HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT OF MATHEMATIC

PAMINDANAN, CLARISSE
PANLILIO, MA CRISTINE
PEREZ, LHAWRENCE
SACDALAN, REY ALDWIN
EULER, FERMAT & DESCARTES
Leonhard Euler
(1707–1783)
The most significant mathematician of early eighteenth century
from Switzerland. One of his first works dictated after the onset
of his blindness was his famous “Vollst¨andige Anleitung zur
Algebra” (Complete Instruction in Algebra (1770), published in
many editions

He published more than 700 books and papers during his

lifetime and his mathematical research averaged about 800
pages per year which he was characterized by Arago as
“Analysis Incarnate” for no mathematicians has ever succeeded
the his outputs
Famous for using the notation:?that appeared in print for the first time
in his work “Mechanica” in 1736, his adoption of 𝜋 in 1737 and later on
his many popular books that it widely known and used ,𝑖for√−1is
another notation used by Euler although adopted near the end of his
life, and the so-called Eulerian constant, often represented by the
Greek letter𝛾, is the sixth important mathematical constant

The designation of 𝑙𝑥 for the logarithm of x, the use of now-familiar Σ to

indicate a summation, and?(𝑥)for a function of x are other Eulerian
notations. his best-known textbook in 1748, “Introduction in Analysin
Infinitorum” served as source for the flourishing developments in
mathematics during the 2ndhalf of the eighteenth century showed that
the divergence of the harmonic series implies Euclidean theorem on
the infinitude of primes contributed not only the definition in terms of
logarithms of exponents but also the correct view with respect to the
logarithms of negative numbers

Wrote “Institutiones Calculi Differentialis”(1755) and “Institutiones

Calculi Integralis”(1768-1770), this formed the most systematic
exposition of the calculus, including a theory of differential
equations to appear up that time in honor of Euler, a route in which
each arc is traversed only once is today called aEuler circuit
Euler's formula
which is a mathematical principle that relates the path taken
by an object to the time it takes to travel that path.

is a mathematical formula in complex

analysis that establishes the
fundamental relationship between the
trigonometric functions and the complex
exponential function. Euler's formula
states that for any real number x:
Euler's identity
which relates the numbers e, pi, and i (the imaginary unit) and
is a fundamental concept in mathematics and physics.

In mathematics, Euler's identity

(also known as Euler's equation)
is the equality
Euler's method
is a numerical algorithm for solving differential
equations.

In mathematics and computational science, the Euler

method (also called the forward Euler method) is a first-
order numerical procedure for solving ordinary differential
equations (ODEs) with a given initial value. It is the most
basic explicit method for numerical integration of ordinary
differential equations and is the simplest Runge–Kutta
method. The Euler method is named after Leonhard Euler,
who first proposed it in his book Institutionum calculi
integralis
Euler's formula for polylogarithms
is a formula for expressing the polylogarithm of a complex number as a
sum of powers of that number.

Li(z) = Li(0) + Li(1/z) + Li(2/z) + Li(3/z) + ...

Euler's formula for polylogarithms is a useful tool in

many areas of mathematics, including complex
analysis, number theory, and theoretical physics. It is
named after the Swiss mathematician Leonhard
Euler, who first discovered the formula in the 18th
century.
Euler's identity for the exponential function
is a formula that expresses the exponential function as a sum of powers
of 2 and 3.

Euler's identity is a mathematical expression that combines many

important mathematical constants, including e, pi, i, and the square
root of 5.

Euler's identity is a fundamental concept in mathematics and is

widely used in many areas of the field, including complex analysis,
number theory, and physics. It is considered one of the most
beautiful and important results in mathematics and is often used as
a demonstration of the power and elegance of mathematical
concepts.
Euler's inequality
is a statement about the relative sizes of different mathematical
constants, such as e and pi.

Euler's inequality is a fundamental result in mathematics and

is widely used in many areas of the field, including complex
analysis, number theory, and physics. It is a statement about
the relative sizes of important mathematical constants and is
often used as a tool for understanding the nature of these
constants and their relationships to each other.
Euler's totient function
is a function that counts the number of positive integers less than or
equal to n that are relatively prime to n.

The totient function was first introduced by the Swiss

mathematician Leonhard Euler in the 18th century and is a
widely used tool in many areas of mathematics, including
number theory, cryptography, and combinatorics. It is named
after Euler and is often denoted by the Greek letter phi.
Pierre de Fermat
(1601–1665)
Born in Beaumont-de-Lomagne

He is the Father of Modern Theory

Was inspired by Diophantus’ “Arithmetica”

Called the “Prince of Amateurs” was the last great

mathematician to pursue the subject as a sideline to
a nonscientific career

Emphasized the sketching of solutions of

indeterminate equations, instead of the geometric
construction of the roots of determinate algebraic
equations
Wrote a short treatise titled “Ad Locos Planos et
Solidos Isagoge” (Introduction to Plane and Solid
Loci) .

Has a proposition that every equation of the first

degree represents a line.

Wrote “Method of Finding Maxima and Minima”

which contains what is often known today as
“parabolas of Fermat” if n is positive or “hyperbolas
of Fermat” if n is negative.

With Pascal, he established the conceptual

guidelines of the theory of probability.

Together with René Descartes, Fermat was one of

the two leading mathematicians of the first half of
the 17th century. Independently of Descartes,
Fermat discovered the fundamental principle of
analytic geometry. His methods for finding
tangents to curves and their maximum and
minimum points led him to be regarded as the
inventor of the differential calculus.
Fermat's Last Theorem
states that there are no positive integers a, b, and c that satisfy the
equation an + bn = cn for any integer value of n greater than 2.

Fermat's Last Theorem is a famous mathematical statement that

was first proposed by the French mathematician Pierre de
Fermat in the 17th century.

Fermat famously claimed that he had a proof of the theorem, but

he never published it and it was lost after his death. The theorem
remained unproven for more than 350 years, until it was finally
proved by the British mathematician Andrew Wiles in 1994.
Fermat's Little Theorem
states that for any integers a, b, and c, a^n + b^n = c^n for any integer value of n
greater than 2.

Fermat's Little Theorem is a simple and

important result that has many applications in
mathematics, including number theory,
cryptography, and computer science. It is
often used in combination with Fermat's Last
Theorem to prove more complex results and
has been the subject of much study and
research.
Fermat's Polynomials
which are a class of polynomials that satisfy a certain equation involving integer
exponents.

Fermat's polynomials are a class of polynomials that were first introduced by the French
mathematician Pierre de Fermat in the 17th century. Fermat proposed that there were certain
polynomials that could not be expressed as the sum of two squares or cubes, and he called these
polynomials "great Fermat numbers."

Despite Fermat's claim, it was later proven by the Italian mathematician Carlo Giordano Ricci in
the 18th century that there are no solutions to Fermat's equation for values of n greater than 2.
However, Fermat's polynomials continue to be an important topic of study in mathematics and
have many applications in number theory, cryptography, and other areas of the field.
 Fermat's Method
which is a technique for solving certain types of algebraic equations using
modular arithmetic.

Fermat's method is also known as the "tribonacci method"

because it can be implemented using the tribonacci sequence,
which is a sequence of numbers defined by the recurrence
relation T(0) = 0, T(1) = 1, and T(n) = T(n-1) + T(n-2) + T(n-3) for
n > 1.

Fermat's method of factoring consists of finding x and y such that

x^2-y^2=n. The right side of the equation factors into (x-y)(x+y), and if
x-y is not one, then you have found a non-trivial factorization. There
exists several easy extensions to this idea.
Fermat's principle
which is a mathematical principle that relates the path taken by an object
to the time it takes to travel that path.

Fermat's principle, also known as the principle of least time, is the link
between ray optics and wave optics. Fermat's principle states that the
path taken by a ray between two given points is the path that can be
traveled in the least time

Fermat's principle is a mathematical conjecture proposed by the French

mathematician Pierre de Fermat in the 17th century. The principle states that if a
light ray travels through a path that passes through the centers of all the possible
prime numbers along its length, the path will be the shortest path between the two
points.
Rene Descartes
(1596–1650)
Born in La Haye en Touraine, kingdom of France.

Become the "father of modern philosophy”

He alongside with Pierre de Fermat,

Invention of the superscript notation for

showing powers or exponents.

Founded Analytical Geometry or

Cartesian Geometry.
Distinguished two kinds of curves, geometrical and
mechanical which can be found in the 2ndbook of La
G’eom’etrie called On the Nature of Curved Lines.

Wrote a treatise on physics titled “Le Monde” (The World).

Wrote “Principia Philosophiae” which appeared in Amsterdam

in 1644, he used the notion of vortices as a creative
mechanism to account for the origin and the current state of
the universe.

Wrote the “Discours de la m’ethode pour bien conduire sa

raison et chercher la y’erit’edans les sciences” (Discourse on
the Method of Reasoning Well and Seeking Truth in the
Sciences) in 1637 in which “La G’eom’etrie” was one of the
three appendices together with “La dioptrique” and “Les
m’et’eores”
DE LA METHODE
“Discours de la Méthode Pour bien conduire sa
raison, et chercher la vérité dans les sciences”

THE BOOK WAS ORIGINALLY PUBLISHED IN LEIDEN, IN THE

NETHERLANDS. LATER, IT WAS TRANSLATED INTO LATIN AND
PUBLISHED IN 1656 IN AMSTERDAM.

DISCOURSE ON THE METHOD IS ONE OF THE MOST INFLUENTIAL

WORKS IN THE HISTORY OF MODERN PHILOSOPHY, AND IMPORTANT
TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF NATURAL SCIENCES.

IS A PHILOSOPHICAL AND AUTOBIOGRAPHICAL TREATISE

PUBLISHED BY René Descartes IN 1637. IT IS BEST KNOWN AS THE
SOURCE OF THE FAMOUSE QUOTATION "Je pense, donc je suis"
("I think, therefore I am")
LE MONDE Traité du monde et de la lumière

IS A BOOK BY RENÉ DESCARTES (1596–1650). WRITTEN BETWEEN 1629 AND 1633, IT

CONTAINS A NEARLY COMPLETE VERSION OF HIS PHILOSOPHY, FROM METHOD, TO
METAPHYSICS, TO PHYSICS AND BIOLOGY.

DESCARTES ESPOUSED MECHANICAL PHILOSOPHY, A FORM OF NATURAL PHILOSOPHY

POPULAR IN THE 17TH CENTURY. HE THOUGHT EVERYTHING PHYSICAL IN THE
UNIVERSE TO BE MADE OF TINY "CORPUSCLES" OF MATTER

CORPUSCULARIANISM (FROM THE LATIN CORPUSCULUM MEANING "LITTLE BODY") IS A SET

OF THEORIES THAT EXPLAIN NATURAL TRANSFORMATIONS AS A RESULT OF THE
INTERACTION OF PARTICLES

THE WORLD RESTS ON THE HELIOCENTRIC VIEW, FIRST EXPLICATED IN

WESTERN EUROPE BY COPERNICUS. DESCARTES DELAYED THE BOOK'S RELEASE
UPON NEWS OF THE ROMAN INQUISITION'S CONVICTION OF GALILEO FOR
"SUSPICION OF HERESY" AND SENTENCING TO HOUSE ARREST. DESCARTES
DISCUSSED HIS WORK ON THE BOOK, AND HIS DECISION NOT TO RELEASE IT, IN
LETTERS WITH ANOTHER PHILOSOPHER, MARIN MERSENNE. (WAS A FRENCH
POLYMATH WHOSE WORKS TOUCHED A WIDE VARIETY OF FIELDS.)
PRINCIPIA PHILOSOPHIAE
Principia Philosophiae

IS A BOOK BY RENÉ DESCARTES IN ESSENCE, IT IS A SYNTHESIS OF THE DISCOURSE

ON METHOD AND MEDITATIONS ON FIRST PHILOSOPHY. IT WAS WRITTEN IN LATIN,
PUBLISHED IN 1644 AND DEDICATED TO ELISABETH OF BOHEMIA, WITH WHOM
DESCARTES HAD A LONG-STANDING FRIENDSHIP. A FRENCH VERSION (LES
PRINCIPES DE LA PHILOSOPHIE) FOLLOWED IN 1647.

NEWTON BORROWED THIS PRINCIPLE FROM DESCARTES AND INCLUDED IT IN HIS

OWN PRINCIPIA; TO THIS DAY, IT IS STILL GENERALLY REFERRED TO AS NEWTON'S
FIRST LAW OF MOTION.THE BOOK WAS PRIMARILY INTENDED TO REPLACE THE
ARISTOTELIAN CURRICULUM THEN USED IN FRENCH AND BRITISH UNIVERSITIES.

DESCARTES ASKED ABBOT CLAUDE PICOT TO TRANSLATE HIS LATIN PRINCIPIA

PHILOSOPHIAE INTO FRENCH. FOR THIS EDITION, HE WROTE A PREFACE DISGUISED AS
A LETTER TO THE TRANSLATOR, WHOSE TITLE IS "LETTER OF THE AUTHOR TO THE
TRANSLATOR OF THE BOOK, THAT MAY BE USED AS A PREFACE." THIS WAS PUBLISHED
IN 1647, A DATE ALREADY IN THE MATURE, FINAL PERIOD OF HIS LIFE. IN THIS
WRITING, DESCARTES POURS SOME REFLEXIONS ABOUT HIS IDEA OF WISDOM AND
PHILOSOPHY.
FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLE OF
ANALYTIC GEOMETRY
ANALYTIC GEOMETRY, ALSO CALLED COORDINATE
GEOMETRY, MATHEMATICAL SUBJECT IN WHICH
ALGEBRAIC SYMBOLISM AND METHODS ARE USED TO
REPRESENT AND SOLVE PROBLEMS IN GEOMETRY.

THIS CORRESPONDENCE MAKES IT POSSIBLE TO REFORMULATE

PROBLEMS IN GEOMETRY AS EQUIVALENT PROBLEMS IN
ALGEBRA, AND VICE VERSA; THE METHODS OF EITHER SUBJECT
CAN THEN BE USED TO SOLVE PROBLEMS IN THE OTHER.

ANALYTIC GEOMETRY HAD ITS GREATEST IMPACT ON

MATHEMATICS VIA CALCULUS.
OPTICS

WHICH IS A WORK IN WHICH DESCARTES DESCRIBES HIS THEORY OF VISION

AND THE NATURE OF LIGHT.

DESCARTES’ “OPTICS” TO APPEAR IN THE CAMBRIDGE DESCARTES LEXICON,

ED. LARRY NOLAN (CAMBRIDGE: CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS),
SUBMITTED 2010

DESCARTES FAMOUSLY ARGUES THAT “THE ACTION OF LIGHT” MAY “PASS

FROM THE HEAVENS TO THE EARTH IN THE SAME WAY” AS “THE MOVEMENT
OR RESISTANCE OF THE BODIES ENCOUNTERED BY A BLIND MAN PASSES TO
HIS HAND BY MEANS OF HIS STICK,” ADDING (RASHLY IN HINDSIGHT) THAT “IF
THIS COULD BE PROVED FALSE, I SHOULD BE READY TO CONFESS THAT I
KNOW ABSOLUTELY NOTHING IN PHILOSOPHY”
Leonhard Euler SAID:

Nothing takes place in the world whose meaning is not that of

some maximum or minimum.

Pierre De Fermat SAID:

And perhaps, posterity will thank me for having

shown it that the ancients did not know everything.

Rene Descrates SAID:

Cogito Ergo Sum. "I think, therefore I am."