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Quality and Mechanica Properties of Plant Commercial Fibers

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Te Amo Guid
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64 views5 pages

Quality and Mechanica Properties of Plant Commercial Fibers

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Te Amo Guid
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PJ BS Bossxiczs so Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences ANSI ez n Network for Scientific Information 308 Lasani Towns Sargodha Road, Faisalabad - Pakistan Pakistan Joumal of Biological Seiences 6 (9): 840-843, 2008 ISSN 1028-8880 (© 2008 Asian Network for Slentifie Information. ‘Quality and Mechanical Properties of Plant Commercial Fibers Sultana Rasheed and Altaf Ahmad Dasti Department of Botany, Institute for Pure and Applied Biology. Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan Abstract: Twenty-four different plant species belonging to 19 families were analyzed in the current investigation Plans were ranked according to te felting power, suitability of Hbers and strength ofthe liber Among monocots, Caryofa urens (garden palm) and Eucalyptus camadulensis, in dicotyledonous plant species Ind the strongest fibers. Caryota urens (garden palm) in monocots while Terminalia ajuna in dicots hhad high felting power. Cluster analysis had separated out the Agave americana in monocot which was significantly apart from Saccharum spontancum, on the basis of detived characters like Slendemess ratio, Runkle ratio and Coefficient of suppleness. Phoenie dactifera was dominant due to its great fiber length and, lowest Runkle ratio. In this investigation, it was concluded that different plant species can be used for different purposes and evolution does not necessarily involve al the qualities of fibers at the same time. Key words: Plant fibers, monocotyledons, divotyledons, slemlesmess ratio, runkle ratio, coefficient of suppleness Introduction Wood is classified into two main groups ie, the gymnosperms and the angiospenms, Iti an assemblage ‘of hollow fibers and other cells cemented together with lignin ane hemicelhloses into a rigid, tf, strong material ‘Technically. a plant fiber is type of sclerenchyma cell characterized ly very thick and tough secondary walls gated wih lignin. Commercially, however the tem "ibex” more commonly refers to a mast of elongated plant ‘material tht is collection of either fiber cells or entire ‘vascular bundles ‘Fiber plants bave been utilized economically sinee ancient times, Flax is known to have been cultivated by man as ‘early as 3,000 years P.C. in Barope ane Peypt, and hemp at approximately the same time in China (Ash, 1948; Dewey, 1943), Commercial fibers are separated into Hare fibers and Soft fibers. Commercial fibers. of Linum, ‘Boelmaria and Corchorus are, in reality, a bundle of bers and these fiom monocotyledonous leaves of Agave, ‘Musa texts ana others are the vascular bundles with the surounding sheaths of fibers. The principle fibers used in textile industry are the epidermal hairs of the cotton seeds. The earliest clothing was not made of the ‘comfortable fabrics we have today, such as cotton, Iyere, ‘easmere and wool Leather vas a main fabric wed ‘Clothing means fabric used to cover the body and cloth ‘means a textile andr fabric. Hemp fibers ae used, mostly for industrial fabries like, canvas, rope and wines Although jeans today are made of 100% cotton, Levi Strauss, the inventor, originally made his clothes out of hemp! (Levetin and McMahon, 2003). Fibers are classified based on their usage (Schery, 1954): a) Textile fibers b) Cordage fibers, €) Brush fibers, d) Filling fibers ‘wed for stuffing upholstery, mattresses ete, Fibers are also used in paper industry and different types of papers ‘can be made depending on their physical and chemical properties (Clark, 1965). ‘The shape of the fiber cell, its length and wall structure fare important in the fiber industry. Special attention is paid to the length of the fiber, the extent to which ‘neighboring fibers overlap and joined to one another. The ‘ofentation of cellulose units in the wall hasan impertant ‘effect on the physical properties of wood and commercial fibers, Elasticity and heat conductivity inerease as the degree of orientation parallel to the length of the fiber increases. Commercially, the fibers are ranked according, to the durability, tensile strength, length of the strands, fineness, uniformity and elasticity. The current study was unelestaken to report the characterstis of fibers of the local flora keeping in mind theis commercial importance ‘The fiber properties of commercial importance ie. swrength, suitability and durability were evaluated, Natural fibers are extremely important commercially, being used to ‘make paper, ropes and other substances. Naturally the purchaser needs a method to verify the quality and identity ofthe pulp that has been received. Consequently the fibers of many plants have been studied carefully to identify the cluracters tht are of taxonomic at well as ‘commercial importance ‘Materials and Methods Different plant species were collected to investigate the characteristics of fibers. All the species were collected from Botanical garden and Herbarium of BZ. University, 840 Poke J. Biol Sci, 6 (9) 840-843, 2003 ‘Multan. Maceration ofthe wood material was performed by Jeftiey”s method (Johansen, 1940). The outer portion ‘of stem toward the epidermis was peeled (Fal, 1986) and ‘ut into small picoes. The slices obtained from the stem ‘wore macerated (Ogbomnaya, 1992) and stained. Small ‘wood pieces were placed in 10% aqueous Nitric acid and 110% aqueous chromic acid. The solotion wins heated for fifteen minutes. A thick glass rod with rounded ends was ‘used to crush the material very gently and then washed ‘with water thoroughly to remove the acid and thereafter stained with 196 safianin. The stained macerates were ‘viewed under a calibrated light research microscope. Five slides were prepared for each specimen. Fifteen cells of ‘each sample were measured and this was replicated three times. Following parameters were observed using calibrated research microscope. 1) Fiber length, 2) Fiber diameter, 3) Fiber lumen diameter 4) Wall thickness. Data obtained was used to calculate the following parameters 1) Slendemess ratio (SR) or felting power, which is a measure of the tear property of pulp in paper production (Rydholm, 1965) was calculated from L/D (Le Fiber length, D~ Fiber diameter) Runkle ratio (RR), which is a measure of the suitability of fiber for paper production was calculated from 2WIK (W= fiber wall thickness, K= Fiber lumen diameter) Coefficient of Suppleness (CS) or fleibilty coefficient, which is a measure of the strength properties of paper was calculated from K/D 2» 3) ‘Data foreach parameter were analyzed by ANOVA using ‘Minitab Computer Package. In this study, cluster analysis of the whole data set was made by using Multivariate Statistical Package. The plant groups were established by specifying the 3 levels of divisions in hierarchical diagram by Cluster analysis Results and Discussion “There was significant interspecific difference in fiber length of twenty-four plant species belonging to 19 plant families. Saocharn spontanewn, Bomba malabaritn Bauhinia variegata bad sigaicantly shorter fiber length than Mangifera indica, Terminaliaarjuna ac Nannorophs ritchieana. Phoenix dactlifea in monocots dna the longest fiber length (6605 ike Mangifera indica (6-4) indicts, Similarly in case of Fiber wid Morus alta, Saccharum munya, Bambusa bambos ad significantly less fiber width than Pinus roxburghil, Phoenix daciylifra anni Ficus elastica, Phoenit daciyifra and Ficus elastica ha greats fiber wid ie sal Prime ames Salvadoraolsoids Saccharam spontaneum Fig: Hierarchical clasificntion om data se of 24 species (quantitative data 3.508 and 3.49% in monocots and dicots respectively. On the other hand, Saccharum mnuya, Typha elephantina, [Nannorophs ritchieana had significantly less fiber amen diameter than the species Pridiun guajava, Albizia Tebbeck and Pinus rasturghit. Phoenix dactylifera had greater fiber lumen diameter (329%) than Saccharum ‘munja, Agave americana and Nanvorophs rtchieana in ‘monocots. In ease of dicot, Psidium guajava had great fiber humen diameter (3.26) than Mangifera indica and Baubsiniavariegata. There were no sigaificantdierences in wall thickness between the species. Only Bambusa ‘ambose among monceots had significantly greatec wall Uickness (2.087) than saocharum spontaneum asl Typha clephantina. No differences were found in slendemess ratio of the plant species, Caryota ens in monocots had significanly high value of slenderness ratio (24.27) anal ‘Terminalia arjuna lad highest slenderness ratio (24.31°) in dicots, Differences were not observed in Runkle ratio. between the species. Nannorophs ritckieana had significant Rune ratio value (113°) in menocots than Saccharum munja, Bambusabambos, Saccharum spontaneum. Among dicots, Morus alba had significant freater Runkle ratio than Ficus elastica, Terminalia ‘arjura and Bauhinia variegata. Caryota wrens bad Poke J. Biol Sci, 6 (9) 840-843, 2003 ‘ible 1 Lit of pec inch 9p idee by Cher Ariat lee of Hey ‘Grugs No af pis List of Species t 1 Schabraolecies 2 5 Paani, Mea cedrahan, Pos rxburght, Psd gua Baca caradess 3 1 Sachi ma 4 3 Rew ela Lomonts mers Cru sown Tp clephoser ada verte, Som marten Dara Sin alia deck s 1 Pheeaeantifre 6 2 Cason wens, Magléra nea, morphs riche, Tena ee, ant banbos Sor alba gene america ‘oble2+ Ranking othe Carmel Fes based on diet Charnes Moneestledans| Gane Rank Rawk Rik atv Fie lng Gia) daiiira G6) Concta wen 28), Nacrphe chew 10), Bantu banter I) Fer With dat) cna) Caneuswen 832%) -Sechanm enuannin 3.30"), Bama aber (321°) Fer ben ‘Mecham sponte sinner) ven dees 329) Gases Agar america 29%) Capotawers 0.77%) alltime qu) Banham (8097) ‘Secharan ontamn (2.06 Worichinem(204") —Cerom pen (30) Derived careers Slender. (Cearprpery apap) Cayaauren (2430) Scum ma2127) — Plwndiberaa27%) Bandas banter 2282") inkl rai. Namah (Guile) rica (1.139 amiss (082") Sacha mi O98) Carta arene 088) ‘efi of Sopless (Seeahssost 6090) lier (0.9") _Daacleonim 7) Aaa. os ‘TbleS: Ranking o the Caria Fes sed on diet Canes Dieter Fie lng Gam‘ inden G4) Sabnaceles @35") Ai bck (62) nas Fkewitn i) Prelaea330) ——Mnyrasnea 347) Patam a3) adr Ear bane Piidengusna20%) — Fewelaea(S205)——‘ueaipas camadeas 318%) Mra ea (3.15) sinter) Walltitne Mrgioainfco 21%) __Aelinazatvcita(210)_Sahurbvacleies 207) Termini rn 2.05 Dasved dane Sloe aio Temalar 22°F) Nong aba Gla) Sihadra oko G10) Mglra hea GOS (ear ope ofp) Ranke ts ons aba. 03¢) Marlera ea LOO") Sahara cles (097) Bombemadaarien 04) (Got of ier) Coaficeice Sayre Bays amines (080°) Chasse 0.794) aergis00 (078) (Suoush ppt) cals (84 significantly highest Coefficient of Suppleness (0.79%) ‘among monocots than Agave americaa, Saccharum ‘munja, Bambusa bambos and Saccharum spontaneto: While Eucalyptus camadulensis had significantly greater Coefficient of Suppleness (190? in dicots. ‘The first dichotomy splits off 7 species shown in hierarchical diagram (Fig, 1 and Table 1). This first group ‘comprised of Saccharum spontaneum, Salvadora oleoules, Prunus anygdalus, Melia azadirachta, Pius roxburghii ete, Of these 7 species, Saccharum spontaneum was different having lower value of Slenderness ratio (13,09) Remaining 6 species again split ‘off in one and five species. Remaining 17 species were divided into two groups comprising of 9 and & species (Table 1), OF these nine species, Saccharum pmunya lad ‘mall value of fiber width (2.99) and fiber lumen diameter (2.60) but ithad highest Slenderess rai. Remaining 8 species had somewhat, similar characters, Phoenée dactylifera was the main divisor specie separating the colher species. Phoenix dacilifera had greatest fiber 842 length but it had lowest Ramnkle ratio (RR), These to characters make it prominent from its related species, The cluster analysis iad separated out the ‘monocotyledonous plant species from dicotyledonous fone at different levels, suggesting the structural differences between two plant groups. This agreed with the findings of Metcalfe ane Chalk: (1950), Fan (1990) and ‘Esau (1965) ete. Cluster analysis bad separated out the Agave americana in monoeot which vas significantly apart from Saccharum spontaneum. This separation was ‘not based on fiber length, fiber with, fiber men diameter and the wall thickness, dhe characters usually used for phylogenetic studies. Instead the separation was based ‘on the derived characters such as Slendemess rato (SR), Runkle ratio (RR), Coefficient of Suppleness (CS), These resulls suggested the importance of derived characters ‘when ettablishing the phylogenctic sequence of the species ‘The hierarchical diagram had separated out the hard fibers from the soft fibers at each level of hierarchy. The fibers Poke J. Biol Sci, 6 (9) 840-843, 2003 ‘of monocotyledons are usualy called lea fibers and are ‘lasifid as hard fibers. They are strongly ligified. Walls ‘are unnally hard and aiff. The fibers obiained from weody stem of dicotyledonous plants are the soft fibers, The (Connabis fiber vas also used in making paper as well ax the textile fiber. (HuicLin Li, 1975) This plant is also a peat material for acquiring quality cellulose fer paper and cardboard (Simpson and Ogerzally, 2001). It is an important souroe of fiber for rope as well In the current investigation, we had recorded the ‘characters of anatomical, phylogenetio Fiber length, Fiber ‘width, fiber lumen diameter and wall thickness) and ‘commercial importance (Felting power, Suitability of ber, Strength property of fiber). Among the hacd fibers, the fibers obsained from Caryota wrens (garden palm) were the strongest fibers and had highest tearing, properties However with respect to the stability of fibers for pulp ‘making, Nannorophs ritchieana showed to be most suitable. However in terms of strength or durability, Nannarophs ritohieana vas ranked behind the other ‘monocatyledons. Therefore, it may be conchaded that different monocotyledonous plant species can be used for different purposes. Among the wood fibers (soft) of dicetyledancus plant species, the fibers obtained from Eucalyptus camadulensis were the strongest and it was

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