ENGLISH LANGUAGE

HANDOUT
CYCLE: HND
SCHOOL: IUGET/SHS
OPTIONS: NUR/MLS
LEVEL: 1
BY Mr FOFOU Sullivan Richie
Contacts: 697125817/679228020
Email: [email protected]

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 COURSE OUTLINES

Lesson 1: Reviewing parts of speech/words class

Lesson 2: Medical Vocabulary
Lesson 3: Human body and diseases
Lesson 4: verb tenses
Lesson 5: Using question tags
Lesson 6: The various departments in the hospital
Lesson 7: Active and passive voice
Lesson 8: Some translation techniques
Lesson 9: Reading Comprehension

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 LESSON 1: Reviewing parts of speech/words class
The English language unlike any other language uses words to communicate. Those words are classified
under what is called parts of speech or words class. Parts of speech are also classified into variable and
invariable words.

part of
function or "job" example words example sentences
speech
(to) be, have, do, like, EnglishClub is a web site. I like
Verb action or state
work, sing, can, must EnglishClub.
pen, dog, work, music,
This is my dog. He lives in my
Noun thing or person town, London, teacher,
house. We live in London.
John
good, big, red, well,
Adjective describes a noun My dogs are big. I like big dogs.
interesting
limits or "determines" a
Determiner a/an, the, 2, some, many I have two dogs and some rabbits.
noun
describes a verb, adjective quickly, silently, well, My dog eats quickly. When he is
Adverb
or adverb badly, very, really very hungry, he eats really quickly.
Pronoun replaces a noun I, you, he, she, some Tara is Indian. She is beautiful.
links a noun to another
Preposition to, at, after, on, but We went to school on Monday.
word
I like dogs and I like cats. I like cats
joins clauses or sentences
Conjunction and, but, when and dogs. I like dogs but I don't like
or words
cats.
short exclamation,
Ouch! That hurts! Hi! How are
Interjection sometimes inserted into a oh!, ouch!, hi!, well
you? Well, I don't know.
sentence

Exercise: Decide which parts of speech are the underlined words

a) You have to believe in yourself if you ever expect to be successful at something._____________________
b) We left for the mountain just before six in the morning. __________________________
c) We first went to the store to buy a few things. ____________________________
d) We had a breakfast at a café near the rail station. _______________________________
e) My friend wasn't strong enough to lift his heavy rucksack. ___________________________
f) I helped him carry it. _________________________
g) The weather was very cold. __________________________
h) My friend said, "Oh! What a cold weather!" _________________________
i) We didn't spend the night there. ____________________________
j) We got back home late at night but we didn't go to sleep immediately. _____________________
k) We were very hungry .______________________________

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 Lesson 2: Medical Vocabulary
A fast way to expand your vocabulary is to make sure you know the different forms of the words
you learn.

Exercise 1. The words in this list are all verbs. What are the noun forms? Write them in the
second column. The first one has been done for you as an example.
1. diagnose diagnosis
2. examine ______________
3. prescribe ______________
4. suffer ______________
5. operate ______________
6. cure ______________
7. recover ______________
8. analyse ______________
9. infect ______________
10. carry ______________
11. replace ______________
12. degenerate ______________
13. refer ______________
14. paralyse ______________
15. obstruct ______________
Exercise 2. First, check your answers to Exercise 1. Then rewrite the sentences below, changing the verbs
(which are in bold) to nouns. Do not change the meaning of the sentences, but be prepared to make
grammatical changes if necessary. The first one has been done for you as an example.

1. I diagnosed that the patient had a heart condition.

My diagnosis was that the patient had a heart condition.
2. I examined the patient fully.
I made a full ___________________________________________________________________________
3. I prescribed a course of antibiotics.
I wrote a ______________________________________________________________________________
4. He suffered very little.
He experienced very little_________________________________________________________________
5. We operated immediately.
The __________________________________________________________________________________
6. This disease cannot be cured.
There is no ____________________________________________________________________________
7. He has recovered fully.
He has made a full_______________________________________________________________________
8. The lab analysed the blood sample.
The lab made an ________________________________________________________________________

9. We found that the tissue was infected.

We found an ___________________________________________________________________________
10. Ten per cent of the population are thought to carry the bacteria.
Ten per cent of the population are thought to be _______________________________________________
11. We replaced the patient's hip.
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The patient was given a hip _____________________________________________________________
12. His condition has degenerated.
There has been a ______________________________________________________________________
13. The patient was referred to a specialist.
The patient was given a _________________________________________________________________
14. His arm was paralysed after the stroke.
He suffered ___________________________________________________________________________
15. The artery was obstructed by a blood clot.
The blood clot was forming an ____________________________________________________________

Make 15 two-word expressions connected with medicine by combining words from the two lists: A
and B. Match each expression with the appropriate phrase. Use each word once. The first one has
been done for you as an example.

A B
allergic anaesthetic
balanced attack
bedside clock
biological death
bone diet
brain intervention
clinical manner
digestive marrow
general practitioner
general reaction
heart surgery
malignant system
plastic tooth
primary trial
surgical tumour

English often uses prefixes to create opposites. There are several different prefixes that are used.
Choose the right prefix for each of the adjectives below and write them into the table. The first one
has been done for you:

active - adequate - coherent - compatible – complete - conscious

controllable - dependent - digested - direct - fertile - fit - healthy -
hygienic legal - movable - operable - palpable - pure - qualified -
reducible - regular - sanitary - soluble - stable - well

il Im In Un ir
1.__________ 1.______________ 1.inactive 1_____________ 1___________
2.______________ 2.______________ 2_____________ 2___________
3.______________ 3.______________ 3_____________
4.______________ 4_____________
5.______________ 5_____________
6.______________ 6_____________
7.______________ 7_____________
8.______________ 8_____________
9.______________ 9_____________
10._____________
11 _____________

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Exercise 2.
Use ten of the adjectives in the table to complete these sentences. The first one has been
done for you as an example.
1. He was found unconscious in the street.
2. He felt ________________ and had to go home.
3. The serum makes the poison ________________.
4. The children have a very _______________ diet.
5. The nurse noted that the patient had developed an ________________ pulse.
6. She used to play a lot of tennis, but she became ________________ in the winter.
7. The surgeon decided that the cancer was ________________.
8. Cholera spread rapidly because of the ________________ conditions in the town.
9. The patient was showing signs of an ________________ mental condition.
10. She has an ________________ desire to drink alcohol.

The words listed in the table below are nouns. What are the verb forms of these nouns?
The first question has been done for you as an example.
1. abuse ________________abuse 2. admission

3. bandage
4. blood
5. breath
6. coagulation
7. consultation
8. convalescence
9. fertilisation
10. identification
11. immunisation
12. implant
13. maceration
14. management
15. occurrence
16. perspiration
17. preparation
18. provision
19. reabsorption
20. regeneration
21. registration
22. regurgitation
23. rehabilitation
24. reproduction
25. resuscitation
26. sedation
27. stammer
28. stitch
29. suppression
30. swear

Find words and expressions in the mind map that fit the following definitions.

heart surgery - local anaesthetic - major surgery - anaesthetist - exploratory surgery - heart surgeon
surgeon - surgery - scrub up - consultant - A & E department - ambulance - accident - operate - operation
operating table - operating theatre - theatre nurse - incision - scalpel - surgical instruments - surgical gloves -
general anaesthetic

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1. A special room in a hospital, where surgical operations are carried out ………………..
2. A nurse who is specially trained to assist a surgeon during an operation ………………..
3. The part of a hospital which deals with people who need urgent treatment because they have had accidents
or are in sudden serious pain ………………..
4. Surgical operations involving important organs in the body ………………..
5. A doctor who specialises in surgery ………………..
6. An anaesthetic which removes the feeling in a single part of the body only ………………..
7. A senior specialised doctor in a hospital ………………..
8. A surgical operation to remedy a condition of the heart ………………..
9. To clean the hands and arms thoroughly before performing surgery ………………..
10. The treatment of diseases or disorders by procedures which require an operation to cut into, to remove or
to manipulate tissue, organs or parts ………………..

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Lesson 3: Human body and diseases
Task 1: Draw a human body and indicate the various parts.

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Task 2: Indicate as many diseases as possible related to each part
N° BODY PART DISEASE

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 Lesson 4: verb tenses
All English forms or verbs are made of two parts: Time (tense) & Aspect.
Like we saw above, time has 3 parts; Past, Present & Future.
Aspect has 4 parts; Simple, Perfect, continuous/progressive, & the perfect progressive/continuous. Aspects
relate to the verb’s relationship with time.

Exercise: Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the verb in the brackets
1.Supermarkets ______________ (open) at 8 o’clock and __________________(close) at 9.
2.Yesterday I _______________(buy) a T-shirt and cargo shorts.
3.They ____________________(have) dinner when the tornado _________________(strike).
4.By next summer Jayden _________________ (complete) the beginner’s computer course.
5.I _________________(lie) on the beach in Ibiza this time next week. Lucky me!
6.Every morning Jackson ________ (turn) on his computer and ___________ (check) his Facebook for updates and news.
7.Sophia and Isabella _______________ (not/finish) their power point presentation on African animals yet.
8.Tonight Evan ______________________(play) a game of singles with his best friend, Christopher.
9.This summer I _________________(read) 10 classic novels for school.
10.Ethan and Noah ________________(already/wait) for 2 hours, when the bus finally ________________ (arrive).
11.What _________________ (you/do) this weekend? I think I _____________ (start) a new jigsaw puzzle.
12.Mia looks very pale. It looks like she ________________________(faint).
13.My cousins, Logan and Jackson, _____________________(live) in Barcelona since 2006.
14.My Uncle Landon ________________________ (work) in Dublin from 2002-2008.
15.My mother and father _______________________(paint) the kitchen all morning.
16.Right now Cameron ______________________ (play) his favorite computer game.
17.What _____________________ (you/do) at the moment? Oh, nothing.
18.This is the first time I ____________________ (ever/try) snails.

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 Lesson 5: Using question tags
Sample text:

Ngo Ntouma: Hello Nadia. You don’t have enough time for recreation, do you?
Nadia: No, I don’t. But I practise indoors activities that you have never practised, have you?
Ngo Ntouma: No, I haven’t. I would like you to tell me more about it, wouldn’t you?
Nadia: Yes, I would. Let’s go home and discover what I usually do, shall we?
Ngo Ntouma: Yes, we can. I’m eager to discover your activities. I’m sure you are also eager to show
it to me, isn’t it?
Nadia: Of course. I do a lot of bricolage, especially I recycle used objects and customise them.
Ngo Ntouma: That’s original, isn’t it?
Nadia: Yes, it is. I’m sure you are impressed, aren’t you?
Ngo Ntouma: Yes I’m. Teach me a few things about customising, will you?
Nadia: Yes, I’ll.

Task:
- Identify all the questions in the dialogue.
- How are they formed?
- How do we call them?
Rule:
1- A tag question is a short question (e.g. have you? / haven’t you?) that follows a statement:
e.g.: You haven’t got a car, have you? It was a good film, wasn’t it?

2- Normally we use a positive question tag with a negative sentence:

 negative sentence + positive tag
Tom won’t be late, will he?
They don’t like us, do they?
That isn’t George over there, is it?
And normally we use a negative question tag with a positive sentence:
 positive sentence + negative tag
Ann will be here soon, won’t she?
Tom should pass his exam, shouldn’t he?
They were very angry, weren’t they?

3- How do we form QUESTION TAGS?

a) Auxiliaries like be, have, can, may, must, should, etc. used in the statement are reported
at the end followed by the subject (always a pronoun):
John was annoyed, wasn’t he?
auxiliary verb
He wasn’t annoyed, was he?
I am late, aren’t I? Notice that we say aren’t I? (= am I not)
You haven’t got a car, have you? It was a good film, wasn’t it?

b) With all other verbs, tag questions are formed with do/don’t and does/doesn’t (Present
Simple) and did/didn’t (Past Simple):
You like fish, don’t you? They don’t like fish, do they?
He likes fish, doesn’t he? She liked fish, didn’t she?
This also applies to have and do as main verbs:
You have tea at 4, don’t you? You did your homework, didn’t you?

c) Tag questions are also possible with there:

There will be a strike, won’t there?

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d) When the statement begins with “Let’s”, the question tag is SHALL WE?
e.g.: Let’s go to hospital today, SHALL WE?

f) When the statement has an imperative verb, the question tag is WILL YOU or CAN YOU?
e.g.: Don’t go out in the night alone, WILL YOU?

g) When the subject is an indefinite pronoun (no one, nobody, someone, somebody,
everybody, everyone…), the pronoun in the question tag is THEY.
e.g.: Someone looked for you in your absence, didn’t THEY?

Practice:
Complete the sentences using the correct question tags.
1. You're addicted to shopping, __________________?
2. They weren't part of the regular team, __________________?
3. You can't give it back to the owner, __________________?
4. Let's take a day off tomorrow, __________________?
5. She has her hair styled every week, __________________?
6. Mum will be happy to see you, __________________?
7. John keeps talking all the time. That's disgusting, __________________?
8. They haven't ever bought a new car, __________________?
9. I'm such a good swimmer, __________________?
10. He wouldn't agree with you, __________________?
11. There's really nothing more to say, __________________?
12. I shouldn't criticise the teacher, __________________?
13. Please pass me the sugar, __________________?
14. You mustn't play on the freshly cut grass, __________________?
15. You don't want him to come with us, __________________?
16. She hardly said anything, __________________?
17. You do have a receipt, __________________?
18. Peter and Jenny want to be alone, __________________?
19. You weren't ill last week, __________________?
20. I needn't come with you, __________________?

Asking questions
An interrogative sentence asks a direct question and is punctuated at the end with a question mark. It is one of the four
basic types of sentences, and it's a highly useful one. Could you imagine life without questions?
Interrogative sentences allow you to gather information and clear up confusion as well as engage in interesting
conversations with others. It's also useful in writing as an organizational tool; for example, you can set up questions as
headers and answer them to explain a concept in more detail in expository writing.
How to Form an Open-Ended Interrogative Sentence
Like all complete sentences in English, an interrogative sentence must contain a subject and a verb. However, here the
word order is usually changed to put the verb before the subject. For example:
 When is the deadline?
In this sentence, "deadline" is the subject and "is" is the verb. The verb comes before the subject in a direct question.
An open-ended question usually begins with a "question word" in English:
 who
 whom
 whose
 what
 when
 where
 why
 which
 how
So start your open-ended interrogative sentence with a question word, then continue the sentence with the verb and the
subject. Examine the examples below to get a feel for how this works in practice:
 What is the right way to iron a shirt?
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  When are the best days to go to the mall?
 Where is your new cat?
 Why is the sky blue?
 How are you today?
In some cases, the question word itself serves as the subject of the sentence, because the subject is unknown - in fact,
answering the question will provide the subject. For example:
 Who is the best shortstop in the Major Leagues?
 To whom shall I give the test results?
 Whose socks are these?
 Which is the best route to the circus?
Often times an interrogative sentence requires a helping verb. In these cases, the subject comes between the helping verb
and the main verb. For example:
 Why did Suzie leave so late?
In this sentence, the subject "Suzie" is sandwiched between the helping verb "did" and the main verb "leave." This
happens frequently in direct questions:
 Who did you give the last cookie to?
 Why was she so grumpy yesterday?
 Where did I leave my car keys?

Yes/No Questions
These questions are designed to be answered simply with either an affirmative or a negative. They start with a verb or helping verb
followed by the subject. For example:
 Are your shoes on?
 Did you eat lunch yet?
 Was the movie enjoyable?
 Did the girls get to school on time?
 Were you too late?

The most common question words in English are the following:

WHO is only used when referring to people. (= I want to know the person)
 Who is the best football player in the world?
 Who are your best friends?
 Who is that strange guy over there?
WHERE is used when referring to a place or location. (= I want to know the place)
 Where is the library?
 Where do you live?
 Where are my shoes?
WHEN is used to refer to a time or an occasion. (= I want to know the time)
 When do the shops open?
 When is his birthday?
 When are we going to finish?
WHY is used to obtain an explanation or a reason. (= I want to know the reason)
 Why do we need a nanny?
 Why are they always late?
 Why does he complain all the time?
Normally the response begins with "Because..."
WHAT is used to refer to specific information. (= I want to know the thing)
 What is your name?
 What is her favourite colour?
 What is the time?
WHICH is used when a choice needs to be made. (= I want to know the thing between alternatives)
 Which dish did you order – the pizza or the pasta?
 Which day do you prefer for a meeting – today or tomorrow?
 Which is better - this one or that one
HOW is used to describe the manner that something is done. (= I want to know the way)
 How do you cook lasagna?
 How does he know the answer?
 How can I learn English quickly?
With HOW there are a number of other expressions that are used in questions:
How much – refers to a quantity or a price (uncountable nouns)

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  How much time do you have to finish the test?
 How much is the jacket on display in the window?
 How much money will I need?
How many – refers to a quantity (countable nouns)
 How many days are there in April?
 How many people live in this city?
 How many brothers and sister do you have?
How often – refers to frequency
 How often do you visit your grandmother?
 How often does she study?
 How often are you sick?
How far – refers to distance
 How far is the university from your house?
 How far is the bus stop from here?

Exercise 1: use the appropriate question word

1. _______ did you do that for?
2. _______ dress do you want to wear, the red one or the blue one?
3. _______ opened the door?
4. _______ keys are these? – I think they’re dad’s.
5. _______ does this CD player work?
6. _______ is bothering you?
7. _______ is the car?
8. _______ money do you have in your bank account?
9. _______ are the sisters going to leave?
10. _______ is your favorite actress?
11. _______ did the party last? – Almost two hours.
12. _______ did you do in Australia?
13. _______ jacket is this? - I think it’s mine.
14. _______ do they normally do their homework?
15. _______ don’t you get up earlier? It’s so sunny outside.
16. _______ do you do on weekends?
17. _______ is your favorite singer?
30. _______ do you go to the gym?

Exercise 2: Ask for the underlined words!

1. I have never been to South Africa. _________________________________________________________________
2. Mrs Kelly goes to church every Sunday. ____________________________________________________________
3. Jack watched the World Series on television (yes/no). _________________________________________________
4. The exam was extremely difficult. ________________________________________________________________
5. My friends are returning from Italy tomorrow. _______________________________________________________
6. The Danube River flows into the Black Sea._________________________________________________________
7. Tom’s away at the moment.______________________________________________________________________
8. There was an interesting programme on the radio this morning.__________________________________________
9. In Britain, children start school at the age of 5._______________________________________________________
10. Jeremy usually goes to school by car._____________________________________________________________
11. Carol has decided to give up her job (yes/no). ______________________________________________________
12. Jack’s house is not big enough for two families. ____________________________________________________
13. Jill will start her new job next week, _____________________________________________________________
14. I am meeting Ann at five o’clock tomorrow. _______________________________________________________
15. He won’t do it because he doesn’t have the right equipment. __________________________________________

Exercise 3: Complete the following with one of the question words below then write an
answer.
Who - When - What - Why - Which - Where - How Many - How - How Much

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1. _______________ do you get to work?
______________________________________________________________________________________
2. _______________ children do you have?
______________________________________________________________________________________
3. _______________ do you eat dinner?
______________________________________________________________________________________
4. _______________ do you live with?
______________________________________________________________________________________
5. _______________ do you like to go on holiday?
______________________________________________________________________________________
6. _______________ sugar do you like in your tea?
______________________________________________________________________________________
7. _______________ is your favorite season - spring or summer?
______________________________________________________________________________________
8. _______________ is your favorite day of the week?
______________________________________________________________________________________
9. _______________ do you live in Santiago?
______________________________________________________________________________________

B) Write a question for each of the answers, using a question word.

1. ________________________________________________________ I use the subway to get to work.
2. _____________________________________________________________ It is in South America.
3. _________________________________________________________ I prefer coffee, but I like both.
4. _______________________________________________________ I like to read and listen to music.
5. _______________________________________________________ I want to go to Egypt on holiday.
6. _________________________________________________________ My house has three bedrooms.
7. ____________________________________________________________ I earn $1000 a month.

C) Answer the following questions.

1. Where do you live? ______________________________________________
2. Who do you live with? ______________________________________________
3. What do you live in? (a house ...) ______________________________________________
4. How many bedrooms are there? ______________________________________________
5. Why do you live there? ______________________________________________
6. When did you move there? ______________________________________________
7. How far is it from work/school? ______________________________________________

Lesson 6: The various departments in the hospital

DIFFERENT DEPARTMENTS REQUIRED IN A HOSPITAL
1. DEFINITION OF HOSPITAL According to WHO, “Hospital is an integral part of social medical organisation, the functions
of which is to provide complete health care for the population both, curative and preventive and who reach out to the family and its
home environment. The hospital is also a centre for training of health workers and for bio-social research.” Another definition was
given by WHO in 1963 by the expert committee stating that : “Hospital is a residential establishment which provides short term and
long term medical care consisting of observational, diagnostic, therapeutic and rehabilitative services for persons suffering or
suspected to be suffering from a disease or injury and for parturient. It may or may not also provide services for in patient or an
outpatient basis.”
2. CASUALTY  This department, also known as the accident and emergency department deals with patients who have been
brought in by an ambulance in an emergency situation. Sometimes patients find their own way to this department to in case they
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have had an accident or seek immediate treatment.  This department works 24/7 and is equipped to deal with all sorts of
emergencies. The patients are assessed according to the degree of injury or emergency and then provided immediate treatment before
being sent to a specialised department for further treatment.  The Platt Report in 1962 gave birth to the official title of “Accident
and Emergency Service”. This report stated the provisions that are to be followed for the smooth functioning of this department.
3. ANEASTHETICS  Doctors in this department administer anaesthesia for patients for various procedures and surgeries. They
provide the following services:  Acute pain services post surgery  Chronic pain services for patients suffering from bone related
illnesses like arthritis  Critical care services for those suffering from trauma  Obstetrics anaesthesia and analgesia like epidurals
during childbirth and anaesthesia for C-sections.
4. CARDIOLOGY  The department as the name suggests deals with problems of the human heart or circulation. It treats people
on an inpatient and outpatient basis. Some of their procedures include:  Electrocardiogram (ECG) and exercise tests to measure
the heart function  Ultrasound scan of the heart ( Echocardiogram)  Scans of the carotid artery in the neck to determine risks of
stroke  24 hour blood pressure tests  Insertion of pacemakers  Coronary angiography to see if there are any blocks in the arteries
 Medical diagnosis and treatment of congenital heart defects, coronary artery disease, heart failure, valvular heart disease and
electrophysiology  Cardiac surgery
5. CRITICAL CARE  This department also known as the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) provides treatment for seriously ill patients.
 Certain patients need to be isolated and require close and individual medical attention.  The ICU has very few beds and is usually
manned by specialist doctors and nurses as well as consultant anaesthetists, physiotherapists and dieticians.  Patients can be
transferred from any department to the ICU in case the patient’s condition gets worse.
6. EARS, NOSE AND THROAT  As the name suggests, this department deals with ailments concerned with the Ear, nose and
throat and it includes treatment of a variety of ailments like:  General ear, nose and throat diseases  Neck lumps  Cancers of the
head and neck area  Tear duct problems  Facial skin lesions  Balance and hearing disorders  Snoring and sleep apnoea  ENT
allergy problems  Salivary gland diseases  Voice disorders  ENT surgical procedures
7. GERIATRICS  This department is usually manned with doctors specialised in geriatric medicine. Since the elderly suffer from
a range of illnesses and seek treatment for:  Stroke  Gastroenterology  Diabetes  Locomotor problems  Continence problems
 Syncope  Bone disease  This department also provides a range of community services like home visits, mobile therapy units,
palliative care, and this department is often linked to other community centres.
8. GASTROENTEROLOGY  This department deals with bowel related-medicine. It is usually run by specialist consultants and
they investigate and treat upper and lower gastrointestinal diseases, as well as diseases of the pancreas and bile duct system. It also
involves endoscopy and nutritional services. Some sub specialties include:  Colorectal surgery  Inflammatory bowel disease 
Swallowing problems  Special nurses are often posted in this department and they are capable of performing a wide range of bowel
investigations.
9. GENERAL SURGERY  This department as the name suggests includes a wide variety of surgical procedures that include: 
Day surgery  Thyroid surgery  Kidney transplants  Colon surgery  Laparoscopic cholecystectomy (gall bladder removal) 
Endoscopy  Breast surgery  Day surgeries see a lot of patients coming in for minor surgeries such as hernia repairs, piles, ... These
procedures are normally performed by general surgeons and do not normally require special surgeons.
10. GYNAECOLOGY  This department deals with the investigation and treatment of problems of the female urinary tract and
reproductive system.  Infertility, incontinence and endometritis are some of the problems investigated in this department. Other
services include cervical smear screen and post-menopausal bleeding checks.  This department usually has a special ward, day
surgery unit, an emergency gynaecology assessment unit and outpatient clinics.
11. HAEMATOLOGY  This department can be part and parcel of the hospital laboratory or work closely with the hospital
laboratory.  Haematology includes the study of etiology, diagnosis, treatment, prognosis, and prevention of blood diseases that
affect the production of blood and its components, such as blood cells, hemoglobin, blood proteins, and the mechanism of
coagulation.  The laboratory work that goes into the study of blood is frequently performed by a medical technologist. 
Haematologists also conduct studies in oncology—the medical treatment of cancer.
12. MATERNITY/NEONATAL/PAEDIATRICS  All facilities concerning giving birth and child care is provided in this
department. In some hospitals these can be divided into three different departments but most general hospitals provide this care
under one department itself.  So me of the facilities or treatments include:  Child birth  Midwifery  Antenatal and post natal
care  Pregnancy check ups  Surgical procedures on children or mothers
13. NEUROLOGY  Neurology deals with the human nervous system. The doctors in this department investigate and treat patients
for problems that affect their brain and spinal cord.  Surgical procedures on the brain and spinal cord are extremely dangerous and
require highly qualified and experienced doctors and nurses to provide such special care.  Neurologists examine patients who have
been referred to them by other physicians in both the inpatient and outpatient settings.  A neurologist will begin their interaction
with a patient by taking a comprehensive medical history, and then perform a physical examination focusing on evaluating the

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nervous system.  Components of the neurological examination include assessment of the patient's cognitive function, cranial
nerves, motor strength, sensation, reflexes, coordination, and gait.
14. ONCOLOGY  This department investigates and treats all kinds of cancers and provides a wide range of chemotherapy
treatments and radiotherapy for cancerous tumours and blood disorders.  This department is usually linked to all the other
departments as referrals can be made when one department cannot diagnose the patient’s problem.  This department also requires
highly qualified and experienced doctors and nurses.  Doctors also carry out tumour removal procedures which are then sent for
biopsy to confirm whether the tumour is malignant or not.
15. OPTHALMOLOGY  This department deals with the investigation and treatment of eye problems of adults and children. Their
services include:  General eye clinic appointments  Laser treatments  Optometry  Orthoptics  Prosthetic eye services 
Ophthalmic imaging
16. ORTHOPEDICS  This department deals with problems that affect the musculoskeletal system.  That includes treating bones,
muscles, tendons, ligaments, and nerves.  Services include bone setting, surgeries to repair damaged bones or ligaments or tendons,
replacing bones like hip replacement, knee cap replacement ...  Other outpatient services also include treating fractures and
dislocated joints, musculoskeletal injuries and soft tissue injuries.
17. UROLOGY  This department is usually a surgical department led by surgeons that perform certain specific services like: 
Flexible cystoscopy bladder checks  Urodynamic research  Prostate assessments and biopsies  Shockwave lithotripsy to break
up kidney stones
18. PSYCHIATRY  This department deals with investigating and treating patients with a wide range of mental illnesses and
disorders. Some services include:  Providing psychosocial counselling  Investigating, diagnosing and treating psychiatric illnesses
 Conducting IQ tests  Deaddiction services
19. OUTPATIENT  In this department people come to the hospital only for a consult and not admission.  The patients seek
medical advice from a specific department depending on their problem and doctors provide a prescription of medication for them to
take for a certain period of time.  Patients are then asked to come back for a follow up. Patient’s treatment within the boundaries
of the hospital lasts only a day.  Outpatient department runs for specific time during the day.  Consultant doctors are usually
brought in to handle OPD.
20. INPATIENT  This department admits patients at least overnight for treatment.  Here a case history of the patient will be
taken and the patient will have a case sheet in which his progress will be recorded.  Patients are monitored throughout the day by
nurses and doctors come on rounds to check on the patients conditions.  The duration of stay will depend on severity of the patient’s
illness.
21. CENTRAL STERILIZATION UNIT  This department is in charge of keeping all the instruments used in the hospital clean
and sterilised to avoid spreading of infections throughout the hospital.  They follow a strict procedure for sterilizing medical and
surgical instruments.
22. HOUSEKEEPING  This department is in charge of keeping the hospital clean and neat.  It involves doing the laundry and
cleaning all the rooms of the hospital and effectively disposing of medical waste according to strict hospital disposal procedures.
23. CATERING AND FOOD SERVICES  This department provides food services to inpatients, their families and staff of the
hospital based on a nutritional menu provided by the Nutrition Department.
24. MEDICAL SOCIAL WORK  This department manned with medical social workers help patients and their families deal with
a broad range of psychosocial issues and stresses related to coping with illness and maintaining health.  This department addresses
the challenges families face, increase accessibility to healthcare, and serves as a bridge between the doctors and the individual,
family, and community.
25. PHYSIOTHERAPY  This department aims at rehabilitating patients.  Mostly linked to the orthopaedics department this
department offers a wide range of body healing therapies that will help a patient resume normal functioning.  This department
offers outpatient as well as inpatient services.
26. PHARMACY  Every hospital must be equipped with a pharmacy which provides drugs for the entire hospital. It not only
provides medication for patients but also provides other drugs and instruments used by all the departments in the hospital for patient
care or surgeries... Run by a pharmacist the pharmacy provides the following services:  Purchase, supply and distribution of
medication and pharmaceuticals  Inpatient and outpatient dispensing  Clinical and ward pharmacy  Doctors are usually given a
formulary of medication by the pharmacy to use as a guide.
27. NUTRITION AND DIETITICS  This department is manned with specialist in nutrition and dietetics. They are assigned to
provide professional advice on diet for hospital inpatient wards as well as outpatient departments.  Certain departments require
that the patient be put on a diet and therefore the team works with many other departments that treat:  Diabetes  Cancer  Kidney
problems  Paediatrics  Elderly care  Surgery and critical care  Gastroenterology  These specialists can also suggest a dietary
chart to be followed by the hospital canteen to ensure that all patients get nutritious food during their stay at the hospital.

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28. MICROBIOLOGY  This department deals with the microbial and viral aspects of medicine.  This department is very
important as the number of hospital-acquired infections is on the rise.  These doctors usually carry out tests on samples from
surgeries sent from various other departments and submit reports following biopsy.
29. DIAGNOSTIC IMAGING  Also known as the department of radiology, this department provides the following services: 
General radiology (X-rays)  Scans for Accidents and Emergency  Mammography (breast scans)  Ultrasound scans 
Angiography (x-ray of blood vessels)  Interventional Radiology (minimal invasive procedures)  CT scanning  MRI scanning
(3D scans using magnetic and radio waves)  Patients are sent to this department for the above mentioned services as other
departments do not have the required devices to perform diagnostic imaging. After the service is provided, reports will be given
about the imaging and that report will have to be handed over to the department from which the imaging was requested.
30. MEDICAL RECORDS  This department deals with recording, and maintaining all the records/files of inpatients as well as
outpatients.  It is with these records that medical statistics can be formulated and it serves as a reference for future purposes.
31. MEDICAL MAINTENANCE & ENGINEERING  This department makes sure that the hospital is in operable condition. 
It makes plans and carries out various projects for the hospital.  This department makes sure that all electrical facilities are in
perfect condition, carries out repair and replacement work for air-conditioning units, plumbing, steel works, and general takes care
of the overall maintenance of the hospital.
32. INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY & COMMUNICATION  All hospitals today use computers to keep track of patient
records and other medically related affairs.  Therefore this department is in charge of providing technical support as when needed
and keep the systems updated and provide support when systems crash.  They also aim to provide effective online services for
patients and help to keep the entire hospital informed of certain events that take place within the hospital.
33. HUMAN RESOURCES  This department is given the objective of recruiting efficient human resources for the hospital.  It
also has the duty of creating policies and procedures that the staff have to follow in the hospital.  It aims at ensuring employee
satisfaction, good working conditions and provision of monetary and non monetary benefits for the employees.  It is also
responsible for providing compensation for the services rendered by the employees.
34. FINANCE  This department looks after the financial aspects of the hospital.  They make budgets, financial plans for the
future and allocate financial resources to the various departments of the hospital for their upgradation.  They also provide wage
statements for the staff and oversee purchases of medical supplies and pharmaceuticals for the hospital.
35. ADMINISTRATION  This department is in charge of looking after the day to day operations of the hospital.  They look
after all the paper work of hospital and ensure that every department follows administrative procedures of the hospital.

Lesson 7: Active and passive voice

The passive of an active tense is formed by putting the verb to be into the same tense as the active verb and adding the
past participle of the active verb. The subject of the active verb becomes the ‘agent’ of the passive verb. The agent is
very often not mentioned. When it is mentioned it is preceded by ‘’by’’ and placed at the end of the clause.

Active: The GP referred the patient to a consultant. Change the sentences below from active to passive
tense. For example:
Passive: The patient was referred to a consultant by the GP.
Remember that it is not always necessary to mention the subject in a passive sentence. For example:
Active: We have identified the cause of this outbreak of dysentery.
Passive: The cause of this outbreak of dysentery has been identified.

1. The nurse noticed a rise in the patient's pulse rate.

Passive:________________________________________________________________________________
2. The consultant is allowing him to watch the operation.
Passive:________________________________________________________________________________
3. All chemists sell the tablets.
Passive:________________________________________________________________________________

4. The doctor diagnosed appendicitis.

Passive:________________________________________________________________________________
5. The paramedics comforted the injured person until the ambulance arrived.
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Passive:________________________________________________________________________________
6. The midwife delivered the twins.
Passive:________________________________________________________________________________
7. The gland was producing an excess of hormones.
Passive:________________________________________________________________________________
8. They looked after him very well in hospital.
Passive:________________________________________________________________________________
9. We examined the tissue under the microscope.
Passive:________________________________________________________________________________
10. The doctor gave me an unpleasant mixture to drink.
Passive:________________________________________________________________________________
11. You cannot take the lotion orally.
Passive:________________________________________________________________________________
12. Toxic fumes poisoned the workers.
Passive:________________________________________________________________________________
13. Doctors are predicting a rise in cases of whooping cough.
Passive:________________________________________________________________________________
14. The drug suppresses the body's natural instinct to reject the transplanted tissue.
Passive:________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________

Lesson 8: Reading Comprehension

TEXT : EDNA’S ON A DIET
Edna is on a diet. She lost five pounds, but she wants to lose ten more pounds before her trip to Italy next
month. She is going with a group of friends, and she wants to look her best. Everyone tells her she looks great,
but she doesn’t agree. She bought new clothes for her vacation, but she can’t fit into them. Edna got a diet
book that lists the calories of foods. She writes down everything she eats and adds up the calories. She
tries to eat no more than a thousand calories per day. Right now she is thinking about eating a slice of cherry
pie. Dieting is not easy!

B. True or False
1. ________ Edna wants to lose five more pounds.
2. ________ She is moving to Italy.
3. ________ Her diet book lists the calories of foods.
4. ________ It’s not easy to stick to a diet.
5. ________ Edna is trying to eat a hundred calories per day.

C. Yes or No – Share Your Opinion

1. ________ Edna is not fat. She shouldn’t be on a diet.
2. ________ Exercise is more important then dieting.

D. Writing – Why did Edna buy new clothes that don’t fit?
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________

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TEXT: EVERYONE NEEDS A HOBBY
Janice and her sister, Hilda, like arts and crafts. Janice likes to embroider and Hilda likes to paint. The sisters get together
once a week. One week they meet at Janice’s house and the next week they meet at Hilda’s house. The sisters work on
craft projects all year. When someone they know has a birthday, they give them a homemade gift. Friends and family
members appreciate the gifts. Many of them have suggested that the sisters rent a booth at the swap meet and sell their
crafts. But Janice and Hilda prefer to make things for friends. They don’t want to turn their hobbies into a business.

B. True or False
1. ________ Hilda is Janice’s sister.
2. ________ Janice and Hilda meet twice a week.
3. ________ Homemade gifts are made in factories by machines.
4. ________ Hobbies are for fun. Businesses are for money.
5. ________ People can rent a booth at the swap meet and sell things.
C. Yes or No – Share Your Opinion
1. ________ Janice and Hilda should sell their crafts at the swap meet.
2. ________ You can tell a lot about a person by knowing their hobby.
D. Writing – What is your favorite hobby? How much time do you spend on it?
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________

TEXT: PROBLEMS AT WORK

Ernesto works in a toy factory to support his wife and two children. He works the night shift from 11:00 p.m. to 7:00
a.m. He usually arrives fifteen minutes early and hangs out with his co-workers Sam, Joaquin, Billy, and Antonio. The
guys like to play around and have fun before their shift starts. They throw things at each other and take each other’s hats.
Last Friday, their supervisor told them to stop playing around. He told them that someone might get hurt. Ernesto likes
hanging out with his co-workers, but he doesn’t want to have problems at work.

B. True or False
1. ________ Ernesto works from 11:00 p.m. to 7:00 a.m.
2. ________ He arrives to work early.
3. ________ Sam, Joaquin, Billy, and Antonio like to take each other’s wallets.
4. ________ The factory makes toys.
5. ________ Ernesto is single.

C. Yes or No – Share Your Opinion

1. ________ Ernesto is a responsible person.
2. ________ Ernesto should relax and stop worrying so much.

D. Writing – What should Ernesto say to his co-workers?

_______________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________

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