Science, Technology, and Society Midterms

Reviewer: What is society?

- Derived from a Latin word socious that
means association or companionship.
UNIT 1, LESSON 1 - A larger group of individuals, who are
Science: associative with each other.
- Any system of knowledge
- Unbiased observations and systematic LESSON 2
experimentation Ancient Period
• Europe
Steps of Scientific Method: o Fire is used by homo erectus
- Identify the problem / ask questions o Stone-headed spears are used
- Do a background research o Wooden bow and arrow are used in
- Formulate a hypothesis Spain and Saharan Africa
- Experimentation o People in southern Europe use
- Analysis sewing needles from bone
- Conclusion -> Peer Review o Iron working in Greece
o Etruscan Craftsmen make false teeth
Major Branches of Science from gold
- Natural Science – Chemist, Biologist • Asia and Oceania
- Social Science – Psychologist, Sociologist o Clay pots in Japan
- Applied Science – Engineer, Nurse o Iran make wine
- Formal Science – AI, Math, It o Bronze in Thailand
o Plow is invented in China and
4 Common Characteristics of Science Mesopotamia
- Focuses on the natural world or o Boats with Anchor (China)
environment o Lunar Calendar (China)
- Goes through series of experiments o Clay pipes as drains (Pakistan)
- Relies on evidence o Acupunctures (China)
- Passes through scientific community o Records of sightings of a comet
(China)
Challenges of Science and Technology o Records of Solar Eclipse (China)
- Modifications in previous knowledge and o Writing on bamboo or paper made
theories. from bark (China)
- Invention of sophisticated machines and o Hindu calendar with 360 days (India)
their utilization. o Natural Gas for lighting
- Impact of technology on physical health. • Africa and Middle East
- Desire for status o Uses stone tools
- Effect upon values and norms o Begins chipping flakes off stones to
- Too much accessibility leads to problems in sharpen for tools.
privacy and other wrong usage. o Uses antlers to create tools for
cutting and drilling
What is technology? o Bone harpoons used for fishing
- The application of scientific knowledge to o Build houses from sun-dried bricks
the practical aims of human life (Palestine)
- the change and manipulation of the human o Clay tokens used for record keeping
environment. • Africa and Middle East (EGYPT)
- The use or application of scientific o 365-day calendar
knowledge for a specific goal or purpose.
 o Hieroglyphics (Form of writing) - Galileo Galilei invented telescope;
o Dam in Garawi river supported the Heliocentric Theory.
o Build pyramids -> Sudan Industrial Period/Revolution (18th Century)
o Use 700 drugs and medications - Transfer of doing work by human hands and
(herbal) feet to the use of machine.
o Symptoms of leprosy are described - Iron production, steam engine, and textile
in Egyptian text. flourished.
o Dig a canal to join Nile river to red - James Watt improved steam engine.
sea. - Robert Fulton made a steam boat.
• Africa and Middle East (Mesopotamia) - Thomas Edison invented the lightbulb.
o Wheel - George Stephenson developed the first
o Glass steam-powered locomotive.
o Maps - Alexander Graham Bell invented telephone.
o Pythagorean Theorem 19th Century: The Age of Machine Tools (1801-
o Irrigation system to water crops 1900)
• Africa and Middle East (Sumerians) - Witnessed the rise of modern industry
o 360-day calendar (Phoenician) - The invention of useable electricity, steel,
o Alphabet (Babylonia) and petroleum products led into a second
o Astronomers study comet industrial revolution in the 19th century.
o Positional number system - Science Contribution/Invention
o Medicine as Science o John Dalton – Atomic theory in 1803
o Compile list of planets and stars studied colorblindness.
o Dmitri Mendeleev – Formulated the
Medieval Period (c.a. 500-1500) Periodic Table of Elements.
- “Dark Ages” because of very few written o Hermann von Helmholtz –
records remained from this era. Formulated the law of conservation
- Only very little evidence that proves that of energy in 1847; invented
there was progress in the society during this Ophthalmoscope in 1851.
period. - Physics Contribution/Invention
- Charlemagne, a medieval emperor of o James Clerk Maxwell – Showed that
western Europe, established a scholastic light is an electromagnetic wave in
tradition. 1873 and was later proved by
- Invention of vertical windmills, spectacles, Heinrich Hertz in 1896.
mechanical clocks, greatly improved water o Henri Becquerel – Discovered
mills, building techniques like the Gothic radioactivity in 1896
style and three-field crop rotation. o Marie Curie and Pierre Curie –
- Johannes Guttenberg invented the printing Discovered radium in 1897.
press. - People who mastered in electricity
Renaissance Period (14th-17th Century) o Hans Christian Oersted – Discovered
- Period of rebirth or revival that electric current in a wire caused
- Printing with movable type allowed bibles, a nearby compass needle to move in
secular books to be made in large amounts. 1819.
- Nicholas Copernicus presented Heliocentric o Michael Faraday – Showed that a
Theory/Model. magnet can produce electricity and
- Geocentrism (Idea) – Aristotle in 1831 invented the Dynamo.
- Geocentrism (Model) – Claudius Ptolemy o Samuel F.B. Morse – invented the
- Heliocentrism (Idea and Model) – Nicolaus electric telegraph
Copernicus o Karl Benz & Gottlieb Daimler – Made
the first cars in 1885 and 1886
20th Century ▪ Bureau of Science -> Institute
- Most noticeable in the history of human for of Science -> Institute of
its incomparable technological advances Science and Technology ->
and scientific discoveries. National Scientific and
- Communication, transportation, military Industrial Research Institute -
research was developed. > National Institute of
- Personal computer was created. Science and Technology ->
- Intel developed microprocessor. Industrial Technology
- Apple was introduced by Steve Jobs and Development Institute
Steve Wozniak. o The Magna Carta of Philippine
- Internet was created (ARPANET – Advanced Science - RA 1067, was passed which
Research Projects Agency Network) goal is to establish the National
- Henry Ford’s mass production of cars. Science Development Board. (Now
- Artificial Intelligence was invented. DOST).
o The National Research Council of the
LESSON 3.1 Philippines was established.
Historical Background of Science and Technology in • Marcos Era
the Philippines o Approved the funding on projects
• Pre-spanish period for applied science and science
o Made simple tools and weapons of education.
stone flakes. o Science curriculum and teaching
o Sawing and polishing of stones. equipment was upgraded
o Produced ornament of seashells and o The Bataan Nuclear Power Plant was
pottery. built in response to the 1973 oil
o Ore mining (copper, gold, bronze, crisis.
and iron) ▪ 1976 – started construction
o Created Banaue Rice Terraces by Westinghouse corp.
o Built a refined plank-built warship ▪ 1984 – finished construction
(caracoa) for inter-island trades. ▪ $500M – initial price
o Extract medicine from plants. ▪ $2.3B – final price upon
o Had a counting system completion
▪ Used mayca for counting ▪ 1979 – (Letter of Instruction
beyond 20 No. 957) halted construction
o Had a calendar based on moon. creating PUNO commission in
• Spanish Period (3Gs – God, Glory, Gold) June 1979
o Advanced method of agriculture ▪ 1981 – (LOI No. 1065 s. 1980)
o University of Santo Tomas was resumption of construction
established (founded on 1611) in January 1981
o Constructed government ▪ 1986 (E.O 55 by Pres.
establishments, churches, road, Aquino) preventing the use
bridges and fort. of BNPP.
o Galleon Trade was prioritized. o PAGASA was established
▪ Acapulco, Mexico o National Academy of Science and
• American Period (Policies, Laws, Technology was created.
Establishments of Agencies) o Philippine Science High School in
o Bureau of Government Laboratories Visayas and Mindanao was
was established to study tropical established.
diseases and laboratory projects.
 • Fifth Republic • Pres. Benigno Aquino III
o P. Cory Aquino replaced NSTA to o instrumental in the development of
DOST Philippines' microsatellites Diwata I
o P. Fidel Ramos approved RA 8439 or and Diwata-2 under
The Magna Carta for Scientists, STAMINA4SPACE program.
Engineers, Researchers, and other • President Rodrigo Duterte
Science and Technology personnel. o Promotes the “Balik Scientist Act”
o Pres. Joseph Estrada started the
internet age. LESSON 4
o Pres. Gloria Arroyo signed the R.A. • Copernican Revolution - The shift from
9361 or the Biofuel Act Geocentric to Heliocentric model of the
o Pres. Benigno Aquino conferred four Universe.
National Scientists. o Nicolaus Copernicus – proposed the
▪ 2017 - Gavino Trono, Angel Heliocentric Model.
Alcala, Ramon Barba, o Claudius Ptolemy – proposed the
Eduardo Gomez Geocentric Model.
▪ 2019 - Emil Javier • Notable Contribution of Ancient
Astronomers to the development of the
LESSON 3.2 universe:
• Fe Del Mundo o Aristotle (384 – 322 B.C., Greek)
o Pioneered numerous innovations in ▪ Proved that earth is spherical
her more than 70-year career. ▪ Earth was at the center of
o credited with studies that led to the the universe
invention of the incubator and a o Aristarchus (310-230 B.C., Greek)
jaundice relieving device. ▪ Sun was the center of the
o Invented Bamboo Incubator in universe
1941. o Hipparchus (190-120 B.C., Greek)
• De La Salle University ▪ The greatest astronomer of
o Introduced SINAG in 2007, the first ancient times
solar car of the Philippines. ▪ Measured earth’s distance to
o (1955 - William Cabb "sun mobile") the moon
• Narciso Mosuela ▪ Discovered the wobbling of
o Super Kalan the earth
o Invented a stove that can be o Claudius Ptolemy (85-165 B.C.,
powered by any substance trait Greek)
burns. ▪ Ptolemic system which is a
• Diosdado "Dado"' Banatao geometric system
o Bill Gates of the Philippines. o Nicolaus Copernicus (1473 – 1543,
o Invented the first single-chip Polish)
graphical user interface in 1972. ▪ Sun is the center of the
• Marc Loinaz universe
o one-chip video camera o Galileo Galilei (1564-1642, Italian)
• Roberto Del Rosario ▪ Supported the Copernican
o Holds the potent of karaoke model of the universe
o Developed the karaoke sing-a-long o Johannes Kepler (1571-1630,
system in 1975. German)
• Engr. Eduardo San Juan ▪ Formulated the three laws of
o proposed concept of Lunar Rover planetary motion
 - Law of Elliptical Orbits o Father of Psychoanalysis
- Law of Equal Areas o Explained how human mind works
- Law of Periods and cure its mental illness
o Developed Topographical and
Darwinian Revolution by Charles Darwin Structural Model of the Mind
• Charles Darwin o Topographical View of Human Mind
o Father of evolution ▪ Conscious Level
o His discoveries became the ▪ Preconscious Level
foundation of modern evolutionary ▪ Unconscious Level
studies. o Structural Model of the Mind
• The Theory of Natural Selection ▪ Ego – socially acceptable way
o Survival of the fittest to satisfy the demands of id
o In his 1859 book: On the Origin of ▪ Super-ego – operates based
Species on principles of morality.
o Process by which organisms change ▪ Id – Eros, the life or survival
overtime due to changes in heritable instinct of man and Thanatos,
physical or behavioral traits. the death or destructive
o Overproduction & Variation – Not all instinct of man.
of these species’ offspring will First Modern Information Revolution (Mid 19th
survive. Century)
o Competition & Selection – • Telegraph -Samuel Morse
Organisms that survived reproduce • Telephone- Alexander Graham Bell
and transfer their characteristics to • Proved the feasibility of Radio
their own offspring communication - Guglielmo Marconi
o Environmental Changes – organisms • Early generation computers - Lee De Forest
need to adapt to the changes in the • Television - Philo Taylor Farnsworth
environment. • Artificial Satellites - Sergci Korolex
• Jean-Baptiste Lamarck – variation is • Quantified information and measured in
acquired bits - Claude Shannon
• Charles Darwin – variation is inherited • "knowledge revolution"
• Lamarck vs Darwin Theory • Period about the development of
communication-related technologies that
Lamarck Darwin improve the society.
Origin of Life Permanent Derived from
Spontaneous an ancestral Mesoamerican Period
generation form Mesoamerica comes from Greek word Mesos
Driver for Complexification Natural meaning "in the middle". This period is
evolution over time Selection characterized by the following civilizations:
Modification Adaptation to Spontaneous OLMECS, MAYANS, & AZTECS
the variations • Olmecs (1500 B.C.- 400 B.C.)
environment transmitted o Top of Society are priests and
to the nobles.
progeny o Normal people lived in farming
Species NO, unless due YES. villages around the elites.
Extinction to humans o Carved colossal heads from volcanic
rocks as portraits of rulers.
Freudian Revolution by Sigmund Freud o Invented calendar and carved
• Sigmund Freud hieroglyphic writing into stone.
 o The mother culture of Mesoamerica Islamic contributions are evident in the field of
• Mayans (300 B.C.- 900 A.D.) mathematics, astronomy and medicine. These
o Developed methods of farming such includes the following but are not limited to:
as shifting agriculture and raised bed • Mathematics
farming. o the Arab sifr, or zero
o Organized into city-state without o Arab decimal system facilitated the
political unity but bounded course of science
economically o invented and developed algebra and
o Developed numbering system made great strides in trigonometry
including place value and concept of o Arabic numeral - an improvement on
zero the original Hindu concept
o Hieroglyphics o Al-Khwarizmi - father of algebra and
o Solar Calendar with 365 days and algorithm
ritual calendar with 260 days • Astronomy
• Aztecs (12th Century- 15th Century) o Astrolabe was improved with
o Built "chinampas" or floating religion in mind
gardens to plant crops. o Arab astronomers of the Middle
o Built empire which has a ruler with Ages compiles astronomical charts
his council consisting of nobles, and tables in observatories such as
priest, and military leaders. those at Palmyra and Maragha
o Developed a calendar with 365 days. o they were able to determine the
o Believed that illness is a punishment length of a degree, to establish
from gods but still uses herbs and longitude and latitude, and to
medicine for treatment. investigate the relative speeds of
Middle East sound and light
• Middle East - is the geographical location • Geography
where Islam arose. Islam is a religion of o 1166 - Al Idrisi produced very
right actions, rules and laws and follows the accurate maps
teachings of Muhammad (messenger of o Al Muqdishi - a geographer, also
God) produced an accurate colored map
• Islamic rules are symbolized by five • Medicine
obligatory acts or the five pillars of Islam: o Improvement of the healing arts of
o Shahadah (Faith) – To believe in no Mesopotamia and Egypt
God but Allah o Used Cadavers to study human
o Salah (Prayer) – To pray 5 times each anatomy and physiology
day o Al-Razi – alchemist and muslim
▪ Fajr – before sunrise philosopher who is also considered
▪ Zuhr – early afternoon as the greatest physician of the
▪ Asr – late afternoon ancient world.
▪ Maghrib – after sunset o Avicenna – Holistic approach in
▪ Isha – night medicine
o Sawm (Fasting) – To give up food and
drinking during daylight hours in the African Revolution – Africans like other Eastern
month of ramadan. civilizations are pioneers of some advancement in
o Zakah (Almsgiving) – To give a share science and technology. They work independently
of personal wealth without any influence of 6uropean science
o Hajj (Pilgrimage) – To perform a • African Contributions
pilgrimage to Makkah o First method of counting
 o Advanced techniques for furnace o Building a political entity (territory,
which made it fuel efficient rules, norms, principles, and
o Created building of Zimbabwe common citizenship)
o Cushitic people used knowledge of o Building institutions (symbolizes
stars and constellations to establish political entity-institutions such as a
calendar bureaucracy, an economy, the
o Created the 11 interconnected rock- judiciary, universities, a civil service,
hewn churches of Lalibela and civil society organizations); and
o Installation of false teeth, filling o Building a common sense of
dental cavities, broken bone setting, purpose, shared destiny, a collective
bone traction, vaccination, brain imagination of belonging
surgery, autopsy • Development
o Use bark of Salix capensis as source o was philosophically understood as
of aspirin, kaopectate for diarrhea the improvement of mankind.
and rauwolfia vomitoria as source of (McMichael, 2004)
reserpine for hypertension and o Reisman (2008) distinguished
snake bite. development as "decision processes
o Observations on Sirius A and B by and decision outcomes" which
Dogon people makes it effective in influencing in all
ways the values and culture of the
UNIT 2, LESSON 1 global communities.
• "FROM A POLICY-ORIENTED PERSPECTIVE,
• Nation NOT ALL CHANGE IS DEVELOPMENT;
o A group or race of people who share CHANGES INCOMPATIBLE WITH HUMAN
history, traditions, culture, DIGNITY CAN BE CHARACTERIZED AS
sometimes religion, and usual RETROGRESSIONS OR AS DIS
language DEVELOPMENTAL"
• State • Key Drivers of Development
o A state is a territory considered an o Development means balancing the
organized political community under apparent inevitability of
one government. technological change with social
o A state has four main elements: intervention. (McMichael, 2004)
territory, population, government, • S&T in Building the Nation
and sovereignty. o Ensure healthcare
o A state also has fixed geographical o Increase agricultural productivity
boundaries. o Conserve and protect the
• Nation-Building environment
o Constructing or structuring a o Produce quality goods
national identity using the power of o Secure peace, order, and stability
the state. o Manage natural disasters
o The primary objective of nation- o Generate jobs for workers
building is to make a violent society o Increase economic productivity
peaceful. Security, food, shelter, and o Develop good infrastructure
essential services should be o Efficiently deliver social services
provided first. Economic and political • S&T in Nation Building: Global Perspective
goals can be pursued once these o Countries are being categorized
first-order needs are met. today based on their economy and
• Aspects of Achieving a Strong Nation the application of Science and
 Technology, It can be analyzed from LESSON 2
various reports that countries that The declarations in the 1987 Constitution, Article
have a strong base in science and XIV acknowledges the significant role of science
technology are the ones that and technology
developed faster.
• S&T for the Advancement of Developing • 1987 Constitution Article XIV
Countries o Section 10: Science and technology
o The importance of science and are essential for national
technology in addressing national development and progress. The
and international issues necessitates State shall give priority to research
the promotion of various science and development, invention,
and technology programs innovation, and their utilization, and
throughout developing countries. to science and technology
o Accordingly, developing countries education, training, and services
realize the importance of o Section 11: The Congress may
benchmarking and learning best provide for incentives, including tax
practices from developed nations to deductions, to encourage private
eventually produce localized science participation in programs of basic
and technology programs. (National and applied scientific research,
Academy of Sciences, 2006) Scholarships, grants in aid, or other
o "investments on research and forms of incentives shall be provided
development (R&D) and education", to deserving science students,
related to the "emerging trends" in researchers, scientists, inventors,
various fields of applied sciences, technologists, and specially gifted
evidently considers "Science and citizens
Technology Innovation (STI) as a o Section 12: The State shall regulate
driving force behind the success of the transfer and promote the
the Asian neighboring counties". adaptation of technology from all
• S&T FOR THE ADVANCEMENT OF sources for the national benefit
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES o Section 13: The State shall protect
o Government investment in public and secure the exclusive rights of
goods and services such as roads, scientists, inventors, artists, and
clean water, health, and education; other gifted citizens to their
o Support for small and medium-scale intellectual property and creations,
enterprises; particularly when beneficial to the
o Support for higher education people for such period as may be
institutions, science and engineering provided by law.
sectors, and industry and trade
associations; LESSON 3
o Inter-institutional linkages between • Philippine Development Plan (PDP)
universities, industries, government o Blueprint of programs and
agencies, and non-government administration's plan for progress.
organizations; and NEDA recently launched in 2016, the
o Good governance (Science, PDP 2017-2022 which is part of four
Technology and Society) medium-term plans anchored on the
Ambisyon Natin 2040.
• Ambisyon Natin 2040
o It aims to realize the collective vision
of Filipinos over the next 25 years.
 Leyco (2018) in his article shared the • Angel C. Alcala, Ph. D.
three main pillars from which the o Recognized for his research on the
PDP 2017-2022 is founded. ecology and diversity of Philippine
• The Three Main Pillars of AmBisyon Natin amphibians and reptiles, as well as
2040 marine biodiversity and
o Malasakit – regain people’s trust in conservation of marine protected
public institutions and cultivate trust areas
among fellow filipinos • Ramon C. Barba, Ph.D
o Pagbabago – Inequality-reducing o induction of flowering of mango and
transformation through increasing micropropagation or the rapid
opportunities for growth of output multiplying of the stock plant of
and income important crop species
o Kaunlaran – Increasing potential • Edgardo Gomez, Ph. D
growth through sustaining and o conservation efforts in invertebrate
accelerating economic growth biology and ecology
• Harmonized National R&D Agenda o Was pivotal in the world's first
o National Integrated Basic Research national-scale assessment of
Agenda (NIBRA) damage to coral reefs
o Health • Gavino C. Trono, Ph. D.
o Agriculture, Aquatic and Natural o Focused on seaweed diversity
Resources (AANR) o First to report the occurrence if “ice-
o Industry, Energy and Emerging ice” disease that affected many
Technology seaweed farms
o Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate • Emil Q. Javier, Ph. D.
Change Adaptation (DRR CCA) o plant breeding research in rice,
• Issue-Based NIBRA Programs maize, sorghum, coconut, abaca,
o Water Security- TUBIG Program and tropical grasses and legumes
(Tubig ay buhayin at Ingatan) and his pioneering and award-
o Food and Nutrition Security- SAPAT winning research and extension
Program (Saganang Pagkain Para sa work in tropical pastures agronomy
Lahat) and utilization in integrated crop-
o Health Sufficiency- LIKAS Program livestock farming systems.
(Likas Yaman sa Kalusugan)
o Clean Energy- ALERT Program LESSON 5
(Alternative Energy Research Treads) Science Education in the Philippines – The
o Sustainable Community- SAKLAW conceptual framework of science education in the
Program (Saklolo sa Lawa) Philippines is designed towards developing
o Inclusive Nation-building- ATIN productive members of the society who are
Program (Ang Tinig Natin) scientifically, technologically and environmentally
literate.
LESSON 4
National Scientist - The highest honor given by the LESSON 6
President to an individual who had contributed • Engr. Marinto C. Martinez
significantly to the fields of science and technology o Aerogas Catalytic Combustor (ACC)
in the country is the order of the National ▪ Anti-pollution, eco friendly
Scientists. Currently, there are 42 National invention
Scientists live whom were conferred recently ▪ Fuel saver and power booster
engine device which can be
 practically used on all types
of internal combustion
engines like engines of jeeps,
cars, trucks, etc.
• Engr. Asia Mijeno
o SALT (Sustainable Alternative
Lighting Lamp)
▪ Environment-friendly lamp
that runs with just two
tablespoons of salt and one
glass of tap water.
▪ The lamp os made of
improved chemical
compounds, catalysts, and
metal alloys that generate
electricity when submerged
in electrolytes.
• Atoy Llave
o Salamander Amphibious Tricycle
▪ Tricycle that can travel on
both water and land
▪ Has two power plant choices:
one electric and one internal
combustion
▪ Powered by either a 5kW
electric engine or a 250-cc
gasoline motor.