1.

INTRODUCTION
1.1 Botanical gardens: a unique benefit for humans
A botanical garden or botanic garden is a garden dedicated to the
collection, cultivation, preservation and display of an especially wide
range of plants, which are typically labelled with their botanical
names. Botanical Garden are the living museum of plants It may
contain specialist plant collections such as cacti and other succulent
plants, herb gardens, plants from particular parts of the world, and
so on; there may be greenhouses, shadehouses, again with special
collections such as tropical plants, alpine plants, or other exotic
plants. Most are at least partly open to the public, and may offer
guided tours, educational displays, art exhibitions, book rooms,
open-air theatrical and musical performances, and other
entertainment.

History of botanical garden in the world

Although the birth of the “garden” dates back to the Zhou dynasty in China, the
modern concept of a botanical garden originated in Europe . Today, there are
about 2500 botanical gardens in the world . Together, these botanical gardens
cultivate more than 6 million accessions of living plants, representing around
80,000 taxa, or about one-quarter of the estimated number of vascular plant
species in the world . These gardens thus play a central role in the ex-situ
Conservation and exploration of global plant biodiversity . Indeed, one of the
targets of the Global Strategy for Plant Conservation (GSPC) is to have 70% of the
world's threatened plant species conserved ex situ . Botanical gardens also have
an important role in the preservation of species necessary for human use and
well-being , and this role is likely to become increasingly important as climate
change becomes more severe. The range of scientific activities conducted by
botanical gardens often includes conservation, propagation, horticulture, seed
science, taxonomy, systematics, genetics, biotechnology, education, restoration
ecology, public education, and much more. Plant diversity is currently being lost
at an unprecedented rate, resulting in an associated decrease in ecosystem
services. Currently about a third of the world's 300,000e450,000 vascular plant
species face extinction due to a variety of devastating anthropogenic activities,
including over-harvesting, over-exploitation through destructive agricultural and
forestry practices, urbanization, environmental pollution, land-use changes,
exotic invasive species, and global climate change . There is, therefore, an
increased need to develop integrative conservation approaches for plants,
particularly those threatened plant species in the wild (Li and Pritchard, 2009)

History of botanical garden in Nepal

The National Botanical Garden (NBG) was inaugurated by King Mahendra in 1962 AD
(2019 BS). The landscape of this exquisite botanical garden was designed by two British
architects, Geoffrey Herklots and Tony Schilling. It is well-known as a center of plant
conservation, education, research, display and recreation. It covers an area of 82
hectares with varying topography, 40 hectares of which have been transformed into
various thematic garden units. It is surrounded by a natural evergreen forest
with Schima-Castanospsis-Alnus as the dominant tree species. It is located at the foothill
of Mt. Phulchowki (2765 m), the highest peak of the Kathmandu valley, and lies about 16
km southeast of Kathmandu. A natural stream, Godawari, runs through the middle of
the garden, adding to its beauty.

There are 11 botanical gardens in different ecological regions of Nepal under

Department of Plant Resources(DPR).

 National Botanical Garden, Godawari, Lalitpur

 Maipokhari Botanical Garden, Ilam
 Dhanushadham Botanical Garden, Dhanusha
 Bridaban Botanical Garden, Makawanpur
 Mountain Botanical Garden, Daman, Makwanpur
 Tistung Botanical Garden, Tistung Makwanpur
 World Peace Biodiversity Garden, Pokhara
 Dhakeri Botanical Garden, Banke
 Mulpani Botanical Garden, Salyan
 Dhitachaur Botanical Garden, Jumla
 Dewahariya Botanical Garden, Kailal

1.2 Objectives
 To know the role of botanical gardens in the environment.
 To know the methods of botanical garden management
 To know about different species of plants along with their morphology
 To have a critical view of plants for deep study.

1.3 Limitations of the study

 Due to time constraint, many topics weren’t researched and certain areas
weren’t covered.
  Lack of previous research studies for this topic.
 Methods/Instruments/Techniques that were used to collect data only gave
appropriate result.
 Aquatic plants couldn’t be researched and studied properly due to their
habitat.

1.4 Rationale of the Project

 To find out the ways the botanical garden has been using to preserve
plants and conduct researches.
 To identify the problems being faced by the botanical garden.
 To inform the readers (of this report) about everything they need to know
about a botanical garden (National Botanical Garden was visited as a
reference)
 For checking the efficiency of quadrat method.
 Identifying the species of plants found in the botanical garden.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

2.1 Study Area
The National Botanical Garden located in Godawari, Lalitpur was
selected as the research site for this report. The National Botanical
Garden is the first and the largest botanical garden of Nepal which
was established in 28th October 1962(Kartik 12, 2019 BS) under the
Department of Plant Resources(DPR), Ministry of Forests and
Environment, Government of Nepal(GoN). This garden was
inaugurated by late King Mahendra.

Location

. Latitude : 27° 35’44.38” N

. Longitude: 85°23’1.53” E

Annual Rainfall: 18863.5 mm

Area: 82 ha

2.2 Materials used in the study

The materials that were used in the study are Cords, Meter scale,
Notebook, Pencil. Four nails and hammer, Metallic quadrat, Camera
2.3 Source of the study
Both primary and secondary sources of data were used. Primary source
of data includes Observation, Field Visit, Quadrat method. The
secondary sources of data include research before the visit,
questionnaire, etc.

2.4 Method of the study

The methods of the study were observation, field visit, recording

photos and videos, quadrat method, questionnaire, etc.

2.5 study design: half day

Result and Findings

The perseverance of botanical garden is necessary to conserve plant species. Without
plant there is no life, no energy as our survival depends upon the plants. Due to
increasing pressure of human population, Deforestation, Habitat destruction, Habitat
exploitation, Hunting, Habitat fragmentation, two third of the world plant species are
near to extinction.
Botanical garden plays vital role to conserve the all types of plants. Research and study
about various plants can be conducted easily inside the botanical garden in a proper,
effective and efficient way. Local floras are kept with preservation inside the botanical
garden. It can supply seeds and plants to others. Greenhouse is maintained inside for
cultivation of rare and uncommon plants species.

Role of botanical garden in conservation of different plants

1. Medicinal plants
 screening plants for medicinal properties, looking at the potency of the
active compounds in the plant, possibly done in conjunction with
pharmaceutical companies
 researching the agronomy of plants and harvesting techniques
 looking at cultivation techniques and the domestication of medicinal
plants including special soil conditions, germination requirements, growth
rates etc
 studying the impacts of cultivation, looking at markets and commercial
viability
2. Exotic plants
 By regularizing the seed collection
 By controlling the harvesting of such plants by securing such
plants in a specific protected areas
 By maintaining topographical maintenance for survival of
such plants.
 By providing such plants with nutrients and mineral rich
substance for the maximum yield production and
continuation of such plants

3. Ornamental plants
 ornamental plants are conserved through in situ and ex situ
methods.
 By the use of recent biotechnological tools, ranging from
the drying of seeds to cryopreservation of embryos, pollens,
etc., in preserving the diversification of ornamental plants
 By time to time supervision and maintainance of such
plants
4. Xerophytic plants
 Maintenance of suitable temperature for the growth of such plant
inside the botanical garden
  By providing suitable condition like dry soil ,proper amount of
water required by such plants
5. Tropical plants
 By managing tropical plant species against ongoing ,new and future
threats
 By collecting seeds and plant material for propagation and
conservation in the living collections.
 By the use of different organic fertilizers (N P K) for the
proper growth of such plants.

 By the avaibality of suitable environmental conditions like

temperature, atmosphere moisture etc
 By the availability of fertile soil in enormous amount
 6. Maintain aquatic life
 Maintenance of the suitable water resource inside the
botanical garden in the form of river , ponds etc for the
survival of such plants
 Regular cleanliness of ponds and water resource
 By spreading nutrients rich chemical inside the water
 By the proper guidelines for the visitors against waste
management
6. IUCN, threatened, vulnerable and endangered plants
 The IUCN threatened, vulnerable endangered plants
are conserved in a separate garden named ‘Rare and
Endangered Plants Garden’ which was established on
the occasion of Plant Conservation Day (18th May,
2016) with the objective of conserving and studying
rare and endangered plants. More than 12 rare and
endangered species including Magnolia champaca,
Rauvolfia serpentina, Taxus wallichiana var, mairei,
Podocarpus nerifloius, Crateva unilocularis, Alstonia
scholaris, Bergenia ciliate, Ginkgo biloba, etc have been
conserved in this garden.
7. Tropical Plants and Xerophytic Plants
 The tropical plants preserved there include Shorea
robusta , Terminalia toment Cordi/olia, Bombax ceiba ,
Acacia catechu, etc. The xerophytic plants include
Cactus and other succulent plants. The tropical and
Xerophytic plants have been kept in places where
sunlight is present almost throughout the day. The
conservation of flowering plants and non-flowering
plants as well. The tropical plants have been planted
in a separate section called ‘Tropical Garden’
SOME PICTURE PLANT SPECIES WE FOUND DURING OUR
VISIT
 CONCLUSION AND DISCUSSION
We can conclude that botanical gardens are of value not only to the
botanists, horticulturists and foresters but also to the millions of
tourists. They include green houses, herbarium, several miscellaneous
resources including photographs, reprints, and specimens of several
types, they are not merely a garden but a botanical institution.
Botanical gardens make unique contributions to climate change
research, conservation, and public engagement. They host unique
resources, including diverse collection so plant species growing in
natural conditions, historical records, and expert staff, and attract large
numbers of visitors and volunteers.

Conclusion and recommendation

Based on the comparison with secondary data, following

recommendation would like to be given:

 The botanical gardens should promote themselves through

advertisements, sponsorships, etc.
 The Department of Plant Resources(DPR) should research
intensively on endemic species more than exotic species as
endemic species are relevant in the local context.
 Proper pathways and guideways should be present in the
Botanical Gardens so as to avoid confusion that may arise to the
visitors.
 All the botanical gardens across the nation should have
supervision staff who provide surveillances throughout day-time.
CCTV cameras can also be used so as to discourage any visitor of
any wrong doing.
 (similar) name as well.
 Cleanliness should be given topmost priority.

REFERENCES
National Botanical Garden official website

https://nbg.gov.np/about-us/
Checklist of CITES listed Flora of Nepal

https://dpr.gov.np/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/Checklist-of-CITES-
listed-Flora-Complete-Book.pdf

SUGGESTIONS FOR BOTANICAL PROGRESS BY E. J. H. CORNER

https://nph.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/j.1469-
8137.1946.tb05055.x

Journal of Plant Resources (Department of Plant Resources)

https://dpr.gov.np/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/1.-Journal-of-Plant-
Resources_2019-Full.pdf

IUCN official website

https://www.iucn.org/

High Value medicinal plants taxus(ICIMOD)

https://www.icimod.org/activities/high-value-medicinal-plants-taxus-
wallichiana-himalayan-yew

https://www.iucnredlist.org/
 Acknowledgement
I cannot express my gratefulness to the coordinator of
Biology department Mr. Brajesh Shrestha for providing this
opportunity of field visiting and research task which I was
always passionate about. This work also wouldn’t have been
completed if it wasn’t for the guidance provided by Our
respected Bikash Prajapati sir . The materials provided by
the Biology faculty was extremely helpful when creating the
report and also guided us with the format and ways of
creating a proper report. Moreover, I would also like to
express my gratitude to all the members of the staff who
helped in preparing for the journey, all the staff from
Biology Department and also would like to express
thankfulness and gratitude to my friends and colleagues
who inspire d each other for making the report come to life.
Gratitude would also be expressed to the staff of National
Botanical Garden and its maintenance team because of
whom we had a wonderful time researching. The hard work
that has been put in to make the botanical garden
presentable is highly appreciable.
SUBMITTED BY
UJJWAL JHA
CLASS : XI
ROLL NO:336
SECTION :F
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND
1.2 OBJECTIVES
1.3 LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY
1.4 RATIONALE OF THE PROJECT
2. METHODOLOGY
2.1 STUDY AREA
2.2 Materials used in the study
2.3 Source of the study
2.4 METHOD OF STUDY
2.5 STUDY DESIGN
3. RESULT AND FINDINGS
4. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS
5. RECOMMENDATION
6. REFERENCES
 ABSTRACT

The report documents and records the various kinds of

fauna conserved at The National Botanical Garden,
Godawari, Medicinal plants, flowering and non-flowering
plants, tropical plants, xerophytic plants, etc were
researched for this report. Various statistical methods such
as quadrat method were used for finding the species and
the frequency of species in the botanical garden. The
research was done to know more about the status of
Botanical gardens in Nepal and how they are maintained.
The aim was also to inform the readers about the important
of these botanical gardens. About 3 hours was spent on this
research. The National Botanical Garden has 500 species of
plants, 66 different species of fern, 115 different types of
orchids, 77 cacti and succulents, about 200 types of trees
and shrubs and some endangered and rare species such as
Dhaturo. In the context of Nepal, the National Botanical
Garden in Lalitpur holds a major significance to plants, the
learners and flora enthusiasts and botanists. The National
Botanical Garden houses more than just plants. It also has a
pond called Coronation Pond which possibly houses plenty
of aquatic life.