link.

Dynamo Collar Collar with link

Fig20.1

Do Not Use Dynamo Eye Bolts.

([]\ Warning! Dynamo eye bolts are only suitable for an axial (vertical) lift and
\.V any angular loading will bend the screwed shank and lead to failure These
are considered unsuitable and their use 1s not recommended
I

20.2 Selection
The three main considerations when selecting eye bolts are:

The weight of the load.

ii) The number of eye bolts sharing the load.
iii) Whether or not an inclined loading will be effected.

Vertical Loading Inclined Loading

Fig 20.2

144 I C NSL 1991 I nsl.ascoworld.com

20.3 The choice between collar eye bolts and eye bolts with links should be
made in accordance with angle of lift (if any) as the percentage reduction in
SWL I WLL varies as the lift angle increases.

Example:

Lift angle 0° (i.e. vertical) - collar eye bolts are rated 60% higher
than eye bolts with links.
ii) Lift angle up to 15° - both eye bolts have the same rating.
iii) Lift angle up to 30° - eye bolts with links are rated 28% higher than
collar eye bolts.
iv) Lift angle up to 45° - eye bolts with links are rated 56% higher than
collar eye bolts.

o• Up to 15° Over 15°

Use Collar use either use eyebolt
eye bolt eye bolt with link

Fig 20.3

Refer to tables 6. 1 & 6.2 for actual ratings.

Note: Should equipment be supplied with INTEGRAL eye bolts I l1ft1ng eyes,
~ they should be removed and stored for later use and the remaining sockets
~ should be protected (e g screwed plugs) It 1s advisable to MPI eye bolts
prior to subsequent use and of course, the female socket has to be re-
examined (this applies to all eye bolt usage)

The International Rigging & Lifting Handbook j 145

20.4 Pre-use Examination
Prior to using the eye bolts, carry out the following checks:

The SWL I WLL is adequate for the load.

ii) The item has an ID I Plant number and correct colour code (where
applicable).
iii) Examine threads and check for wear, stretch or impact damage.
The threads must be complete (no broken threads) and full (i.e. no
flats on top).

~ Note: It may be necessary to wire brush the threads to fac1l1tate a proper

l:=J visual examination Should the eye bolts be new I unused, the protective
tape will have to be removed

iv) The threads should be concentric and fit neatly in a standard nut. If
stretch is suspected, a thread gauge should be used to confirm the
condition.
v) Examine the eye of the bolt and check for wear I stretch I distortion
and look for hairline cracks at the crown of the rings. (This also
applies to the link if fitted).
vi) Check squareness of shank against shoulder.
vii) Examine tapped hole and check thread condition (i.e. depth I
corrosion, etc).
viii) Ensure that the thread (shank length) is suitable and has not been
modified I cut.

20.5 Correct Use

Eye bolts should always be loaded in the same plane as the eye and
NEVER against the plane of the eye.

Plan

l~-
~w 5° maximum deviation

Fig 20.4

146 j 0 NSL 1991 j nsl.ascowor1d.com

20.6 Eye bolts should always be screwed down tight so that the collar is in
full contact with the surface of the item being lifted. It is often necessary
to use shim washers to obtain the correct orientation of the eye bolt.
Manufacturer's instructions should be followed for maximum allowable
shim size.

Shim washers

==:;;;...a!!='/
Fig 20.5

20. 7 When 20.6). NEVER use a sling in a basket format (see fig 20. 7), as this
can drastically overload the eyeballs.

Fig 20.6 Fig 20.7

You will notice in fig 20. 7 the angle from the vertical increases as does the
resultant load through the eye bolt.

20.8 Hoist rings are an alternative to eye bolts. The design of hoist rings is such
that they can be swiveled through 360" and pivoted through 90 - 180°
(dependent on manufacturer).

360'swivel

Fig 20.8

The International Rigging & Lifting Handbook 114 7

 20.9 The actual bolt part of the hoist ring is made from a very high quality alloy
steel and is stronger than the equivalent size of eye bolt.

20.10 The two other main advantages are that:

They will swivel to the correct orientation, i.e. no requirement for

packing with shim washers.
ii) They pivot to suit the sling angle between o• and 90° and do NOT
require to be derated.

No deration for angular loadings

Fig 20.9

20.11 Correct Usage

As with collar eye bolts, ensure the bushing flange is in full 360° contact
with the surface of the load.

20.12 Tighten the bolt in accordance with the torque values given alongside the
safe working load in table 7 of this handbook.

(ii\ Warning! Never replace the bolt with a standard bolt as the assembly
I \V would likely fail thereafter

148 1 O NSL1991 I nsl.ascoworld.com

20.13 As an alternative to eye bolts, fabricated padeyes can be used. Before
using padeyes of this type, ensure its certification is current and always
use the correct size of shackle to avoid high stress due to point loading.
Make sure the load is applied "in-line" only. Do NOT apply side loads (see
fig 20.10).

~ Note: Wliere different loading cond1t1ons (directions of use) are likely t l1e
~ padeye should be cert1f1ed to matcl1 (1e 111 the d1rect1ons of use)

+
Fig 20.10

20.14 These types of pad eyes should always be fabricated from steel to BS EN
10225 8355 G3+N to give the relevant cold weather properties. The profile
should be smooth, free from any flame cutting marks and the hole should
be line bored after the fitting of cheek plates.

The International Rigging & Lifting Handbook I 149

 21.0 THE SAFE USE OF TURNBUCKLES
21.1 Turnbuckles (Rigging Screws) can be obtained with various types and
combinations of end fittings, the most popular being the "Jaw and Eye"
type.

Turnbuckle end fittings

0
Jaw & Eye Combination
ct

~ i yI
0 ct
l
Jaw & Jaw Combination

0
~
~ Hook Clevis
(Has reduced I Jaw
capacity)
Eye Stub
"
0
Hook & Hook Combination

Hook & Eye Combination

\.)
\.)

Fig 21.1

21 .2 Selection
The first consideration when selecting turnbuckles is the SWL which is
determined by the thread diameter (See table 8).

~ Note: This table does not apply to turnbuckles with hooks as they have a
' L:=J reduced rating (Refer to 111anufactu1er's l1teratu1e)

21.3 The second consideration is the adjustability (commonly known as "Take-

up") of the turnbuckle. The take-up often varies with different patterns.

150 I C NSL 1991 I nsl.ascowor1d.com

21.4 Pre-use Examination
Prior to using a turnbuckle in a lifting situation, visually examine it
and ensure that:

The SWL I WLL is adequate for the load.

ii) The item has an ID I Plant number and correct colour code (where
applicable).
iii) The threads are free from wear, stretch and impact damage.
iv) The eyes I hooks are not worn or stretched.
v) The clevis pin and pin holes are free from distortion I wear.
vi) The threads are suitably lubricated.

[::~~----~-t-,i----- Check tor cracks and bends

~ . Check for thread damage

~----- and bent rods

Fig 21.2

21.5 Safety
Turnbuckles must always have the threaded shank protruding into the
body to ensure that the load is borne over the correct length of the
threaded shank.

Fig 21.3

Particular care must be taken when using "Closed Body" type screws. It
may be necessary to dismantle the turnbuckle, measure the length of the
threaded shanks, reassemble and use measurement to ensure the above
"unsafe" case is avoided. A simple method of (non-destructive) marking
the threads will allow an easy visual indication of thread depth inserted.

The International Rigging & Lifting Handbook I 1s1

21.6 When using a turnbuckle in an application where vibration is present,
(most areas in an engineering environment), it is extremely important to
lock the end fittings to the frame or body to prevent them from unscrewing
and possibly releasing the load. The most popular and preferred method
is to wire the eye or jaw to the body (see fig 21 .4). As an alternative (for
open body type only) a split pin through the end of the screwed shank
is acceptable (see fig 21 .5). The split pin has to be removed to facilitate
adjustment. Should lock nuts be used, care must be taken not to over
lighten them as this can put undue stress on the threaded shank (see fig
21.6).

Preferred Acceptable Caution required

Fig 21.4 Fig21.5 Rg21.6

fii\ Warning! When turnbuckles are to be left under load for any length of
\.V time. e g temporary hangers for pipe work, etc they should be visually
checked on a daily basis to ensure they are still secure

152 I C NSL 1991 I nsl.ascowor1d.com

22.0 SAFE USE OF FALL ARREST DEVICES
22.1 Fall arrest devices must be used by personnel working in situations where
there is a risk of falling from a height and the usual safety barriers are
absent, e.g. handrails temporarily removed, working over the side of the
installation, etc.

22.2 The use of fall arrest devices with an integral emergency winch is
recommended for certain vessel entries where retrieval I rescue from
restrictive areas may be necessary.

22.3 Fall arrest devices must always be used in conjunction with a safety
harness.

22.4 Selection
Fall arrest devices are available in various models, the most popular being
the range with galvanised wire rope (as opposed to the ranges which use
fibre rope or webbing). This rope is normally 15m long (50ft).

22.5 Within this range, there are two basic blocks, i.e. the standard block and
the retrieval block.

Standard Block Retrieval Block

Fig 22.1 Fig 22.2

The International Rigging & Lifting Hancbook j 153

 22.6 On worksites or installations, either type of block is acceptable. It must be
remembered however, that the retrieval block has an integral emergency
winch and winding handle to facilitate retrieval of individuals should they fall.

Pre-use Examination

Fig 22.3

22. 7 Prior to using the fall arrest device and associated equipment, it is the
responsibility of the individual to ensure that the device is in good working
order and a safe condition.
Referring to fig 23.3 for component identification, the following checks
should be made:

Fall Arrest Block

Check "visual indicator dial" and ensure the block has not been
involved in a previous fall or shock loading. (This will be obvious
by the amount of red showing on the dial or with other models
and manufacturers, the red button being flush with or above the
casing).

I CD Warning! If the block has been subjected to either of the above, 1t

must be returned to an approved repair agent for 1nspect1on and repair I
resetting, etc

ii) Examine Saflok top hook and check for distortion or wear and
ensure the safety latch engages properly.

154 I O NSL 1991 I nsl.ascoworld.com

 iii) Examine top shackle and check for distortion or wear (check also
any wear between shackle pin and body casting lugs).
iv) Examine complete body casting and check for cracks I impact
damage which may affect the workings of the block.
v) If the block is the retrieval type, ensure the winding handle is still
attached.
vi) Pull out the cable and check for broken wires, wear and corrosion.
(Pay particular attention to the portion of wire below the neoprene
buffers as this tends to be a moisture trap). Ensure the wire returns
efficiently.
vii) Examine thimble eye in wire and swivel eye in hook checking for
wear I distortion.
viii) Examine bottom hook checking for wear I distortion and ensure
safety latch engages properly.

Safety Harness

~ Note: Only full body harnesses are acceptable for use with fall
[3 arrest devices

Examine the webbing on the safety harness checking for wear I

cuts.
ii) Ensure all stitching is intact and metal fittings have not abraded the
webbing.
iii) Ensure buckles I clasps, etc. fasten correctly.
iv) Ensure you know how to put it on correctly.

Suspension Trauma

Warning! When using fall protection. "NEVER WORK ALONE." Have

someone watch over you with a rescue plan in place. If you do fall and your
fall is arrested, the resulting tightening of your harness plus the effects of
CD gravity will inhibit, if not prevent, blood flowing back to your heart. This will
result in loss of consciousness and can prove fatal in less than 15 minutes.
If you can, keep moving to relieve constant pressure and try and maintain a
horizontal position until rescued.

The International Rigging & Lifting Handbook I 155

22.8 Safety
Attach the block to a suitable secure anchorage such as a handrail or
scaffold pole and ensure it cannot slide off the end. (Remember, this may
have to take twice your weight in the event of a fall).

Fig 22.4 Fig 22.5

22.9 Anchor your block as close as possible to your work place and if possible,
directly above you to reduce swing in the event of a fall.

22.10 In the event of a fall, the retrieval winch can be swiftly deployed by
removing the quick release pin (see fig 22.6 & 22. 7) and inserting it into the
handle to form part of the winding mechanism (see fig 22.8).

~
t
r' -,
Standard Position Winch In Operating Mode Winch In
For Normal Use (Ratche~ Winding Mode
Fig 22.6 Fig 22.7 Fig 22.8

156 I O NSL 1991 I nsl.ascowor1d.com

 Note: The winch can raise fallen personnel by means of the ratchet
~ mechanism or the w1nd1ng handle In the event of a block arresting a fall,
L::J 1t must be returned to an approved repair agent for inspection and repair I
resetting 1mmed1ately

22.11 Always

Check the visual indicator or red button position to ensure the

block is fit to use.
ii) Attach to suitable anchor position.
iii) Position directly above I as close to workplace as possible.

22.12 Never

Use a block which has been used to arrest a fall.

ii) Use the retrieval winch for general raising of personnel or materials.
{Emergency Use Only Following A Fall)
iii) Climb above the anchor point for your fall arrester.
iv) Never move around the worksite trailing your lanyard. If it's not in
use, secure it in a non-snagging position or remove it.

The International Rigging & Lifting Handbook j 157

SAFETY ADVICE

23• 0 SLINGING
GUIDELINES

FORKCHLl~16cKS
REA

27.0 GUl~::scJNNEL
ON SFERS
TRAN
(BILLY PU GH AND FROG) 28.0 GUIDANCEV~~
LIFTIFNAGC?LITIES
29.0 HANDS-FREE
LIFTl~~AFE USE
LIVE

(INCLUDIN
OF TAG LINES)
23.0 SLINGING GUIDELINES
23.1 These are general guidelines, the majority of which are pertinent to all types
of slings whether constructed from wire rope, lifting chain or man-made
fibres. Whichever construction you are using, refer to the relevant section
in this handbook for additional information.

23.2 Storage
Wherever possible, all slings should be stored in a warm dry atmosphere
either coiled or hanging on purpose made racks. Wire ropes and chain
slings should be periodically lubricated to prevent corrosion.

Fig 23.1

23.3 Slinging Tubulars

The slinging of tubulars is a very common lifting operation. The slings
ideally should be positioned approximately 25% (of the total length) in from
either end. This reduces hogging and sagging to the minimum.

1. 25% .1 J. 25% .1
Fig 23.2

Industry Practice: Each sling should have a SWL! I WLL! approximately

equal to the gross weight of the load. This allows for down-rating them for
the choke hitch, the extra stress in the sling due to the bulldog grip, the
lifting angle of the pair of slings and the dynamic I shock-loading wlien
snatching from a supply vessel.

160 j 0 NSL 1991 I nsl.ascowor1d.com

23.4 The slings must be double wrapped with a choke hitch taking care not
to cross over the wires on the underside of the pipe or tube bundle. The
choke hitch should be pulled tight to contain the bundle and secured using
a bulldog grip. A tie wrap should then be fitted to prevent the reeved eye
slipping over the bulldog should the bundle loosen in transit.Torque values
are not relevant in this application but be careful not to over-tighten the
grips to t he extent where they damage the ropes.

Include angle not to

exceed 120'

This hitch compresses the

load and prevents it from
slipping out of the sling

Fig 23.3

23.5 If using Bulldogs only DIN 1142 type are acceptable for this particular
purpose.
Typical examples (SWLs shown below are for grade 1770 ropes):

16 mm for 3 tonne slings

19/20 mm for 4.8 tonne slings
22 mm for 5 tonne slings

CD Warning! Do not over-tighten the gnp as this could damage the wire rope

The International Rigging & Lifting Hanctx>ok 1161

 To crane hook

Fit v.ith threaded

portion to this side
Eye of sling

Fig 23.4

Warning! Although the British Standard indicates that it is acceptable to

single wrap and choke INDIVIDUAL tubulars, this is only recommended
under ideal conditions. In cases where outside influences can affect the
safety of the lift, e.g. offset centre of gravity, lifting on a vessel w here the

CD load is liable to swing, lifting in windy conditions, lifting in confined spaces,

lifting excessive heights. etc. it is recommended that these tubulars are
also double wrapped. If the tubular or load is being lifted and laid down
more than once, it may also be advisable to lock the ct1oke w ith an ASBRO
WireClamp ™ or a wire rope grip {bulldog) secured with a tie-w rap.

23.6 Always
Prepare your landing site to enable the bundles to be landed without
crushing the slings.

Ag 23.5

(i1\
Warning! When lowering off w ith the crane. beware of tubulars ro lling out
~ to flat position There may be a danger of limbs being trapped

162 1ONSL1991 I nsl.ascoworld.com

23.7 Always
When stacking tubulars, insert timber packing or similar to prevent
damaging the slings.

Fig 23.6

23.8 Never

Sling tubes of different diameters.

ii) Sling a mixture of tubulars, angle, fiat bar, etc. (in both cases the
smaller items will slip out).
iii) Tighten the choke by hammering as this will increase the effective
sling angle thus weakening the sling and cause mechanical
damage to the ferrule I splice.

Flat bar
Different size
tubes

Fig 23.7

The International Rigging & Lifting Handbook I 163

23.9 Sling Angles
When lifting with multi-leg slings, they are rated at a certain tonnage from
0° to go 0 and this SWL should NOT be exceeded even if the angle is less
than go0 • When using single slings in pairs however, you must always be
aware of the increased loadings in the slings when lifting at an angle.

O'--
- 0.500 te each sling (0.5)

~·---o--- 0.518 te each sling (0.52)

, ...._,.___ ,___ _ 0.707 te each sling (0.7)

120' (included angle) --t--/Jlf""7"'-• -""'""__,,_~,----.--- 1.00 te each sling (1.0)

1 tonne load

Fig 23.8

For the above reason, the SWL of a pair of single slings decreases as the
angle between them increases as shown below:

O" SWL= SWL of one sling x 2

30' SWL= SWL of one sling x 2 x 0.966

60" SWL= SWL of one sling x 2 x 0.866

90" SWL= SWL of one sling x 2 x 0. 707

120' SWL = SWL of one sling x 2 x 0.5

or

()' SWL= SWL of one sling x 2

30' SWL= SWL of one sling x 1.93

60' SWL= SWL of one sling x 1.73

90' SWL= SWL of one sling x 1.41 4

120' SWL= SWL of one sling only

164 j0 NSL 1991 I nsl.ascoworld.com

23.10 Mode Factor (M)
Always consider the variation in sling capacity when slinging in various
configurations.

Min45°

Straight pull Choke hitch Basket hitch Basket hitch

M = 1.0 M=0.8 Min45' parallel
M=l.4 M =2.0

Min 45° Min45°

Two-legged sling Four-legged sling

Min45° Min 45°
M = 1.4 M=2.1

Fig 23.9

Multiply the SWL of one leg'by the mode factor - M to obtain the SWL of
the configuration. (The last four modes I ratings do not apply to "round"
slings - Refer to table 3 at back of handbook).

The International Rigging & Lifting Handbook 1165

23.11 Irrespective of the sling material (wire, chain or fibre), it is imperative to
avoid bending the sling around sharp corners or edges. This will severely
weaken the sling and often result in sling failure. Suitable packing should
be used to prevent this situation.

Typical application
Lilting sheet steel

Packing round
Cut to length as required
sharp corners

Fig 23.10

23.12 Protection of Load

Apart from protecting your lifting slings, certain loads are such that they
need protection from the slings. Timber packing in most cases is suitable
where polyester slings cannot be used.

Slinging Slinging
Gable Reel (Wire Rope) Cable Reel (Electrical)

Protection for wire rope Protect the reel from collapsing and
and slings protect the sling from sharp edges
Protection for reel
and slings
Fig 23.11

166 I0 NSL 1991 I nsl.ascoworld.com

23.13 Slinging Barrels (Steel)
Barrels are normally transported in the horizontal position using either
cargo nets or choked fibre slings. To facilitate handling barrels ONLY - as
opposed to transportation around the installation, barrel {drum) slings may
be used, e.g. moving barrels from storage on the installation into a cargo
net. These should be the single endless chain type, with a bearing point to
bearing point length of 2 metres - when uncoupled and at full extension.
This results in a total chain length of about 3. 7 metres.
The barrel sling hooks are only effective when under tension, and so must
be held in position until there is tension in the chains.

The preferred handling method is to use two fibre slings.

/\

•
(Preferred}

(Not For Transportation}

Fig 23.12

Warning! Extreme caution should be exercised when using barrel chains

(fl\ as they tend to slip off 1mmed1ately when the load 1s relaxed They can also
'-.V inadvertently dislodge themselves and cause the load to drop 1f the load
comes down against an obstruction such as a hand rail or similar

The International Rigging & Lifting Handbook 1167

23.14 The Safe Use of Flexible Intermediate Bulk Containers (FIBCs).
An FIBC is a flexible container, sometimes called a "big bag" or "bulk bag",
with a capacity of up to 3 cubic metres, carrying loads from half tonne to 2
tonnes. FIBCs are suitable for any free-flowing material in powder, granular
or flake form.

In 1985 the European Flexible Intermediate Bulk Container Association

(EFIBCA) published the first internationally recognised Standard for FIBCs
for non-dangerous goods. (FIBCs for dangerous goods are certified to the
"United Nations Recommendations for the Transport of Dangerous Goods
- Model Regulations").

EFIBCA provide guidance and information on the selection, safe use and
testing I certification of FIBCs.

FIBCs should be clearly and correctly labelled with all the information
stated in the Standard.

FIBCs conforming to EN Standards will comply with LOLER and be

suitable for delivering bulk cargo. But beware! - Not all bags are supplied
by EFIBCA members!

----
Integral certified
lifting straps

Data label

Typical Bulk Bag - Only suitable for lifting free-flowing materials

Fig 23.13

168 I O NSL 1991 I nsl.ascoworld.com

 Note: The ma1ority of bags supplied to the offshore oil and gas industry are
"Single Trip" and should only be used once, i.e. for one filling and discl1arge.
Also available, are standard duty and heavy duty bags which can be re-
used for a l1m1ted number of fillings and discharge but only after inspection
for damage, particularly to the underside of loops. FIBCs should not be
repaired.

Warning! Reusable FIBCs must only be refilled with the same product
as the one for which 1t was designed, i.e. they are not suitable for the
transportation of concentrated solid loads such as scrap metal, scaffolding
components, etc. which could severely damage the bag if knocked against
something. They are not suitable for the transportation of extremely hot
items which could melt the fabric, or sharp items which could cut the fabric.

23.15 In the interests of safety, the use of FIBCs for the transportation of anything
other than the cargo for which they were designed must be prevented.
If FIBCs are to be stored for lengthy periods, preferably, they should be
stored indoors, in dry conditions and away from direct sunlight. Note: Their
condition can deteriorate if subjected to long-term static storage so it is
advisable to rotate stocks.

Not all FIBCs are suitable for outdoor storage but for those that are:

1) Particular attention should be paid to the top closure and its

method of tying off.
2) They should be sheeted over to prevent excessive water collection
and to protect them against ultraviolet radiation.
3) Care should be taken to ensure that they are not standing in water.
4) Care should be taken to avoid high temperatures.

23.16 This section of the handbook should be read in conjunction with sections
6, 17, 18and 19.

The International Rigging & Lifting Handbook 1169

24.0 LOADING I UNLOADING OF CONTAINERS
24.1 A lot of equipment and material is transported in containers. Larger or
heavier items are transported in open tops, cargo boxes, etc. These are
all classified as "Cargo Carrying Units" and hereafter will be referred to as
CCUs.

24.2 Pre-use Examination

As with all other lifting equipment, CCUs must be visually examined by the
operator prior to loading and the following checks made:

1. Check that the inspection I test plate is up to date and there are 28
days I 1 Month left on the certification period (When dispatching
from the shore base).
Abbreviations you will find on the inspection I test plate:
T test (proof load tested).
V visual (examined only).
VN visual and NDT'd (usually MPl'd).
2. Ensure the overall structure is sound and there are no signs of
mechanical damage.
3. Check the function of the door locking mechanism and ensure the
doors close and lock without having to apply undue force.
4. Check that the lifting set is of the correct length for the size of the
CCU (i.e. the legs must be long enough to facilitate a lifting angle of
45° from vertical, or less).
5. Ensure the sling set is correctly fitted (i.e. no twists in the legs) and
is of adequate SWL I WLL.
6. If the CCU is a container, check efficiency of door seals.
7. If the CCU is of the open top design, ensure all drainage holes are
free from blockage.

CD Warning! The larger open top corta·ners with drainage ho.es blocked can
holo up to 18 tonnes of water

170 I C NSL 1991 I nsl.ascoworld.com

 6. Check seals

~ 4. Check slings

2. Check for
mechanical damage

3. Check locks 1. Check certification

Fig 24.1

24.3 Loading
The loading of CCUs must be carried out in strict accordance with your
procedures paying attention not to mix chemicals and I or gases which
when combined (possibly through transit damage) could become toxic,
highly fiammable or explosive.

24.4 Never Exceed the SWL

When loading a CCU, plan where the relevant items are to be placed to
evenly distribute the load and minimise possible transit damage should
the items become loose. Where the actual weights of individual items are
unknown, they should be weighed and manifested as they are loaded to
ensure the SWL of the CCU is not exceeded. The gross weight should be
checked during loading onto vehicles prior to shipment.

The International Rigging & Lifting Handbook 1171

24.5 Secure the Load
It is imperative that the contents of a CCU are secured (especially in a
closed container) as the most common cause of cargo handling accidents
is dislodged loads falling out when the doors are opened (See Fig 25.2).
Securing methods are as follows:

Tying back loads to internal lashing points.

ii) Wedging the loads.
iii) Using inflatable air bags (dunnage bags) to occupy any free space
in the container. (This method is also useful for separating and
protecting fragile loads).

~ Note: Dunnage bags can withstand 111 excess of 8 tonnes of external

l.:=J pressure and hence not only occupy free space but actually press the cargo
against the sides of the container to secure the loads

Internal Lashing Points Dunnage Bags

Fig 24.2

172 I C NSL 1991 J nsl.ascoworld.com

 As additional security, it may be prudent to fit a door safety net.

Fig 24.3

24.6 Mixed Cargoes

When loading CCUs (especially open tops as shown below) do not
put sharp items alongside drums or plastic containers which could be
punctured and leak possible hazardous substances. Do not allow items to
protrude over the side or be in a position where they are liable to roll or fall
off the open top container. Ensure slings are not trapped beneath cargo, or
damaged by sharp or heavy objects.

Fig 24.4

The International Rigging & Lifting Handbook 1173

24.7 Sling Sets
When lifting on to a lorry or vessel, ensure that the sling set is conveniently
positioned (e.g. the fifth leg hanging over the side of the container) to
give easy access for the next operator handling the load. During road
transportation, the fifth leg (where fitted) should be restrained by the truck's
lashings to prevent it swinging in transit to the possible endangerment of
other road users.

24.8 Always
Exercise extreme care when opening container doors. Should there be
any hint of a dislodged load resting against the door (e.g. handle stiff
to operate), attach a rope to the handle and attempt to open the door
remotely.

24.9 Never
Load a CCU I place loads inside in such a way that there is no way of
unloading it at its destination.

24.10 Containers I Cargo Baskets - Tips on Safe Storage

Onshore - Wherever possible, units should be stored in rows with a small
gap all around them so that forklift trucks can pick them up individually
without engaging the one behind or colliding with the ones on either side
during lifting. For safety reasons, this gap should be kept to a minimum to
prevent access by personnel.
The slings should always be left hanging down the fronts of the units where
they can be easily reached from ground to minimise working at height.
To prevent "dropped objects" when moving these units from storage,
ensure any loose items and I or tools have been removed from the tops I
roofs and check for gravel, stones and other debris in the forklift pockets.
Also look out for loose data plates and secondary securing devices such
as chains and padlocks.

1741ONSL1991 j nsl.ascoworld.com
Offshore - the handling of cargo units offshore is almost entirely done by
crane which means the units can be stored closer together to save room
on deck. However, stacking must be avoided if at all possible. Units may
only be stacked if:

Company I worksite policy allows the practice.

ii) The units are of a compatible size i.e. the same width and they
have been specifically designed for stacking e.g. having engaging
mechanisms for locating one on top of the other, preventing
slippage between them and with an adequate gap between to
prevent damage to the sling set. (See Figs 25.5 & 25.6).
iii) A satisfactory Risk Assessment has been performed.

Typical stacking locator &

sling protector

;<

Cargo unit designed for stacking

j
Fig 24.5
f

Gap to prevent
crushing slings

Stacking baskets the same width = OK

Fig 24.6

The International Rigging & Lifting Handbook j 175

 Warning! Never attempt to stack cargo baskets or boxes of varying
(fi\
widths using wooden packers as the packers are subjected to bending
~ forces which could lead to the failure and toppling I collapse of the stack 1e
extremely dangerous

I Stacking different widths = dangerous

f Fig 24.7

~ Note: The stacking of cargo units on ottshore locations 1s restricted to two

L::J h1g l1 It 1s not penn1tted at all on supply vessels

176 I O NSL 1991 I nsl.ascoworld.corn

25.0 Forklift I Reach Trucks
Only authorised fully trained personnel are permitted to operate forklift
trucks.and they should only be operated within designated I authorised
non-hazardous areas.

25.1 Although the maintenance of the forklift I reach truck is normally carried
out by a trained mechanic, the day-to-day condition must be monitored
by the operator who, on finding any faults, should report them to the
mechanic and I or supervisor for remedial action.

25.2 Pre-use Examination

At the start of every work shift, it is the forklift truck operator's duty to
carry out a visual check on the truck to ensure it is in safe condition. The
following checks should be made:

Examine forks and ensure they are not bent or damaged.

ii) Ensure lateral locks on the forks are working.
iii) Examine lifting chains and check for worn I damaged links. Ensure
the lifting chain anchors are secure.
iv) Check lift I tilt (and reach) rams and hydraulic hoses for leaks.
v) Check condition of tires and security of wheel nuts.
vi) Check fuel (if battery powered, check condition of terminals). Also
check battery security and water, lubricant and coolant levels.
vii) Check hydraulic oil level (with forks lowered).
viii) Check condition of operator's protection frame I cab.

Start Up Truck
ix) Check all lifting functions, i.e.: hoist, lower tilt, reach, sideshift (if
fitted), etc.
x) Check all transmission functions, i.e. drive, steering, footbrake and
parking handbrake.
xi) Ensure all safety devices and gauges work, e.g. horn, flashing
lights.

The International Rigging & Lifting Handbook 1177

25.3 Operation
Before attempting any lift, it is important to establish the weight and
dimensions of the load. The dimensions are required to determine the
Centre of Gravity (C of G) in relation to the 'load centre' (see fig 25.1 ). Once
this is known, it should be checked against the capacity chart plate on the
forklift truck to ensure it has the capacity to lift the load.

~ Note: Spec1f1c handling attachments may have a lower capacity than

L::J the forklift and care should be taken to ensure the lower capacity 1s not
exceeded

Load center measured

from the vertical face of
the forks, to the center
of gravity of the load

Fig25.1

25.4 Forklift trucks should always be parked with the tips on the ground and the
heels as close to the ground as possible. Therefore, before moving off, you
must tilt back the mast and raise the forks to give clearance for forward
travel. This clearance should be kept as low as reasonably practical with
slight back tilt but will be dictated by the ground conditions.
(The controls should be operated smoothly at all times).

25.5 Adjust the distance between the forks to the maximum that the load can
accommodate or to suit the fork pockets if fitted. Approach your load with
the forks low and parallel to the ground. Drive towards the load until it is
almost against the back face of the forks then stop, raise the forks to take
the load and tilt back to stabilise (retract reach if applicable). Travel with
the load as low as practicable ensuring your line of vision is not impaired.
Should your vision be impaired due to a tall or bulky load, travel in reverse
or have an assistant guide you.

178 I O NSL 1991 I nsl.ascoworld.com

25.6 Stacking with a Forklift Truck
Should you be stacking loads, drive as close to the stack as possible and
apply brakes before raising the load. Once the load is raised to the desired
height, drive forward slowly until the load is above the stack. Reapply
brakes, tilt forward until the mast is vertical and lower the load onto the
stack. Reverse out slowly ensuring the load is stable and the forks are free.
Lower forks completely before moving off .

...
1. Approach stack and stop 2. Raise load to desired height

+ "'ra-

... 3. Drive fmward slowly 4. Tilt mast until vertical and

"
f

place load

5. Reverse out slowly 6. Lower forks and tilt back

Fig 25.2

The International Rigging & Lifting Handbook 1179

25.7 Removing Loads from a Stack
Should you be removing a load from a stack, the operation is reversed.

1. Approach stack, stop and 2. Raise load to desired height

tilt mast until vertical

3. Drive forward slowly 4. Stop, take load and tilt back

5. Move back slowly clear of stack 6. Lower load before moving off

fig 25.3

180 J ONSL 1991 I nsl.ascoworld.com

25.8 If negotiating a ramp or incline, the height of the forks has to be adjusted
to give the required clearance. Going uphill, always lead with the load and
when going downhill, always trail with the load to prevent the load rolling or
sliding off the forks and I or upsetting the balance of the truck.

25.9 Forklift trucks are often narrow for manoeuvrability and hence tend to be
less stable laterally (side to side). For this reason, with or without load,
never travel across an incline.

25.10 Avoid using the forks through sling eyes to pick up pre-slung loads
especially lifting on a single fork. Special hook attachments are available for
this type of duty.

25.11 Always

Work within the capacity of your forklift truck.

Check all around you before traveling, forwards or reverse. Mirrors have
blind spots. so checking only mirrors is not a complete check.

Check your mast and load height when driving through doorways, areas
with restricted head room and be aware of other hazards or structures
such AC units, deluge systems, cable tray paths, etc.

25.12 Never
Allow personnel to ride on the truck or load.

25.13 Forklift trucks for use in a hazardous environment, if diesel or gas powered,
are required to meet EEMUA standards as a minimum. Electrically
powered forklift trucks are required to meet BASEEFA.

The International Rigging&. Lifting Handbook 1181

26.0 MANUAL HANDLING AND KINETIC LIFTING
26.1 Manual handling is the handling of loads by human effort, and legislation
defines as "any transporting or supporting of a load (including the lifting,
putting down, pushing, pulling, carrying or moving thereon by hand or by
bodily force. A "load" includes persons, animals, material supported on a
fork or shovel, etc.

26.2 The problems associated with manual handling are widespread throughout
most industries. These problems are not only associated with industrial
work, but cover all areas where bodily force is used to move or support
loads.

26.3 The accepted approach to the potential risks from manual handling is the
"ERGONOMIC APPROACH", i.e. fitting the job to the person rather than
the other way around.

26.4 The Manual Handling Operations Regulations came into force on 1 January
1993. The guidance booklet produced by the Health and Safety Executive
is designed to interpret and explain the regulations and give guidance on
how the requirements can be met.

26.5 It is recommended that you obtain or have access to the HSE Guidance
booklet and also receive training I instruction in the safe manual handling
of loads.

26.6 These regulations require employers to make a suitable and sufficient

assessment of the risks to the health and safety of employees at work and
the risks to the health and safety of persons not in his employment arising
out of or in connection with the conducted.

1821 C NSL 1991 I nsl.ascowor1d.com

26. 7 The regulations seek to prevent injury not only to the back but also to
any part of the body by giving the following sequence of activities:

Ascertain if the need for manual handling can be eliminated.

ii) If not, can the movement of the load be automated or can it be
handled mechanically?
iii) Evaluate the possibility of using handling aids, e.g.: small
hoists, sack trolleys, conveyor systems, etc.
iv) If it must be handled manually, assess the risk of injury.

(Refer to example of assessment checklist at end of this

section)

26.8 The employer has a duty to:

Make suitable and sufficient assessment of all such manual

handling operations to be undertaken by the employees,
having regard to the factors which are specified in column 1
of Schedule 1 of the Regulations and considering questions
which are specified in the corresponding entry in column 2 of
that Schedule.
ii) Take appropriate steps to reduce the risk of injury to those
employees arising out of their undertaking any such manual
handling operations to the lowest level reasonably practicable,
and
iii) Take appropriate steps to provide any of those employees
who are undertaking any such manual handling operations
with general indications and, where it is reasonably practicable
to do so, precise information on the weight of each load, and
the heaviest side of any load whose centre of gravity is not
positioned centrally.

The International Rigging & Lifting Handbook I 183

26.10 The Manual Handling Operations Regulations 1992, Schedule 1,
Regulation 4 (1 )(B)(i)
Factors to which the employer must have regard and questions he must
consider when making an assessment of Manual Handling Operations.

Factors Questions

1. The Tasks Do they involve:

Holding the loads at distances from the trunk?

Unsatislact()fy bodily movement or posture, especially:

twisling 1he trunk?

stooping?
reaching forward?

Excessive movement of loads, especially:

excessive lifting or lowering distances?

excessive carrying distances?
excessive pushing or pulling of loads?
risk of sudden movement of loads?
frequent or prolonged physical effort?
insufficient rest or recovery period?
a rate of work imposed by process?

2. The Loads Are they:

heavy?
bulky or unwieldy?
difficull lo grasp?
unstable, or with contents likely to shift?
sharp, hot or otherwise potentially damaging?

3. The Working Environment Are there:

space constraints preventing good posture?

uneven, slippery or unstable floors?
variations in level ol floors or work surfaces?
extremes of temperature or humidity?
conditions causing ventilation problems or gvsts of wind?
poor ligh1ing conditions?

4. Individual Capability Does the job:

require unusual strength, height, etc?

create a hazard to those who might reasonably be considered
to be pregnant or have a health problem?
require special information or training for its safe performance?

5. Other factors Is movement or pos1ure hindered by personal protective

equipment or by dothing?

1841ONSL1991 I nsl.ascoworld.com
26.11 Regulations 3 (3) of the Management of Health and Safety at Work
Regulations 1999 requires employers to review their risk assessments.
The assessment should be kept up to date and reviewed if new
information comes to light or there has been a change in the Manual
Handling Operations, which in either case have a material affect on the
conclusion reached previously. The assessment should also be reviewed if
a reportable accident occurs.

26.12 Each employee while at work shall make full and proper use of any safe
system of work provided for his I her use by their employer in compliance
with regulation 14 of these Regulations.

26.13 Lack of knowledge and training on how to lift loads or how to use any
special equipment provided will increase the risks to an individual. Similarly,
lack of understanding in management and supervisory staff who are
lacking in the skills required.

26.14 The regulations state that employers must train, instruct and supervise
any personnel who are required to conduct a Manual Handling Operation.
but they themselves must have the knowledge and the skill to pass on the
training required.
This may be accomplished with the use of outside training bodies.
26.15 Kinetic Lifting - Lifting and Handling General Principles

26.16 In the United Kingdom, over 40,000 accidents per year reported by
industry are caused by the incorrect handling or carrying of goods.
The majority of these accidents occur in the construction and heavy
engineering industries.

26.17 The correct way to lift and carry is to lift with the legs and not with the
back, and to use the body weight.
Fig26.1

Faligue slrain can be prevented. Concentration Relaxing both knees to lower hands allows
of slress is the main cause of fatigue strain. feet to adjust for movemenl, better balance
Bending & IW1st1ng on a rigid leg concentrales adjustments and proper use of bodyweight.
stress mhip and lower back. Stress is distributed throughout body.
The International Rigging & Lifting Handbook I 1ss
26.18 If an object is too heavy, help must be obtained. Personnel must look out
for splinters, projecting nails, and sharp wire.

26.19 Before a load is lifted, obstructions must be removed, snags must be

noted and a space cleared where the load is to be set down. Personnel
must ensure that they can see over the load. Gloves should be worn when
handling sharp or slippery objects.

26.20 Avoid being too rigid when preparing for a lift.

Harmful

Top heavy and consciously keeping back

straight when lowering hands leads to
progressive stiffening as hands are lowered

Fig 26.3

26.21 When lifting, the chin should be held in and care taken not to drop the
head forwards or backwards.

26.22 The knees should be bent to a crouching position, keeping the natural
curvature of the spine, but not necessarily vertical.

26.23 A firm grip should be obtained with the palm of the hand and the roots of
the fingers. Using the finger tips means more effort and more chance of
dropping the object.

26.24 Arms should be as close to the body as possible so that the body takes
the weight instead of the fingers, wrist, arm and shoulder muscles. If
possible, the opposite corners of the object should be gripped.

26.25 Lifting should be with the thigh muscles, by straightening the legs, lift by
easy stages, i.e. from floor to knee, from knee to carrying position.

186 I C NSL 1991 I nsl.aSCOWOt1d.com

 Favourable

Progressive relaxation results from unlocking of both knees as hands are lowered. Looking up as
hands take the load automatically straightens back at the correct moment.

Fig 26.4

26.26 When carrying do not change grip. Rest the load on some firm support
and then change.

26.27 To set object down, reverse the lifting procedure.

26.28 Standing with a heavy load should be avoided.

26.29 The consequences of a slip are likely to be greatly increased by the load
being carried as the hands cannot be used to soften the fall. It is therefore
essential to ensure that the route over which the load is being carried is
clear and free from obstructions.

26.30 When a load is lifted or carried by more than one person, the same
principles apply. Persons should work as a team and be given instructions
by one appointed leader only. Wearing rings on fingers is to be avoided.

26.31 Whenever possible, lifting machinery or mechanical aids should be used.

26.32 It is never too late to learn the correct method of lifting.

The International Rigging & Lifting Handbook j 187

26.33 The idea that strength depends upon sheer muscular effort leads to
excessive effort and doubling up, primary cause of most industrial
disabilities.
Conflicting ideas of Movements

Brute Force Skill

Sheer Muscular Effort Balance Control and Elastic Recoil

Fig 26.5

26.34 Real strength depends upon skilful use of bodyweight, good balance
adjustment and elasticity of body structures.
Movements should start in knees and feet, not the head
and upper trunk.

1881 0 NSL 1991 J nsl.ascoworld.com

26.35 The general principles of lifting and handling are as follows:

Pushing

Pulling Down

Levering

Fig 26.6

The International Rigging & Lifting Hancbook I 189

 Thrusting

Wroog Right
The basis of all harmful movement IS top The basis of all good movement is base
heavy bending (initial bending of head and action (initial relaxation of both knees)
upper trunk).

Lifting

Wrong Right
Stiffens legs and back so feet do not ad1ust for Legs and back relax for movement.
movement. Feet adjust to allow follow through with load -
Hands have to reach out excessively elbows tend to remain into the body
- elboWs jut out from body
- excessive finger end pressure

Fig 26.7

190 I0 NSL 1991 I nsl.ascoworld.com

27 .O PERSONNEL TRANSFERS

27.1 Personnel transfer from installation to vessel, vessel to installation, between

vessels, etc. is normally carried out using either; the Personnel Transfer
Capsule (PTC), commonly known as the "FROG", TORO or Billy Pugh.
These lifting operations are always classed as complex or critical and
should be planned and risk-assessed accordingly.

Authorisation: Prior to any personnel transfer operations, the Offshore

Installation Manager, Vessel Master or their deputies, will have reviewed the
task in hand. On giving approval they will sign the permit for the personnel
transfer operation to be carried out.

Prior to commencing the personnel transfer operation:

The following conditions must be met:

Weather conditions must be suitable, e.g. wind speed and direction

I sea state including swell height and direction I current or tide
speed and direction I rain, snow and ice.
ii) Basket or PTC will be inspected by Deck Foreman and the
personnel who will use the equipment.
iii) Personnel involved must agree to be transferred.
iv) Personnel must have been trained in the safe use of the equipment
(training dvd's are available for all products).

~ Note: Personnel who have not travelled previously by basket or PTC will be
L:J accompanied by a member of tl1e Deck Crew

v) Life jackets are issued and will be worn during transfer.

vi) Personnel being transferred from platform to vessel or vice versa
will wear survival suits and safety glasses.
vii) The standby vessel or fast rescue craft should be on standby.

~ Note: Add1t1onal personal protecl've equipment 1s required when on :he

L:J decks e g safety helmet safety boots etc

The International Rigging & Lifting Handbook 1191

27.2 Personnel Transfer Capsules (PTCs I FROGs)
The PTC is a personnel transport and evacuation capsule and is supplied
complete with 3, 4, 6 or 9 seats, fitted with 3 point seat harnesses. The
harnesses are fitted to a shock absorbing central column with lifting
harnesses.

Plan View Elevation

Fig27.1

27.3 The PTC is designed to provide a safe method of transferring personnel

offshore and at sea.

27.4 The PTC comprises two main assemblies, an outer protective shell
consisting of a stainless framework that houses the buoyancy panels and a
central column seating assembly to provide shock absorption and support.
All components are designed for the marine environment.

27.5 The yellow coloured PTC buoyancy panels are manufactured from medium
density polythene. Depending on the model the PTC has a number of large
open access points to permit rapid entry and exit. It can withstand lateral
impacts of 2 mis.

27.6 The buoyancy distribution ensures the PTC will float upright in the event of
immersion. The central column supports a keel weight which ensures that
the PTC will also self right.

192 I0 NSL 1991 I nsl.ascowor1d.com

27.7 The stainless steel suspension central column supports a number of bucket
seats dependent on the model and is fitted with a coiled spring. The lifting
point at the top of the PTC is fitted with a back-up lifting eyebolt.

27.8 The PTC and passengers can safely withstand a maximum vertical impact
of4.5 mis.

27.9 Safe Operating Procedure for Personnel Transfer Capsules (PTCs I

FROGs)

The PTC is supplied with full operating instructions and documentation.

The operation of the PTC requires no extensive training and can be
accomplished quickly. Crane Operators can perform lifts with the PTC in
exactly the same manner as with conventional basket transfers. Personnel
simply enter and exit the PTC and use the seats as they would in a
helicopter or car. Prior to any personnel transfer operations, the Offshore
Installation Manager, or his deputy, will have reviewed the task in hand.
On giving approval the 0.1.M., or his deputy, will sign the permit for the
personnel transfer operation to be carried out.

Pre-Operational Visual Check

A Visual check must be conducted PRIOR to EVERY use of the equipment

(multiple lifts in one series of transfer operations constitute one usage
period). The check must be conducted by a person who has been formally
trained to perform this Visual Check and is familiar with this equipment, i.e.
a Competent Person. A record that the check has been completed should
be recorded appropriately, e.g. an entry in the daily tour record stating
the date the check has been completed, unit number and any relevant
comments. The equipment required to perform the visual check is:

1) A ladder

2) An inspection frame or floor matting

3) Good lighting

A suitable means of safely accessing the top and bottom parts of the
FROG or TOR0-4 is required. When using a step ladder or ladder it must
be securely fixed to prevent slippage whilst accessing the top of the unit.
The keel assembly can be visually checked from ground level using a
torch. Do not go underneath an active lift. Be aware that in some regions
"Working at Height" regulations may apply.

The International Rigging & Lifting Handbook I 193

 Daily I Pre-Use Inspection Check List - FROG

Pre-Operational Visual Check

1) Main Lift-Eye Plug

Check main lifting eye is fully engaged (the machined shoulder
should rest on top of the threaded main lifting column).

2) Main Lift-Eye Plug M16 Bolts

Check two M16 lifting eye bolts, nuts, split pins and tamper proof
seals are present and secure.

3) Back Up Lift-Eye
Check nut, split pin and tamper proof seal are fitted and in good order.

4) M48 Keel Boss and either Roll Pin (Type 1) or M10 Cross
Bolt (Type 2)
Check keel boss and either cross bolt or roll pin are in position c/w
split pin and tamper proof seals and anti-rotation fittings.

5) Frame and Buoyancy

Check for any damage and ensure that all bolts and fasteners are
present, tight and secure. Do not go underneath an active lift.

6) Seat Harness Security

Check seat harnesses operate properly and attachment points
are secure.
7) Inspection Data Plate & Certification
Check the d at e of the last examination/ insp ection to ensure the
unit is in compliance.

8) Lifting Sling Set

Check slings are correctly attached and in good order. Check the
split pins are fitted to shackles. Slings should be in the high visibility
cover. Check the anti-fouling bracket and the back-up eye shackle
insert are in good condition

9) Main Seat Spring

Check the spring condition and test the op eration of the spring.

10) Seat Assembly Anti-Rotation Fitting

Check the anti-rotation bolt (or the roll-pin) is secure and
functioning correctly.

See diagram opposite.

194 I0 NSL 1991 J nsl.ascoworld.com

 SPLIT PIN AND

.I
TAMPER PROOF SEAL

I
I
Ml6 UFT1NG EYE BOLTS
WITH SPLIT P1NS AND
TAMPER PRCOF SEALS

KEEL BOSS TYPE 1

@ j
KEEL PLATE
I

AOlLPlN

KEEL BOSS TYPE 2

VIEW UNDER

The International Rigging & Lifting Handbook I 195

 Daily I Pre-Use Inspection Check List - FROG XT

Pre Operational Visual Check

1) Check LOAD PLATE is fully engaged and secure.

2) Check the LOAD PLATE SAFETY BOLTS are secure and nuts, split
pins and tamper proof seals are in position.
3) Check the NODE PLATE
SAFETY BOLTS are
secure and nuts, split pins
and tamper proof seals are
in position.
4) Check all FITIINGS,
FRAME, and BUOYANCY
are in good order.
WIRE ROPE LIFTING
5) Check SEAT 8
ASSEMBLY 5z
HARNESSES operate G>
properly and attachment 'll
points are secure.
§
6) Check SUSPENSION
SYSTEM operates
I
~
properly and springs
are pre-compressed.
LOAD PL.ATE
LOAD PLATE SAFETY
~ SLIDING SLEEVES must BOLTS

be in contact with the

stoppers at the top.
7) Check INSPECTION
DATA PLATE and all ------
CERTIFICATION are CENTRAL COLUMN ------J
in order.
8) Check WIRE ROPE
LIFTING ASSEMBLY is
correctly attached and
in good order. Check
SHACKLE and SPELTER
SOCKET safety bolts NOOE PLATE
are fitted with SPLIT SAFETY BOLTS

PINS. Lifting Assembly

should be in the HIGH
VISIBILITY COVER. NODE WELOMENT

196 J C NSL 1991 I nsl.ascoworld.com

Daily I Pre-Use Inspection Check List - TOR0-4

Pre-Operational Visual Check

1) Check MAIN LIFT-EYE is fully engaged (the machine shoulder

should rest on the TOP CROSS BEAM).
2) Check both the MAIN LIFT-EYE M16 BOLTS are secure and the
split pins and tamper proof seals are present and secure.
3) Check the nut, split pin and tamper proof seal of the BACK UP LIFT-
EYE are fitted and in good working order.
4) Check both SEAT CROSS BEAM M12 BOLTS are secure and split
pins and tamper proof seals are in position.
5) Check all TORO FITIINGS,
FRAME and BUOYANCIES WIRE ROPE
are in good order. LIFTING ASSEMBLY

6) Check SEAT HARNESSES

operate properly and
attachments points are MAIN LIFTING
secure. LEG

7) Check INSPECTION MAINUFf·EYE

DATA PLATE and all
CERTIFICATION are in HANDLING-EYE

order.
8) Check HANDLING EYE,
NUT, SPLIT PIN and
TAMPER PROOF SEAL are
fitted correctly and in good TOP CROSS
BEAM
order.
9) Check WIRE ROPE,
LIFTING ASSEMBLY is SEAT CROSS
correctly attached and BEAM M12 BOLTS

in good order. Check

terminations are fitted SUPPORT TUBE
Ml2BOLTS
with SPLIT PINS. Lifting
assembly should be in the NOTE: SF.ATS AND BASE FRAME NOT SHOWN

HIGH VISIBILITY COVER.

The International Rigging & Lifting Handbook 1197

 Prior to Lift Off

Check that all capsule fittings are in good order and within
certification. Ensure that the lifting sling and all shackles are
properly attached (with split pins in place).

ii) Ensure all passengers are wearing a survival suit and a life jacket.
Check passengers are seated and properly harnessed - use the
adjustment straps.

~ Note: A stretcher may be earned by 1nstall1ng tl1e frame provided Secure

r=J the stretcher t1gl1tly to tl1e frame using the straps p1 ov1ded

iii) Ensure that any luggage in the capsule is well secured.

iv) Attach the crane hook.

~ Note: Do not exceed 20kg I 441bs of luggage per passenger

v) Check that tag lines and lifting sling is free and clear of any
J snagging hazards and check that the lift path is clear of any
obstructions.
f vi) Confirm that the passengers are ready for lift-oft then signal to the
Crane Operator to pick up slowly.

Landing on a Support Vessel

Guide the capsule into a suitable landing position using tag lines as
required.

ii) Upon touch down, the Crane Operator should immediately lower
the hook by another 3 metres I 1Oft.

1-J?-i Note: This will create slack "' t"e '1ghtwe1ght sling and preve,'t sra·ch1ng of
r=J the capsule due to vessel heave or loss of station

iii) Signal to the passengers to release their harnesses and step clear
of the capsule.

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27.10 Handling a Stretcher on a Moving Vessel

The capsule must be detached from the crane prior to installing or

removing a stretcher. Detach the capsule using the master link attachment
joining the two dedicated slings.

27 .11 Storage I Maintenance

The capsule should be stored secured to the deck using soft line if
weather conditions dictate. It is recommended that a special cover
is fitted.

ii) Visually inspect the lifting point area prior to each use and ensure
the top nut is fully engaged.

iii) Inspection requirements: pre-use by the user and 6-monthly by a

Competent Person.

27.12 Emergency Recovery

In the event of the capsule being in the sea and disconnected from
the crane hook, an emergency recovery sling should be fitted to
the back-up eyebolt.

ii) The emergency recovery sling can be attached with a shackle to

the back-up eyebolt and connected directly to the crane hook.

The International Rigging & Lifting Handbook 1199

27.13 Personnel Transfer Baskets (Billy Pughs)

Billy Pughs are propriety baskets manufactured in the main from

polypropylene (UV stabilised) with floatation rings top and bottom. The
rings are constructed from galvanised steel and fitted with buoyancy
fenders.

Stretcher opening

Double steel ring and

buoyancy fender

Fig '£7.2

Note: Tl1is model is not compliant with LOLER legislation and must only be
used as a last reso1i I in emergency circumstances. however other models
meet legislative requirements

200 I C NSL 1991 j nsLascoworld.com

27.14 Safe Operating Procedure for Personnel Transfer Baskets (Billy
Pughs)

Personnel transfer baskets (Billy Pughs) should only be used when no

other means of transferring personnel is available. When their use is
authorised, it must be under strictly controlled conditions.

Daily I Pre-use Inspection Check List

Prior to using the basket, it must be inspected as follows:

1 Check ropes for obvious defects including frayed rope strands,
cuts, burns and chemical attack. If in doubt, seek specialist
assistance.
2 Ensure rope splices are free of defect.
3 Ensure stabiliser is in place.
4 Check rings and shackles for obvious defects.
5 Ensure shackle pins are fully tightened and appropriate securing
measures are attached where applicable.
6 Ensure PVC covers for rings are securely attached.

Attachment to crane: The lifting sling sets fixed to the transfer baskets
will be fitted directly to the crane's whip line block (i.e. no pennant).

Additional safety: The Crane Operator will have a Mechanic capable

of driving the crane on standby at all times during the transfer period. A
Banksman will be in attendance at all times during the transfer period.
During personnel transfer, radio communication will be between the
Crane Operator, the Banksman, the stand-by safety vessel and the vessel
receiving the personnel transfer. This communication will be maintained
throughout the transfer period. The Crane Operator will maintain sight of
the transfer basket at all times during the operation.

Lift off: The Crane Operator will hoist the transfer basket clear of any deck
obstructions, slew clear of the platform then lower (over the sea) to a level
clear of any vessel superstructure. When it is safe, he will slew the jib over
the vessel's open deck and lower the basket to the deck under instruction
from the vessel's Banksman.

The personnel transfer operation will be reversed for transfer from vessel to
platform.

The OIM I Vessel Master must be informed when the transfers are
completed.

The International Rl99lng & Lifting Handbook I 201

27.15 Personnel Transfer Device - Billy Pugh X-904

The Billy Pugh X-904 is a collapsible Personnel Transfer Device; if the

device is stored in a collapsed state please refer to the manufacturer's
18-step assembly instructions.

If the X-904 is stored in an assembled state the centre pole should be

regularly broken and retightened to avoid fusing (three turns each direction
is sufficient).

Fig 27.3

After use, it must be rinsed with fresh water and stored in a shaded area,
i.e. out of direct sunlight.

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27 .16 Safe Operating Procedure For The X-904

The X-904 Personnel Transfer Device should only be used in conjunction

with equipment w hich is adequate and suitable for the transfer of
personnel.

Daily I Pre-use Inspection Check List

Prior to every use a visual inspection should be undertaken by a

Competent Person as follows:

Check for any damage on all parts of the unit.

2 Visually inspect safety load line when attaching the X-904 to the
crane hook. This includes the 4-part sling and all the hardware as
well as the load line and fabric covered stabiliser. Look for crimps,
broken wires or excessive wear or rust. If any of these problems
exist, take the unit out of service immediately and replace the sling.
Inspect crane hook positive locking device for function and physical
condition.

3 Visually inspect all of the load bearing areas of the X-904 for
excessive wear or damage paying close attention to the rigging
lines (inner and outer).

4 Visually inspect the aluminium centre section for damage, cracks or

excessive wear.

5 Inspect the stainless quick release clips. Regularly spray with a

lubricant so that they operate smoothly.

6 If any load bearing area of the X-904 is worn or defective in any

way, take the unit out of service immediately.

Particular attention should be paid to load bearing lines, hardware,

fall restraint lanyard, covers and flotation.

The International Rigging & Lifting Handbook I 203

 Using the X-904

• Approach the device and place hand luggage into the netted baggage
area.
• Take hold of the outer rigging ropes and step in to the X-904.
• Position your feet as indicated by the footprints on the floor and clip in
using the fall restraint lanyard .
• The fall restraint lanyard prevents personnel from being able to reach or
step off the edge and is a feature which contributes to confidence and
stabilised positioning should the rider slip, faint or become ill.
• Boarding on a stable rig or platform is a simple matter, boarding from
a vessel or in rough seas may require the Crane Operator to raise the
basket slightly off the deck to reduce the pitch and roll and allow the
riders to attach the double action snap hook of the fall restraint lanyard.
• During transfer, personnel should keep their knees bent, hold on to the
centre ropes and keep the double action snap hook in one hand.
• When disembarking, the double action snap hook should be
disconnected to allow the rider to step away to a safe area.
• The rigid construction provides side impact and overhead protection
and allows the Crane Operator to slacken the crane wire further than
with a traditional net basket as the X-904 will remain upright and this is
an important feature in rough seas.
• Should it be required to transfer injured personnel this can be done
without any changes to the device, the injured person should be
secured in a stokes stretcher and the stretcher secured to the device
with suitable safety shackles at each end, at least one person should
accompany the injured person during transfer.
• The device should be washed with fresh water after use, allowed to dry
and then stored or covered in an area protected from the elements.

204 j 0 NSL 1991 I nsl.ascoworld.com

Storage:

The X-904 Personnel Transfer Device has the ability to be collapsed

allowing easy transportation and storage. The unit should be stored in a
clean, dry environment, avoiding direct sunlight and corrosive chemical
substances.

Routine Inspection:

Every 6 months, the device should be inspected by a competent person.

The procedure will be very similar to the inspection process used on
synthetic and wire rope slings. Load bearing areas are most critical.

A two yearly inspection should be conducted by an approved

manufacturers representative, a new Certificate of Conformity
must be re-issued at this time.

To check the crane's ability to perform the lift, refer to the

"Suitability of cranes for Man-riding" checklist in section 8.

The International Rigging & Lifting Handbook I 205

 28.0 LIFTING OVER LIVE FACILITIES

For the purpose of this guidance, live facilities (process plant I equipment,
etc.) can be any of the following :

Equipment, protected or not, having any single or combination of the

following characteristics: hazardous, pressurised, energised or containing
strategic "fluid". Examples: pipes or vessels containing hydrocarbons,
electric cables, equipment cooling water supplies etc.

Q) Warning! Generally, lifting over live fac1l1t1es 1s not permitted

Only in exceptional circumstances will this restriction be lifted but strict

procedures must be followed and there should be additional controls in
place. These lifts must always be classed as complex I critical.

As with normal lifts, you will require:

A permit to work I Authorisation to perform the lift.

A lifting plan (supported by drawings and calculations if appropriate).

A risk assessment (and dropped objects assessment where

appropriate).

A pre-lift toolbox talk.

A competent person to create the lift plan and lead the operation.

A competent lifting team to follow the lift plan and operate the lifting
equipment.

A competent Crane Operator (if a crane is being used).

A compliment of fully certified lifting equipment.

To keep the load as low as possible, e.g. just high enough to clear any
obstructions but allowing for a margin of error.

~ Note: LOLER Reg 8(1)(c) and BS 7121 3 (9 3 6) provide fu rtl1er

1 ~ 1nformat1on I guidance
I

206 I 0 NSL 1991 I nsl.ascow0l1d.com

For lifting over live facilities, further safety precautions should be
considered in the following order:

Additional authorisation from the senior person on site, e.g. OIM,

Vessel Master, Barge Master, etc.

Shutting down, isolating, depressurising and purging the live process

plant I equipment.

The feasibility of installing a protection frame around the live process

plant I equipment or other facilities.

Selecting higher-rated lifting equipment so you do not exceed 75% of

capacity.

The use of static back-up safety rigging (slings hooked up parallel with
the hoist to sustain the load in the event of a hoist brake failure).

Performing a trial run.

Have an emergency plan in place.

Having an emergency crew standing by.

Having direct communications with the control room.

Being ready to shut down.

J
f

The International Rigging & Lifting Handbook I 207

29.0 HANDS-FREE LIFTING (Including Safe Use of Tag-lines)

i
Fig 29.1

29.1 Once connected to a mechanical lifting device, personnel should not

touch a load with any part of their body as the load is being lifted or
before the load is set down and the potential energy has been released.
The exception is where it has been previously approved as a result of
performing a 'specific' risk assessment to manage the risks. Details of how
hands-free lifting is achieved must be included in the lift plan.

29.2 While it is intended to make "hands-free" lifting the norm, there will be
exceptions, e.g. drill string related components, pipe handling equipment
and related rig floor tools. Some tasks necessarily require "hands-on"
lifting. Individual companies may find it useful to make a register of lifts
that cannot be performed "hands-free" along with the relevant safety
precautions to manage and minimise the risks.

208 j C NSL 1991 I nsl.ascowor1d.com

Why Hands-free Lifting?

29.3 The most hazardous parts of a lifting operation are the lifting off and
landing of the load. Therefore at these critical stages, personnel must
be as far away from the load as possible. To ensure this happens, it is
essential to adopt a "hands free" or "hands safe" lifting policy and it must
be rigidly adhered to.

Why is lifting off and landing particularly hazardous?

29.4 Lifting-off:
When the strain is taken by the hoist or crane, any errors in the system will
manifest themselves as the loadings increase through the lifting appliance
and lifting accessories.

What kind of errors can we expect?

The hoist can fail for a number of reasons

The rigging can fail for a number of reasons

The rigging can snag on the load

J
The rigging can snag on adjacent equipment
f
The load can snag on adjacent equipment

Personnel can get caught up in the rigging

The load can rotate, slew or swing

The load can topple

Any overlooked loose items may fall off the load

Any loose items may fall from the crane

The International Rigging & Lifting Handbook I 209

29.5 Landing:

When landing a load, the hoist usually stops lowering to ensure the landing
site is ready to receive the load or to accurately orientate I position the
load for landing. These stop I start I slewing I booming activities can cause
a slight rocking motion through the crane which can result in:

1) The load swinging

2) The load bouncing

3) The load toppling

4) The rigging slipping

5) The rigging failing

6) Dislodged items falling from the crane

7) Dislodged items falling from the load

In addition, if the landing site is not properly prepared, this can also cause
instability of the load. The majority of accidents and incidents happen
during lifting off and landing the load due to the changing dynamics of
the lifting operation and the close proximity of personnel. Personnel are
significantly less likely to be injured if they are outwith the vicinity of the
task, especially when environmental factors cause dynamics resulting in an
incident during the lifting operation.

Fig 29.2

210jCNSL1991 J nsl.ascoworld.com
29.6 What do we need to be able to achieve "hands-free" lifting?

1 The correct mindset

2 Tag lines
3 Push I Pull Poles

Fig 29.3

The Correct Mindset

Changing the way we have done things can result in an element of

"push-back" or resistance but new methods and ideas are required for
improvements to the health and wellbeing of everyone.

The International Rigging &. Lifting Handbook I 211

 It is a natural reaction to hold rigging in place until the tension is taken up
to make sure the load is properly slung and balanced but this can result in
hands and fingers trapped or crushec by the rigging.

Fig 29.4
It is also tempting to move towards a load as it is landing to manhandle it
into the final lay-down position. This is where hands and feet are liable to
crush injuries and can take focus away from your primary task.

Fig29.5

At these critical times you are at most risk, therefore you have to position
yourself at a safe distance from the load.

212 I C NSl 1991 I nsl.ascoworld.com

Use tools such as tag lines and Push I Pull Poles or prods to stabilise
loads and keep you remote from the load.

Fig 29.6

There will always be certain jobs which require "hands-on" for final
positioning but these should be treated as exceptions to the norm and as
such, be fully addressed in the risk assessment process paying special
attention to the risk of injury to fingers and hands, and toes and feet.

2 Tag Lines

Tag lines are "soft" lines made up from single I continual lengths of rope,
(usually polypropylene). The rope should contain no knots, frayed sections
or loops. Where possible, tag lines should be tied to the load and NOT the
rigging. The length of tag lines should be such that personnel using them
can stand well clear when guiding the load.
Although tagline use can introduce additional hazards such as snagging on
surrounding structures, their correct use will increase task safety.

The advantages and disadvantages should be considered and their use

determined by a risk assessment.

The International Rigging & Lifting Handbook ! 213

 The Safe Use Of Taglines:

Tag lines should only be used in normal operating conditions and not as
a control to enable lifting operations to be carried out in adverse weather
conditions.

Ideally, the tag line should be used at an angle of 45 degrees. To prevent

personnel getting too close to a suspended load, boat hooks or similar can
be used to retrieve tag lines hanging vertically down from the load.

:~
'

Fig 29.7

Tag lines should be held in such a manner that they can slip through the
hand if required. All sections of the line, including slack, must be kept in
front of the body, between the handler and the load.

Where two or more persons are handling the same line, ALL must work on
the same side of the line. Any slack must be kept in front of the group.
Particular care must be taken when using tag lines whilst wearing gloves to
ensure that they do not entangle the glove.
NEVER wrap tag lines around the hand.
NEVER tie tag lines off to a structure.
NEVER allow tag lines to coil around your feet.
ALWAYS keep non-involved personnel clear of the
lifting operation.

214 I C NSL 1991 I nsl.ascoworld.com

For guidance, tag lines are normally used for loads which are being lifted to
a height out of normal reach and if they fall into the following category:

1) Long loads which may rotate when lifted.

2) Light loads which may react to or move in strong winds.
3) Loads with a large suriace area which may act as a sail.
4) Landing or positioning loads in confined spaces I areas.
5) Loads of awkward shape which cannot be safely guided by hand.
6) Personnel transfer baskets and work baskets.

We recommend the use of tag lines is considered for all loads if ii helps
facilitate "hands-free" lifting, unless the use of tag lines introduces further
hazards and associated risk.

Fig 29.8

The International Rigging & Lifting ~ I 215

 3 Push I Pull Poles

Push I Pull Poles are aluminium, wooden or fibre glass poles with a boat
hook at one end and a rubber or leather pad at the other. Ideally, these
should be about 2 metres/ 6 feet long.

- !Rll!l

Fig 29.9

29.7 Safe Positioning During Lifting I Pulling

The main point of hands free I hands safe lifting or pulling is to keep
personnel remote from the load, i.e. in a safe position. Just standing a few
metres or a few feet clear is not enough. Personnel must visualise what
could possibly go wrong with the actual lifting I pulling operation.

Work out where any falling, toppling or swinging load could end up.

Imagine where the boom would land if the boom hoist ropes failed.
Imagine where the winch would go if the anchorage failed.

Fig 29.10

2161 C NSL 1991 j nsl.aseowot1d.com

Assess how the load will react if the rig or vessel is hit by a wave. Ensure
no personnel are in the load I strike path should anything fail.

Never position yourself between the load and another solid surface, for
example a bulkhead.

Fig 29.11

Always have a planned escape route and to ensure others remain safe,
never travel a load over personnel. Ensure barriers are in place on all levels
underneath I exposed to the route traveled by the load.

Apart from looking out for yourself, also look out for others who may enter
operational areas. While the work area will be cordoned off, barrier tape
doesn't always stop the person determined to have an accident!

Achieving "hands free" I hands safe lifting is not difficult. Where tasks
require "hands on", think about how you can change it by utilising special
tools or equipment to achieve "hands free". Discuss with your colleagues
and supervisor to determine a safer solution.

The International Rigging & Lifting Handbook I 217

WORKING LOAD LIMIT TABLES

TABLE 1
WIRE ROPE

TABLE 2
WIRE ROPE
TABLE 3 SLINGS
MAN-MADE
FIBRE SLINGS
TABLE 4 ALLOY CHAIN
SLINGS
TABLE 5 ALLOY
SHACKLES
TABLE & EVE BOLTS
TABLE 7 HOIST RINGS
TABLE S TURNBUCKLES
220 I Cl NSL 1991 I nstascowor1d.com
 •
Table 1: Wire Rope Breaking Loads •
(Refer To Section 14)

Table For 6 x 19 And 6 x 36 Construction Groups

Below chart represents materials commonly used within industry however, material grades can
vary greatly and material certification and manufacturers' information should be checked to
ensure capacities.
Minimum Breaking Load at 180 kgf/ mm 2 (1770 N/ mm2)
Nominal Diameter
Fibre Core Steel Core
mm tonne tonne
9 4.82 5.2
10 5.95 6.42
11 7.21 7.77
12 8.57 9.25
13 10.1 10.8
14 11.6 12.6
16 15.3 16.4
18 19.3 20.8
19 21.5 23.1
20 23.9 25.7
22 28.8 31.1
24 34.3 37.0
26 40.3 43.4
28 46.7 50.4
32 61.0 65.7
35 73.0 78.7
36 77.2 83.3
38 85.9 92.8
40 95.3 103
44 124
48 148
c~
52
54
174
187
iJ
~
56
60
201
231
=i
~ Note: Minimum breaking loads (MBLs) Working Load L1m1ts (WLLs) and
L::J Safe Working Loads (SW Ls) can vary slightly between different manfacture1 s
and dependent on manufacturing standards Always check w1tl1 the sling
supplier for confirmation of capacity

~ Note: For general l1ft1ng purposes. SWL = 1/5th of the MBL (1 e Fos = 5 1)
L::J For spec1f1c purposes, e g mooring towing etc, FOS can reduce to 3 1

Never exceed the Manufacturers' recommended Working Load L1m1t

The International Rigging & Lifting Handbook I 221

Table 2: Working Load Limits of Wire Rope Slings

M1mmum Breaking Load at 200 kgf/mm2 (1960 N/mm2)

2 Legs (0-45 Deg)

Working Load Limit in tonnes

0.76 0.82 1.06 1.15 1.6 1.72
9 0.96 1.04 1.35 1.45 2.02 2.18
10 1.19 1.28 1.66 1.7g 2.49 2.69
11 1.44 1.55 2.01 2.17 3.02 3.25
12 1.71 1.84 2.3g 2.57 3.59 3.85
13 2.17 2.8 3.03 4.2 4.55
14 2.33 2.51 3.26 3.52 4.9 5.28
16 3.05 3.29 4.27 4.6 6.4 6.9
18 3.85 4.15 5.4 5.81 8.09 8.71
20 4.75 5.12 6.66 7.17 9.98 10.75
22 5.75 6.2 8.04 8.69 12.06 13.03
24 6.85 7.38 9.58 10.33 14.38 15.5
26 8.02 8.66 11.23 12.13 16.84 18.19
28 9.31 10.04 13.03 14.06 19.54 21.08
32 12.15 13.12 17.01 18.37 25.52 27.56
36 15.38 16.59 21.53 23.23 32.3 34.84
Mode Factor 1.4 2.1

These tables have been compiled in compliance with BS EN 13414 and

BS EN 12385-1 . Load calculations take into consideration the efficiency of the
wire rope terminations.

Note: M1111111u111 breaking loads (MBLs) Working Load L11111ts (WLLs) and
~ Safe Working Loads (SWLs) can vary slightly between different 111anfacturers
~ and depend on 111anufactunng standards Always cl1eck with the sling
supplier for conf1r111at1011 of capacity

Never exceed the Manufacturers' recommended Working Load L1m1t

222. j C NSL 1991 j nsl.ascoworld.com

Table 3: Working Load Limits of Man-made Fibre Slings
(Refer to Section 17)
Round Slings with a factor of safety - 7:1
Capacities

~ ~
Vertical Choker
[lD
Basket
@
Basket 90°
d~
Basket 120"
1.0 I 800 kg 2.01 1.41 1.0t
2.01 1.6! 4.0t 2.81 2.01
3.01 2.4 t 6.01 4.2 I 3.01
4.01 3.2 t 8.01 5.61 4.01
6.0t 4.8 t 12.0t 8.4t 6.0t
8.0 I 6.4 t 16.0t 11.2 I 8.0t
12.0t 9.6t 24.01 16.8t 12.01

Simplex (Single-ply) Web Shngs - Capacities

Vertical Choke Basket Basket 90" Basket 120"
50 1.01 800kg 2.0t 1.4 I 1.0t
100 2.01 1.6t 4.0 I 2.8t 2.01
150 3.0t 2.4t 6.01 4.2 t 3.01
200 4.0t 3.2t 8.01 5.61 4.01
250 5.0t 4.0t 10.0 t 7.0t 5.0t
300 6.0t 4.8 t 12.0t 8.4 t 6.0t

~ Note: For duplex (two ply) and endless web slings, double the above values

Note: Slings are colour coded according to their WLL as follows

1,000 kg = purple I violet 5,000 kg = red
2,000 kg = green 6,000 kg = brown
3,000 kg= yellow 8,000 kg =blue
4,000 kg= grey 10,000 kg= orange
(Slings rated from 10000 kg and over are also coloured orange.)

Never exceed the Manufacturers' recommended Working Load L1m1t

The International Rigging & Lifting Handbook I 223

 Table 4: Working Load Limits of Alloy Grade 80 Chain Slings
(Refer to Section 18)
Note: Grade 80 is being replaced by newer materials such as Grade 100 & Grade 120, however,
if the Grade 80 equipment is used, maintained and certified correctly, they can be used to the
end of their service life. All charts are provided for example only. Manufacturer dimensional and
capacity values may vary and manufacturers specifications should be referenced.

Diameter
I 0 ,\ AIJ\
1 Leg Endless• 2Leg 3Leg&4Leg
7 1.5t 2.5t 2.12 t 3.151
8 2.0t 3.15 t 2.81 4.251
10 3.15 t 5.0t 4.25 t 6.71
13 5.3t 8.5 t 7.51 11.21
16 8.0t 12.5t 11.2 t 17.01
18 10.0 t 16.0t 14.01 21.2t
19 11.21 18.01 16.0t 23.6t
20 12.5 t 20.01 17.01 26.5t
22 15.01 23.61 21.21 31.5 t
23 16.01 26.51 23.6 t 35.5 t
25 20.01 31.51 28.01 40.0t
26 21.21 33.5 t 30.0t 45.0t
28 25.01 40.0t 33.51 50.01
32 31.51 50.01 45.01 67.0t
36 40.01 63.0t 56.0t 85.0t
40 50.0t 80.01 71.01 106.0t
45 63.01 100.0t 90.01 132.01
iMMil' Rated at 0 - 90°

~ Note: It 1s assumed that endless slings will ONLY be used 1n the choke
1 L:J hitch mode, hence the derated capac1t1es If single leg slings are used 111 the
choked mode, their capacities shown above must be reduced by 20%

The above load working load limits apply only to normal conditions of use in
straight configuration and are based on the "uniform load" method of rating.
Grade 10/100 Cham Slings (Coefficient of Safety 4:1}
ii3§.g 3&4Legs

·2mr=rn•·«H·••m·•·••·«i0i·•
mm Working Load Limit in tonnes
0-60 Deg

6 1.4 2 1.4 2.9 2.1

8 2.5 3.5 2.5 5.3 3.8
10 5.6 4 8.4 6
13 6.7 9.4 6.7 14.1 10.1
16 10 14 10 21 15
20 16 22.4 16 33.6 24
22 19 26.5 19 39.9 28.5
Mode Factor 1 1.4 2.1 1.5
224 I C NSL 1991 I nsl.ascowor1d.com
Table 5: Working Load Limits of Grade 6 Alloy Shackles
BSEN 13889 and US Federal Spec.
All charts are provided for example only. Manufacturer dimensional and capacity values may
vary and manufacturers' specifications should be referenced.

Anchor I bow shackle Safety anchor I bow Chain I 'D' shackle Safety chain/ ·o·
with screw pin shackle bolt type wilh screw pin shackle bolt type

.mm. . . . .
mm
.,tffflilrtnt·mfflfiMMFjMBlM
mm mm mm tonne mm
13 16 22 43 51 2t 32
16 19 26 51 64 3.25 t 43
19 22 31 59 76 4.75 t 51
22 26 36 73 83 6.5 t 58
26 28 43 85 95 8.5 t 68
28 32 47 90 108 9.5 t 75
32 35 51 94 11 5 12 t 83
35 38 57 115 133 13.5 t 92
38 42 60 127 146 17 t 99
45 52 74 149 178 25t 126
52 58 83 171 197 35t 146
64 70 105 203 254 55 t 185
i~
76 83 127 230 330 85 t 190
~i
90 96 146 267 381 120t 238
~i
Coefficient of Safety = 6: 1

Never exceed the M anufacturers' recommended W orking Load L1m1t

The International Rigging & Lifting Handbook I 225

 Table 6.1: Working Load Limits of Eye Bolts
(Refer To Section 20)

Collar Eye Bolts to BS 4278 Table 1

Nominal Diameter (mm) SWL (Vertical) 1968 Pattern SWL (Vertical) 1984 Pattern
12 320kg 400kg
16 630 kg 800kg
18 1.0t
20 1.25 t 1.6t
22 1.6 t
24 2.0t 2.5 t
27 2.5t
30 3.2 t 4.0t
33 4.30t
36 5.0t 6.3t
39 6.3t
42 8.0t
] 45 8.0t

f 48 10.0 t
~ 52 10.0 t 12.5 t
56 12.5t 16.0t
64 16.0t 20.0t
70 20.0t
72 25.0t
76 25.0t

All charts are provided for example only. Manufacturer dimensional and capacity values may vary
and manufacturers specifications should be referenced.

Never exceed the Manufacturers' recommended Working Load L1m1t

226 I 0 NSL 1991 I nsl.ascowor1d.com

Table 6.2: Working Load Limits of Pairs of Eye Bolts
(Refer To Section 20)
All charts are provided for example only. Manufacturer dimensional and capacity values may vary
and manufacturers' specifications should be referenced.

Maximum load W to be lilted by a pair of collar eye

bolls when the angle between the sling legs is 0

Safe Working Loads of Pairs of Eye Bolts

Single Vertical Pair Vertical 0<"<30 30<"<60 60<"<90
1.01 2.01 1.31 800kg 500kg
1.251 2.51 1.61 1.01 630kg
1.61 3.2 I 2.01 1.251 800 kg
2.01 4.01 2.51 1.61 1.01
2.5 I 5.01 3.2 t 2.01 1.25 I
3.21 6.4 I 4.01 2.51 1.61
4.01 8.0 I 5.01 3.21 2.01
5.01 10.0 I 6.31 4.01 2.51
6.31 12.61 8.0 I 5.01 3.2 I
8.01 16.01 10.0 I 6.3 I 4.01
10.0 I 20.01 12.5 I 8.01 5.01
~,
12.5 I 25.01 16.0t 10.0t 6.3t !
16.01 32.01 20.01 12.5t 8.01 I
·l
20.01 40.01 25.01 16.01 10.0 I
25.01 50.01 32.01 20.01 12.51
Reduction Factor 0.63 0.4 0.25

Never exceed the Manufacturers' recommended Working Load L1m1t

The International Rigging a Lifting Handbook J 227

 Table 7: Working Load Limits of Hoist Rings
(Refer To Section 20)
All charts are provided for example only. Manufacturer dimensional and capacity values may vary
and manufacturers' specifications should be referenced.

Metric Threads
Diameter (mm) SWL Torque (ft / lbs)
350 kg
10 450 kg 12
12 11 28
16 1.751 60
20 2.21 100
·20 2.71 100
24 3.5 I 160
30 4.2 I 230

Un1f1ed Threads
Diameter (inches} SWL Torque (ft / lbs)
% 454 kg 12
1il.
0. 'h 1.41 28
~~ % 1.82 I
~·~ 60
~::J 31, 2.27 I 100
*% 3.181 100
'Is 3.641 160
4.541 230
1-% 6.821 470
1- 1/4 10.91 I 800
13.61 I 800

•Large Bodied Ring

Never exceed the Manufacturers' recommended Working Load Lrm1t

228 I C NSL 1991 I nsl.ascoworld.com

Table 8: Working Load Limits of Turnbuckles I Rigging Screws
All charts are provided for example only. Manufacturer dimensional and capacity values may vary
and manufacturers' specifications should be referenced .

BS 4429 US Fed. Spec.

Diameter (mm} SWL Diameter (inches) SWL
10 300kg 3/8 S4S kg
12 SOOkg 1/2 1.00t
16 7SO kg S/8 1.S9t
20 1.2St 3/4 2.36t
22 2t 7/8 3.27 t
27 3t 4.SSt
30 4t 1-1/4 6.90t
33 St 1-1/2 9.73t
39 6t 1-3/4 12.73t
42 7.St 16.82t
48 10t 2-1/2 27.27 t
S6 1St 2-3/4 34.09t
64 20t c~
ii!:

II ~~
72 2S t
76
8S
30t
40t
0 ill \) ii!,

100 sot

~ Note: Tl1ese tables do not apply to units fitted w1tl1 hooks Refer to the
L::J manufacturer's literature

Never exceed the Manufacturers' recommended Working Load L1m1t

The International Rigging & Lifting Handbook I 229

APPENDICES

APPENDIXl
LIFTING GEAR
I LEGISLATION
MATRIX APPENDIX2
DENSITY OF
APPENDIX] MATERIALS
RECOMMENDED
HAND SIGNALS
FOR CRANE APPENDIX4
OPERATORS RECOMMENDED
HAND SIGNALS
APPEND1x5 FOR MANRIDING
LIFT WINCHES
CATEGORISATION
CHECKLIST APPENDIX6
GENERAL
APPENDIX7 PRE-LIFTING
BEAUFORT SCALE CHECKLIST
OF WIND FORCES
AND VISUAL
INDICATORS
 AEQUJflEMEHTS

NSL Lifting Equipment

. PARTOl'~LD Legislation Matrix THESEMAYVAHYSUGHTlY
OEP£NDENTONMANUFACTIJREA

".o.BOYESWL ~~
MANUFACTURING
CODES/STANDARDS
102sso l 100300 s 10

1 CRANES (PEIJEST"1. /MOBILE) (UNDEll 20!) BS7121/8SEN\3001/APIS.-2Call • •

• • •• 0

. •.
2 CRANES(PEDESTAL/M081LE)(20l·SOI) BS1121/8SEN13001/Af'lSJMC2C&O • • • 0
• 0

•• . •
0

6 WINCH(OAVIT} SOL.AS/Onu.Approval
•• 0
•• • •
BSIS022915-<1/BSIS05766 ••
•• 0
0

......~·+-!-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+.-'-!
*• 0
0
•
•• •• ••
0
13
1<1
POWERED HOISTS (ELECmlC)
POW!:R!OOHO!STS(PNEUMATIC) *•
*•
*.
*.
15 MANUAL HOISTS (CHA!N BLOCKS) 0 • 0
16 LEVERHOISTS(PULUFTS)
•
H-+.++-1H-++-IH--t=
0i
0
*• 0 • 0
17 WIRE ROPE HOISTS ("TIAFOAS1 0 • 0
18 WIRE~FORABOVE BSEN12385,BSIS043a9
•
H-+'+-+-1H-++-IH--t00 i
= •
• •
H-+:++-1H-++-IH--to~ : :
• •
22 SINGLESHEAVEBLOCKS(UPT0251)

• *• ••
23 $1NGLE$HEAVEBLOCKS(0VER25Q

• *• ••
2<1 MULT1-SHEAVEBLOCKSIUPT025t)

•• *•
• *•
25 MIJLTl-SHEAVEBLOCKS(OVER251)
26
27
CRANE HOOK BLOCKS (UP TO 251)
CRANE HOOK BLOCKS (OVER 251)
*•
>-+-+-+"•..._,.._.-+.+->-+.+-I *•
••
28
29
WINCH{PNEUMATIC)
WINCH (MAN·RIDINGJ
• *• •
•
30 WINOlfMANUALI
H-+.++-1H-++-IH--t"-'-i : e 0 0

BS2853(s1>11po!elJ
•• •
•• ••
0
0
33
:M
UFTINGBE.*.MS(UPTO&INC.31)
UFTING BEAMS(OVER 3 VP TO & INC. 6tJ
BSEN13155(aeenote1) '
BSEN13155(sHnole1)
•
•• ••
••
0
0
35 LIFTING BEAMS(OVER6tVPTO& INC. 20t) BSEN 13155(seenoto 1)
• . .. • •••• 0
0
•• ••
•• • *••
37 LIFTINGBEAMS{OVER•Ot) BSEN13155 (11HnotD1) 0
0

•• • 0 *•• • 0
>"
*+-+-+-+-+-<
0
0
••
•• •
0 *• •
•
!-".+-+-+-+-+-<
!-".+-+-+-+-+-<
0
0
BSEN13001(soenote 1)
•• • • •• 0

•
•••
BSIS0"30ll/BSEN12385/APl$ple.9
WIRE ROPE (ON PASSENGER LIFTS) *
48

49 WIRE ROPE (DIVING Ol'ERA.TIONS) * ••

50 WlRE ROPE (MAN-RIDING WINCHES) * •
* ••
*
• * ••
• • ••
56 SHACKLES - ALLOV(VPT020t) "• *
57 SHACKLES - Al.LOY (OVER 251) RR-C2710TYPl:IV, 138119/0NV2-22

•
• •
•••
58 $HACKLES - HIGHERTENSILE(VPT0251)
S!I
60
SHACKLES-HIQHERTI:NSIU:(OVER:!SI)
EYEBOLTS(BRmSH)
•• •
• ••
61 EYEBOLTS(V.S.J
62 RIGGING SCREWS (SRmSH)
•
•••
63 RIGGING SCREWS (fURNSVCKLES) (U.S.)
&4

es
OPEN WEDGE SOCKETS (SRmSHJ

~
• •

I 1
OPEN'NEOGESOCKETS(V.S.)

..
c
,,·-·-w
0
\l
•
*
Q
&
b,.
T

•
STATUTORV REQUIREMENTS
COMPANY POU CV INCLUDES UFTING Mo'.CHNES !N 6-MONTHLVS
REFERTOSPECIFICDESIGNCOOES
INITIALFACTOAVTEST
FUNCTIONTESTONLV
AMERICAN PATTERN BLOCKS
REFER TO L.R.0.S. /D.N.V. PROCEDURE
DESCENT RATE MUST M.SOFALL BETWEEN 90-180 FT /MIN I
Uhlngsup?OnsteelwctksuchesnlllW8)'beams,~ftlngfram"5,pedeyes,etc.wlth
nomovingpmnscenh1111otheb'periodocltyextendedto12monthseslongu:

1)Th9y&l9no1usedlo<suppo<llngpersonnel.
2)Thelr uw!s lnliwq1>1nt lo the Hlent that wear~ not an adverse fac:tor and ...
3)Th9y&l9ed9<1U1tel)'cDillted/protectedsothMccm>!llonlsnoten!ldvttsel11c:tcr.

In addition IO !hi .m111.1 examatlon, sale loed indicators must be tunctlon

chec'r<edonadallybeslsandcheckfl<ltcr<;alibnltionweekly.
$.l.1996No.2307S81es,"Equlpmentused!orlheiltingolpeopleshould
havo•sa!otycoelficiontretlM"'vtoltsstrangtholat!easttwlc•lhal
raquHd!orgenera!IHtlngcperatlcns" AccmmondasignSlfetycoefficief1t
!orflttongolequlpmentls5 . 1.(resu!t.ngln\ho10'\ligure~ln1he
mt11rui), Wtun oqvipmtint hu•d,tf.,.rlt tactcro! safety from 5:1, th•
"dOubling"clthesa!atycoelliclentwoN1m1<epracoclenc•.

NSL
-~~-
0

I
ATTHEDlSCAETIONOFTHEINSPECTIONBODV
• ACCEPTEOPAACllCE H.andsp~edlerminllllonsmustno1 bllsubjectedtoprocMoedtestinges
(X) 11 Harvest Avenue, D2 Business Park, Dyce,

....
0 MUSTBECALIBRATEDANNVALLV excess!Yeloadinge>tndamagoandwoal<onthosploco.
*
** SAMPLE TO BE OESTAUCTEO TO VERIFY MATERIALS
FOSVAAIES-REFERTOBS565S/PD6500
Aberdeen, AB21 080
+44 (0)1224 208988
I
Sl2ootino21M(mar!r>everslcnoflo~roquiresthet.llllship"s lltUngoqu1pmenl
0 * METAL END FITTINGS ONLV
nl\JS1blltestedby1compete~person ... erySyears
[email protected] nsl.ascoworld.com

"'
PLVSNDTAE?ORT
• APISPECIFICATIONCRANESONLY
C Copyright North Sea Lilting Limited 1989 {Aev.sed 2018)
234 I C NSL 1991 I nsJ.ascowor1d.oom
Appendix 2

Density of Materials

Matenal Density kg I m 3 Density lbs I ft 3

Aluminium 2725 170
Brass 8350 520
Bronze 8650 540
Concrete 2400 150
Copper 8820 550
Iron 7690 480
Lead 11350 708
Magnesium 1770 110
OH 810 50
Paper 1130 70
Steel 7850 490
Water (salt) 1025 64
Wood (average) 800 50

Note:

1. In some cases the above figures arc average only and n10 actJal weight
may vary according to the part1c1,,1ar composition I water conten'. . etc.

~ 2
3.
All figures have been rounded for convenience of use.
When dealing with a hollow body, check for any contents and whether
sucn contents are liable to move.
4. For calculation purposes:

Weight

-•.rn.11i111.1.u
US (Short) TON Ton
METRIC tonne te 1,000 Mid-weight
British (Long) Ton Tor Ton 2,240 1,016 Heaviest

1 kg= 2.2 lbs (approximately)

t
Density
To convert lbs/ft' to kg/m 3 , multiply by 16.02.
The International Rigging & Lifting Handbook I 235
Appendix 3

Recommended Hand Signals For Crane Operations

Note: Signals must be continuous (No signal = No movement) .

..

rt
Stop
n
Emergency Stop
; ~
Take the strain (or) inch the load
(Clench and unclench fingers)

I •

Hoist Lower
'n
Slew in direction indicated

Derricking Jib Telescoping Jib

.ti I

Jib up
R Jib down Extend Jib Retract Jib
(Signal with one hand, other hand on head) (Signal with one hand, other hand on head)

Travel to me Travel from me

J Operations cease
(Signal with both hands)

236 I0 NSL 1991 I nsl.ascoworld.com

Appendix 4

Man-riding Tugger Signals

Signals effective since November 2001

Signals must be continuous (No signal = No movement).

+
To Raise: Extend arm horizontally palm up and move arm/hand up and down at your side.

To Stop: Extend arm horizontally outward, palm down and make a horizontal
slicing motion with hand/arm.

Point your ami and fingers downwards and make a circular motion.

Warning! Only trained personnel to operate winch & use riding belt.

CD When operating a winch, supporting personnel, NEVER, under any

circumstances, leave the winch unattended.

These signals are also used by derrickmen when communicating with rig floor.

The International Rigging & Lifting Handbook I 237

 Appendix 5

Lift Categorisation Form For Rigging And Lifting Operations

Assessment No:
·---
NSL

The object of the risk assessment is to identify and eliminate or reduce to an acceptable fevel, any
hazards in the lifting operation. It should also detennine the skill level of the personnel required to
perform that particular activity safely. This document will also highlight any needs for further training.

Description of lifting operation: - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

Route to be taken:
P~sonn~ invo~ed: __________________________ ~

Dateoflift: - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

Please complete the result table below once the relevant parts of the assessment have been completed.

Result of A ssessm ent (Tick Appropriate Box)

Stop Further engineering input required D
Gaution Operation must be performed by Rigging personnel D
Go Proceed with lifting operation D

If the lift is to proceed, please enter below, any special instructions and I or safety measures to
be taken:

Name: Position: Date:

Once the lift has been safety completed, please note in the box below any problems encountered and
how they were overcome, also any suggestions for doing the lift more efficiently I safely.
Job Co~etion Feedback:

i
Name: Position: Date:

238 I O NSL 1991 I nsl.ascowor1d.com

Assessment NSL

Part 1: Routine lifts ·-~-

(Which can be carried out by all personnel who have been suitably trained.)

Basic Six Questions

Has the lifting operation been performed before? 0 0

Is there a documented procedure I adequate generic guidance? 0 0

Are you experienced with the procedure and all the lifting equipment and
gear to be used?
0 0

Has the load been checked and made ready for lifting
0 0
(e.g . sea fastenings released, hold-down bolts removed)?

5 Have you the experience to lift a load of this weight? 0 0

6 Is the lift in an area free from obstructions and other possible hazards? 0 0

If the answer to all six questions above is "yes", proceed with the lifting operation in
accordance with the relevant procedure or the Rigging and Lifting Handbook.

Assessment Part 1 performed by: Date:

If the answer to any of the above is "no", proceed with Part 2 of the assessment.

The International Rigging & Lifting Handbook I 239

Part 2: Simple lifts NSL

·-~-
(Can also be carried out by all personnel who have been suitably trained.)

Has the lifting operation been performed before? D D

Is there a documented procedure I adequate generic guidance in the

D D
Rigging and Lifting Handbook?

Ive you experienced with the procedure and all the lifting equipment and
3 D D
gear to be used?

Has the load been checked and made ready for lifting
D D
(e.g. sea fastenings released, hold-down bolts removed)?

Have you the experience to lift a load of this weight? D D

6 Is the lift in an area free from obstructions and other possible hazards? D D

Is the lift balanced (e.g. centre of gravity in the middle) or fitted with special
D D
slings to compensate?

Is the load free to be lifted (e.g. sea fastenings released, all hold-down
D D
botts removed, not jammed, etc)?

Is the removal route suitably controlled I cordoned off and clear of any
D D
obstructions?

Can the removal {lift, transfer and landling) be pertormed without cross-
10 D D
hauling?

Is there a suitable laydown area and does the road come within the
11 D D
allowable load bearing (laydown) capacity of the deck?

Are you experienced in using all the lifting equjpment and gear involved
12 D D
and do you have a Rigging and Lifting Handbook?

If you can answer "yes" to all the above, proceed with the lift.

Assessmenl Part 2 performed by: Date:

If the answer to any of the above is "no", proceed with Part 3 of the assessment.

Note (l): to Supervisors: Jfyou can give solutions to the above negatives to allow the lift to proceed safely, write
the instructions in the box below and if you cannot supply a solution, seek guidance from the appropriate
Competent Person(s).

Solutions to overcome the above problems:

Assessment Part 2 pertorrned by: Date:

240 I 0 NSL 1991 I nsl.ascowor1d.com

Part 3: Complicated lifts
(Must be carried out by Riggers or similar personnel who
have the relevant skills and who are experienced in dealing with awkward loads).

The table below shall be completed by the personnel abeut to perform the lifting operation .
Tick against factors which are applicable (APP) to the specific lifting operation and indicate
whether or not you have the relevant experience to deal with them.
·-·-
NSL

+Ji.ijiif,IMW
Comphcation
Load has centre of gravity above the Uting points or a high C of G. D D D
Load has an offset centre of gravity. D D D
Load has to be cross-hauled or restrained. D D D
Load does not have specific lifting attachments D D D
LoaCI if lrag~e. D D D
Load has a large sl.Xface area which may act as a sail. D D D
Load requires two sets of rigging or two appliances tor
tandem lifting.
D D D
Load has to be rotated (overturned). D D D
If you can answer "yes" to all the above, proceed with the lift.

Assessment Part 3 performed by: Date:

If you have answered "no" to any of the above, check with your immediate supervisor.

Note (2) : to Supervisors: If you have the experience and can advise personnel how to deal with the complication,
alow lhe lifting operation to proceed but only under your guidance. Alternatively, you may have to
request the services of speciaWst persomel to corrplete the work.
Note (3) : to &Jpervisors: If you decide that the lifting operation is outwith the scope of your normal rigging and
lifting activities and merits a special work instruction or Job Pack, please indicate the reasons applicable
(APP) in the table in part 4 below before passing on to the engineering department.

Part 4: Complex lifts

(Lifting operations or conditions which would merit additional engineering input.)

Reasons for Requeslmg Engmeenng Input 1 App

The lifting operation involves divers. D
The liftl"lg operation is sub-sea. D
The IOad will be travelled over unprotected process plant I machinery. D
The load is extremely heavy. D
The fift involves a floating crane. D
The load is extremely valuable. D
The lilt is in a confined space. D
The lilt IS an area with very restricted headroom. D
Other reason· D

Assessment Part 4 performed by: Date:

The International Rigging & Lifting Handbook I 24 1

 Task
Step
(List each step of the job)
Appendix 6

General Pre-Lifting Checklist

If you can say yes to all of the following, hopefully the safety of your operations will
be improved. Use your own site-specific checklists where they exist.

Crane I Hoist
Crane I hoist pre-use inspected
Certification of crane I hoist is current
Adequate capacity for lifts
Adequate boom length I height of lift
Set up correctly for lifts (correct radius I adequate number of falls)
Set up correctly (level, on firm ground)
Set up correctly (outriggers fully extended and pinned)
Set up correctly (load spreaders I sleepers used under outriggers if required)
Set up correctly (clear of overhead power lines)
Set up correctly (clear of underground services)
Set up correctly (far enough away from excavations)
Certification of ancilliary equipment current (e.g. chain slings, hook blocks etc.)
Ancillary equipment - pre-use inspected

Crane I Hoist Operator

Qualified I experienced to operate crane I hoist
In good health, fit and capable to operate the crane
Eyesight satisfactory
Knowledge of basic slinging
Knowledge of hand signals I radio comms

Banksman I Signaller
Qualified I experienced to direct crane I lifting operation
In good health, fit and capable to perform the tasks
Eyesight satisfactory
Knowledge of basic slinging
Knowledge of hand signals I radio comms

The lnternalional Rigging & Lifting Handbook I 243

 Load Handler I Slingers
• Qualified I experienced to slings loads I check rigging on loads
In good health, fit and capable to perform the tasks
Eyesight satisfactory
Knowledge of basic slinging
Knowledge of hand signals I radio comms

Load Carriers (Containers, baskets, half heights, etc.)

Load carrier is of sound construction
Load carrier has data plate - SWL, payload, max. gross weight, test date,
insp. date etc.
Pad eyes properly constructed (not flame cut)
Pad eyes properly constructed (holes to suit shackle pin dimensions)
Pad eyes properly constructed (width I thickness to suit shackle jaw gap)
Pad eyes properly mounted (normally welded and NDT'd)
Pad eyes mounted I welded to substantial base (not on to sheet steel)
Pad eyes angled towards centre (preferable)
Payload centred as much as possible to keep C of G central
Payload lashed down I wedged I secured to prevent movement in transit
Door nets fitted I tarpaulins fitted as required
Door seals intact
Door locks functioning correctly
Doors secured for transit e.g. padlocked I tie-wrapped etc.
No cargo protruding over edge of baskets I half heights
Old shipping labels removed (e.g. hazardous warnings etc.)
New shipping labels attached to reflect contents
Unit checked for possible dropped objects
Gross weight checked to ensure NO overload

i
244 I C NSL 1991 I nsl.ascowoc1d.com
Load (Tubulars)
Correctly stacked for bundling
Thread protectors securely fitted where applicable
Casing checked for possible dropped objects
Each sling rated same as load (e.g. 5 tonne load - use 2 x 5 tonne slings)
Slings inspected prior to use (including colour code if applicable)
Slings positioned 25% in from either end
Slings double wrapped, choked, bulldogged and tie-wrapped (also applies
to singles)
Bundle tight and secure but NOT with slings hammered down

Loads (Various)
Load is of sound construction
Weight of load is known
Pad eyes I temporary lifting eyes currently certified
Pad eyes I temporary lifting eyes correctly installed
Load has central C of G or special slings to compensate
Load is balanced
Any wrap-around slings will remain in place during lifting operation

Wire Rope Sling Sets

Slings I shackles are pre-use inspected
Certification in date I ID tag attached
Maximum 2 legs per link (unless third one is a top lifting leg)
Correct SWL for load to be lifted
Fitted correctly (no twists in legs etc)
Free to lift (not snagged on any part of load)
Shackles are correctly fitted - safety pin type shackles preferred with split
pins fitted
Screw pin shackles must have pins wired I cable-tied to shackle body

Route I Lay-down Area

Route load to be travelled clear of obstacles
Lay-down area adequate load-bearing capacity
Lay-down area within crane's safe working radius for load
Work area cordoned off to uninvolved personnel
I
The International Rigging & Lifting Handbook I 245
 Wind Speed Wind Speed Wind Speed
Wlndforce I WlndOescripUon VlsualEnvlronmentalEffects ComispandingSeaState
{Mph) (Knots) (Mtrs/Sec)
Sea surface glassy or mirror !Ike, wind has no relation to swell that may be
LESSTHAN1 LESSTHAN1 LESSTHAN0.5 CALM Smoke rises vertically
present

1-3 I 1- 3 0.6-1.5 UGHTAJR I Smoke drifts slightly I Seasurfacelsrippledlnpatches.

I~
~
~
4-7 3-6 1.6-3.5 UGHTBRWE I Leavesrustle/windvanemoves Sea surface completely rippled miniature waves about O.Jm high. ~.,

~ I Leaveslnconstantmotion,light ~~
ffi~
~0
8-12 6-11 3.6-5.5 GENTLE BREEZE Small waves 0.6 to tm high, scattered whitecaps beginning to fonn.
flag extended
~~
wo
Raisesdustandpapers,small
'5 13-18 11-16 5.6-8.4 MODERATEBREEZE I
brartehesstir
Waves 1.Sm high with numerous whitecaps beginning to form. "~
~z
.5
o; 19-24 I 16-21 8.5-10.8 FRESHBllEEZE I Small trees sway
Waves up to 2.Sm high with prominent wttile waves crests; spray begins lo be ~~
:I
<II
blown from the crests. ~
,,>c 25-31 21·27 10.9-14.2 STRONG BREEZE
I Largebranchesmove,useof
umbrella difficult
3 to 3.Sm waves with numerous streaks of spray blowing from foamy crests.
z0
~

Sm waves with white foam being whipped out In the direction of the wind
"'
<II
Cl>
32-38 77-33 14.3-17.3 MODERATE GALE I WholetreeslnmoUon
gusts.

!:! Tw1gsbrokenofftrees,d1fflcultto Extremely rough, violent sea with 6 to Bm waves; dense loamy streaks show
0 • 39 · 46 33-40 17.4-21.0 FRESH GALE

,,c
LL
47·f>4 21.1-24.5 STRONG GALE
driveacar

Slightstruch1raldamageoccurs
wind direction.
8to9mwaves:seabe9inslor0Uasheavyst1eaksofloamandsprayaresei!n

§ ' 40·46
on all sides

Trees uprooted, severe structural !I to 12m waves: sea 1s covered with white loam; v1s1b1hty allected by blown
0 10 55·63 46·54 24.6·28.5 WHOLE GALE
damage spray;shipisshockedbylorceofwaves.
Cl>
o; 11 64-73 54-63 28.6·32.6 STORM Widespread damage Can'tseethewaveslorbeingseasick!
0
I'- en
x ~ 12 AB0VE75 ABDVE63 JJ.7 HURRICANE Devastation Can'tseethewaves(hidingintheheads)!

_
'6
cQ)
~ NOTES: This table should be used for guldan.ce only. The safety of any lifUng operalian In windy conditions must be addressed lndMdually during the risk assessment process when all other relevant !actors are taken into
a.
a. "'Cl> J consideration.Average wind speeds reterredtoaboveareat10mabovesea level. Thlswlnd speed~s/!°!::::n:ttlanthewlndspeedat3mabovesea level.Allflguresaretalrlyaccurate buthawebnnrouoded I ~
<( Ill
....
ALWAYS:

Position hook directly over the centre of gravity, then

boom back slightly to allow for boom deflection when
load is taken.

Clear personnel from area I move to a safe position

Trial-lift load just clear of ground to check balance and

stability prior to lifting.

Understand potential outcomes and areas of danger

in the event of equipment failure and ensure conflicting
areas of activity are free from personnel and barriers
are in place.

I
The International Rigging & Lifting HandOOok I 247
Notes

248 I C NSL 1991 I nsl.ascoworld.com

Notes

The lnternatiOnal Rigging & Lifting Handbook I 249

Quick Reference Index

Item Section Item Section

Angles (Between Slings) 23.12 Legislation (Regulations) 2.0 1

Lever Hoists (Pullifts) 8.0
Beam Clamps 10.0 Lifting Beams 3.5 1
Beam Trolleys 11.0
Beams (Runway) 11.1 Manual Handling (Kinetics) 26.0
Beams (Lifting) 3.5 1
Bottlescrews 21.0 Open Wedge Sockets 14.12
Bulldog Grips f:Nire Rope Clips) 14.16 Overhead Cranes 7.63

Cable Grips (Chinese Fingers) 16.10 Pad eyes 20.13

Cable Reelers (Fall Arresters) 22.0 Planning 6.11 I
Chain Blocks (Manual Hoists) 8.0 Plate Clamps 12.0
Chain Slings 18.0 Polyester Slings 17.0
Chinese Fingers (Cable Grips) 16.10 Pulley Blocks 13.0
Clamps (Beams) 10.0 Pullifts (Lever Hoists) 8.0
Clamps (Plate) 12.0
Clutches (Shortening) 18.7 Radio operating procedures 7.66
Cranes (Overhead) 7.61 Regulations (Legislation) 2.0 1
Cranes (Various Types) 7.0 Rigging Screws (Turnbuckles) 21.0
Competence 6.1 I Risk Assessment 6.12 1
Rope Blocks 13.0
Dunnage Bags 25.5 Rope Hoists [Tirfors) 9.0

Eureka Wirelocks 14.15 Shackles 19.0

Eye Bolts 20.0 Sheave Blocks (Snatch Blocks) 13.0
Slinging (General) 24.0
Fall Arresters (Cable Reelers) 23.0 Slings (Chain) 18.0
Fibre Slings (Man-Made) 18.0 Slings (Fibre) 18.0
Fist Grips 14.14 Slings f:Nire Rope) 16.0
Fleet Angles 14.11 Spooling f:Nire Rope) 14.7
Forklift Trucks 25.11
Tirfor Machines (Rope Hoists) 9.0
Hands-Free Lifting 29.0 Trial Lifting 6.4 1
(Including Safe Use of Tag-Lines) Turnbuckles (Rigging Screws) 21.0
Hoist Rings 20.8
Hydraulic Rams 15.0 Weather 6.15 1
Web Slings 17.0
Jacks 17.0 Winches 14.0
Winches (Personnel) 14.23
Kinetics (Manual Handling) 26.0 Wire Rope (Construction) 16.4
Wire Rope Hoists (Tirfors) 9.0
Wire Rope (Measurement) 14.6
Wire Rope Slings 16.0

250 j 0 NSL 1991 I nsl.ascowof1d.com

The lnterne1tional
RIGGING f, LIFTING
Hand boo~

The contents of this boGk emphasise good practice and give

guidance on the safe use of all types of lifting equipment. This
handbook should be used to enhance safety awareness.

(E!lll ~~/fa. IADC ~ FPAL

Aberdeen&
Grampian
l"'W-1 ...~ MEMBER ~ •moo•"""""""' G IMCA Chamber of
Commerce