Magnetism & Matter

Lect-01
 Today’s Goal
BAR MAGNET

MAGNETIC FIELD LINES

Torque on a BAR Magnet in a

Uniform Magnetic Field
BAR MAGNET:
➢When suspended freely with the help of
a thread, a magnet always rests in North-
South direction. The pole pointing
towards north is North Pole and the one
pointing towards south is called South
Pole.
 Properties of BAR Magnet:
1. Like poles repel each other & unlike poles attract each other.
Confirm test of polarity (magnetism) is repulsion & not
attraction.

2. Magnetic monopoles do not exist.

3. The Poles are situated “near” the ends of the magnet & not
exactly at the ends
BAR Magnet as Magnetic Dipole
• 𝒎 → 𝑷𝒐𝒍𝒆 𝒔𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒈𝒕𝒉 𝒎𝒆𝒂𝒔𝒖𝒓𝒆𝒅 𝒊𝒏 𝑨𝒎
• 𝟐𝒍 → 𝑴𝒂𝒈𝒏𝒆𝒕𝒊𝒄 𝒍𝒆𝒏𝒈𝒕𝒉
Q ) Two identical thin bar magnets, each of length L and
pole-strength m are placed at right angles to each other, with
the N-pole of one touching the south pole of the other. Find
the magnetic moment of the system.

a) 𝟐𝒎𝑳
b) 𝟐𝒎𝑳
c) 𝒎𝑳
d) 𝒎𝟐𝑳𝟐
Magnetic Moment of Current Loop

Direction of 𝑴 ⇒ Curl your Right Hand fingers in

direction of current, your Thumb now points in the
direction of 𝑨 or 𝑴
MAGNETIC FIELD LINES :
Imaginary lines /curves drawn in space along
which a ‘free North Pole’ would move, if allowed
to do so.
Properties of Magnetic Field lines
1. Magnetic Field lines form closed loop
𝑶𝒖𝒕𝒔𝒊𝒅𝒆 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒎𝒂𝒈𝒏𝒆𝒕 → 𝑵 → 𝑺
𝑰𝒏𝒔𝒊𝒅𝒆 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒎𝒂𝒈𝒏𝒆𝒕 → 𝑺 → 𝑵

2. The tangent at any point on the field lines, gives the

direction of Magnetic Field at that point.
3. In a region of strong Magnetic Field, the field lines
are closer & in region of weak field, field lines are
far apart.

4. Two Magnetic Field Line can never intersect each

other.
Some Standard diagrams of Magnetic Field
Lines
1. Straight Current carrying Wire.

𝒊
x 𝒊
2. Current Carrying Loop
Analogy with Electrostatics
1. Coulomb’s Law of Electric Coulomb’s Law of Magnetic
Force Force
2. Electric Field due to a Magnetic Field due to a
Point Charge Point Charge
3. Electric Field due to an Magnetic Field due to a Magnetic
Electric Dipole Dipole
(BAR Magnet)
a) On the axis a) On the Axis
b) On the equitorial line
Torque on a BAR Magnet(Magnetic Dipole)in a
uniform magnetic filed.
1. Maximum Torque

2. Minimum Torque
Torque on a Current Loop(Magnetic
Dipole) in a uniform Magnetic Field
Potential Energy of a BAR Magnet (Magnetic
Dipole) in a Uniform Magnetic Field.
 Equilibrium
𝜽 = 𝟎𝒐 𝜽 = 𝟏𝟖𝟎𝒐
Q) Calculate the work done in rotating a magnet of magnetic
moment 3.0 JT-1 through an angle of 60o from its position
along a magnetic field of strength 0.34x10-4 T
a) 5.1x10-5 J
b) 3.5x10-5 J
c) 2 x10-5 J
d) 8.1x10-5 J
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Magnetism & Matter
Lect-02
 Earth’s Magnetism

Tangent Galvanometer

Vibration Magnometer
L.O.I.C - Moving Coil Galvanometer
Gauss Law and Magnetism
Earth’s Magnetism
Magnetic Needle & Nomenclature of Poles
1. When a Magnetic Needle is moved close to
Earth’s Surface, then at two places it
becomes vertical(perpendicular) to the
surface.

2. The pole where ‘N’ pole of needle points

vertically downward, that point on Earth’s
surface is called Magnetic North Pole.

3. The pole where ‘S’ pole of needle points

vertically downward, that point on Earth’s
surface is called Magnetic South Pole.
G.N: Geographical North Pole
M.N : Magnetic North Pole
G.S: Geographical South Pole
M.S: Magnetic South Pole
G.E : Geographic Equator
M.E: Magnetic Equator
Angle of Dip
1. A magnetic needle which is free to rotate in
vertical plane (called Dip needle) is placed at
various places on Earth’s surface.
2. The needle aligns with Earth’s Magnetic Field lines
with North Pole of needle pointing towards
Magnetic North Pole.
3. At this instant , the angle made by needle with the
horizontal to Earth’s Surface is called Angle of
Dip( )
At any place
Q) If the horizontal component of earth’s magnetic field at a
place where the angle of dip is 60o is 0.4x10-4 T, calculate the
vertical component and the resultant magnetic field at that
place.
Geographical Meridian, Magnetic Meridian
& Angle of Declination (D)
1. Geographical Meridian: At any point on Earth’s Surface,
a plane passing through Geographic Poles and that point.

2. Magnetic Meridian : At any point on Earth’s Surface, a

plane passing through Magnetic Poles and that point.

3. Angle of Declination(D): At any point on Earth’s Surface,

the angle between Geographic Meridian & Magnetic
Meridian.
True Dip and Apparent Dip
Apparent Dips in two Vertical Planes at right angle to each other
Tangent Law
Tangent Galvanometer
Vibration Magnetometer
Vibration Magnetometer is an instrument which is used to
find magnetic moment of bar magnet and to compare
magnetic fields of two magnets. This device works on the
principle that whenever a freely suspended magnet in a
uniform magnetic field is disturbed from its equilibrium
position ,it starts vibrating about the mean position.
i)Comparison of horizontal components of
earth’s magnetic field at two places
ii)Determination of magnetic moment of a
magnet
iii)Comparison of magnetic moment of two
magnets of same size and mass
iv)Comparison of magnetic moments by sum and
difference method
•\
 Web Version of PW App : https://physicswallah.live/

Thank You
Download lecture notes of
this lecture right after this
session .
Note - If you have any query/issue mail at [email protected]
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7757879130.
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Magnetism & Matter
Lect-03
 Today’s Goal
Magnetisation and Magnetic Intensity

DiaMagnetism,ParaMagnetism
& FerroMagnetism

HYSTERISIS
1. We all know that matter is made up of Atoms.

2. When e- revolves around the nucleus of an

atom, it constitutes a current loop.

3. This current loop behave as a Magnetic

Dipole (Atomic Dipoles) & has Magnetic
Moment M=iA
Note: The Magnetic Moment of e- in an atom is
due to
i. Orbital motion of e-
ii. Spin motion of e-
iii. Magnetic moment of nucleus
But only (i) is the major contributor for Magnetic moment of
an atom.
Cause of Diamagnetism & Paramagnetism +
Ferromagnetism
1. In certain materials, all e- are paired. The Magnetic
moment of paired e- cancel each other. The Net Magnetic
moment is ZERO.

2. In other e- are unpaired. Net Magnetic moment is NOT

ZERO.
Consider a sample of a material which contains
thousands of atoms.

In the absence of an external Magnetic Field, the Magnetic

moments (atomic dipoles) are randomly oriented & Net
Magnetic Moment is still ZERO.
When this sample is kept in an external Magnetic
Field, Torque acts on atomic dipoles (Magnetic dipole)
& tries to align dipole in direction of the applied field.

Now, Net Magnetic Moment is NOT ZERO.

The alignment of Magnetic Dipole is more at
a) Strong External Magnetic Field (H)
b) Low Temperature
Magnetisation(𝑰Ԧ)
Q) For the BAR Magnet shown here, Find Magnetisation (I)
Magnetic Intensity or Magnetizing Field (𝑯)
Consider a solenoid carrying a current i and a soft
iron bar (core) is placed in it.
Magnetic Suspectibility(χ)
1. The Magnetisation of a Material is influenced by external
factors.
2. Stronger the Magnetizing Field (H) , more is
Magnetisation (I)
Absolute Permeability (𝝁𝒐), Magnetic
Permeability (𝝁) & Relative Permeability(𝝁𝒓)
Recap
𝑴
Ԧ
1. Magnetisation 𝑰 = units A/m.
𝑽

2. Magnetic Intensity / Magnetizing Field (H) units A/m.

3. 𝑩𝒎 = 𝝁𝒐(𝑯 + 𝑰)

4. 𝑰 = χ 𝑯
Susceptibility Dimensionless
5. 𝑩𝒐 = 𝝁𝒐𝑯
Absolute permeability
6. 𝑩𝒎 = 𝝁𝒎𝑯
Magnetic permeability
7. 𝝁𝒎 = 𝝁𝒐(𝟏 + χ)

𝝁𝒎 𝑩𝒎
8. 𝝁𝒓 = =𝟏+χ =
𝝁𝒐 𝑩𝒐

Relative
permeability
Q) For a Solenoid with ‘n’ turns per unit length and carrying
current ‘i’, Find Magnetizing Field (H)

a) 𝝁𝒐𝒏𝒊
b) 𝒏𝒊
c) 𝒏𝟐𝒊
d) 𝝁𝒐𝒊
Q ) A solenoid of 500 turns/m is carrying a current of 3A. Its
core is made of iron which has a relative permeability of
5000. Determine the magnitudes of the magnetic intensity,
magnetisation and the magnetic field inside the core.
Q ) An iron rod of 10-4m3 and relative permeability 1000 is
placed inside a long solenoid wound with 5 turns/cm. If a
current is 0.5 A is passed through the solenoid, then the
magnetic moment of the rod is
a) 10 Am2
b) 15 Am2
c) 20 Am2
d) 25 Am2
DiaMagnetism,ParaMagnetism
& FerroMagnetism
 DiaMagnetism
1. In atoms of some materials ,e- are in pairs. The
Magnetic Moment of paired e- cancel each other and
Net Magnetic Moment of atom is ZERO.

2.
Examples of Diamagnetic Materials:-
Bismuth, Copper, Gold, Quartz, Mercury, Water,
Alcohol, Air, Hydrogen , etc.
When an external Magnetic Field is applied across any
Material, there are two effects-:
1. If there are Atomic Dipoles in material, they
align with external Field ⇒ Magnetisation.

2. There is an Induced Magnetic Dipole

Moment in each atom of material. The
Magnetic Field due to these induced dipoles
always opposes the applied Field. (Lenz’s
Law)
In DiaMagnetic Substances
i. There are NO Atomic diploes , so NO alignment
occurs
ii. The induced dipole Moment occurs which weakly
opposes the applied Field.

Hence Diamagnetic Substances are

weakly repelled by Applied Magnetic
Field.
Properties of DiaMagnetic Substances
1. The Magnetisation(I) is slightly negative due to
induced Magnetic Moment.
2. Magnetic Susceptibility χ is small –ve .(χ<0)
for example χ≈ -10-5 for copper.
3. When a diamagnetic substance is kept in an external
Magnetic Field, the Magnetic Field inside the
diamagnetic is slightly less than external magnetic
field.
4. When a diamagnetic substance is placed
inside a magnetic field, the magnetic field
lines become slightly less dense in the
diamagnetic material

5. In a non-uniform magnetic field , a

diamagnetic material tends to move from
stronger part to the weaker part of the
magnetic field.
6. The behaviour of diamagnetic material is
independent of temperature. Susceptibility does
not change with temperature

7. Relative Permeability (𝝁𝒓) is slightly less than 1.

 ParaMagnetism
1. In some materials, e- are unpaired & net Magnetic
Moment of atom is Not ZERO.

2. So there are Atomic Dipoles in Paramagnetic

substances
But, In the absence of an external Magnetic
Field, the atomic dipoles are Randomly
aligned & net Magnetic Moment of material is
ZERO.

On applying Magnetic Field, the atomic

dipoles align with applied field due to Torque
acting on it.

Hence Paramagnetic Substances are

weakly attracted by Applied Magnetic
Field.
The alignment of atomic dipoles increases with
i. Stronger External Magnetic Field.
ii. Low Temperature
Examples of Paramagnetic Substances are:-
Aluminium, Platinum, Chromium, Manganese, Copper
Sulphate, O2 (STP)
Properties of Paramagnetic Substances
1. The Magnetisation (I) is positive due to dipole
alignment.

2. Magnetic Susceptibility χ is small +ve (χ >0) for

example χ= +2.3 x 10-5 for Aluminium.

3. When a ParaMagnetic Substance is kept in an

external Magnetic Field, the Magnetic Field inside
the Paramagnetic substance is slightly greater than
external Magnetic Field.
4. When a paramagnetic substance is placed
inside a magnetic field, the magnetic field
lines become slightly more dense in the
paramagnetic material

5. In a non-uniform magnetic field , a

paramagnetic substance tends to move from
weaker part of the field to the stronger part.
6. Relative Permeability (𝝁𝒓) is greater than 1.

7. The behaviour of paramagnetic material is

temperature dependent.
Susceptibility (χ ) varies inversely with temperature
Q) Which of the following best represents variations of ‘𝑰’ v/s
𝑯
‘ ’ for Paramagnetic materials.
𝑻
 FerroMagnetism
1. There are Atomic dipoles in ferromagnetic
material just like paramagnetic material.

2. Domain Theory:
In Ferromagnetic materials , the atomic dipoles
interact with each other in such a way that they
spontaneously align themselves in some direction in
small volumes (called domains).
When external Magnetic Field is applied,
two things occur-:
i. Domain Growth: The domains aligned with external
field grows in size & other domains reduce in size.

ii. Domain Orientation: The domains tend to align in

the direction of applied field.
Examples of Ferromagnetic Substances are:-
Iron , Nickel, Cobalt, alloys like Alnico ,etc.

Hence Ferromagnetic Substances are

Strongly Attracted by Applied Magnetic
Field.
Properties of Ferromagnetic Substances
1. The Magnetisation (I) is large positive due to
domain formation

2. Magnetic Susceptibility (χ) is very large +ve

χ= 103

3. When a FerroMagnetic material is kept in an

external Magnetic Field, the Magnetic Field inside
the Ferromagnetic material is greatly enhanced.
4. When a Ferromagnetic substance is placed inside
a Magnetic Field , the Magnetic Field lines
become highly dense in the ferromagnetic
material.

5. In a non-uniform Magnetic Field , a

Ferromagnetic substance tends to move quickly
from weaker part of the field to the stronger part.
6. Relative Permeability (𝝁𝒓) is much greater than 1.

7. The behaviour of ferromagnetic material is

temperature dependent.(Next Page)
1. The ferromagnetic behaviour of a substance becomes
temperature dependent.

2. With the rise of temperature , susceptibility of

ferromagnetic materials decreases.

3. At a certain temperature, ferromagnetics pass over to

paramagnetics. This transition temperature is called
Curie temperature or Curie Point (Tc).

4. For example, Curie Temperature for iron is 770oC

1. At a temperature above the Curie Point, a
ferromagnetic becomes an ordinary paramagnetic
whose magnetic susceptibility obeys the Curie-
Weiss Law.

2. According to Curie-Weiss law, at temperatures above

Curie temperature to the magnetic susceptibility of
ferromagnetic materials is inversely proportional to
(T-Tc)
HYSTERISIS
HYSTERISIS
1. A specimen of ferromagnetic material is placed in a
magnetizing field whose strength and direction can
be changed.

2. Suppose that the specimen is unmagnetized initially

3. When the magnetizing Field (H) is increased, the

intensity of magnetization (I) of the material of the
specimen also increases.
4. It is found that when the magnetizing Field is made
Zero, the intensity of magnetization does not
become zero but still has some finite value.

5. It becomes zero only, when magnetizing field is

increased in reverse direction.
6. The relationship between I & H in a Ferromagnetic
substance is not linear and is quite complex.

7. In order to study this relation, let us take a

Ferromagnetic substance through a cycle of
Magnetisation.
Hysteresis: Greek word meaning lagging or
delayed.
The phenomenon of the lagging of Intensity of
Magnetisation (I) behind the Magnetising Field (H) in
Ferromagnetic materials.

‘I’ does not retrace its path when ‘H’ is reversed, that is
value of ‘I’ is not unique for unique ‘H’, instead it
depends on history of the sample.
SOFT Ferromagnetic HARD Ferromagnetic
Materials Materials
SOFT Ferromagnetic HARD Ferromagnetic
Materials Materials
Examples:- Examples:-
Soft iron core, mu metal Steel, Alnico(alloy of
(nickel iron alloy) Al,Ni,Co)

Used in:- Used in:-

Cores of Solenoid
(electromagnets), core of Making permanent
transformers magnets
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Thank You
Download lecture notes of
this lecture right after this
session .
Note - If you have any query/issue mail at [email protected]
You can whatsapp on these numbers from 1pm to 7pm - 9205494559/ 7757879130.
These numbers will be available for calling on the given timings.
7757879130 - 1pm to 4pm.
9205494559 - 4pm to 7pm.