116 Chapterwise NEET­AIPMT SOLUTIONS

1. Which of the following cell organelles is 7. Which one of the following cell organelles is
responsible for extracting energy from enclosed by a single membrane?
carbohydrates to form ATP? (a) Lysosomes (b) Nuclei
(a) Ribosome (b) Chloroplast (c) Mitochondria (d) Chloroplasts
(c) Mitochondrion (d) Lysosome (NEET­I 2016)
(NEET 2017)
8. Match the columns and identify the correct
2. Select the mismatch. option.
(a) Gas vacuoles – Green bacteria
Column I Column II
(b) Large central vacuoles – Animal cells
(c) Protists – Eukaryotes A. Thylakoids (i) Disc­shaped sacs
(d) Methanogens – Prokaryotes in Golgi apparatus
(NEET­II 2016) B. Cristae (ii) Condensed
3. Select the wrong statement. structure of DNA
(a) Bacterial cell wall is made up of C. Cisternae (iii) Flat membranous
peptidoglycan. sacs in stroma
(b) Pili and fimbriae are mainly involved in D. Chromatin (iv) Infoldings in
motility of bacterial cells. mitochondria
(c) Cyanobacteria lack flagellated cells.
(a) A­(iii), B­(i), C­(iv), D­(ii)
(d) Mycoplasma is a wall­less microorganism.
(b) A­(iii), B­(iv), C­(ii), D­(i)
(NEET­II 2016)
(c) A­(iv), B­(iii), C­(i), D­(ii)
4. A cell organelle containing hydrolytic enzymes (d) A­(iii), B­(iv), C­(i), D­(ii) (2015)
is
9. Which of the following structures is not found
(a) lysosome (b) microsome
in a prokaryotic cell?
(c) ribosome (d) mesosome.
(a) Mesosome (b) Plasma membrane
(NEET­II 2016)
(c) Nuclear envelope (d) Ribosome
5. Mitochondria and chloroplast are (2015)
(A) semi­autonomous organelles
10. Cellular organelles with membranes are
(B) formed by division of pre­existing
organelles and they contain DNA but lack (a) endoplasmic reticulum, ribosomes and
protein synthesising machinery. nuclei
Which one of the following options is correct? (b) lysosomes, Golgi apparatus and
(a) (A) is true but (B) is false. mitochondria
(b) Both (A) and (B) are false. (c) nuclei, ribosomes and mitochondria
(c) Both (A) and (B) are correct. (d) chromosomes, ribosomes and endoplasmic
(d) (B) is true but (A) is false. (NEET­I 2016) reticulum.
(2015)
6. Microtubules are the constituents of
(a) centrioles, spindle fibres and chromatin 11. Which of the following are not membrane ­
(b) centrosome, nucleosome and centrioles bound?
(c) cilia, flagella and peroxisomes (a) Lysosomes (b) Mesosomes
(d) spindle fibres, centrioles and cilia. (c) Vacuoles (d) Ribosomes
(NEET­I 2016) (2015)
Cell ­ The Unit of Life 117

12. DNA is not present in (A) Centriole (i) lnfoldings in

(a) nucleus (b) mitochondria mitochondria
(c) chloroplast (d) ribosomes. (B) Chlorophyll (ii) Thylakoids
(2015 Cancelled) (C) Cristae (iii) Nucleic acids
(D) Ribozymes (iv) Basal body of cilia
13. Nuclear envelope is a derivative of
or flagella
(a) microtubules
A B C D
(b) rough endoplasmic reticulum
(a) (iv) (ii) (i) (iii)
(c) smooth endoplasmic reticulum
(b) (i) (ii) (iv) (iii)
(d) membrane of Golgi complex. (c) (i) (iii) (ii) (iv)
(2015 Cancelled) (d) (iv) (iii) (i) (ii) (2014)
14. The structures that are formed by stacking of 21. The Golgi complex plays a major role
organised flattened membranous sacs in the (a) as energy transferring organelles
chloroplasts are (b) in post translational modification of proteins
(a) stroma lamellae (b) stroma and glycosylation of lipids
(c) cristae (d) grana. (c) in trapping the light and transforming it
(2015 Cancelled) into chemical energy
15. Select the correct matching in the following (d) in digesting proteins and carbohydrates.
pairs. (NEET 2013)
(a) Rough ER – Synthesis of glycogen
(b) Rough ER – Oxidation of fatty acids 22. Which one of the
(c) Smooth ER – Oxidation of phospholipids following organelle in the
(d) Smooth ER – Synthesis of lipids figure correctly matches
(2015 Cancelled) with its function?
(a) Golgi apparatus,
16. The chromosomes in which centromere is
formation of
situated close to one end are glycolipids
(a) telocentric (b) sub­metacentric (b) Rough endoplasmic reticulum, protein
(c) metacentric (d) acrocentric. synthesis
(2015 Cancelled) (c) Rough endoplasmic reticulum, formation
17. Which one of the following is not an inclusion of glycoproteins
body found in prokaryotes? (d) Golgi apparatus, protein synthesis
(a) Glycogen granule (NEET 2013)
(b) Polysome 23. A major site for synthesis of lipids is
(c) Phosphate granule (a) symplast (b) nucleoplasm
(d) Cyanophycean granule (2015 Cancelled) (c) RER (d) SER.
18. The solid linear cytoskeletal elements having a (NEET 2013)
diameter of 6 nm and made up of a single type 24. The term ‘glycocalyx’ is used for
of monomer are known as (a) a layer present between cell wall and
(a) microtubules membrane of bacteria
(b) microfilaments (b) cell wall of bacteria
(c) intermediate filaments (c) bacterial cell glyco­engineered to possess
(d) lamins. (2014) N­glycosylated proteins
19. The osmotic expansion of a cell kept in water (d) a layer surrounding the cell wall of bacteria.
is chiefly regulated by (Karnataka NEET 2013)
(a) mitochondria (b) vacuoles 25. Which of the following types of plastid does
(c) plastids (d) ribosomes. not contain stored food material?
(2014) (a) Chromoplasts (b) Elaioplasts
20. Match the following and select the correct (c) Aleuroplasts (d) Amyloplasts
answer. (Karnataka NEET 2013)
118 Chapterwise NEET­AIPMT SOLUTIONS

26. Which of the following best illustrates 31. Which one of the following cellular parts is
“feedback” in development? correctly described?
(a) Tissue X secretes RNA which changes the (a) Thylakoids ­ flattened membranous sacs
development of tissue Y. forming the grana of chloroplasts
(b) As tissue X develops, it secretes enzymes (b) Centrioles ­ sites for active RNA synthesis
that inhibit the development of tissue Y. (c) Ribosomes ­ those on chloroplasts are larger
(c) As tissue X develops, it secretes something (80S) while those in the cytoplasm are
that induces tissue Y to develop. smaller (70S)
(d) As tissue X develops, it secretes something (d) Lysosomes ­ optimally active at a pH of
that slows down the growth of tissue Y. about 8.5 (Mains 2012)
(Karnataka NEET 2013)
32. Which one of the following structures is an
27. Select the alternative giving correct
organelle within an organelle?
identification and function of the organelle ‘A’ (a) Ribosome (b) Peroxisome
in the diagram.
(c) ER (d) Mesosome
(Mains 2012)
33. Peptide synthesis inside a cell takes place in
(a) chloroplast (b) mitochondria
(c) chromoplast (d) ribosomes.
(2011)
A
(a) Mitochondria ­ Produce cellular energy 34. Important site for formation of glycoproteins
in the form of ATP and glycolipids is
(b) Golgi body ­ Provides packaging material (a) vacuole (b) Golgi apparatus
(c) Lysosomes ­ Secrete hydrolytic enzymes (c) plastid (d) lysosome. (2011)
(d) Endoplasmic reticulum ­ Synthesis of lipids 35. Which one of the following is not considered as
(Karnataka NEET 2013) a part of the endomembrane system?
28. Select the correct statement from the following (a) Golgi complex (b) Peroxisome
regarding cell membrane. (c) Vacuole (d) Lysosome
(a) Na+ and K+ ions move across cell membrane (Mains 2011)
by passive transport. 36. The figure below shows the structure of a
(b) Proteins make up 60 to 70% of the cell mitochondrion with its four parts labelled A, B,
membrane. C and D. Select the part correctly matched with
(c) Lipids are arranged in a bilayer with polar its function.
heads towards the inner part. D B
(d) Fluid mosaic model of cell membrane was A C
proposed by Singer and Nicolson.
(2012)
29. What is true about ribosomes?
(a) The prokaryotic ribosomes are 80S, where
“S” stands for sedimentation coefficient.
(b) These are composed of ribonucleic acid and (a) D (outer membrane) – gives rise to inner
proteins. membrane by splitting
(c) These are found only in eukaryotic cells. (b) B (inner membrane) – forms infoldings
(d) These are self­splicing introns of some called cristae
RNAs. (2012) (c) C (crista) – possesses single circular DNA
molecule and ribosomes
30. Which one of the following does not differ in
(d) A (matrix) – major site for respiratory chain
E.coli and Chlamydomonas?
enzymes (Mains 2011)
(a) Ribosomes
(b) Chromosomal organization 37. The plasma membrane consists mainly of
(c) Cell wall (a) phospholipids embedded in a protein bilayer
(d) Cell membrane (2012) (b) proteins embedded in a phospholipid bilayer
Cell ­ The Unit of Life 119

(c) proteins embedded in a polymer of glucose 43. Middle lamella is composed mainly of
molecules (a) muramic acid
(d) proteins embedded in a carbohydrate (b) calcium pectate
bilayer. (c) phosphoglycerides
(2010) (d) hemicellulose. (2009)
38. The main area of various types of activities of 44. Cytoskeleton is made up of
a cell is (a) callose deposits
(a) plasma membrane (b) cellulosic microfibrils
(b) mitochondrion (c) proteinaceous filaments
(c) cytoplasm (d) calcium carbonate granules. (2009)
(d) nucleus. (2010) 45. Plasmodesmata are
39. Which one of the following has its own DNA? (a) locomotary structures
(a) Mitochondria (b) Dictyosome (b) membranes connecting the nucleus with
(c) Lysosome (d) Peroxisome plasmalemma
(2010) (c) connections between adjacent cells
(d) lignified cemented layers between cells.
40. Which one of the following structures between
(2009)
two adjacent cells is an effective transport
pathway? 46. In germinating seeds fatty acids are degarded
(a) Plasmodesmata exclusively in the
(b) Plastoquinones (a) peroxisomes (b) mitochondria
(c) Endoplasmic reticulum (c) proplastids (d) glyoxysomes.
(d) Plasmalemma (2010) (2008)
41. An elaborate network of filamentous 47. Vacuole in a plant cell
proteinaceous structures present in the cytoplasm (a) lacks membrane and contains air
which helps in the maintenance of cell shape is (b) lacks membrane and contains water and
called excretory substances
(a) thylakoid (c) is membrane­bound and contains storage
(b) endoplasmic reticulum proteins and lipids
(c) plasmalemma (d) is membrane­bound and contains water and
(d) cytoskeleton. (Mains 2010) excretory substances. (2008)
42. Identify the components C A 48. The two sub­units of ribosome remain united at
labelled A, B, C and D in a critical ion level of
(a) magnesium (b) calcium
the diagram below from
(c) copper (d) manganese.
the list (i) to (viii) given
(2008)
along with
49. Keeping in view the ‘fluid mosaic model‘ for
Components: the structure of cell membrane, which one of
D
(i) Cristae of mitochondria B the following statement is correct with respect
(ii) Inner membrane of mitochondria to the movements of lipids and proteins from
(iii) Cytoplasm one lipid monolayer to the other (described as
(iv) Smooth endoplasmic reticulum flipflop movement)?
(v) Rough endoplasmic reticulum (a) While proteins can flip­flop, lipids can not
(b) Neither lipids, nor proteins can flip­flop
(vi) Mitochondrial matrix
(c) Both lipids and proteins can flip­flop
(vii) Cell vacuole
(d) While lipids can rarely flip­flop, proteins
(viii) Nucleus
cannot. (2008)
The correct components are:
A B C D 50. Which one of the following is not a constituent
(a) (v) (iv) (viii) (iii) of cell membrane?
(b) (i) (iv) (viii) (vi) (a) Glycolipids (b) Proline
(c) (vi) (v) (iv) (vii) (c) Phospholipids (d) Cholesterol
(d) (v) (i) (iii) (ii) (Mains 2010) (2007)
120 Chapterwise NEET­AIPMT SOLUTIONS

51. Select the wrong statement from the following. 56. Chlorophyll in chloroplasts is located in
(a) Both chloroplasts and mitochondria have (a) grana
an internal compartment, the thylakoid (b) pyrenoid
space bounded by the thylakoid membrane. (c) stroma
(b) Both chloroplasts and mitochondria contain (d) both grana and stroma. (2005)
DNA. 57. A student wishes to study the cell structure under
(c) The chloroplasts are generally much larger a light microscope having 10X eyepiece and
than mitochondria. 45X objective. He should illuminate the object
(d) Both chloroplasts and mitochondria contain by which one of the following colours of light
an inner and an outer membrane. so as to get the best possible resolution?
(2007) (a) Blue (b) Green
52. Biological organisation starts with (c) Yellow (d) Red (2005)
(a) cellular level 58. According to widely accepted “fluid mosaic
(b) organismic level model” cell membranes are semi­fluid, where
(c) atomic level lipids and integral proteins can diffuse randomly.
(d) submicroscopic molecular level. (2007) In recent years, this model has been modified in
53. Which of the following statements regarding several respects. In this regard, which of the
mitochondrial membrane is not correct ? following statements is incorrect?
(a) The outer membrane resembles a sieve. (a) Proteins in cell membranes can travel within
(b) The outer membrane is permeable to all the lipid bilayer.
kinds of molecules. (b) Proteins can also undergo flip­flop
(c) The enzymes of the electron transfer chain movements in the lipid bilayer.
are embedded in the outer membrane. (c) Proteins can remain confined within certain
(d) The inner membrane is highly convoluted domains of the membrane.
forming a series of infoldings. (2006) (d) Many proteins remain completely
embedded within the lipid bilayer.
54. Which of the following statements regarding (2005)
cilia is not correct ?
59. Centromere is required for
(a) Cilia contain an outer ring of nine doublet
(a) movement of chromosomes towards poles
microtubules surrounding two singlet
(b) cytoplasmic cleavage
microtubules.
(c) crossing over
(b) The organized beating of cilia is controlled
(d) transcription. (2005)
by fluxes of Ca2+ across the membrane.
(c) Cilia are hair­like cellular appendages. 60. Chemiosmotic theory of ATP synthesis in the
(d) Microtubules of cilia are composed of chloroplasts and mitochondria is based on
tubulin. (2006) (a) membrane potential
(b) accumulation of Na ions
55. A major breakthrough in the studies of cells (c) accumulation of K ions
came with the development of electron (d) proton gradient. (2005)
microscope. This is because
(a) the electron microscope is more powerful 61. The main organelle involved in modification
than the light microscope as it uses a beam and outing of newly synthesized proteins to their
of electrons which has wavelength much destinations is
longer than that of photons (a) chloroplast
(b) the resolving power of the electron (b) mitochondria
microscope is much higher than that of the (c) lysosome
light microscope (d) endoplasmic reticulum. (2005)
(c) the resolving power of the electron 62. The telomeres of eukaryotic chromosomes
microscope is 200 ­ 350 nm as compared to consist of short sequences of
0.1 ­ 0.2 nm for the light microscope (a) thymine rich repeats
(d) electron beam can pass through thick (b) cytosine rich repeats
materials, whereas light microscopy (c) adenine rich repeats
requires thin sections. (2006) (d) guanine rich repeats. (2004)
Cell ­ The Unit of Life 121

63. In chloroplasts, chlorophyll is present in the 73. Which cell organelle is concerned with
(a) outer membrane (b) inner membrane glycosylation of protein?
(c) thylakoids (d) stroma. (2004) (a) Ribosome
64. Cellular totipotency is demonstrated by (b) Peroxisome
(a) only gymnosperm cells (c) Endoplasmic reticulum
(b) all plant cells (d) Mitochondria (2000)
(c) all eukaryotic cells 74. Which of the following organelles has single
(d) only bacterial cells. (2003) membrane?
(a) Mitochondria (b) Spherosomes
65. Ribosomes are produced in
(c) Nucleus (d) Cell wall
(a) nucleolus (b) cytoplasm (1999)
(c) mitochondria (d) golgi body.
(2002) 75. The proteins are synthesized at
(a) centrosomes (b) Golgi bodies
66. In fluid mosaic model of plasma membrane (c) ribosomes (d) mitochondria.
(a) upper layer is non­polar and hydrophilic (1999)
(b) upper layer is polar and hydrophobic
(c) phospholipids form a bimolecular layer in 76. Which of the following structures will not be
middle part common to mitotic cell of a higher plant?
(d) proteins form a middle layer. (2002) (a) Centriole (b) Spindle fibre
(c) Cell plate (d) Centromere
67. Element necessary for the middle lamella is (1997)
(a) Ca (b) Zn
77. The mechanism of ATP formation both in
(c) K (d) Cu. (2001)
chloroplast and mitochondria is explained by
68. Microtubules are absent in (a) chemiosmotic theory
(a) mitochondria (b) flagella (b) Munch’s hypothesis (mass flow model)
(c) spindle fibres (d) centrioles. (2001) (c) relay pump theory of Godlewski
69. Proteinaceous pigment which controls the (d) Cholodny­Wont’s model. (1997)
activities concerned with light is 78. Protein synthesis in an animal cell, takes place
(a) phytochrome (b) chlorophyll (a) in the cytoplasm as well as endoplasmic
(c) anthocyanin (d) carotenoids. reticulum
(2001) (b) only on ribose attached to nucleon
70. Lysosome contains (c) only in the cytoplasm
(a) oxidative enzymes (d) in the nucleolus as well as in the cytoplasm.
(b) hydrolytic enzymes (1997)
(c) reductive enzymes 79. Lysosomes are rich in
(d) anabolic enzymes. (2000) (a) nucleic acids
71. Which of the following ribosomes are engaged (b) hydrolytic enzymes
in protein synthesis in animal cell? (c) carbohydrates
(a) Ribosomes which occur on nuclear (d) hormones. (1996)
membrane and ER 80. Colchicine is an inhibitory chemical, which
(b) Ribosomes of only cytosol (a) stops the functioning of centriole
(c) Ribosomes of only nucleolus and cytosol (b) prevents attaching of centromeres with rays
(d) Ribosomes of only mitochondria and (c) prevents the spindle formation in mitosis
cytosol (2000) (d) prevents the formation of equatorial plane.
72. Function of telomeres in nucleus is (1996)
(a) poleward movement 81. The prokaryotic flagella possess
(b) to initiate the RNA synthesis (a) helically arranged protein molecule
(c) to seal the ends of chromosome (b) “9 + 2” membrane enclosed structure
(d) to recognise the homologous chromosome. (c) unit membrane enclosed fibre
(2000) (d) protein membrane enclosed fibre. (1995)
122 Chapterwise NEET­AIPMT SOLUTIONS

82. The desmosomes are concerned with 90. Balbiani rings (puffs) are sites of
(a) cell division (b) cell adherence (a) DNA replication
(c) cytolysis (d) cellular excretion. (b) RNA and protein synthesis
(1995) (c) synthesis of polysaccharides
(d) synthesis of lipids. (1993)
83. Which of the following organelles contain
enzymes that have digestive action? 91. In plant cells, peroxisomes are associated with
(a) Ribosomes (b) Polysomes (a) photorespiration (b) phototropism
(c) Plastids (d) Lysosomes (c) photoperiodism (d) photosynthesis.
(1993)
(1994)
84. In mitochondria, cristae act as sites for 92. Membranous bag with hydrolytic enzymes
(a) protein synthesis which is used for controlling intracellular
(b) phosphorylation of flavoproteins digestion of macromolecules is
(c) breakdown of macromolecules (a) endoplasmic reticulum
(d) oxidation­reduction reaction. (1994) (b) nucleosome
(c) lysosome
85. Centromere is required for (d) phagosome. (1993)
(a) replication of DNA 93. Golgi apparatus is absent in
(b) chromosome segregation (a) higher plants
(c) poleward movement of chromosomes (b) yeast
(d) cytoplasmic cleavage. (1994) (c) bacteria and blue­green algae
86. Which one of the following organelles is located (d) none. (1993)
near the nucleus and contains a collection of 94. Cell recognition and adhesion occur due to
flattened membrane bound cisternae? biochemicals of cell membranes named
(a) Nucleolus (b) Mitochondrion (a) proteins
(c) Centriole (d) Golgi apparatus (b) lipids
(1994) (c) proteins and lipids
(d) glycoproteins and glycolipids. (1993)
87. The inner membrane of the mitochondria is,
usually, highly convoluted forming a series of 95. In salivary gland chromosomes/polytene
infoldings known as chromosomes, pairing is
(a) thylakoids (b) lamellae (a) absent
(c) cristae (d) grana. (1994) (b) occasional
(c) formed between nonhomologous
88. Besides giving out secretory vesicles, the Golgi chromosomes
apparatus is also concerned with the formation (d) formed between homologous
of chromosomes.
(a) lysosomes (1993)
(b) plastids 96. Which is correct about cell theory in view of
(c) grana of chloroplasts current status of our knowledge about cell
(d) cell plates after cell division in plants. structure?
(1994) (a) It needs modification due to discovery of
89. Active and passive transports across cell subcellular structures like chloroplasts and
mitochondria.
membrane differ in
(b) Modified cell theory means that all living
(a) passive transport is nonselective
being are composed of cells capable of
(b) passive transport is along the concentration
reproducing.
gradient while active transport is due to (c) Cell theory does not hold good because all
metabolic energy living beings (e.g., viruses) do not have
(c) active transport is more rapid cellular organisation.
(d) passive transport is confined to anions while (d) Cell theory means that all living objects
active transport in confined to cations. consists of cells whether or not capable of
(1993) reproducing. (1993)
Cell ­ The Unit of Life 123

97. Names of Schleiden and Schwann are associated (c) protein synthesis
with (d) fat synthesis. (1992)
(a) protoplasm as the physical basis of life 106. Angstrom (Å) is equal to
(b) cell theory (a) 0.01 mm (b) 0.001 mm
(c) theory of cell lineage (c) 0.0001 mm (d) 0.00001 mm.
(d) nucleus functions as control centre of cell. (1992)
(1993)
107. Electron microscope has a high resolution
98. Binding of specific protein on regulatory DNA power. This is due to
sequency can be studied by means of (a) electromagnetic lenses
(a) ultra centrifugation (b) very low wavelength of electron beam
(b) electron microscope
(c) low wavelength of light source used
(c) light microscope (d) high numerical aperture of glass lenses used.
(d) X­rays crystallography. (1993)
(1992, 1990)
99. All types of plastids possess essentially the same
108. Addition of new cell wall particles amongst the
structure because they
(a) perform the same function existing ones is
(b) store food materials like starch, fat and (a) deposition (b) apposition
protein (c) intussusception (d) aggregation.
(c) occur in aerial parts (1991)
(d) can transform from one form to another. 109. Cell wall shows
(1992) (a) complete permeability
100. Experiments on Acetabularia by Hammerling (b) semipermeability
proved the role of (c) differential permeability
(a) cytoplasm in controlling differentiation (d) impermeability. (1991)
(b) nucleus in heredity 110. Ribosomes were discovered by
(c) chromosomes in heredity (a) Golgi (b) Porter
(d) nucleo­cytoplasmic ratio. (1992) (c) de Robertis (d) Palade. (1991)
101. Which one is apparato reticolare? 111. Fluid mosaic model of cell membrane was put
(a) Golgi apparatus forward by
(b) Endoplasmic reticulum (a) Danielli and Davson
(c) Microfilaments (b) Singer and Nicolson
(d) Microtubules (1992) (c) Garner and Allard
102. An outer covering membrane is absent over (d) Watson and Crick. (1991)
(a) nucleolus (b) lysosome 112. Resolution power is the ability to
(c) mitochondrion (d) plastid. (1992) (a) distinguish two close points
103. All plastids have similar structure because they (b) distinguish two close objects
can (c) distinguish amongst organelles
(a) store starch, lipids and proteins (d) magnify image. (1991)
(b) get transformed from one type to another 113. Hammerling’s experiments of Acetabularia
(c) perform same function involved exchanging
(d) be present together. (1992) (a) cytoplasm
104. Oxysomes or F0 – F1 particles occur on (b) nucleus
(a) thylakoids (c) rhizoid and stalk
(b) mitochondrial surface (d) gametes. (1990)
(c) inner mitochondrial membrane 114. The latest model for plasma membrane is
(d) chloroplast surface. (1992) (a) lamellar model
105. Ribosomes are the centre for (b) unit membrane model
(a) respiration (c) fluid mosaic model
(b) photosynthesis (d) molecular lipid model. (1990)
124 Chapterwise NEET­AIPMT SOLUTIONS

115. Magnification of compound microscope is not (c) proteins, lipids and carbohydrates
connected with (d) proteins, some nucleic acid and lipids.
(a) numerical aperture (1989)
(b) focal length of objective 120. Organelles can be separated from cell
(c) focal length of eye piece homogenate through
(d) tube length. (1990) (a) chromatography
116. A bivalent consists of (b) X­rays diffraction
(a) two chromatids and one centromere (c) differential centrifugation
(b) two chromatids and two centromeres (d) auto­radiography. (1989)
(c) four chromatids and two centromeres 121. Acetabularia used in Hammerling’s
(d) four chromatids and four centromeres. nucleocytoplasmic experiments is
(1989) (a) unicellular fungus
117. Nucleoproteins are synthesised in (b) multicellular fungus
(a) nucleoplasm (b) nuclear envelope (c) unicellular uninucleate green algae
(c) nucleolus (d) cytoplasm. (1989) (d) unicellular multinucleate green algae.
118. Polyribosomes are aggregates of (1988)
(a) ribosomes and rRNA 122. According to fluid mosaic model, plasma
(b) only rRNA membrane is composed of
(c) peroxisomes (a) phospholipids and oligosaccharides
(d) several ribosomes held together by string (b) phospholipids and hemicellulose
of mRNA. (1989) (c) phospholipids and integral proteins
119. Plasma membrane is made of (d) phospholipids, extrinsic proteins and
(a) proteins and carbohydrates intrinsic proteins.
(b) proteins and lipids (1988)

Answer Key

1. (c) 2. (b) 3. (b) 4. (a) 5. (a) 6. (d) 7. (a) 8. (d) 9. (c) 10. (b)
11. (d) 12. (d) 13. (b) 14. (d) 15. (d) 16. (d) 17. (b) 18. (b) 19. (b) 20. (a)
21. (b) 22. (b) 23. (d) 24. (d) 25. (a) 26. (c) 27. (a) 28. (d) 29. (b) 30. (d)
31. (a) 32. (a) 33. (d) 34. (b) 35. (b) 36. (b) 37. (b) 38. (c) 39. (a) 40. (a)
41. (d) 42. (a) 43. (b) 44. (c) 45. (c) 46. (d) 47. (d) 48. (a) 49. (d) 50. (b)
51. (a) 52. (d) 53. (c) 54. (b) 55. (b) 56. (a) 57. (a) 58. (b) 59. (a) 60. (d)
61. (d) 62. (d) 63. (c) 64. (b) 65. (a) 66. (c) 67. (a) 68. (a) 69. (a) 70. (b)
71. (a) 72. (c) 73. (c) 74. (b) 75. (c) 76. (a) 77. (a) 78. (d) 79. (b) 80. (c)
81. (a) 82. (b) 83. (d) 84. (d) 85. (c) 86. (d) 87. (c) 88. (a) 89. (b) 90. (b)
91. (a) 92. (c) 93. (c) 94. (d) 95. (d) 96. (c) 97. (b) 98. (d) 99. (d) 100. (b)
101. (a) 102. (a) 103. (b) 104. (c) 105. (c) 106. (c) 107. (b) 108. (c) 109. (a) 110. (d)
111. (b) 112. (b) 113. (c) 114. (c) 115. (a) 116. (c) 117. (d) 118. (d) 119. (c) 120. (c)
121. (c) 122. (d)
Cell ­ The Unit of Life 125

1. (c) : Mitochondria are miniature biochemical They are present in the cytoplasm as well as in
factories where food stuffs or respiratory substrates specialised structures like centrioles, basal bodies,
are completely oxidised to carbon dioxide and water. cilia or flagella, sensory hair, equatorial ring of
The energy liberated in the process is initially stored thrombocytes, spindle apparatus, chromosome fibres,
in the form of reduced coenzymes and reduced nerve processes, sperm tails, axostyle of parasitic
prosthetic groups. The latter soon undergo oxidation flagellates, fibre system of Stentor, cyto­pharyngeal
and form energy rich ATP. ATP comes out of basket of Nassula, etc.
mitochondria and helps perform various energy
requiring processes of the cell like muscle contraction, 7. (a) : Lysosomes are small vesicles bounded by a
nerve impulse conduction, biosynthesis, membrane single membrane and contain hydrolytic enzymes.
transport, cell division, movement, etc. Because of Nucleus, mitochondria and chloroplasts are double
the formation of ATP, the mitochondria are called membrane bound cells organelles.
power houses of the cell. 8. (d)
2. (b) : Large central vacuole is the characteristic 9. (c) : A prokaryotic cell is characterised by
of plant cell, not animal cell which may have many absence of an organised nucleus and membrane bound
small scattered vacuoles. cell organelles. DNA is naked i.e., without a nuclear
3. (b) : Pili and fimbriae are bacterial appendages envelope and lies variously coiled in the cytoplasm.
which are not involved in locomotion. Actually, pili It is commonly called nucleoid or genophore.
are long fewer and thicker tubular outgrowths which Mesosomes, plasma membrane and 70S ribosomes
develop in response to F+ or fertility factor in Gram are present in a prokaryotic cell.
negative bacteria. Being long they are helpful in
10. (b) : Endoplasmic reticulum, nuclei, lysosomes,
attaching to recipient cell and forming conjugation
Golgi apparatus and mitochondria are membrane
tube. Fimbriae are small bristle­like fibres sprouting
bound cell organelles whereas ribosomes are naked
from cell surface in large number. There are 300­400
of them per cell. They are involved in attaching ribonucleoprotein protoplasmic particles.
bacteria to solid surfaces. Chromosomes are the hereditary particles present in
the nucleus.
4. (a) : Lysosomes are small vesicles which are
bounded by a single membrane and contain hydrolytic 11. (d) : Refer to answer 10.
enzymes in the form of minute crystalline or 12. (d) : Ribosome is a small spherical body within
semicrystalline granules of 5­8 nm. About 50 enzymes a living cell that is the site of protein synthesis.
have been recorded to occur in them. All the enzymes Ribosomes consist of two subunits, one large and
do not occur in the same lysosome but there are one small, each of which comprises some RNA (called
different sets of enzymes in different types of ribosomal RNA) and protein. They do not have any
lysosomes. The important enzymes are acid DNA.
phosphatases, sulphatases, proteases, peptidases,
13. (b) : Recent developments have shown that
nucleases, lipases and carbohydrases. They are also
nuclear membrane is derived from rough endoplasmic
called acid hydrolases because these digestive enzymes
usually function in acidic medium or pH of 4­5. reticulum. During cell division, nuclear membrane is
disintegrated. The nuclear envelope transmembrane
5. (a) : Both mitochondria and chloroplast are semi­
proteins are absorbed in the RER. Once the division
autonomous organelles. They have their own DNA
is completed, RER reassembles the nuclear envelope.
which produces its own, mRNA, tRNA and rRNA.
These organelles also possess their own ribosomes 14. (d) : A chloroplast is a vesicle, bound by an
and hence are able to synthesise some of their proteins. envelope of two unit membranes and filled with a
6. (d) : Microtubules are unbranched hollow fluid matrix called stroma. The lamellae, after
submicroscopic tubules of protein tubulin which separation from the inner membrane, usually take
develop on specific nucleating regions. It can undergo the form of closed, flattened, ovoid sacs, the
quick growth or dissolution at their ends by assembly thylakoids, which lie closely packed in piles, the
or disassembly of monomers. grana.
126 Chapterwise NEET­AIPMT SOLUTIONS

15. (d) : Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) is a 24. (d) : Glycocalyx is a sticky, gelatinous material
system of smooth membranes (i.e., membranes not that collects outside the cell wall of bacteria to form
having ribosomes) within the cytoplasm of plant and an additional surface layer. When this layer is firmly
animal cells. It forms a link between the cell and attached to the surface of the cell, it is called a capsule.
nuclear membranes. It is the site of important If it is loosely distributed around the cell, the
metabolic reactions, including phospholipid and fatty glycocalyx is called a slime layer.
acid synthesis. In animal cells lipid­like steroidal 25. (a) : Chromoplasts are yellow or reddish in colour
hormones are also synthesized. because of the presence of carotenoid pigments. They
16. (d) : Centromere is a part of a chromosome that do not contain stored food material. Chromoplasts are
attaches to the spindle during cell division. A formed either from leucoplasts or chloroplasts.
chromosome with the centromere close to one end is Chromoplasts provide colour to many flowers for
acrocentric. attracting pollinating insects. They provide bright red
or orange colour to fruits for attracting animals for
17. (b) : Polysome is a not an inclusion body. It is
dispersal.
an aggregation of ribosomes formed under conditions
of high concentration of magnesium. An inclusion 26. (c) : As tissue X develops it secretes something
body is any of various particulate structures, usually that induces tissue Y to develop indicating positive
proteins, formed after viral infections in a prokaryotic feedback mechanism.
or eukaryotic cell. 27. (a) : Refer to answer 1.
28. (d) : According to the fluid mosaic model of cell
18. (b) : Microtubules are hollow microscopic
membrane structure proposed by Singer and Nicolson
tubular structures with an external diameter of 24 nm
(1972) plasma membrane contains about 50–60%
and of variable length. They are composed of tubulin.
proteins and 50–40% lipids. Lipids form a bilayer with
Intermediate filaments are the numerous microscopic
hydrophilic heads pointing outwards. Cell membrane
protein fibres of about 10 nm thickness that form
allows transport of some molecules by passive transport
part of the cytoskeleton. They are made up of a variety
e.g., water, neutral solutes while some are transported
of proteins e.g. keratin in nails.
actively e.g., Na+/K+ pump.
19. (b) : Vacuoles are non cytoplasmic areas present
29. (b) : Refer to answer 12.
inside cytoplasm and separated from latter by
tonoplast. They are believed to be formed by 30. (d) : E.coli (bacteria) is a prokaryote while
expansion and pinching off from ER. There occurs a Chlamydomonas (algae) is a eukaryote. Ribosomes
large central vacuole and many small vacuoles in of both groups differ being 70S in prokaryotes and
80S in eukaryotes. Prokaryotic chromosomes lack
plant cells. They play a major role in osmotic
histone protein unlike eukaryotic ones. Cell wall
expansion of cell.
organization also differs as bacterial cell wall is rich
20. (a) in muramic acid while algal cell wall is cellulosic. It
21. (b) : Post translational modification (PTM) is a is the cell membrane which has similar organization
step in protein biosynthesis. Proteins are created on in both the groups.
ribosomes translating mRNA into polypeptide chains. 31. (a) : Thylakoid are the flattened sac­like
These polypeptide chains undergo PTM, such as membranous structures that are stacked on top of one
folding, cutting and other processes, before becoming another to form the grana of plant chloroplast.
the mature protein product. Proteins synthesized by Chlorophyll and other photosynthetic pigments are
the rough endoplasmic reticulum and lipids situated in the thylakoid membranes, which are the
synthesized by smooth endoplasmic reticulum reach site for the light­dependent reactions of photosynthesis.
the cisternae of the Golgi apparatus. Here, they 32. (a) : Ribosomes occur in all living cells except
combine with carbohydrates to form glycoproteins mammalian erythrocytes or red blood corpuscles.
and glycolipids. This process is called glycosylation. Depending upon the place of their occurrence,
22. (b) : The given figure shows endoplasmic ribosomes are of two types–cytoplasmic ribosomes
reticulum bearing ribosomes on their surface. It is and organelle ribosomes. The cytoplasmic ribosomes
called rough endoplasmic reticulum or RER. RER is (cytoribosomes) may remain free in the cytoplasmic
actively involved in protein synthesis and secretion. matrix or attached to the cytosolic surface of
23. (d) : Refer to answer 15. endoplasmic reticulum with the help of special
Cell ­ The Unit of Life 127

ribophorin or SRP protein. The organelle ribosomes 38. (c) : Cytoplasm is granular, crystallo­colloidal
are found in plastids (plastiribosomes) and complex that forms the living protoplasm of a cell
mitochondria (mitoribosomes) Cytoplasmic ribosome excluding its nucleus. It consists of proteins, nucleic
are of 80S type in eukaryotic cell whereas organelle acids, fats, carbohydrates, vitamins, minerals, waste
ribosomes are of 70S type. metabolites, and all the organelles. It is the main area
33. (d) : Peptide synthesis inside a cell takes place for various types of activities of a cell like respiration,
in ribosome. Ribosomes are found in all cells and are nutrition, storage, etc.
involved in protein synthesis. The major constituents 39. (a) : Refer to answer 5.
of ribosomes are RNA and proteins present in 40. (a) : Plasmodesmata are fine cytoplasmic strands
approximately equal amounts. that connect the protoplasts of adjacent plant cells by
34. (b) : Eukaryotic cells contain a unique cluster of passing through their cell walls. Plasmodesmata are
membrane vesicles known as Golgi apparatus. It cylindrical in shape (about 20­40 nm in diameter) and
principally performs the function of packaging are lined by the plasma membrane of the two adjacent
materials. The newly synthesized proteins are handed cells. They permit the passage between cells of
over to the Golgi apparatus which is catalysed by the substances including ions, sugars, amino acids, and
addition of carbohydrates, lipid or sulphates moieties macromolecules.
to the proteins. Golgi apparatus is the important site 41. (d)
of formation of glycoproteins and glycolipids.
42. (a) : A – Rough endoplasmic reticulum
35. (b) : While each of the membranous organelles B – Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
is distinct in terms of its structure and function, many C – Nucleus
of these are considered together as an endomembrane D – Cytoplasm
system because their functions are coordinated. The
43. (b) : Middle lamella of cell wall is composed of
endomembrane system include endoplasmic reticulum
calcium and magnesium pectate. It joins the adjoining
(ER), Golgi complex, lysosomes and vacuoles. Since
cells together and thus acts as a cementing layer.
the functions of the mitochondria, chloroplast and
peroxisomes are not coordinated with the above 44. (c) : The ability of eukaryotic cells to adopt a
components, these are not considered as part of the variety of shapes and to carry out coordinated and
endomembrane system. directed movements depends on the cytoskeleton.
The main proteins that are present in the cytoskeleton
36. (b) : Each mitochondrion is a double membrane­
are tubulin (in the microtubules), actin, myosin,
bound structure with the outer membrane and the
tropomyosin and other (in the microfilaments) and
inner membrane dividing its lumen distinctly into two
keratins, vimentin, desmin,lamin and other (in
aqueous compartments, i.e., the outer compartment
intermediate filaments).
and the inner compartment. The inner compartment
is called the matrix. The outer membrane forms the 45. (c) : Refer to answer 40.
continuous limiting boundary of the organelle. The 46. (d) : Glyoxysomes are small, spherical vesicles
inner membrane forms a number of infoldings called enclosed by a single unit membrane. Glyoxysomes are
the cristae towards the matrix. The cristae increase generally found in cells of yeast, Neurospora and in
the surface area. The two membranes have their own germinating fatty seeds where fat is being converted
specific enzymes associated with the mitochondrial into carbohydrates, i.e., glyoxylate cycle
function. (gluconeogenesis).
37. (b) : Plasma membrane consists of lipids 47. (d) : In a plant cell, vacuole may be defined as a
(20­79%), proteins (20­70%), carbohydrates (1­5%) non­living reservoir, bounded by a differentially or
and water (20%). Lipid molecules possess both selectively permeable membrane, the tonoplast. It is
hydrophobic and hydrophilic ends and are thus filled with a highly concentrated solution called
arranged in the form of lipid bilayer. Most common vascular sap or cell sap which contains many
lipid of the bilayer is phospholipid. Protein molecules dissolved solutes such as organic acids, soluble
occur at places both inside (intrinsic proteins) and on carbohydrates, soluble nitrogenous compounds as
the outer side (extrinsic proteins) of the phospholipid nitrates, enzyme, tannins, chlorides, phosphates,
bilayer. amino acids, alkaloids and anthocyanin pigments.
128 Chapterwise NEET­AIPMT SOLUTIONS

48. (a) : Ribosomes are very small organelles having 54. (b) : Cilia are fine hair like vibratile, cytoplasmic
a diameter of 150 Å – 250 Å. Each ribosome is made processes borne by certain cell types. Their movement
up of two subunits, a smaller subunit and another either propel the organism or move the medium past
larger subunit. These two subunits are associated with a fixed cell. The cilia are enclosed by a unit membrane
the help of Mg2+ ions (at 0.001 M concentration). If which is an extension of the plasma membrane of the
the Mg2+ ions concentration is less in cytoplasm, the cell. Within the membrane, is a fluid matrix having
two units of ribosome separate but when the Mg2+ a supporting axial shaft, or axoneme.
ions concentration is increased ten times, the two The microtubules, single as well as double, are
unites and form a dimer. composed of the globular units of the protein tubulin.
49. (d) : According to fluid mosaic model there is rapid The arms of A microtubules contain a protein dynein.
internal motion involving flexing within each lipid The latter is ATPase enzyme which catalyzes
molecule a rapid lateral diffusion of the lipids is hydrolysis of ATP to ADP, and transfers the free
possible and a slow ‘flip­flop’ motion, i.e., a transfer energy released direct to ciliary work.
of lipid molecules from one side of the bilayer to the 55. (b) : Microscopes are used for studying cellular
other, is also possible. The lipid molecules might also structures. They are used to magnify small objects.
rotate about their axes. The proteins of the membrane In electron microscopes, a high energy beam of
are concerned with the enzymatic activity of the electrons is focused through electromagnetic lenses.
membrane, with transport of molecules, and with a It can magnify very small details with high resolving
receptor function whereas, the lipid bilayer provides power. The increased resolution results from the
the permeability barrier. shorter wavelength of the electron beam.
50. (b) : Chemically a biomembrane consists of lipids 56. (a) : Refer to answer 31.
(20­70%), proteins (20­70%), carbohydrates (1­5%)
57. (a) : Resolution of microscope is inversely
and water (20%). The important lipids of the membrane
proportional to wavelength of light used. Out of four
are phospholipids (some hundred types), sterols, (e.g.
options given, blue light has minimum wavelength
cholesterol), glycolipids, sphingolipid (e.g.,
and hence maximum resolution.
sphingomyelin, cerebrosides). Protein can be fibrous
or globular structural carrier, receptor or enzymatic. 58. (b) : Refer to answer 49.
51. (a) : Refer to answer 5. 59. (a) : Centromere is the point at which the two
chromatids of a chromosome are held together. During
52. (d) : Molecular assemblies are large organised
movement of chromosomes, the spindle fibres (on
sets of molecular units that make up parts of
which the chromatids move) are attached to the
organelles. For example, one common
centromere. Crossing over involves physical exchange
macromolecular assembly is the microtubule which
of genetic material between non­sister chromatids of
is important in forming structure in the cell related to
homologous chromosomes.
maintaining the cell structure or related to cell
Cytoplasmic cleavage is the division of cytoplasm.
movement. The cell (plasma) membrane that
surrounds many organelles and the cell is a highly Transcription is the process in which the genetic
organised molecular assembly. information of DNA is transferred to mRNA as the
first step in protein synthesis.
53. (c) : The outer membrane of mitochondrion is
smooth, freely permeable to most small molecules, 60. (d) : Chemiosmotic coupling hypothesis is the
contains fewer enzymes and is poor in proteins. It most widely accepted explanation for oxidative
has porin proteins which form channels for the phosphorylation in mitochondria and photophos­
passage of molecules through it. It allows uptake of phorylation in thylakoid membranes. Mitchell
substrates and release of ATP. The inner membrane is proposed the idea of chemiosmotic coupling. He
semipermeable and regulates the passage of materials suggested that a concentration gradient of protons is
into and out of the mitochondrion. It is rich in enzymes established across the mitochondrial membrane
and carrier proteins (permeases). It is usually produced because there is an accumulation of hydrogen ions
into numerous infolds called cristae (singular crista). on one side of the mitochondrial membrane. The
It bears minute regularly spaced lollipop­shaped proton accumulation is necessary for energy transfer
particles known as oxysomes. The rest of the inner to the endergonic ADP phosphorylation process.
membrane contains the electron carrier molecules of 61. (d) : The proteins formed on ribosomes pass into
the electron transport chain. the ER lumen where they are modified. Then the
Cell ­ The Unit of Life 129

modified proteins move on into the transitional area, Two or more ribosomes simultaneously engaged in
where the ER buds off membranous sacs, the transport protein synthesis on the same mRNA strand forming
vesicles, carrying the proteins to the Golgi apparatus. polyribosomes. The ribosome functions as a template,
62. (d) : Telomeres are highly conserved element bringing together different components required for
throughout the eukaryotes both in structure and protein synthesis.
function. Telomeric DNA has been shown to consist 72. (c)
of simple randomly repeated sequences, characterised 73. (c) : Glycolysation of protein means linking of
by clusters of G residues in one strand and C residues sugars to proteins which starts in rough endoplasmic
in other strand. A short sequence of (12­16 nucleotides reticulum and completed in golgi complex.
in length) of G rich strand as 3¢ overhang is another 74. (b) : The spherosomes are, spherical bodies,
feature of telomere. about 0.5­1 mm wide and enclosed by a single unit
63. (c) : Refer to answer 31. membrane. They contain granular contents rich in
64. (b) : Totipotency is the ability of a living somatic lipids but also have some proteins. They occur in most
plant cell to develop into a complete plant. It was plant cells but are abundant in the endosperm cells of
first demonstrated by Steward et. al (1964) using oil seeds. Spherosomes, arise from the endoplasmic
phloem cells of carrot. This technique is now used reticulum.
for multiplying rare and endangered plants through 75. (c) : The ribosomes provide space for the
micro­propagations. This technique is widely used for synthesis of proteins in the cell. Hence, they are
multiplying plants e.g., Chrysanthemum, Dioscorea known as the “protein factories” of the cell. The
floribunda, Coleus, Crotons, carnation plants etc. ribosomes bound to the membranes generally
synthesize proteins for export as secretions by
65. (a) : Nucleolus synthesizes and stores RNA. The
exocytosis, or for incorporation into membranes, or
ribosomal proteins are synthesized in the cytoplasm
for inclusion into lysosomes.
and shift to the nucleolus for the formation of
The free ribosomes generally produce enzymic
ribosomal subunits by complexing with rRNA.
proteins for use in the cell itself.
66. (c) 76. (a) : The centrioles occur in nearly all animal
67. (a) : Middle lamella is the first formed layer, cells and in motile plant cells, such as zoospores of
present between the two adjacent cells. It is situated algae, sperm cells of ferns, and motile algae. They
outside the primary cell wall. It is made up of calcium are absent is amoebae, prokaryotic cells, higher
and magnesium pectate. gymnosperms and all angiosperms. An interphase
68. (a) (undividing) cell has a pair of centrioles (diplosome)
usually near the nucleus. They lie in a small mass of
69. (a) : Phytochrome is a plant pigment that can
specialized, distinctly staining cytoplasm that lacks
detect the presence or absence of light and is involved
other cell organelles. The centrioles and the
in regulating many processes that are linked to day
centrosphere are together referred to as centrosome.
length (photoperiod), such as seed germination and
Before cell division, the centrioles duplicate so that
initiation of flowering. It consists of a light­detecting
a dividing cell has a pair of centrioles at each pole of
portion, called a chromophore, linked to a small
the spindle. Spindle fibre, cell plate and centromere
protein and exists in two intercovertible forms with
are present in all plant cells.
different physical properties, particularly in the ability
to bind to membranes. 77. (a) : Refer to answer 60.
70. (b) : A lysosome is a tiny sac bounded by a single 78. (d) : Protein synthesis in an animal cell, takes
unit membrane of lipoprotein. It contains a dense, place in the nucleolus as well as in the cytoplasm.
finely granular fluid. The latter consists of Main part of protein synthesis (transcription and
glycoprotein hydrolytic (digestive) enzymes called translation) occurs in nucleolus. Chain elongation
acid hydrolases. These include proteases, lipases, occurs in cytoplasm.
nucleases, glycosidases, sulphatases, acid 79. (b) : Refer to answer 70.
phosphatases, etc. 80. (c) : Colchicine is an alkaloid derived from the
71. (a) : Ribosomes present in nuclear membrane and autumn crocus, Colchicum autumnale. It inhibits
endoplasmic reticulum take part in protein synthesis. spindle formation in cells during mitosis so that
130 Chapterwise NEET­AIPMT SOLUTIONS

chromosomes cannot separate during anaphase, thus and contain secretions of the cell; and coated vesicles,
inducing multiple sets of chromosomes. Colchicine that have rough surface and elaborate membrane
is used in genetics, cytology, and plant breeding proteins. They carry materials to or from the cisternae.
research and also in cancer therapy to inhibit cell The Golgi complex gives rise to primary lysosomes
division. by budding from the trans face of cisternae.
81. (a) : Prokaryotic flagellum is not surrounded by 89. (b) : Active and passive transports across cell
any membrane. It consists of a single thread. The membrane differ in passive transport is due to
thread is made of numerous identical spherical protein metabolic energy. There is always expenditure of
sub­units called, flagellin. Each subunit is about 40 energy in active transport.
Å in diameter. The flagellin sub­units are arranged in 90. (b) : Balbiani rings (puffs) are site of RNA and
helical spirals and form a hollow cylinder. Each protein synthesis. These chromosomes show distinct
flagellum is about 120­150 Å thick. dark and light bands. Euchromatin is present in dark
82. (b) : In desmosomes circular patches of cell bands and heterochromatin is present in light bands.
membranes are held together by interaction of proteins These bands helps in mapping of chromosomes in
that extend through each membrane into the space cytogenetic studies. These chromosomes form puffs
between cells. The cell membrane has on the inner or loops (in region of dark bands) which are called
side a dense plate of protein for mechanical support Balbiani puffs or Balbiani rings where synthesis of
and bears fine filaments, the tonofibrils, radiating into mRNA occurs.
the cell. The desmosomes act as “spot welds” and 91. (a) : In plant cells, peroxisomes are associated
keep the cells firmly together. with photorespiration. Peroxisomes are found only
83. (d) : Refer to answer 70. in C 3 plants where a wasteful phenomenon of
84. (d) : Respiratory chain is located in the inner photorespiration occurs. The other organelles
associated with this process are chloroplast and
membrane (cristae) of mitochondria. It consists of a
series of proteins containing oxidation­reduction mitochondria. Peroxisomes are also reported in animal
cells, i.e., liver and kidney cells. The peroxisome
groups. Chemical treatment of the mitochondrial
membrane results in the isolation of five complexes contains several enzyme such as amino transferse,
glycolate oxidase, glyoxylate reductase, peroxidase
which have been designated as complexes I, II, III, IV
and catalase etc.
and V.
85. (c) : Refer to answer 59. 92. (c) : Refer to answer 70.

86. (d) : Golgi apparatus is a stack of parallel, 93. (c) : Golgi apparatus is absent in bacteria and
flattened, intercommunicating sacs or cisternae and blue green algae. Golgi bodies are absent in
many peripheral tubules and vesicles. The cisternae prokaryotic cells and present in eukaryotic cells except
vary in number from 3 to 7 in most animal cells and in male gametes of bryophytes and pteridophytes,
from 10 to 20 in plant cells. They are usually equally mammalian RBCs, sieve tubes of plants and in cells
spaced in the pile, separated from each other by thin of fungi.
layers of intercisternal cytoplasm. The latter may 94. (d) : Cell recognition and adhesion occur due to
contain a layer of parallel fibres, called intercisternal biochemicals of cell membranes named glycoproteins
elements, that support the cisternae. The cisternae are and glycolipids. These are formed due to small
free of ribosomes and have swollen ends. They look carbohydrate molecules present on lipids and extrinsic
like the smooth endoplasmic reticulum. proteins.
87. (c) : Refer to answer 53. 95. (d) : In salivary gland chromosomes/polytene
88. (a) : The two poles of a Golgi apparatus are called chromosomes, pairing is formed between homologous
cis face and trans face, which act respectively as the chromosomes. A characteristics feature of these
receiving and shipping departments. chromosomes is that somatic pairing occurs in them
The vesicles lie near the ends and concave surface of and hence their number appears half of normal somatic
the Golgi complex. They are pinched off from the cells.
tubules of the cisternae. They are of two types : smooth 96. (c) : Viruses are an exceptions to the cell theory
or secretory vesicles, which have a smooth surface as they are obligate parasites (subcellular in nature).
Cell ­ The Unit of Life 131

Paramecium, Rhizopus, Vaucheria are some examples up of base, stalk and head and is about 10 mm in
which may or may not be exceptions to the theory. length. The number of oxysomes per mitochondrion
97. (b) : Names of Schleiden and Schwann are varies from 104 ­ 105. Chemically these are made up
associated with cell theory in 1839. The concept that of phospholipid core and protein cortex. Oxysomes
“All living organisms are composed of cell” is known have ATP as enzyme molecules and therefore,
as cell theory. responsible for ATP synthesis. These elementary
particles are also called F0 ­ F1 particles by some
98. (d) : X­rays crystallography is a technique which
workers. The base of these is called F0 subunit and
is used to study of binding protein on regulatory DNA
head is called F1 subunit.
sequence. In this technique, X­rays pass through a
crystal of a substance and form a diffraction pattern. 105. (c) : Refer to answer 33.
With the help of this technique, the arrangement of 106. (c) : An angstrom (symbol Å) is a non­SI unit
atoms in the molecular structure of enzymes, proteins, of length that is internationally recognised, equal to
DNA, etc. can be studied. Wilkins, Watson and Crick 0.1 nanometer (nm). It can be written in scientific
used this technique to determine the molecular notations as 1 × 10–10 m. It is used in expressing the
configuration of double helix of DNA. size of atoms, length of chemical bonds etc. It is
named after Anders Jonas Angstrom.
99. (d) : All the plastids have a common origin and
Angstrom = 0.0001mm.
one type of plastid can change into another. Plastids
are of 2 main types lencoplasts and chromoplasts. The 107. (b) : Refer to answer 55.
leucoplasts are colourless and occur in the cells not 108. (c) : Addition of new cell wall particles amongst
exposed to sunlight. The chromoplasts are coloured the existing one is intussusception. Growth of cell
occur in the cells exposed to sunlight. wall occurs by two methods ­ by intussusception and
100. (b) : Acetabularia used in Hammerling’s by apposition. By intussusception, the primary wall
nucleocytoplasmic experiment is unicellular is stretched and materials of secondary wall are
uninucleate green algae. Hammerling’s experiment deposited. By apposition, material of secondary wall
on Acetabularia involved exchanging rhizoid and are deposited in the form of thin layers.
stalk. Presence of hereditary information in the 109. (a) : Cell wall shows complete permeability
nucleous was proved by the work of Hammerling on because it helps in the transport of substances into
single celled alga Acetabularia. and out of the cell. The main function of cell wall is
to provide mechanical support.
101. (a) : Apparato reticolare are Golgi apparatus.
The Golgi apparatus was named after Camillo Golgi 110. (d) : Ribosomes are minute cellular, non­
(1906) who discovered this cell structure in nerve cells membranous particles having an average diameter of
(1898) and assigned it the role of a cell organelle. 23 mm (230 A°). In plant cells ribosomes were first
Inspired by its appearance, Golgi named this cell of all observed by Robinson and Brown (1953) in bean
structure the inner reticular apparatus (apparato roots. In animal cells, these were discovered by Palade
reticolare interno). (1955), hence are called Palade particles. Ribosomes
form a part of fraction microsome, a term given by A.
102. (a) : An outer covering membrane is absent over
Claude (made of broken ER, ribosomes and Golgi
nucleolus. Nucleolus is a dense, spherical, colloidal bodies).
body which remains attached with nucleolar
organizing chromosomes. It was discovered by 111. (b) : Refer to answer 28.
Fontana (1781) and termed as nucleolus by Bowman 112. (b) : Resolution power is the ability to
(1840). The main function of nucleolus is the distinguish two close objects. It is the ability of a
synthesis of ribosomal RNA and it is called store system to distinguish two close points as two separate
house of RNA. It plays important role in cell division points. Resolving power of microscope depends upon
also. the numerical aperature of the objective lens system
and its wavelength.
103. (b) : Refer to answer 99.
113. (c) : Refer to answer 100.
104. (c) : Oxysomes or F0 ­ F1 particles occurs on
inner mitochondrial membrane. Each particle is made 114. (c) : Refer to answer 28.
132 Chapterwise NEET­AIPMT SOLUTIONS

115. (a) : Magnification of compound microscope is 118. (d) : Polyribosomes are aggregates of several
not connected with numerical aperature. The magnifying ribosomes held together by string of mRNA.
power is represented by the symbol ‘X’. The total Polyribosomes consists of 4 ­ 8 ribosomes which are
magnification of a microscope is obtained by multiplying attached to a single strand of messenger RNA or
the objective magnification and ocular lens mRNA. This mechanism help in synthesis of several
magnification e.g., if the magnifying power of an ocular copies of the same protein.
lens is 10X and of the objective is 40X, then the total 119. (c): Refer to answer 37.
magnifying power of a microscope is 10 × 40 = 400X. 120. (c) : Organelles can be separated from cell
116. (c) : A bivalent consist of four chromatids and homogenate through differential centrifugation. The
two centromeres. Bivalent is a pair of homologous basic principle involved here is sedimentation of
chromosome lying together in the zygotene stage of particles in a suspension by centrifugal force. In a
prophase I of first meiotic division. centrifuge, the particles sediment at different rates
117. (d) : Nucleoproteins are compounds present in when an accelerating force is subjected. The rate of
cells of living organisms that consist of nucleic acids sedimentation depends upon the size of the particles,
with proteins. Nucleoproteins are synthesized in its shape and density.
cytoplasm. These are conjugated proteins. They are
121. (c) : Refer to answer 100.
of two types ­Deoxyribonucleoproteins and ribo­
nucleoproteins. 122. (d) : Refer to answer 37.