BANGLADESH

ECONOMIC REVIEW
2023

June 2023
Finance Division, Ministry of Finance
Government of the People's Republic of Bangladesh
www.mof.gov.bd
 Preface

The ‘Bangladesh Economic Review’ is an annual publication of the Government of Bangladesh. The
Review is released along with other budget documents during the budget session every year. The
Review focuses on trends in macroeconomic fundamentals, various policies and strategies adopted by
the government for sector-based development and progress of the economy.
2. Bangladesh's economy has been recovering from the economic damages caused by the impact
of COVID-19 and the ongoing Russia-Ukraine crisis, however, the crisis driven recent slowdown in
the global economy has been affecting the country's economic growth. Bangladesh's GDP growth in
the pre-COVID-19 period was 7.88 percent in FY 2018-19. During the COVID-19 this growth rate
declined to 3.45 percent in FY 2019-20, which increased to 6.94 percent in FY 2020-21 and 7.10
percent in FY 2021-22. According to the provisional estimates of Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics
(BBS), the GDP growth rate stood at 6.03 percent in current FY 2022-23 and the per capita national
income stood at US$ 2,765.
3. While economic recovery efforts have been strong in response to the impact of COVID-19,
there has been a mismatch between global demand and supply due to supply chain disruptions. As a
result, since the beginning of 2021, an increase in the prices of all types of commodities including
energy has been witnessed in the world market and it has been accelerated due to the ongoing Russia-
Ukraine war. As a cascading effect of the spiral of world prices, an upward trend of the price level is
observed in Bangladesh. The average inflation rate for the fiscal year 2021-22 was 6.15 percent, up
0.59 percentage points from the fiscal year 2020-21. The average inflation rate in the first ten months
of the current fiscal year (July-April, 2023) is 8.85 percent, which was 5.88 percent in the same period
of the previous fiscal year. On a point-to-point basis, inflation stood at 9.24 percent in April 2023, as
against 6.29 percent in April 2022. In order to keep inflation at a tolerable level, the government has
taken various measures under fiscal and monetary policies. The coverage of the OMS has increased
and 'Family Cards' have been issued to nearly 1 (one) crore of poor people so that they can buy
essential commodities at low cost. In addition, the reduction of duty on import of essential
commodities and increase the central bank policy interest rate are some of the important initiatives in
this regard.
4. The allocation in the revised budget for FY 2022-23 has increased by 11.36 percent to Tk.
6,60,570 crore compared to the previous year’s budget allocation. The outlet of the revised ADP in
FY 2022-23 stood at Tk. 2,27,564 crore, which is 8.37 percent higher than the previous revised ADP.
The government is highly concerned with maintaining the budget deficit within 5 percent of GDP by
increasing efficiency in revenue management. However, due to the increase in government
expenditure during the COVID-19 pandemic, the target was set at 5.1 percent of the current fiscal
year. The actual budget deficit for FY 2021-22 stood at 4.6 percent of GDP. Besides, proper and
timely implementation of a huge activity like incentives through the government’s concerted efforts is
playing a special role in the turnabout of the economy.
5. The IMF's Outlook, January 2023 Update forecasts growth in global trade in goods and
services to decline from 5.4 percent in 2022 to 2.4 percent in 2023, However, the positive growth
trend in Bangladesh's export earnings has been maintained. Export earnings during July-March, 2023
of FY 2022-23 stood at US$ 41,721.62 million, which is 8.07 percent higher than the corresponding
period of the previous fiscal year. On the other hand, import expenditure during July-March, 2023
stood at US$ 53,938 million, which is 12.33 percent less than the same period of the previous fiscal
year. During this period, the amount of remittance flow increased by 4.79 percent to US$ 16,030
million. As a result, the deficit in the current account balance during July-March, 2023 has narrowed
to US$ 3,641 million from US$ 14,384 million during the same period in the previous financial year,
which is expected to continue in the coming days.
6. In addition to economic development, Bangladesh has continued to make significant progress
in social sector. The recently published Human Development Report, 2022-2023 by UNDP,
Bangladesh ranked 129th out of 191 countries. In the previous HDI report of 2020, Bangladesh
ranked 133rd out of 189 countries. Bangladesh moved four notches up in the 2022-2023. Earlier, the
Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) announced by the United Nations have been able to achieve
the targets related to hunger, poverty and health sector ahead of schedule. In continuation of this, the
government has adopted 'Vision 2041' after the implementation of 'Vision 2021' and formulated the
‘Second Perspective Plan (2021-2041) as its strategic document. Achieving the Second Perspective
Plan and the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) is working relentlessly towards the goal of
becoming an upper-middle-income country by 2031 and a knowledge-based, happy and prosperous
developed country by 2041.
7. I express my sincere gratitude to each official in the Economic Adviser’s Wing of the Finance
Division for publishing the ‘Bangladesh economic Review 2023’ on time. At the same time, I express
my sincere thanks to all the concerned Ministries/Departments/Organisations for providing necessary
information and data for preparing the Review. I hope that it will provide necessary insights to
researchers, practitioners, planners, students, readers and other stakeholders on the current and near
future dynamics of the global as well as Bangladesh economy.

(A H M Mustafa Kamal, FCA, MP)

Minister
Ministry of Finance
 Introduction

The Bangladesh Economic Review is published every year by Finance Division. It

customarily accompanies other documents relating to budgetary proposals tabled in the Jatio
Sangsad for discussion. The Review delineates the overall macroeconomic scenario of the country
and the up-to-date progress of the socio-economic sectors many of which Bangladesh can boast
of.
2. Bangladesh weathered the adverse effects of COVID-19 pandemic well with prudent
macroeconomic management and home-grown strategies spearheaded by the Honourable Prime
Minister Sheikh Hasina. Now, the world economy is a bit subdued due to the RussiaUkraine war.
However, Bangladesh is coping the impacts well with resilience as well as pragmatic macro-fiscal
measures.

3. The volume is organised around three sections with a total of 15 chapters and 62 statistical
appendices. First, the Macro Section consists of six chapters that are devoted to macroeconomic
policy issues and forecasts both in global and Bangladesh contexts. These chapters along with
related data and tables illustrate GDP, savings, investments, commodity prices, wages and
employment, inflation, fiscal and monetary policy issues, and financial market. Second, the
Sectoral Section, expanded over five chapters, deals with agriculture, industry, SoEs, power and
energy, and transport and communications. Third, the Thrust Area Section describes human
resource development, poverty alleviation, private sector development, and environment and
climate change issues.

4 The tasks of compiling, editing and analysing were professionally carried out by the officials of
the Economic Adviser's Wing of Finance Division. I offer my sincerest thanks to them for bringing
out the volume on time. I also convey my gratitude to ministries/divisions/agencies for feeding
Finance Division with valuable data and information that helped make this publication more
comprehensive and informative. Amidst sincere efforts, there may remain some errors. In spite of
that I hope this Review will be considered as an important document for numerous readers,
researchers, policy makers and students.

Fatima Yasmin
Senior Secretary
Finance Division, Ministry of Finance
 CONTENTS

Chapter No. Page No. Chapter

Preface
Introduction

ix-xii List of Tables

xiii-xiv List of Figures

xv List of Annexure

xvi-xviii List of Statistical Appendices

xix-xxx List of Abbreviations and Acronyms

xxxi Socio-Economic Indicators of Bangladesh
xxxiii- xxxviii Executive Summary

Macro Section
1. 1-8 Macroeconomic Situation
2. 9-18 GDP, Savings and Investment

3. 19-32 Prices, Wages and Employment

4. 33-50 Fiscal Policy and Fiscal Management

5. 51-70 Monetary Management and Financial Market Development

6. 71-92 External Sector

Sectoral Section

7. 93-107 Agriculture

8. 109-131 Industry

9. 133-138 State-Owned Enterprises

10. 139-158 Power and Energy

11. 159-181 Transport and Communication
Thrust Area Section
12. 183-203 Human Resource Development
13. 205-230 Poverty Alleviation
14. 231-250 Private Sector Development
15. 251-264 Environment, Climate Change and Development
265-367 Statistical Appendices

vii
 LIST OF TABLES

Table Title Page

1.1 Overview of World Output Growth Projections 2

1.2 Medium Term Macroeconomic Framework: Key Indicators 8

2.1 GDP, GNI, Per Capita GDP and GNI at Current Market Prices 10
2.2 Gross Domestic Product (GDP) at Current Market Prices 11
2.3 Sectoral Growth Rate of GDP at Constant Prices 12
2.4 Sectoral Share of GDP at Constant Prices (Base Year: 2015-16) 15
2.5 Trend of Structural Transformation of Broad Sectoral Shares in GDP and Growth Rate at 16
Constant Prices
2.6 Expenditure Based Gross Domestic Product at Current Prices 17
2.7 Consumption, Savings and Investment (As percent of GDP) 18

3.1 Global Inflation (%) 20

3.2 Consumer Price Index and Inflation (Base Year 2005-2006) 20
3.3 Monthly Rate of inflation Point to Point during FY 2022-23 (Base Year 2005-06=100) 21
3.4 Wage Rate Index and Growth Rate (Base Year 2010-11=100) 21
3.5 Share of Employed Labour Force above 15 Years by Sector 22
3.6 Number of Expatriate Employees and Amount of Remittance 23
3.7 Remittance as Percent of GDP and Export Earnings 24
3.8 Number of Expatriates Classified by Country 24
3.9 Number of Expatriate Bangladeshi Workers by Country 25
3.10 Country wise Remittances 27

4.1 Revenue Mobilisation Target 34

4.2 Item-wise Revenue Mobilisation by NBR 34
4.3 Public Expenditure 36
4.4 ADP Allocation, RADP Allocation and Expenditure 37
4.5 Sector wise Allocation of RADP 38
4.6 A comparative picture of sectoral breakdown of ADP (FY 2021-22 to 2022-23) 39
4.7 Domestic Resources in Financing ADP 39
4.8 Overall Budget Balance and Financing 40
4.9 Actual Budget Deficit 40
4.10 Government Borrowing (net) from Domestic Sources 40
4.11 Government Borrowing from External Resources 41

5.1 Growth Trends of Monetary Aggregates (Year-on-year growth) 52

5.2 Movement and Growth of the Components of M2 and Domestic Credit 54
5.3 Components of Reserve Money and their Changes 55
5.4 Sources of Reserve Money and their Changes 56
5.5 Income Velocity of Money 57
5.6 Structure of the Banking System in Bangladesh 58
5.7 Securities Trading Information of Dhaka Stock Exchange 62
5.8 Securities Trading Information of Chattogram Stock Exchange 63

6.1 World Trade Volume 72

6.2 Commodity-wise share of Export Earnings and Growth of Export Earnings 73
6.3 Country-wise Export Earnings 73

ix
Table Title Page

6.4 Commodity-wise Import Payments 74

6.5 Country-wise Import Payments 74
6.6 Performance of Trade in Services 75
6.7 Balance of Payments 77
6.8 Foreign Exchange Reserve 78
6.9 Weighted Average Exchange Rate (Taka per US$) 78
6.10 Tariff Structure from FY 2000-01 to FY 2021-22 80

7.1 Food Grains Production 95

7.2 Seed Production and Distribution 97
7.3 Use of Chemical Fertiliser 98
7.4 Area Under Irrigation 99
7.5 Year-wise Disbursement and Recovery of Agricultural Credit 100
7.6 Fish Production Trends in Different Resources 103
7.7 Production of Milk, Meat and Eggs 106

8.1 Volume and Growth Rate of Manufacturing Sector (At constant prices of 2015-16) 109
8.2 Quantum Index of Production for Medium to Large Scale Manufacturing Industries (Base 110
2005-06)
8.3 Disbursement of SME Credit by Banks and NBFIs 111
8.4 Summary Information of SME Refinance Schemes 112
8.5 Investment, Production and Employment of BSCIC Industrial Estates 113
8.6 Yearly Investment, Production and Employment of BSCIC Industrial Estates 113
8.7 Delivery of Services of BSCIC 114
8.8 The Production, Demand, Sales and Import Statistics of Urea Fertiliser 115
8.9 Net Profit/Loss of BSEC Enterprises 116
8.10 Statement of Revenue Deposited by BSEC. 116
8.11 The amount of Revenue Deposited in the Government Treasury in the last 10 years 117
8.12 Year-wise Yarn Production 118
8.13 Production of Disease Free Laying (DFLs) Cocoon, Silk Yarn and Microcredit Disbursement 120
8.14 Zone wise Statistics of Industries Investment Export and Employment of EPZs 122
8.15 Product wise number of Enterprises Investment and Employment in EPZs 123
8.16 The Amounts of Investment & Export in the EPZs 123
8.17 Export of Drugs and Raw Materials 124
8.18 Disbursement and Recovery of Industrial Loans 125

9.1 Non-Financial Public Enterprises 133

9.2 Growth Rate of Revenue, Value Addition and Production Income of Non-Financial SOEs 135
9.3 Government Grant/Subsidy 136
9.4 Profit Earned by the SOEs from FY 2017-18 to 2021-22 137

10.1 Installed Capacity and Maximum Generation 141

10.2 Fuel Consumption by Public Sector Power Plants 141
10.3 Power Sector Generation Future Plan 142
10.4 Power Generation Projects (Under construction) 142
10.5 Transmission System and Substation Infrastructure by PGCB 143
10.6 Year-wise System Loss Statistics 144
10.7 Year wise Accounts Receivable 145
10.8 Installation of Prepaid Meters 146
10.9 Physical Target and Achievement of BREB 146

x
Table Title Page

10.10 Progress of Renewable Energy 147

10.11 Status of Gas Production and Reserve 150
10.12 Production of Natural Gas and its Consumption by Sector 151
10.13 Sector wise Average Gas Demand Forecast 152
10.14 Import of Crude Oil 153
10.15 Import of Refined Petroleum Products 153
10.16 Amount of Subsidy given to BPC by the Government 154
10.17 Location, depth and estimated reserve of the coal fields 154

11.1 Various Categories of Roads under Roads and Highways Department 160
11.2 Achievement in the Development of Transport Infrastructure under LGED 162
11.3 Revenue Target and Collection of BRTA 163
11.4 Revenue Target and Collection of BRTC 165
11.5 Time Bound Action Plan, 2030 of DMTCL 166
11.6 Description of the toll Collected from Bangabandhu Bridge 167
11.7 Overall Performance of Bangladesh Railway 171
11.8 Income and Expenditure of BIWTA 171
11.9 Development and Maintenance Works of BIWTA 172
11.10 Year wise Hydragrafic Survey 172
11.11 Income and Expenditure Statement of BIWTC 172
11.12 Income and Expenditure of CPA 173
11.13 Income, Expenditure and Profit/Loss of Mongla Port 173
11.14 Income and Expenditure of Bangladesh Land Port Authority 174
11.15 Income and Expenditure of the Department of Shipping 175
11.16 Statement of Income-Expenditure and Profit-Loss of BSC 175
11.17 Financial Position of CAAB 177
11.18 Income and Expenditure of Biman Bangladesh Airlines Limited 177
11.19 Year wise Income and Expenditure of BTCL 179
11.20 Income and Expenditure of Bangladesh Submarine Cable Company Limited 179

12.1 HDI Position of Bangladesh 184

12.2 Allocation (Operating and Development) of Selected Ministries 185
12.3 Boys- Girls Enrolment at Primary Level 186
12.4 Year wise Dropout Rate at Primary Level 187
12.5 Recent Trends in Health Indicators 191
12.6 Vaccination under EPI Programme 192
12.7 Nutrition Status of Bangladesh 194

13.1 Trend of Income Poverty 207

13.2 Monthly Household Nominal Income, Expenditure and Consumption Expenditure by 208
Residence
13.3 Percentage Distribution of Income According to Households in Groups (Deciles) at National 209
Level and Gini Co-Efficient
13.4 Decile Distribution of Consumption by Residence HIES 2016 and 2010 210
13.5 Division wise Incidence of Poverty (HCR) by CBN Method (in percentage) 211
13.6 Projection of Poverty Alleviation during 8 th Five Year Plan 212
13.7 Allocation Pattern of Social-Safety-net Programmes and Social Empowerment 214
13.8 Disbursement of Loan by Karmasangsthan Bank 223
13.9 Status of Micro-Credit Programmes of Major NGO 226
13.10 Microcredit Programmes of Grameen Bank 227

xi
Table Title Page

13.11 Status of Micro-Credit disbursement of SOCBs and Public Specialised Bank 228
13.12 Microcredit Programmes of other commercial and Specialised Banks 229
13.13 Status of Microcredit of different Ministry/Division/Department 230

14.1 Component wise FDI Flow in Bangladesh 233

14.2 Private Investment Proposals Registered with BIDA 234
14.3 Trend of Sector wise Distribution of Local Investment Projects Registration 235
14.4 Foreign/Joint Venture Investment Registration Projects 236
14.5 Trend in Approval of Branch, Liaison and Representative Office 237
14.6 Number of Clients in Mobile Phone, Fixed Phone and Internet and Teledensity 243
14.7 Premium Income Figure in Non-Life Sector 245
14.8 Premium Income figure in Life Sector 245

15.1 Top Ten Greenhouse Gas Emitting Countries in the World 252

xii
 LIST OF FIGURES

Figure Title Page

2.1 Broad Sectoral GDP Growth at Constant Prices 13

2.2 Share of three Major Sectors in the Last More than three Decades at Constant Prices 16
2.3 Trend of Investment, Domestic Savings and National Savings as percent of GDP 18

3.1 Global Inflation 20

3.2 Manpower Export and Remittance Inflow 23
3.3 Remittances as percent of GDP and Export Earnings 24
3.4 (a) Category wise Migration: 2010 25
(b) Category-wise Migration:2022
3.5 (a) Overseas Employment by Countries in 2012 26
3.5 (b) Overseas Employment by Countries in 2022
3.6 Comparison for percentage of Country-wise Remittance inflows in FY 2012-13 and 27
FY 2022-23*

4.1 Comparative Statement of Item wise Revenue Mobilisation (%) 35

4.2 Comparative Statement of Operating Expenditure (In crore Tk) 36
4.3 Government Borrowing (net) from Domestic Sources 41
4.4 Flow of External Resources 42

5.1 Composition of Broad Money (Year-on-Year Percentage Change) 53

5.2 Percentage Share of the Compositions of Broad Money 54
5.3 Movement of M2 as Percent of GDP 57
5.4 Weighted Average Deposit and Lending Interest Rate 58
5.5 DSE Market Capitilisation and Indices 62
5.6 CSE Market Capitalisation and All Share Price Index 63

6.1 Trade Balance 75

6.2 Forex Reserve and Import Coverage 78
6.3 Weighted Average Exchange Rate (annual) 78
6.4 79
(a): Net IIP Position and Ratio to GDP
(b): Asset-Liability Ratio
6.5 MFN Un-weighted Import Average Tariff Rate (%) 81

7.1 Food Grains Production 95

7.2 Fish Production Trends in Different Resources 103

9.1 Financial Performance of SoEs 138

10.1 Installed Capacity (by Fuel Type) 140

10.2 Installed Capacity (By Sector) 140
10.3 Energy Generation (National) by Fuel 140
10.4 Energy Generation (National) by Sector 140
10.5 Inter Utility Energy Import FY (2021-22) 144
10.6 Inter Utility Energy Import FY (2022-23*) 144
10.7 Year Wise System Loss Statistics 145
10.8 Year Wise Accounts Receivable 145
10.9 Category-wise Gas Consumption FY 2020-21 151

xiii
10.10 Category-wise Gas Consumption FY 2021-22 151

12.1 Trend of Government Allocation in the Social Sector of Selected Ministries 185

13.1 Trends in poverty reduction 206

13.2 Trend of Income Proverty (National, Urban and Rural Areas) 207

14.1 FDI Inflow in Bangladesh 233

14.2 Trend in Capital Machinery Import 234
14.3 Sector Wise Distribution of Local Investment Registration At BIDA 235
14.4 Sector Wise Foreign/ Joint Venture Projects in FY 2022-23* 236
14.5 Employment Opportunities created by the BIDA-Registered Projects 237
14.6 Foreign loan approval 237
14.7 Number of PPP projects in the PPP pipeline 240

xiv
 LIST OF ANNEXURE

Annex Title Page

3.1 Steps Taken to Improve Employment Situation 30

4.1 Significant changes regarding import-export duty-tax brought in the budget of 43

FY 2022-23
4.2 Stimulus Package to Address COVID-19 and Economic Recovery 49
4.3 Budget at a Glance (with Actual) 50

5.1 Financial Inclusion 64

5.2 Implementation of Basel III 67
5.3 Development of Payment System 68
5.4 Prevention of Money Laundering 69

6.1 Major Initiatives for boosting exports 82

6.2 Major Changes in Foreign Exchange Regulations during FY 2022-23 83
6.3 Bilateral Trade Agreement 85
6.4 Regional Trade Agreement 87
6.5 Bangladesh’s Relation with International Organisations, UN bodies and 90
World Trade Organisation (WTO)

8.1 Steps have been undertaken for the development of SMEs 129
8.2 Some key activities of SMEF 131

14.1 Department/ Agency signed MoU with BIDA for OSS facilitation 246
14.2 Trend of country wise Foreign/ joint venture projects registered 247
14.3 List of PPP Projects 249

xv
 LIST OF STATISTICAL APPENDICES

Appendix Title Page

1.1 Macroeconomic Indicator: FY 2005-06 to FY 2011-12 (Base Year: 2005-06) 265

1.2 Macroeconomic Indicator: FY 2012-13 to FY 2019-20 (Base Year: 2005-06) 266
1.3 Macroeconomic Indicator: FY 2015-16 to FY 2022-23 (Base Year: 2015-16) 267
1.4 Macroeconomic Indicator as Percent of GDP: FY 2005-06 to FY 2011-12(Base Year: 268
2005-06)
1.5 Macroeconomic Indicator as Percent of GDP: FY 2012-13 to FY 2019-20 (Base Year: 269
2005-06)
1.6 Macroeconomic Indicator as Percent of GDP: FY 2015-16 to FY 2022-23(Base Year: 270
2015-16)
2.1 Gross Domestic Product (GDP) at Current Prices (Base Year: 2005-06) 271
2.2 Gross Domestic Product (GDP) at Current Prices (Base Year: 2005-06) 272
2.3 Gross Domestic Product (GDP) at Current Prices (Base Year: 2015-16) 273
3.1 Gross Domestic Product at Constant Prices (Base Year: 2005-06) 274
3.2 Gross Domestic Product at Constant Prices (Base Year: 2005-06) 275
3.3 Gross Domestic Product at Constant Prices (Base Year: 2015-16) 276
4.1 Sectoral Growth Rate of GDP at constant prices (Base Year: 2005-06) 277
4.2 Sectoral Growth Rate of GDP at constant prices (Base Year: 2005-06) 278
4.3 Gross Domestic Product at Constant Prices (Base Year: 2015-16) 279
5.1 Sectoral Share of GDP (%) at Constant Prices (Base Year: 2005-06) 280
5.2 Sectoral Share of GDP (%) at Constant Prices (Base Year: 2005-06) 281
5.3 Sectoral Share of GDP (%) at Constant Prices (Base Year: 2015-16) 282
6.1 Consumer Price Indices and Inflation (National) (Base Year: 1995-96=100) 283
6.2 Consumer Price Indices (All Urban) (Base Year: 1995-96=100) 283
6.3 Consumer Price Indices (All Rural) (Base Year: 1995-96=100) 283
7.1 Consumer Price Indices (National) (Base Year: 2005-06=100) 284
7.2 Consumer Price Indices (All Urban) (Base Year: 2005-06=100) 284
7.3 Consumer Price Indices (All Rural) (Base Year: 2005-06=100) 285
8 Consumer Price Indices (CPI) for Middle Class Families of Dhaka City 285
(Base year: 1973-74=100)
9 Wholesale Price Indices of Agricultural and Industrial Products 286
10 Cost of Living Index of Industrial Workers of Narayanganj, Chattogram and Khulna 286
(Base: 1973-74=100)
11.1 Wage Rate Indices by Major Sectors (Base: 1969-70=100) 287
11.2 Wage Rate Indices and Growth Rate (Base: 2010-11=100) 287
12.1 Production of Major Agricultural Crops and Acreage 288
12.2 Production of Major Agricultural Crops and Acreage 289
13.1 Area Under Irrigation (FY 2004-05 to FY 2011-12) 290
13.2 Area Under Irrigation (FY 20012-13 to FY 2022-23) 290
14.1 Use of Chemical Fertiliser (FY 2004-05 to FY 2010-11) 291
14.2 Use of Chemical Fertiliser (FY 2011-12 to FY 2022-23) 291
15 Import of Food Grains (FY 1985-86 to FY 2022-23) 292
16 Year wise Disbursement and Recovery of Industrial Credit 293
17 Agricultural Credit Disbursement, Recovery and Outstanding 293
18.1 Quantum Index of Industrial Production (Base: 2005-06=100) 294
18.2 Quantum Index of Industrial Production (Base: 2005-06=100) 295
19.1 Production of Major Industrial Goods 296
19.2 Production of Major Industrial Goods 297

xvi
Appendix Title Page

20.1 Production of State-owned Enterprises and their Financial Performance 298

20.2 Production of State-owned Enterprises and their Financial Performance 299
21.1 Net Profit/Loss of State-owned Enterprises 300
21.2 Net Profit/Loss of State-owned Enterprises 301
22.1 Dividend Contribution of State-owned Enterprises to National Exchequer 302
22.2 Dividend Contribution of State-owned Enterprises to National Exchequer 303
23 Debt Service Liabilities (DSL) outstanding position at a glance on 30 June 2022 304
24 Amount of Outstanding and Classified Loans for SOEs (As on 28 February 2023) 307
25 Installed Capacity and Maximum Generation 308
26 Production of Natural Gas and its Consumption by Sector 309
27 Route Kilometerage, Number of Engines and Coaches of Bangladesh Railway 310
28 Passenger and Freight Carried by Bangladesh Railway 311
29 Different Types of Roads under Roads & Highways Department 312
30.1 Number of Primary Schools, Student Enrolment and Number of Teachers in Govt. Primary 313
Schools (FY 2005-2011)
30.2 Number of Primary Schools, Student Enrolment and Number of Teachers in Govt. Primary 313
Schools (FY 2012-2021)
31.1 (a) Number of Secondary and Higher Secondary, Technical and Vocational and Religious 314
Education Institution
31.1 (b) Number of Secondary and Higher Secondary, Technical and Vocational and Religious 315
Education Institution
31.2 (a) Number of Student at Secondary and Higher Secondary, Technical and Vocational and 316
Religious Education Institutions
31.2 (b) Number of Teachers at Secondary and Higher Secondary, Technical and Vocational and 317
Religious Education Institutions
31.3 (a) Number of Student at Secondary and Higher Secondary, Technical and Vocational and 318
Religious Education Institutions
31.3 (b) Number of Student at Secondary and Higher Secondary, Technical and Vocational and 319
Religious Education Institutions
32.1 Number of Educational Institutions at Higher Education Level 320
32.2(a) Number of Teachers at Higher Education Level Institutions 321
32.2(b) Number of Teachers at Higher Education Level Institutions 322
32.3(a) Number of Students at Higher Education Level Institutions 323
32.3(b) Number of Students at Higher Education Level Institutions 324
33 Number of Government Hospitals, Dispensaries, Doctors, Nurses and Beds 325
34 Demographic Statistics 326
35.1 Revenue Budget (Revenue Receipts: 1987-88 to 1996-97) 327
35.2 Revenue Budget (Revenue Receipts: 1997-98 to 2004-05) 328
35.3 Revenue Budget (Revenue Receipts: 2005-06 to 2011-12) 329
35.4 Revenue Budget (Revenue Receipts: 2012-13 to 2022-23) 330
35.5 Revenue Budget (Revenue Expenditure: 1987-88 to 1996-97) 331
35.6 Revenue Budget (Non-development Expenditure: 1997-98 to 2004-05) 332
35.7 Revenue Budget (Non-development Expenditure: 2005-06 to 2011-12) 333
35.8 Revenue Budget (Non-development Expenditure: 2012-13 to 2022-23) 334
36 Revised Annual Development Programme (Allocation and Expenditure) 335
37.1 Sector wise Revised ADP Allocation (FY 1998-99 to FY 2004-05) 336
37.2 Sector wise Revised ADP Allocation (FY 2005-06 to FY 2012-13) 336
37.3 Sector wise Revised ADP Allocation (FY 2012-13 to FY 2020-21) 337
37.4 Sector wise Revised ADP Allocation (FY 2021-22 to FY 2022-23) 337
38.1 Sector wise Revised ADP Expenditure (FY 1998-99 to FY 2004-05) 338
38.2 Sector wise Revised ADP Expenditure (FY 2005-06 to FY 2010-11) 338

xvii
Appendix Title Page

38.3 Sector wise Revised ADP Expenditure (FY 2011-12 to FY 2020-21) 339
38.4 Sector wise Revised ADP Expenditure (FY 2021-22) 339
39.1 Economic Classification of Revenue Expenditure (FY 1989-90 to FY 1996-97) 340
39.2 Economic Classification of Non-Development Expenditure (FY 1997-98 FY to 2002-03) 341
39.3 Economic Classification of Non-Development Expenditure (FY 2003-04 to FY 2010-11) 342
39.4 Economic Classification of Non-Development Expenditure (FY 2011-12 to FY 2021-22) 343
40 Money Supply and its Components 344
41.1 Bank Advances Classified by Economic Purposes (June 2005 to June 2012) 345
41.2 Bank Advances Classified by Economic Purposes (June 2013 to December 2022) 345
42.1 Bank Advances Classified by Sectors (June 2005 to June 2012) 346
42.2 Bank Advances Classified by Sectors (June 2013 to December 2022) 346
43 Domestic Credit through Banking System 347
44.1 Bank Deposits 348
44.2 Bank Deposits 348
45 Monetary Survey 349
46 Terms of Trade 350
47 Average Nominal Exchange Rate 350
48.1 Real Effective Exchange Rate-REER Index, 1994-95=100 (11 Currency Basket) 351
48.2 Real Effective Exchange Rate-REER Index, 2000-01=100 (8 Currency Basket) 351
48.3 Real Effective Exchange Rate-REER Index, 2000-01=100 (10 Currency Basket) 351
48.4 Real Effective Exchange Rate-REER Index, 2014-15=100 (15 Currency Basket) 351
48.5 Real Effective Exchange Rate-REER Index, 2015-16=100 (15 Currency Basket) 351
49.1 Value of Exports by Major Commodities 352
49.2 Value of Exports by Major Commodities 353
50 Country wise Export 354
51.1 Value of Imports by Major Commodities (FY 2005-06 to FY 2011-12) 355
51.2 Value of Imports by Major Commodities (FY 2012-13 to FY 2022-23) 355
52 Country wise Import 356
53 Overseas Employment and Remittances 357
54 Country wise Remittances 358
55.1 Balance of Payments (FY 2002-03 to FY 2009-10) 359
55.2 Balance of Payments (FY 2010-11 to FY 2022-23) 360
56 Foreign Exchange Reserves 361
57 Commitment and Disbursement of Foreign Economic Assistance 361
58 Foreign Debt Service Payment 362
59 External Debt Outstanding 363
60.1 Foreign Assistance by Source 364
60.2 Foreign Assistance by Source 365
61.1 Foreign Assistance Disbursement by Economic Sector 366
61.2 Foreign Assistance Disbursement by Economic Sector 366
62 Size, Actual Expenditure and Growth Rate of GDP of Five Year Plan (Respective Base 367
Year Price)

xviii
 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND ACCRONYMS

ACU Asian Clearing Union

ADB Asian Development Bank
ADP Annual Development Program
ADs Authorised Dealers
ADR Alternative Dispute Resolution
ADSL Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line
AH Asian Highway
AI Artificial Insemination
AICC Agriculture Information and Communication Centre
AIDS Acquired Immune Deficiency syndrome
AIS Agriculture Information Service
ALM Asset-Liability Management
AML Anti-Money Laundering
APA Annual Performance Agreement
API Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient
APO Asian Productivity Organisation
APG Asia Pacific Group
APTA Asia Pacific Trade Agreement
AQI Air Quality Index
ARI Accident Research Institue
ASEAN Association of Southeast Asian Nations
ASA Association for Social Advancement
ATM Automated Teller Machine
BAB Bangladesh Accreditation Board
BACH Bangladesh Automated Clearing House
BAPARD Bangabandhu Academy for Poverty Alleviation and Rural Development
BADC Bangladesh Agricultural Development Corporation
BAERA Bangladesh Atomic Energy Regulatory Authority
BAEC Bangladesh Atomic Energy Commission
BANBEIS Bangladesh Bureau of Educational Information and Statistics
BAPEX Bangladesh Petroleum Exploration and Production Company Ltd
BARD Bangladesh Rural Development Board
BB Bangladesh Bank
BBA Bangladesh Bridges Authority
BBS Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics
BCBS Basel Committee on Banking Supervision
BCC Bangladesh Computer Council
BCCRF Bangladesh Climate Change Resilience Fund
BCCSAP Bangladesh Climate Change Strategy and Action Plan
BCCTF Bangladesh Climate Change Trust Fund
Bcf Billion Cubic Feet
BCIC Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation
BDBL Bangladesh Development Bank Limited
BDHS Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey

xix
BdREN Bangladesh Research and Education Network
BDS Bachelor of Dental Surgery
BDT Bangladesh Taka
BEmOC Basic Emergency Obstetric Care
BEPZ Bangladesh Export Promotion Zone
BEPZA Bangladesh Export Processing Zones Authority
BERC Bangladesh Energy Regulatory Commission
BEZA Bangladesh Economic Zone Authority
BFDC Bangladesh Film Development Corporation
BFIDC Bangladesh Forest Industries Development Corporation
BFIU Bangladesh Financial Intelligence Unit
BFSA Bangladesh Food Safety Authority
BJC Bangladesh jute Corporation
BREN Bangladesh Research and Education Network.
BGMEA Bangladesh Garments Manufactures and Exporters Association
BHB Bangladesh Handloom Board
BHTPA Bangladesh Hi-tech Park Authority
BIDA Bangladesh Investment Development Authority
BIM Bangladesh Institute of Management
BIMSTEC Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation
BIRTAN Bangladesh Institute of Research and Training on Applied Nutrition
BITAC Bangladesh Industrial Technical Assistance Centre
BIWTA Bangladesh Inland Water Transport Authority
BIWTC Bangladesh Inland Water Transport Corporation
BJC Bangladesh Jute Corporation
BJMC Bangladesh Jute Mills Corporation
BLPA Bangladesh Land Port Authority
BMD Bureau of Mineral Development
BoPV Bivalent Oral Polio Vaccine
BMET Bangladesh Manpower Employment and Training
BMDA Barind Multipurpose Development Authority
BPDB Bangladesh Power Development Board
BPL Broncho Pulmonary Lavage
BMKT Bangladesh Muktijoddha Kalyan Trust
BMS Bachelor of Maritime Science
BNEA Bangladesh National Enterprise Architecture
BNH Bangladesh National Herbarium
BOD Biochemical Oxygen Demand
BOSEL Bangladesh Overseas Employment and Service Limited
BOGMC Bangladesh Oil, Gas & Mineral Resources Corporation
BOI Board of Investment
BoP Balance of Payments
BOT Build Operate Transfer
BPC Bangladesh Petroleum Corporation
BPC Bangladesh Parjatan Corporation
BPD Bangladesh Postal Department

xx
BPO Bangladesh Post Office
BPDB Bangladesh Power Development Board
BRAC Bangladesh Rural Advancement Committee
BRDB Bangladesh Rural Development Board
BREB Bangladesh Rural Electrification Board
BRT Bus Rapid Transit
BRTA Bangladesh Road Transport Authority
BRTC Bangladesh Road Transport Corporation
BDREN Bangladesh Research and Education Network
BSB Bangladesh Sericulture Board
BSC Bangladesh Shipping Corporation
BSCCL Bangladesh Submarine Cable Company Limited
BSCIC Bangladesh Small and Cottage Industries Corporation
BSEC Bangladesh Steel and Engineering Corporation
BSEC Bangladesh Securities and Exchange Commission
BSFIC Bangladesh Sugar and Food Industries Corporation
BSIC Bangladesh Standard Industrial Classification
BSMRMU Bangabandhu Sheik Mujibur Rahman Maritime University
BSRTI Bangladesh Sericulture Research and Training Institute
BSTI Bangladesh Standards and Testing Institution
BTB Bangladesh Tea Board
BTCL Bangladesh Telecommunication Company Limited
BTMC Bangladesh Textile Mills Corporation.
BTRC Bangladesh Telecommunication Regulatory Commission
BUET Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology
BUGC Bangladesh University Grants Comission
BVRO Basic Unit for Resources and Opportunities of Bangladesh
BWDB Bangladesh Water Development Board
c&f cost and freight
CAAB Civil Aviation Authority of Bangladesh
CAB Current Account Balance
CABs Conformity Assessment Bodies
CAP Country Action Plan
CAMS Continuous Air Monitoring Stations
CASE Clean Air Sustainable Environment
CBD Convention on Biological Diversity
CBHE Cross Border Higher Education
CBN Community Based Nutrition
CBN Cost of Basic Needs
CC Community Clinic
CCA Controller of Certifying Authority
CCCP Community Climate Change Program
CCPP Combind Cycle Power Plant
CDA Chattogram Development Authority
CET Common Equity Tier
CETP Central Effluent Treatment Plants
CFT Combating Financing of Terrorism

xxi
CIB Credit Information Bureau
CIF Climate Investment Fund
CIWM Centre for Irrigation and Water Management
CMSMEs Cottage, Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises
CNG Compressed Natural Gas
COD Chemical Oxygen Demand
Cox DA Cox’s Bazar Development Authority
CPA Chattogram Port Authority
CPI Consumer Price Index
CPTU Central Procurment Technical Unit
CRAR Capital to Risk Weighted Asset Ration
CRR Cash Reserve Requirement
CSBA Community based Skilled Birth Attendant
CSE Chattogram Stock Exchange
CTCN Climate Technology Centre and Network
DAE Department of Agriculture Extension
DAP Di-Ammonium Phosphate
DCI Direct Calorie Intake
DEMRS Digital Evidence Management and Reporting System
DEMU Diesel Electric Multiple Unit
DESCO Dhaka Electric Supply Company
DFLs Disease-Free Laying’s
DFQF Duty Free and Quota Free
DGEN DSE General Index
DGFI Directorate General of Forces Intelligence
DHSE Directorate of Secondary and Higher Education
DIFE Department of Inspection for Factory and Inspection
DLS Department of Livestock Services
DMBs Deposit Money Banks
DMF Disaster Management Fund
DMTCL Dhaka Mass Transit Company Limited
DNA Deoxyribonucleic Acid
DoE Department of Environment
DoE Department of Explosives
DoF Directorate of Fisheries
DOICT Department of Information and Communication Technology
DoF Department of Forest
DoS Department of Shipping
DOTS Directly Observed Treatment Short-Course
D-8 Developing – 8
DPs Development Partners
DPA Domestic Processing Area
DPDC Dhaka Power Distribution Company
DPDT Department of Patents, Designs & Trademarks
DRC Digital Registration Certificate
DSE Dhaka Stock Exchange
DSA Digital Security Agency

xxii
DSEx DSE Broad Index
DSL Debt Service Liabilities
DTCA Dhaka Transport Coordination Authority
DTCB Dhaka Transport Coordination Board
DTW Deep Tube well
DYD Department of Youth Development
EC Electrical Conductivity
EC Energy Conservation
ECA Ecologically Critical Area
ECNEC Executive Committee for National Economic Council
EDCF Economic Development Cooperation Fund
EDF Export Development Fund
EE Energy Efficiency
EEBL Exelerate Energy Bangladesh Ltd
EECR Enabling Environment for Child Rights
EFT Electronic Fund Transfer
EGBMP Enterprise Growth & Bank Modernisation Project
e-GP Electronic Government Procurement
EIF Enhanced Integrated Framework
ELCD Early Learning for Child Development
EmOC Emergency Obstetric Care
EP Essential Priority
EPB Export Promotion Bureau
EPI Extended Program on Immunisation
EPZ Export Processing Zone
ERL Estern Refining Limited
ERP Enterprise Resources Planning
e-SIF Electronic Students Information Form
EU European Union
EZs Economic Zones
FAO Food and Agriculture Organisation
FATF Financial Action Task Force
FC Foreign Currency
FCBs Foreign Commercial Banks
FDI Foreign Direct Investment
FDMN Forcibly Displaced Mayanmar Nationals
FEI Food Energy Intake
FFW Food for Work
FIU Financial Intelligence Unit
FLTC Foreign Language Training Centre
FPC Fair Price Card
FSMF Fish Seed Multiplication Farm
FSPDSME Financial Sector Project for the Development of SME
FSRU Floating Storage and Regasification Unit
FSSP Financial Sector Support Project

xxiii
FTAs Free Trade Area
FWV Family Welfare Visitors
FY Fiscal Year
FYP Five Year Plan
GAP Good Aquaculture Practice
Gbps Gigabits Per Second
G to G Government to Government
GCNEP Global Center for Nuclear Energy Partnership
GDP Gross Domestic Product
GED General Economic Division
GeoUPAC Geo-Information for Urban Planning and Adaptation to Climate Change
GI Galvanized Iron
GI Geographical Indications
GIIP Gas Initially in Place
GIS Geographical Information System
GNI Gross National Income
GoB Government of Bangladesh
GPON Gigabit Passive Optical Network
GR Gratuitous Relief
GSB Geological Survey of Bangladesh
HACCP Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point
HBFC House Building Finance Corporation
HCR Head Count Ratio
HDI Human Development Index
HEC Higher Education Commission
HEMIS Higher Education Management Information System
HEQEP Higher Education Quality Enhancement Project
HES Household Expenditure Survey
HIES Household Income and Expenditure Survey
HIV Human Immunodeficiency Virus
HNP Health Nutrition and Population
HPNSP Health, Population and Nutrition Sector Program
HRD Human Resource Development
HSD High Speed Diesel
HVDC High Voltage Direct Current
HYV High Yielding Variety
IAEA International Atomic Energy Agency
iBAS Integrated Budget and Accounting System
IBFCR Inclusive Budgeting and Financing for Climate Resilience
IBRD International Bank for Reconstruction and Development
ICAAP Internal Capital Adequacy Assessment Process
ICAO International Civil Aviation Organisation
ICB Investment Corporation of Bangladesh
ICC Internal Control and Compliance
ICS Improved Cook Stove
ICT Information and Communication Technology

xxiv
ICT Inland Container Terminal
ID Identity
IDA International Development Association
IDR Issuer Default Rating
IFC International Finance Corporation
Infrastructure Investment Facilition Company
IGA Inter Government Agreement
ILO International Labour Organisation
IMCI Integrated Management of Childhood Illness
IMED Implementation Monitoring and Evaluation Division
IMF International Monetary Fund
IMO International Maritime Organisation
IORA Indian Ocean Rim-Association
IMSO International Mobile Satellite organization
IOSCO International Organisation of Securities Commission
IOTC Indian Ocean Tuna Commission
IPM Integrated Pest Management
IPO Initial Public Offering
ISPS International Ship and Port Facility Security
IT Information Technology
ITES Information Technology Enabled Service
ITLOS International Tribunal for the Law of the Seas
ITS Intelligent Traffic System
JBC Jiban Bima Corporation
JCM Joint Credit Machanism
JDPC Jute Diversification Promotion Centre
JICA Japan International Cooperation Agency
JPY Japanese Yen
KBPS Kelobits Per Second
KDA Khulna Development Authority
kV Kilovolt
KVA Kilovolt Ampere
Kw Kilowatt
KWh Kilowatt hour
KWp Kilowatt Peak
KYC Know Your Customer
LDC Least Developed Countries
LDCF Leat Development Country Fund
LDO Light Diesel Oil
LCR Liquidity Coverage Ratio
LEDs Light Emitting Diodes
LE Large Employee
LFS Labour Force Survey
LGED Local Government Engineering Department
LLP Low Lift Pump
LNG Liquefied Natural Gas
LOC Line of Credit

xxv
LPG Liquid Petroleum Gas
LRL Livelihood Restoration Loan
MA Marine Academy
MASW Multi Channel Analysis of Surface Wave
MBBS Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery
Mbps Megabits Per Second
MCHTI Maternal and Child Health Training Institute
MCWCs Mother and Child Welfare Centers
MDG Millennium Development Goal
MEMIS Madrasah Education Management Information System
MEPhI Moscow Engineering Physics Institute
MFN Most Favoured Nation
MoFL Ministry of Fisheries & Livestock
ML Money Laundering
MMR Maternal Mortality Rate
MLT Medium and Long Term
MNCH Maternal, Neonatal and Child Health
MoA Memorandum of Assistance
MoP Margin of Preference
MoR Ministry of Railways
MoSW Ministry of Social Walfare
MoU Memorandum of Understanding
MPA Marine Protected Area
MPA Mongla Port Authority
MPO Monthly Payment Order
MRA Microcredit Regulatory Authority
MR Mitral Regurgitation
MRT Mass Rapid Transit
MSC Management System Certificate
MT Metric Tonne
MW Megawatt
Mwp Mega Watt Peak
MVA Mega Volt Ampere
MVAR Mega Volt Amps Reactive
NAAND National Academy for Autism and Nero-Development Disabilities
NABL National Accreditation Board for Testing Laboratories
NAEM National Academy for Educational Management
NAMA National Appropriate Mitigation Action
NAMA Non-Agricultural Market Access
NAP National Adaptation Plan
NAPA National Adaptation Program of Action
NBDCs Non-Bank Depository Corporations
NBFIs Non-bank Financial Institutions
NBR National Board of Revenue
NCTB National Curriculum and Text Book Board
NCERT National Computer Emergency Response Centre
NDA Net Domestic Assets
NDC Nationally Determined Contribution
NEC National Economic Council

xxvi
NESCO Northern Electricity Supply Company
NFA Net Foreign Assets
NGO Non-Government Organisation
NHA National Housing Authority
NIKDU National Institute of Kidney Disease and Urology
NIS National Integrity Strategy
NITAG National Immunisation Technical Advisory Group
NLDC National Load Dispatch Centre
NMI National Maritime Institute
NMR Neo-natal Mortality Rate
NNGPS Newly Nationalised Government Primary School
NNS National Nutrition Services
NOC Network Operation Centre
NPCBL Nuclear Power Plant Company Bangladesh Ltd
NPCIL Nuclear Power Plant Company India Ltd
NPO National Productivity Organisation
NPP National Priority Project
NRCC National River Conservation Commission
NRCP National Residue Control Plan
NSDA National Skills Development Authority
NSDC National Skill Development Council
NSFR Net Stable Funding Ratio
NSI National Security Intelligence
NSO National Statistical Organisation
NSPC Nuclear Security and Physical Protection System Cell
NSSS National Social Security Strategy
NTCB National Curriculum and Textbook Board
NTPC National Thermal Power company
NTVQF National Technical and Vocational Qualification Framework
NWRI Nominal Wage Rate Index
OCV Oral Cholera Vaccine
OMS Open Market Sale
Ops Operational Plans
OPGW Optical Ground Wire
PACE Promotion Agricultural Commercialization and Enterprises
PCBs Private Commercial Banks
PCV Packed Cell Volume
PDBF Palli Darido Bimochon Foundation
PDPP Preliminary Development Project Proposal
PEDP Primary Education Development Program
PF Proliferation Financing
PFDS Public Food Distribution System
PFI Plants Forever Inc
PFIs Participating Financial Institutions
PGCB Power Grid Company of Bangladesh Limited
PKI Public Key Infrastructure
PKSF Palli Karma Sahayak Foundation

xxvii
PMO Prime Minister’s Office
PMT Proxy Means Testing
POS Partners Organisations
PPE Pre-Primary Education
PPA Public Procurement Act
PPA Payra Port Authority
PPCR Pilot Program for Climate Resilience
PPP Public Private Partnership
PRF Project Redyness Financing
PSMP Power System Master Plan
PSB Palli Shanchoy Bank
PTAs Preferential Trade Agreements
PTI Primary Training Institute
PTS Primary Textile Sector
PWD Public Works Department
PWDs Persons with Disabilities
QIIP Quantum Index of Industrial Production
QLFS Quarterly Labour Force Survey
RAB Rapid Action Battalion
RADP Revised Annual Development Program
RAJUK Rajdhani Unnayan Kartripakkha
RCC Remediation Coordination Cell
RDCD Rural Development and Cooperation Division
RDA Rajshahi Development Authority
RDA Rural Development Academy
REB Rural Electrification Board
RFID Radio Frequency Identification
RHD Roads and Highways Department
RM Reserve Money
RMG Ready-Made Garments
RNPP Rooppur Nuclear Power Plant
ROSC Reaching Out of School Children
RTAs Regional Trade Agreements
RTGS Real Time Gross Settlement
SAARC South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation
SAFTA South Asian Free Trade Area
SAM Severe Acute Malnutrition
SARS Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome
SATIS SAARC Agreement on Trade in Services
SASEC South Asia Subregional Economic Cooperation
SBC Shadharan Bima Corporation
SBs Scheduled Banks/State Owned Specialised Banks
SCBs State-owned Commercial Banks
SCF Strategic Climate Funds
SDF Social Development Foundation
SDGs Sustainable Development Goals
SECAEP Secondary Education and Access Enhancement Project

xxviii
SEIP Skills for Employment and Investment Program
SEQAEP Secondary Education Quality and Access Enhancement Project
SESDP Secondary Education Sector Development Program
SESIP Secondary Education Sector Investment Program
SESP Secondary Education Stipend Project
SFDF Small Farmers Development Foundation
SHSs Solar Home Systems
SIDS Small Island Developing States
SIM Subscriber Identification Module
SKO Superior Kerosene Oil
SKT Shishu Kallyan Trust
SLIP School Level Improvement Plan
SMEs Small and Medium Enterprises
SMEDP Small and Medium Sized Enterprise Development Project
SOCBs State Owned Commercial Banks
SOEs State Owned Enterprises
SPM Single Point Mooring
SREDA Sustainable and Renewable Energy Development Authority
SREP Supervision Review Evaluation Process
SS Suspended Solid
SSS Society for Social Services
STCW International Convention on Standards of Training, Certification and Watchkeeping
STD Standard Tender Document
STOL Short Take-Off and Landing
STP Strategic Transport Plan
TA Tariff Area
TB Tuberculosis
TBM Tunnel Boring Machine
TCB Trading Corporation of Bangladesh
TCF Trillion Cubic Feet
TD Adult Diphtheria and Tetanus Toxoids
T&D Transmission and Distribution
TDS Total Dissolved Solid
TES Technical Expert Service
TEU Twenty foot Equivalent Unit
TF Terrorist Financing
TFR Total Fertility Rate
TICFA Trade and Investment Cooperation Forum Agreement
TIN Tax Identification Number
TLP Trade Liberalisation Program
TMSS Thengamara Mohila Sabuj Songha
TNC Trade Negotiation Committee
TPS-OIC Trade Preferential System among OIC Countries
TR Test Relief
TRIPS Trade Related Intellectual Property Rights
TRP Tariff Reduction Program
TSC Teachers Students Centre
TSP Triple Super Phosphate

xxix
TTC Technical Training Centre
TVET Technical and Vocational Education and Training
UAE United Arab Emirates
UBSP Urban Building Safety Project
UDL UGC Digital Library
UHC Universal Health Coverage
UITRCE Upazila ICT Training and Resource Center for Education
UK United Kingdom
ULDC Upazila Livestock Development Centre
UN United Nations
UNCCD United Convention to Combat Desertification
UNCCC United Nations Climate Change Conference
UNCBD United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity
UNCTAD Uinited Nations Conference On Trade and Development
UNDP United Nations Development Program
UNEP United Nations Environment Program
UN-ESCAP United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific
UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
UNODC United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime
UPEP Upazila Primary Education Plan
US$ United States Dollar
USA United States of America
VAT Value Added Tax
VCG Village Conservation Groups
VDO Village Development Organisations
VDP Village Defense Party
VGD Vulnerable Group Development
VGF Vulnerable Group Feeding
VHF Very High Frequency
VPN Virtual Private Network
VTMIS Vessel Traffic Management Information System
WASA Water Supply and Sewerage Authority
WB World Bank
WMU World Maritime University
WRI Wage Rate Index
WTO World Trade Organisation
WZPDC West Zone Power Distribution Company
ZDP Zero Discharge Plan

xxx
 Socio-Economic Indicators of Bangladesh

General Geographical Location/Characteristics Gross Domestic Product (GDP), 2022-23 (Prov.)

Location 20 0 34' & 260 38' North Latitude GDP at Current Price (In Cr. Tk.) 44,39,273
0 0
88 01' & 92 41' East Longitude GDP at Constant Price (In Cr. Tk.) 32,18,031
Area (Sq. Km) 1,47,570 GDP Growth at Constant Price (%) 6.03
Standard Time GMT+6 Per Capita National Income (In Tk.) 2,70,414
Hours Per Capita National Income (In US$ ) 2,765
Population (in million) 2001 (Census) 130.0 Per Capita GDP (In Tk.) 2,59,919
2011 (Census) 151.7 Per Capita GDP (In US$) 2,657
2022 (Census) 169.83 Savings and Investment (% GDP) 2022-23 (Prov.)
Domestic savings 26.02
Population Growth Rate (Percentage), 2021 1.3 National savings 30.22
Male-Female Ratio, 2021 98.1 Total investment 31.25
Population Density/Sq. Km, 2021 1,153 Public 7.61
Basic Vital Statistics Private 23.64
Crude Birth Rate (Per 1000 Population), 2021 18.8 Balance of Payments, 2022-23 (July-Feb.)
(In Million US$) (Prov.)
Crude Death Rate (Per 1000 Population), 2021 5.7 Export Earning , fob 34,966
Infant Mortality Rate (Per 1000 Live Birth), 22 Import Payments, fob 48,794
(Below 1 Year of Age), 2021 Current Account Balance -4,387
Total Fertility Rate (per woman aged 15-49), 2021 2.05 Overall Balance -7,949
Contraceptive Prevalence Rate (%), 2021 65.6 Workers’ Remittances (July-February) 14,013.4
Life Expectancy at Birth (Years), 2021, Total 72.3 Foreign Exchange Reserves (End
February,2023) 32,267
Male 70.6 Budget 2022-23 (Revised)
Female 74.1 Total Expenditure (In Crore Taka) 6,60,507
Mean Age at Marriage, 2021, Male 26.3 Total Expenditure (As Percentage of
GDP) 14.76
Female 20.7 Total Revenue (In Crore Taka) 4,33,000
Social Services Total Revenue (As Percentage of GDP) 9.68
Budget Deficit (Including Foreign Grants, % GDP) 5.0
Access to Water, Drinking (%), 2021 98.2 Budget Deficit (Excluding Foreign Grants, % GDP) 5.1
Improved Sanitation Facility (%), 2021 85.8 Financial Statistics Year (February,2023)
Literacy Rate of Population 7 +yrs (%), 2021 76.4 Total Banks 61
Male 78.6 State Owned Commercial Banks 6
Female 74.2 State-owned Specialised Banks 3
Labour Force and Employment Private Commercial Banks 43
Labour Force Survey, 2022 temporary Foreign Bank 9
Total Labour Force (15 +yrs), (Crore) 7.34 Non-Bank Financial Institution 35
Male 4.75 Money Supply (In crore Tk.) End Feb.2023
Female 2.59 Narrow Money (M1) 4,37,298.4
Percentage of Total Labour Force by Broad Sectors Reserve Money 3,50,346.9
Agriculture Sector 45.33 Broad Money (M2) 17,63,032.0
Industry Sector 17.02 Capital Market (Share Price Index, as on end 16 May
2023)
Service Sector 37.65 DSE Broad Index (Base=100) 6,277.21
Poverty Situation (Estimated), 2022 Chattogram Stock Exchange (Base=1000) 18,481.47
Incidence of Poverty (%) 18.7 Inflation (%) April 2023 (Point to Point)
Incidence of Extreme Poverty (%) 5.6 General 9.24
Transportation (Km.), Up to February, 2023 Food 8.84
National Highway 3,991 Non-Food 9.72
Regional Highway 4,898 Exchange Rate Average 2022-23 (July-February)
Feeder Road/Zila Road 13,587 Taka/US$ 97.26
Total Road 22,476
Railway 3,101
Sources: Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics, Finance Division, Bangladesh Bank, Health Services Division, Security and Exchange Commission,
Ministry of Primary and Mass Education, Road Transport and Highway Division, Ministry of Railways

xxxi
Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Global Economy account balance of various countries continues to

increase causing in the increase of the
The global economic growth in 2023 remains
inflationary pressures in import-dependent
highly uncertain due to the impact of the
economies. The global inflation rates have been
COVID-19 pandemic over the past three years
declining since mid-2022. Commodity prices
and the growing adverse effects of the ongoing
including energy are decreasing. Central banks
Russia’s war in Ukraine. In the World Economic
initiative on increasing interest rate has
Outlook (WEO) April 2023, International
contributed to lower inflation. Global inflation is
Monetary Fund (IMF) has expected the global
estimated at 8.8 percent in 2022 (annual
economy to slow down from 3.4 percent in 2022
average), which will decrease to 6.6 percent in
to 2.8 percent in 2023 and rebound to 3.0 percent
2023 and 4.5 percent in 2024. However, this rate
in 2024. This projection is 0.1 percentage point
of inflation is higher than the pre-pandemic
lower than in the January 2023 WEO update. The
inflation rate.
slowdown of economic activity is observed due
to spikes in commodity prices and supply chain Macroeconomic Situation: Bangladesh
disruption driven by the effects of war. Sluggish Perspective
growth rates between advanced economies and
Bangladesh's economy has recovered from the
emerging market and developing economies will
economic damage caused by the impact of
be divergent. Growth in advanced economies is
COVID-19 and the ongoing Russia-Ukraine
expected to decline from 2.7 percent in 2022 to
crisis, although the recent slowdown in the global
1.3 percent in 2023 and rebound 1.4 percent in
economy has adversely affected the country's
2024. In emerging market and developing
economic growth. Bangladesh's economic growth
economies, however, growth is expected to drop
in the pre-COVID-19 fiscal year (FY 2018-19)
from 4.0 percent in 2022 to 3.9 percent in 2023
was 7.88 percent. During the COVID-19 period,
and rebound to 4.2 percent in 2024.
this growth rate declined to 3.45 percent in FY
Global Inflation 2019-20, which increased to 6.94 percent in FY
2020-21 and 7.10 percent in FY 2021-22.
At the beginning of 2021, global inflation
According to the provisional estimates of
reached its highest level in the last few decades.
Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics (BBS), the GDP
The inflation rates in the United States and some
growth stood at 6.03 percent in FY 2022-23.
emerging and developing economies continue to
rise. In most cases, inflation in these countries is As per provisional estimate of BBS, per capita
extreme due to demand-supply mismatch and GDP and per capita national income stood at US$
increase in commodity prices during the period 2,657 and US$ 2,765 respectively in FY 2022-23
of pandemic. The Russia-Ukraine war has fueled compared to US$ 2,687 and US$ 2,793
global inflation. Central bank policies in many respectively in the previous fiscal year. The per
countries around the world, including the US capita national income in dollar terms has
Federal Reserve (Fed), have increased interest declined slightly in FY 2022-23 due to the
rates several times to control inflation. This move appreciation of US dollar. However, the per
by the Fed caused the US dollar to appreciate. As capita national income in terms of Taka increased
a result, the negative impact on the current by about 30 thousand and stood at Tk. 2,70,414.

Executive Summary | xxxiii

Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

Provisionally, the consumption expenditure as a GDP) and non-tax revenue at Tk. 45,000 crore
percentage of GDP in FY 2022-23 decreased to (1.00% of GDP). As per provisional data from
73.98 percent from 74.78 percent of the previous iBAS++, total revenue mobilisation up to
fiscal year. At the same time, total investment February 2023 stood at Tk. 2,36,035 crore, up by
reached to 31.25 percent of GDP, with public 0.92 percent of the same period of previous fiscal
investment and private investment accounting for year, achieving 55.49 percent of the target.
7.61 percent and 23.64 percent of GDP, During this period, NBR collected revenue of Tk.
respectively. The Medium Term Macroeconomic 1,96,039.95 crore, which is 52.98 percent of the
Framework (MTMF) envisaged the GDP growth target and 8.92 percent higher than the previous
to pick up to 8.0 percent in FY 2025-26. fiscal year.
While economic recovery efforts have been According to the revised budget, the total
strong in response to the impact of COVID-19, expenditure target for FY 2022-23 has been set at
there has been a mismatch between global Tk. 6,60,507 crore (14.76% of GDP), which is
demand and supply due to supply chain issues. 11.38 percent higher compared to FY 2021-22.
As a result, since the beginning of 2021, an The volume of the revised ADP in FY 2022-23
increase in the prices of all types of products, stood at Tk. 2,27,564 crore (excluding
including energy have been observed in the autonomous bodies/corporations own funding),
world market and it has accelerated due to the which is 8.79 per cent higher than the previous
ongoing Russia-Ukraine war. As a result, like fiscal year. The Government is highly concerned
other countries of the world, the upward trend of in maintaining the budget deficit within 5 percent
the price level is being observed in Bangladesh. of GDP by increasing efficiency in revenue
The average inflation rate in FY 2021-22 stood at management. However, due to the increase in
6.15 percent, which is 0.59 percentage point government expenditure for COVID-19
higher than in FY 2020-21. Of this, food inflation pandemic, target was set at 5.1 percent of current
is 6.05 percent and non-food inflation is 6.31 fiscal year. The actual budget deficit for FY
percent. On a point-to-point basis, inflation stood 2021-22 stood at 4.6 percent of GDP.
at 9.24 percent in April 2023, as against 6.29
The FY 2022-23 monetary policy has been
percent in April 2022. In order to keep inflation
formulated in order to discourage unproductive
at a tolerable level, the government has taken
financial flows to tame the demand-side
various measures under fiscal and monetary
pressures without circumventing the required
policy. The coverage of the OMS has increased
flow of funds to the productive sectors easing
and 'Family Cards' have been issued to nearly 1
supply-side conditions and supporting the
crore poor people so that they can buy essential
country’s long-term growth aspirations. Thus, the
commodities at low cost. Besides, reduction of
formulation of a contractionary cautious
duty on import of essential goods and increase of
monetary and credit programme for FY 2022-23
central bank policy interest rate etc. are
is expected to support the economic recovery
significant.
process in the coming days as well as mitigate
The revised revenue mobilisation target was set inflationary and exchange rate pressures. The last
at Tk. 4,33,000 crore in FY 2022-23, which is monetary and credit programmes were designed
9.68 percent of GDP. Of them, revenue receipt in line with the targeted real GDP growth and
from NBR sources was marked at Tk. 3,70,000 CPI inflation as outlined in the national budget
crore (8.27% of GDP), tax revenue from non- for FY 2022-23. As per the policy stance, the
NBR sources at Tk. 18,000 crore (0.40% of broad money growth is pegged at 11.50 percent

Executive Summary | xxxiv

Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

and domestic credit growth at 18.5 percent at the goods and services to slow down from 5.4
end of FY 2022-23. The actual growth in broad percent in 2022 to 2.4 percent in 2023 before
money and domestic credit stood at 8.77 percent rising to 3.4 percent in 2024. However,
and 15.58 percent in February 2023, as against Bangladesh’s export growth is on a positive
9.45 percent and 13.23 percent in the same month trend. It is noteworthy that exports increased by
of the previous fiscal year. At the end of 8.07 percent to US$ 41,721.62 million during
February 2023, the credit growth in the public July-March FY 2022-23 compared to the same
and private sectors stood at 33.87 percent and period of pervious fiscal years. On the other
12.41 percent respectively, while the actual credit hand, import payments (c&f) stood at US$
growth at the end of February 2022 was 28.94 52,713.10 million in July-February of FY 2022-
percent and 10.87 percent, respectively. 23 which was significantly (10.31%) lower than
the import payments of the same period of the
The recent trends in weighted average lending
preceding year. The growth of exports and
and deposit rates show upward movement. The
imports during FY 2021-22 were 34.38 percent
weighted average lending rate showed some
and 35.93 percent respectively compared to the
constancy and reached to 7.09 percent at the end
previous fiscal year. Besides, total receipts of
of June 2022 from 7.10 percent of end February
remittances increased by 2.37 percent to US$
2022. After that it increased consistently and
17,718.55 million during July-April of FY 2022-
stood at 7.27 percent at the end of February 2023.
23 against the decrease of 16.24 percent during
At the same time, the weighted average deposit
July-April of FY 2021-22.
rate although declined a little and stood at 3.97
percent of end June 2022 from 4.02 percent of The negative growth of import might be the
end February 2022, later it increased much and outcome of a number of initiatives taken by the
reached to 4.31 percent at end of February 2023. government as well as the central bank. The
In enhancement of the market-based interest rate, deficit of trade balance narrowed and stood at
increasing the policy rate several times by US$ 13,828 million in FY 2022-23 (July-
Bangladesh Bank and reduction of excess February) which was US$ 22,431 million in FY
liquidity in the banking system have played 2021-22 (July-February). In addition, remittances
significant role. increased by 4.79 percent during July-February,
2023. During the time, current account balance
In FY 2022-23, both stock markets, Dhaka Stock
deficit decreased to US$ 4,387 million due to
Exchange Limited (DSE) and Chittagong Stock
decrease in trade deficit and expansion of
Exchange (CSE), noticed some volatility.
remittances. At the same time, the capital and
However, the market capitalisation of all
financial account experienced a deficit balance.
securities increased significantly in both the
The net outcome of all these made the overall
markets. Compared to June 30, 2022, the market
balance a deficit of US$ 7,949 million in FY
capitalisation of DSE and CSE increased by
2022-23 (July-February) compared to US$ 2,222
47.36 percent and 67.15 percent respectively
million deficit in the same period of previous
compared to the end of trading on February 28,
fiscal year. As a result, foreign exchange reserves
2023. During the same period, the DSE Broad
declined to around US$ 32 billion at the end of
Index (DSEX) and CSE Overall Price Index
February 2022. Foreign exchange reserves stood
decreased slightly by 2.51 percent and 2.14
at US$ 31 billion as on 2 May 2023. As at the
percent respectively.
end of February 2023 compared to the end of
The IMF’s World Economic Outlook January June of FY 2021-22, the Taka has depreciated by
2023 has projected that the world trade volume of 11.47 percent against the US dollar. The inflow

Executive Summary | xxxv

Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

of foreign grants and loans received during FY According to the Quantum Index of Industrial
2021-22 was US$ 10,969.29 million, which is Production of BBS, the production index of large
37.97 percent higher than the previous fiscal and medium manufacturing industries increased
year. The inflow of foreign grants and loans by 7.42 percent in the first quarter of FY 2022-23
received during the first eight months of the (July-September, 2022) compared to the index of
current FY 2022-23 (up to February 2023) is US$ the same period of the previous fiscal year.
4,876.52 million, which is 17.33 percent lower Banks and NBFIs have disbursed a total loan of
than the same period of the previous fiscal year. Tk. 2,20,489.37 crore to 11,24,193 SME
The foreign deposit position at the end of entrepreneurs in the country's small and medium
February 2023 is US$, 59,213.81 million, which industries i.e. SME sector till December, 2022.
is 13.4 percent of GDP. During the same period, 1,47,102 SME women
entrepreneurs have disbursed a loan of Tk.
Sector-wise Economic Progress
10,355.80 crore for financing and the
In response to the effects of the global COVID- development of SMEs sector. In the past years,
19, and the ongoing Russia-Ukraine war, the with the aim of encouraging the expansion of
Government has adopted short, medium, and medium and small industries in addition to large
long-term action plans to maintain food security industries, the amount of industrial loans
for the people of the country by continuing the distributed in the country is continuously
expansion in agricultural productivity. increasing as a result of the continuous efforts of
The target of food production in FY 2022-23, is the government to distribute industrial loans and
484.98 lakh metric tonne (MT). In FY 2021-22 other cooperation through banks and financial
total food production was 458.96 lakh MT. In FY institutions. In the first two quarters of FY 2022-
2021-22, the amount of food grains distributed to 23 (July-December, 2022), the disbursement of
the public sector was 30.77 lakh MT. In the industrial loans stood at Tk. 2,80,935.39 crore.
current FY 2022-23, till February 2023, the The installed capacity of power generation of the
quantity of food grains distribution was 19.36 country reached to 26,700 megawatts, including
lakh MT. The amount of subsidy in agriculture captive and renewable energy (up to January
has increased to Tk. 16,000 crore. Up to February 2023). The maximum generation so far was
2023, Tk. 12,660.78 crore has released to provide 14,782 MW on 16 April, 2022. Per capita
subsidy on fertiliser and other agricultural generation including captive and renewable
activities. The disbursement of agricultural credit energy has reached to 609 kWh in FY 2021-22.
is gradually increasing. In FY 2021-22, the Construction of Rooppur nuclear power plant
amount of credit disbursed to the agricultural with 2400 MW capacity in 2 units is in progress
sector was 28,834.21 crore. In the current FY to meet the growing electricity demand of the
2022-23, the target of disbursement of credit to country. The target is to complete construction of
the agricultural sector is Tk. 30,911.00 crore. Of the 1st (1,200 MW) and 2nd (1,200 MW) units
this, Tk. 21,066.51 crore has been disbursed up to by 2024 and 2025 respectively. On the other
February 2023, which is 68.15 percent of the hand, total number of transmission lines has been
target. The production of fish in FY 2021-22 increased to 14,547 circuit kilometers in total till
stood at 47.59 lakh MT. In the previous fiscal January 2023. The Government has taken a
year, fish production was 46.21 lakh MT. In the number of steps to improve the distribution
current fiscal year FY 2022-23, the target of fish system. As a result, the power distribution line
production has been set at 47.81 lakh MT. has now been stood at 6,29,000 km and the

Executive Summary | xxxvi

Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

number of subscribers has been increased to 44.5 country. Several measures have already been
million up to January 2023. undertaken for the development and maintenance
of navigability of different river routes, ensuring
Natural gas met almost 59 percent of the
safe movement of watercrafts, development of
country's total commercial use of energy. Up to
inland river ports, creating infrastructure facilities
December, 2022, 28 gas fields have been
to carry container goods in inland waterways etc.
discovered in the country. According to the latest
As the national flagship carrier, Biman
estimate, total Gas Initial in Place (GIIP) is 40.23
Bangladesh Airlines Limited is operating 7
trillion cubic feet (TCF), out of which 28.62 TCF
national and 21 international flights in different
is recoverable (proven and probable). From 1960
routes. The total number of mobile phone
to December 2022, total 19.94 TCF gas was
subscribers and internet users exceed 18.15 crore
produced leaving 8.68 TCF recoverable. At
and 12.28 crore in February 2023 respectively.
present, the fuel oil storage capacity of the
country is about 13.69 lakh metric tonnes. The The recently published Human Development
government has set up two floating LNG Report, 2022/2023 by UNDP, Bangladesh ranked
terminals in the Bay of Bengal near Maheshkhali 129th out of 191 countries. In the previous HDI
in Cox's Bazar to import liquefied natural gas report of 2020, Bangladesh ranked 133rd out of
(LNG) to meet the growing energy demand of the 189 countries. Bangladesh moved four notches
country. up in the 2022/2023. In FY 2022-23, about 23.88
percent of the total budget has been allocated for
With the aim of building a smooth and integrated
the sectors related to human resource
communication system with the southern part of
development such as education and technology,
the country, the 6.15 km long Padma bridge built
health and family welfare, women and children,
with the own funding of the Bangladesh
social welfare, youth and sports development,
government. The Honourable Prime Minister
culture, labour and employment. At present
inaugurated the bridge on 25 June 2022 and the
(2021), net enrollment rate in primary schools is
bridge was open to traffic from 26 June 2022.
97.42 percent. In order to improve the quality of
Besides, the Honourable Prime Minister
primary education, the Fourth Primary Education
inaugurated the Metrorail on 28 December, 2022
Development Programme is being implemented
and since 29 December, 2022 Metrorail is
with a view to increasing the enrollment and
operating regularly on the Uttara-Agargaon
attendance rate of eligible students in schools,
section.
preventing the dropout of admitted students,
The development efforts to build a developed and increasing school connection hours and above all
integrated communication and transport improving the quality of education. In addition,
infrastructure are going on. The total length of to meet the challenges of the Fourth Industrial
highways in the country is 22,476 km as of Revolution, technical education has been given
February 2023. Parallel to the roads, utmost importance with a view to develop skilled
development projects like bus rapid transit manpower. Beside, remarkable progress has been
(BRT), Dhaka Elevated Express way, made in reducing child and maternal mortality
Bangabandhu Tunnel at Karnaphuli and some and in increasing average life expectancy.
other mega-projects are being implemented
It is worth mentioning that according to
which are contributing to GDP growth of the
Household Income and Expenditure Survey
country. At present, about 3101 km long network
(HIES) 2016, poverty rate declined to 24.3
of railway lines connects almost all of the
percent in 2016, which was 40.0 percent in 2005.
important places including 43 districts of the

Executive Summary | xxxvii

Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

The recently publish HIES-2023, showed a achieving 77.52 percent of the annual target (US$
decline in the poverty rate to 18.7 percent in 330). As of February 2023, 4,86,304
2022. The extreme poverty rate decreased from Bangladeshis have been employed in the
12.9 percent in 2016 to 5.6 percent in 2022. industrial establishments of EPZs under BEPZA.
Several poverty alleviation programmes in This is mentionable that 66 percent of
Bangladesh meant to address poverty alleviation Bangladeshi citizens working in EPZ are women,
directly or indirectly have been launched by the which is playing an important role in women's
government. Apart from these, different empowerment. By this time, the location and the
government along with non-government land for 97 economic zones have been approved,
institutions, autonomous bodies carried out 68 will be public and 29 will be private. Under
various activities involving introducing public-private partnership modality, 78 projects
microcredit in order to expedite the government’s are approved in principle covering 10 sectors.
efforts of poverty reduction. In FY 2022-23, the
The Government of Bangladesh has formulated
budget allocation for the social security sector is
the Bangladesh Climate Change Strategy and
Tk 1,13,576 crore which is 16.75 percent of the
Action Plan (BCCSAP), 2009, which is currently
total budget and 2.55 percent of the GDP.
being updated, emphasizing national capacity to
Various policies and initiatives are being address climate change risks. An updated
implemented to encourage private sector BCCSAP has already been drafted which will be
expansion and investment in this sector. These finalized soon. Moreover, the government has
include the establishment of Special Economic submitted the National Adaptation Plan of
Zones, incentive packages for investors and Bangladesh 2023-2050 or National Adaptation
creation of special authorities for investment Plan of Bangladesh (NAP) 2023-2050 to the
facilitation. Bangladesh Investment Development UNFCCC Secretariat on October 31, 2022, with
Authority (BIDA) launched online one stop the aim of implementing adaptation activities
service portal on 24th February 2019 with the related to climate change under the UNFCCC.
aim of providing more than 150 services of The vision of the National Adaptation Plan 2023-
various service providers through one stop 2050 is to build a climate resilient nation by
service portal. At present BIDA has signed implementing effective adaptation policies
Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) with 43 capable of spurring sustainable economic growth
companies under which 63 services are being while building strong societies that support
provided by 23 companies. During January- ecosystem conservation. From FY 2009-10 to FY
September in 2022, the amount of FDI was US$ 2021-22, a total allocation of Tk. 3,919 crore has
2,659.29 million. A total 763 projects were been provided to Climate Change Trust Fund. So
registered in FY 2022-23 (July-February period) far 851 (government-790, private-61) projects
under joint venture investment (local and foreign) have been undertaken to deal with climate change
and the amount involved with the proposal was risks. Out of this, 527 projects were completed.
Tk. 7,56,836 million. Total 452 business Although these projects have been implemented
institutions are ongoing with production in the in pilot form in the initial stage, the local people
existing 8 EPZs of the country. Additional 93 are enjoying the benefits socially.
industries are in to the process of As of February
2023, the amount of cumulative investment in the
EPZs is US$ 6,296.24 million. In the first 8
months of FY 2022-23, the amount of actual
investment stands at US$ 255.81 million

Executive Summary | xxxviii

 Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

CHAPTER ONE
MACROECONOMIC SITUATION

While the economies of the world were recovering to the pre-COVID-19 level, the prolonged war in
Russia-Ukraine and supply restrictions caused by sanctions appeared to trigger the economic losses
created by unprecedented pandemic COVID-19. According to the UN, the global economy grew by 3.0
percent in 2022 and will grow by 1.9 percent in 2023 and 2.7 percent in 2024. World Bank projected
global economic growth to be 1.7 and 2.7 percent in 2023 and 2024 respectively, while growth was
estimated 2.9 percent in 2022. IMF forecasted that the global economy would grow by 2.8 percent in
2023 and 3 percent in 2024. Bangladesh is not fully immune from the spill-over effects of economic losses
caused by the COVID-19 and now coupled with war in Ukraine, however, due to the timely decision taken
by the government of Bangladesh under the leadership of the Hon. Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina,
Bangladesh economy is turning around to previous high growth trajectory. BBS provisionally estimated the
GDP growth to be 6.03 percent and the per capita income to be US$ 2,765 in FY 2022-23. The inflation
rate is estimated to be 7.5 percent in FY 2022-23. Exports are showing growth while imports are
rationalized. Export receipts are estimated to cross US$ 60 billion and import payments to be around US$
90 billion in FY 2022-23 while exports and imports were US$ 52.47 billion and US$ 89.34 billion
respectively in FY 2021-22. The currency Taka depreciated around 13.65 percent against US$ during the
first ten months of the current fiscal year. During July-April of FY 2022-23 the remittance inflow recorded
US$ 17.71 billion and foreign exchange reserve position stood US$ 30.18 billion on May 17, 2023.
Considering normal domestic demand, rational fiscal expansion, growth of export and remittances,
rationalisation of imports, complete recovery from COVID-19, implementation of COVID-19 incentive
packages, completion of large infrastructure projects, no further major economic shock, it is expected that
the economy of Bangladesh will return to its previous high and steady growth trajectory shortly.

Sluggish growth rates between advanced

Global Economic Situation
economies and emerging and developing
Global Output: Global economy has been economies will remain divergent. Growth in
experiencing a turmoil of price hike and output advanced economies is expected to decline from
fall due to the unprecedent COVID-19 pandemic 2.5 percent in 2022 to 0.5 percent in 2023 and 1.6
followed by the war in Ukraine. International percent in 2024. In emerging and developing
organisations revised their forecasts for economic economies, however, growth is expected to
growth prospects and inflation. As per the United remain 3.4 percent in 2023 same as in 2022 and
Nations (UN) publication ‘World Economic 4.1 percent in 2024. The report projected that
Situation and Prospect 2023’, the global economy global growth is to be slow during 2023 to its
grew by 3 percent in 2022, and is expected to third lowest pace in last three decades whereas the
grow by 1.9 percent in 2023 and 2.7 percent in other two were in 2009 and 2020 global
2024. In the World Bank’s Global Economic recessions. Investment growth in emerging
Prospect, January 2023, global economic growth market and developing economies is projected to
is projected 1.7 and 2.7 percent in 2023 and 2024 remain below its average growth rate of last two
respectively, while growth was estimated 2.9 decades. It is also predicted that any further shock
percent in 2022. may push the global economy into recession.

Chapter 1: Macroeconomic Situation | 1

Bangladesh Economic Review 2023
Small countries are more vulnerable to such sanctions. It can be noted from the outlook
shocks than other countries. Emerging and Developing Asia has the highest
growth prospect of 5.3 percent in 2023 while the
In the World Economic Outlook (WEO) April
European Union has the lowest growth prospect
2023, International Monetary Fund (IMF)
of 0.7 percent only.
projected that the global economy will grow by
2.8 percent in 2023 and 3.0 percent 2024. The The global macroeconomic prospects remain
projections for 2023 and 2024 are 0.1 percentage uncertain due to war induced crisis, expectation of
points lower than in the January 2023 WEO global recession and fallout of COVID-19
update. Global growth is forecast to decline to pandemic. Future developments will depend on
about 3.3 percent over the medium term beyond the path of the pandemic, war situation, policy
2023. actions, the US banking sector unrest, and the
evolution of financial conditions and commodity
Advanced economies are expected to grow by 1.3
prices. Table 1.1 depicts the global growth
percent in 2023. Due to the successful COVID-19
scenario at a glance:
management global economy was rebounding to
positive growth trajectory, however, war in Table 1.1: Overview of World Output Growth
Ukraine is slowing down the growth coupled with Projections
(Percent Changes)
high price levels. IMF lowered the growth
Region/country Actual Projection Difference from
projection for almost all the countries than the Outlook, Outlook Update,
April, 2023 January, 2023
WEO January Update. The United States is 2022 2023 2024 2023 2024
expected to grow by 1.6 percent, the United World Output 3.4 2.8 3.0 -0.1 -0.1
Advanced 2.7 1.3 1.4 0.1 0.0
Kingdom -0.3 percent, Germany -0.1 percent, Economies
France 0.7 percent, Japan 1.3 percent, and Canada USA 2.1 1.6 1.1 0.2 0.1
Euro Area 3.5 0.8 1.4 0.1 -0.2
1.5 percent in 2023. These projections vary from UK 4.0 -0.3 1.1 0.3 0.1
negative 0.1 percent to negative 0.5 percent. Germany 1.8 -0.1 1.4 -0.2 -0.3
France 2.6 0.7 1.3 0.0 -0.3
The emerging market and developing economies Japan 1.1 1.3 1.0 -0.5 0.1
Canada 3.4 1.5 1.5 0.0 0.0
are forecast to grow by 3.9 percent in 2023, 0.1 Emerging 4.0 3.9 4.2 -0.1 0.0
percentage points lower than the forecast made in Market and
Developing
the WEO January 2023 update. India is expected Economics
to grow by 5.9 percent, highest in the group, is 0.2 Emerging and 4.4 5.3 5.1 0.0 -0.1
Developing
percentage point lower than the January 2023 Asia
China 3.0 5.2 4.5 0.0 0.0
update. Growth forecast for China is also kept India 6.8 5.9 6.3 -0.2 -0.5
same 5.2 percent as in January 2023 update. ASEAN-5 5.5 4.5 4.6 0.2 -0.1
Source: World Economic Outlook, April 2023.IMF.
Slowing down of growing prospects for India will Note: ASEAN-5: Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Thailand and
have a strong negative impact for the rest of the Vietnams. The base year for national income accounting is changed
to 2015-16 from 2005-06 by BBS in 2021. This should be kept in
members in the group while unchanged forecast mind while comparing data with any previous point of time.
for China may bring a balance. Emerging and
developing Asia is expected to grow by 5.3 Bangladesh Macroeconomic Situation:
percent in 2023, same as in the January update. Economic Growth
Russian economy is forecast to grow by 0.7
percent in 2023, while Ukraine is expected to Bangladesh economy has been growing
shrink by 3 percent due to the Russian invasion of consistently high over a decade crossing 7.0
Ukraine and associated consequences including percent milestone in FY 2015-16 and 8.0 percent

Chapter 1: Macroeconomic Situation | 2

Bangladesh Economic Review 2023
milestone in FY 2018-19, however, the COVID- Sectoral Growth
19 pandemic reduced the growth rate to 3.45
According to the final estimate of BBS, the
percent in FY 2019-20. Under the prudent
growth of agriculture sector increased to 3.05
leadership of the Honorable Prime Minister
percent in the FY 2021-22, from 3.17 percent in
Sheikh Hasina Bangladesh successfully managed
the FY 2020-21. During the same period, the
COVID-19 pandemic and returned to high growth
industry sector grew by 9.86 percent, which was
trajectory. The economy grew by 6.94 percent in
10.29 percent in the previous fiscal year. The
FY 2020-21 and 7.10 percent in FY 2021-22. To
service sector grew by 6.26 percent in FY 2021-
remain a bit conservative considering the global
22, 0.53 percentage point up from the previous
sluggish economic condition GDP growth rate is
fiscal year. According to the provisional estimate
expected to be 6.03 percent in FY 2022-23, 1.07
of BBS, the growth rate of agriculture sector
percentage point lower than the previous fiscal
stood 2.61 percent in FY 2022-23, 0.44
year. Medium-term forecasts for GDP growth
percentage point lower than the previous FY.
rates are 7.5 percent in FY 2023-24, 7.8 percent in
FY 2024-25 and 8.0 percent in FY 2025-26. Within the agriculture sector, the growth rate of
forest and related services is estimated highest
GDP, Per capita GDP and GNI
growth rate of 5.16 percent in FY 2022-23. The
According to the final estimate, the volume of contribution of the broad agricultural sector to the
GDP at current market prices reached Tk. GDP stood at 11.20 percent in FY 2022-23, 0.41
39,71,716.4 crore in FY 2021-22, which was Tk. percentage point lower than the previous fiscal
35,30,184.8 crore in FY 2020-21. In nominal term year.
GDP growth rate was 12.51 percent. GDP is
The industrial sector is estimated to have 8.18
provisionally estimated by BBS Tk. 44,39,273
percent growth in FY 2022-23, 1.68 percentage
crore in FY 2022-23, Tk. 4,67,557 crore higher
point lower than the previous fiscal year. The
than previous fiscal year. Per capita GDP is
contribution of industries to GDP became 37.56
estimated to be US$ 2,657 in FY 2022-23 which
percent, 0.64 percentage point higher than the
is lower than previous fiscal year resulted from
previous fiscal year.
Taka depreciation. Medium-term GDP forecasts
are Tk. 50,06,782 crore in FY 2023-24, Tk. The services sector is estimated to have 5.84
56,29,691 crore in FY 2024-25, and Tk. percent growth in FY 2022-23, 0.42 percentage
63,41,391 crore in FY 2025-26. As per the final point lower than the FY 2021-22. Warehouse and
estimate, per capita GDP in FY 2021-22 was US$ support activities is estimated to experience the
2,687, US$ 225 up from the previous fiscal year. highest growth rate of 9.08 percent followed by
Per capita gross national income increased to US$ Human health and social work (8.36%).
2,793 in FY 2021-22, US$ 202 up from FY 2020- Wholesale and retail trade; transportation and
21. The per capita gross national income is storage; accommodation and food services
provisionally estimated to US$ 2,765 in FY 2022- activities; financial and insurance activities;
23, US$ 28 lower than previous fiscal year. The professional, scientific and technical activities;
amount remains lower than the previous year due education and other service sectors would grow
to Taka depreciation. significantly over FY 2021-22. The contribution
of broad service sector to the GDP stood at 51.24
percent in FY 2022-23, 0.24 percentage point
lower than the previous fiscal year.

Chapter 1: Macroeconomic Situation | 3

Bangladesh Economic Review 2023
Consumption Expenditure Inflation
In GDP measured by expenditure method, The point to point inflation in FY 2021-22 stood
consumption expenditure especially private 6.15 percent, 0.59 percent higher than FY 2020-
consumption occupies the major share. Over more 21, which is slightly higher than the target rate of
than a decade, consumption as domestic demand inflation. As the economic damages created by
has been over 70 percent of GDP. As per the final Covid-19 pandemic is triggered by war in
estimate of BBS the contribution of consumption Ukraine, like all other countries of the world an
expenditure to GDP is 74.78 percent in 2021-22 upward trend of price level is being observed in
of which private consumption is 69.08 percent Bangladesh. The inflation rate is estimated to be
and general government consumption is 5.70 7.5 percent in FY 2022-23.
percent. BBS provisionally estimated that the
Revenue Mobilisation
contribution of consumption expenditure to the
GDP will be 73.98 percent of which private In FY 2021-22, Tk. 3,37,804 crore (8.5% of
consumption 68.23 percent and general GDP) revenue was collected of which NBR tax
government consumption 5.75 percent in FY revenue was Tk. 2,94,823 crore, non-NBR tax
2022-23. revenue was Tk. 6,705 crore and non-tax revenue
is Tk. 36,276 crore. The revised revenue
Savings and Investment
mobilisation target is set Tk.4,33,000 crore in FY
During FY 2021-22, domestic savings decreased 2022-23, which is 9.7 percent of the estimated
to 25.22 percent of GDP, 0.12 percent lower than GDP. Of them, revenue to be collected from NBR
the previous year. Likewise, national savings as sources is Tk.3,70,000 crore (8.3% of GDP), tax
percent of GDP decreased to 29.35 percent in FY revenue from non-NBR sources is Tk. 18,000
2021-22 percent, 1.44 percent lower than the FY crore (0.4% of GDP) and non-tax revenue is Tk.
2020-21. Gross domestic savings is provisionally 45,000 crore (1.0% of GDP). NBR revenue
estimated to be 26.02 percent of GDP in FY received during July-March of FY 2022-23 is
2022-23, 0.8 percent higher than previous fiscal Tk.2, 54,517.53 which is 88.60 percent of the
year. Gross national savings is estimated to be target.
30.22 percent of GDP, 0.87 percent higher than
Government Expenditure
the previous fiscal year.
According to the revised budget, the total
The contribution of investment to GDP increased
expenditure target for FY 2022-23 was set Tk.
to 32.05 percent in FY 2021-22, 1.03 percent
6,60,507 crore, which is 14.8 percent of GDP. Of
higher than the previous fiscal year. Of 32.05
this, operating expenditure is Tk. 4,32,942 crore
percent contribution to GDP, private investment is
(9.7% of GDP) and development expenditure is
24.52 percent while public investment is 7.53
Tk. 2,27,566 crore (5.1% of GDP).
percent. Both private and public investment as a
percentage of GDP have slightly increased As per the provisional estimates of iBAS++, the
compared to the previous fiscal year. Investment total expenditure up to March 2023 in FY 2022-
is estimated to be 31.25 percent of GDP of which 23 was Tk. 3,00,820 crore, of which operating
private investment is 23.64 percent and public expenditure was Tk. 2,27,987 crore and
investment is 7.61 percent in FY 2022-23. Overall development expenditure was Tk. 62,105 crore.
investment is 0.8 percent lower than last fiscal
year.

Chapter 1: Macroeconomic Situation | 4

Bangladesh Economic Review 2023
Budget Balance and Financing reverse repo rate to 4.25 percent from 4 percent
respectively. The Bank Rate is kept unchanged at
Government remains conscious to keep the
4 percent.
budget deficit within 5 percent of GDP. In the
revised budget of FY 2022-23, budget deficit has Money and Credit
been estimated at Tk. 2,45,063 crore (including
At the end of February of FY 2022-23, the year-
grant) which is 5.0 percent of GDP. Of this
on-year, broad money (M2) increased by 15.14
deficit, Tk. 90,145 crore (2.0% of GDP) will be
percent and reserve money increased by 0.92
financed from external sources (including foreign
percent. During the period, net foreign assets
grant) and Tk. 1,40,625 crore (3.1% of GDP) will
decreased by 13.34 percent.
be financed by domestic sources. Out of the
deficit in the domestic sector, Tk. 115,624 crore Domestic credit increased (year-on-year) by 15.58
will be sourced from the banking system and the percent in February 2023 of FY 2022-23, of
remaining Tk. 25,001 crore will be sourced from which private sector credit growth stood at 12.14
the non-bank sector. percent at the end of February 2023 against 8.93
percent in the same period of the previous fiscal
Priorities in the Allocation of Revised ADP, FY
year. The net credit to the government increased
2022-23.
by 33.87 percent at the end of February 2023
The highest priority given in the RADP of FY which was increased by 28.94 percent in same
2022-23 are local government, roads and period of the previous year. At the end of
highways, power, railways, secondary and higher February 2023, credit to the other public sector
education, science and technology, health increased by 20.42 percent compared to 14.09
services, primary education, shipping and bridges percent during the same period of the last fiscal
division. In FY 2022-23, the highest allocation is year.
given to local government, which is 19.20 percent
Interest Rate
of the revised ADP.
In order to enhance international competitiveness,
Monetary Policy and Monetary Management
flourish productive sector and reduce classified
Monetary policy stance and the monetary and loans the rate of interest has been rationalised
credit programmes have been announced for the limiting it to single digit except credit card. As a
second half of FY 2022-23 with key objective to result, during COVID-19 pandemic productive
contain inflationary and exchange rate pressures, sectors did not face much problem and the
support desired economic growth, ensuring the weighted average lending and deposit rates show
necessary flow of funds to economy’s production downward movement. The weighted average
and employment generation activities. lending rate of commercial banks decreased
continuously and stood at 7.27 percent in
The FY 2022-23 monetary programme is
February 2023. The interest rate spread is reduced
primarily set to support 6.03 percent real GDP
to 2.96 percent in February 2023.
growth and containment of average inflation at
7.5 percent. Capital Market
To ensure the containment of inflation and In DSE, total number of listed securities has
exchange rate pressures, the repo and reverse repo increased from 625 in June 2022 to 654 in March,
interest rates have been increased 25 basis points 31, 2023. Total Market Capitalisation of all listed
repo rate to 6 percent from 5.75 percent and securities increased from Tk. 5,17,781.69 crore in

Chapter 1: Macroeconomic Situation | 5

Bangladesh Economic Review 2023
June 2022 to Tk. 7,62,366.31 crore in Mach, 31, to 2,17,669 in 2020 from 7,00,159 in 2019.
2023. DSE Broad Index has decreased from However, as travel restrictions gradually eased,
6,376.94 points in June 2022 to 6,206.79 points in the overseas employment rebounded after 2020.
March 2023. Overseas employment significantly increased to
In CSE, total number of listed securities increased 9,88,910 in FY 2021-22 and reached 8,43,365 by
from 376 in June 2022 to 630 on March 31, 2023. March 2023.
Total Market Capitalisation of all listed securities
In FY 2020-21, Bangladeshi expatriates’
increased from Tk. 4,33,369.31 crore in June
remittance stood at US$ 24.78 billion which was
2022, to Tk. 7,48,233.56 crore on March 31,
significantly higher (36.10%) than the previous
2023. CSE Broad Index has decreased from
fiscal year. During 2022-23 financial year
18,727.51 points in June 2022 to 18,288.34 points
remittance earned reached at US$ 21.03 billion,
in March 2023.
15.11 percent lower than previous fiscal year. By
Exports the end of March of FY 2022-23 remittance
earnings recorded is US$ 16.03 billion.
In FY 2021-22 total export earnings increased by
29.1 percent to US$ 52.47 billion over the The major portion of remittance has been received
previous fiscal year. During July to February of from Middle East countries. During July to March
FY 2022-23 export earnings stood at US$ 37.08 2023 the highest amount of remittance earned
billion, which is 9.56 percent higher than the from Kingdom of Saudi Arabia followed by the
export earnings of the same period in the previous USA, UAE, the UK, Qatar, Kuwait, Malaysia,
fiscal year. During this period, commodity-wise Italy and so on.
growth of export earnings shows that export
Balance of Payments (BoP)
earnings from many of the products have
increased compared to the last fiscal year while Trade deficit of Bangladesh stood US$ 33.25
few of the products experienced negative growth. billion in FY 2021-22 compared to US$ 23.78
The government initiatives to facilitate exports billion in FY 2020-21. Trade deficit rose by 39.82
are enhanced during COVID-19. Export percent in FY 2021-22, largely due to the higher
incentives are extended to new products. Exports import payments resulted from high commodity
receipts are estimated to be 54.2 billion in FY prices worldwide. During that time, the current
2022-23. account balance deficit stood at US$ 18.64
billion. Trade deficit during July-February of FY
Import
2022-23 has reduced to US$ 13.83 billion
The total import payments in FY 2021-22 stood at compared to US$ 22.43 billion during the same
US$ 89.34 billion, 44.24 percent higher than the period of the last fiscal year, 38.34 percent lower
previous fiscal year. Up to February of FY 2022- than previous fiscal year. The decrease of deficit
23, total import payments stood US$ 52.71 was resulted from the import rationalisation
billion, 10.31 percent lower than the same period measures.
of the previous fiscal year. Import payments is
Foreign Exchange Reserve
estimated to be around US$ 75.1 billion in FY
2022-23. Foreign exchange reserve of Bangladesh reached
a record height of US$ 48 billion on 24 August
Overseas Employment and Remittance
2021 largely due to huge inward remittances and
COVID-19 pandemic hit hard the overseas job export earnings. However, due to the high import
market and thus overseas employment decreased bill resulted from global excessive price hike the
Chapter 1: Macroeconomic Situation | 6
Bangladesh Economic Review 2023
volume of foreign exchange reserve decreased by Government is keen to restore the pre-pandemic
about US$ 8 billion since July August 2022. The economic high growth trajectory. Bangladesh was
foreign exchange reserve stood at US$ 30.18 became able to achieve 6.94 percent GDP growth
billion on 17 May 2023. against revised target of 6.1 percent in the
MTMF. GDP growth is estimated 6.03 percent in
Exchange Rate
2022-23 and has been projected to gradually rise
Bangladeshi currency Taka experienced an to 7.5, 7.8 and 8.0 percent respectively in FY
overall 13.65 percent depreciation against US 2023-24, FY 2024-25 and FY 2025-26. Inflation
dollar in July-April FY 2022-23 compared to that is estimated to be 7.5 percent in FY 2022-23,
of the FY 2021-22. The weighted average inter- which is expected to gradually decrease in the
bank rate stood at Taka 106.15 per US$ on 17 next three fiscal years reaching 5.4 percent in FY
April 2023, which was Taka 86.03 per US$ on 18 2025-26. Gross iinvestment is forecasted to be
April 2022. between 33.8 to 36 percent of GDP in the next
Short and Medium-term Prospects of three fiscal years. Out of this, investment in the
Bangladesh Economy public sector will be between 6.3 to 6.6 percent
and investment in the private sector will be
The edium-term Macroeconomic Framework
between 27.4 to 29.4 percent of GDP.
(MTMF), 2023-24 to 2025-26, has been
formulated taking into account the recent As per the MTMF, the estimated revenue
dynamics of the global economy and the impacts mobilisation for FY 2022-23 will be 9.8 percent
on the domestic sector. While the global economy of GDP and projection is made that the revenue
was recovering from COVID-19 impairment, the will lie between 10.0 percent to 11.2 percent of
Russia-Ukraine war is triggering the loss of lives GDP in between FY 2023-24 to FY 2025-26.
and livelihood in the war zone and supply Public outlay is estimated to be 14.9 percent of
bottlenecks in the rest of the world. Countries are GDP in FY 2022-23. It is projected that the
administering mass vaccinations and outlay will be between 15.2 to 16.2 percent of
implementing incentive packages to address the GDP in following three years.
unintended effects of the coronavirus on public In FY 2022-23, the revised budget deficit is
health, global growth and commodity markets. estimated to be 5.1 percent of GDP. The budget
Government of Bangladesh has been deficit is projected to be 5.2 to 5.0 percent of GDP
implementing 28 incentives worth Tk. 1,87,679 in FY 2023-24 to FY 2025-26. This will be a
crore. Because of the timely policy decision under little bit higher than the target rate of keeping
the able leadership of Honourable Prime Minister budget deficit within 5 percent of GDP due to
Sheikh Hasina Bangladesh successfully managed increased government spending aimed at restoring
repeated waves of COVID-19 with minimum loss the economy Covid-19 fall out and other global
of lives. setbacks. The target is to keep the private sector
In the medium term, the government will put credit flow at 14.1 percent in FY 2022-23, which
emphasis on full economic recovery from the is expected to increase to 15 to 16 percent of GDP
fallout of COVID-19, address the issues arisen in the next three fiscal years.
from war in Ukraine, implementing 8th Five Year Exports are estimated to grow by 10 percent in
Plan, the 2030 agenda-SDGs, second perspective 2022-23 and projected to grow at a rate of 12 to
plan (2021-2041), ‘Delta Plan 2100’, and ‘Blue 14 percent in the following three fiscal years.
Economy’ strategies. Import is estimated to decrease by 9 percent in FY
Chapter 1: Macroeconomic Situation | 7
 Bangladesh Economic Review 2023
2022-23 and projected increase by 8 percent in implementation of COVID-19 incentive packages,
FY 2023-24, and 12 percent both in FY 2024-25 completion of large infrastructure projects, no
and 2025-26 respectively. Remittances are further major economic shock, it is expected that
estimated to be 4 percent of GDP in FY 2022-23 the economy of Bangladesh will return to its
and projected to be between 10 to 13 percent in previous steady growth trajectory shortly. Table
the following three fiscal years. Considering 1.2 highlights the projection of key
normal domestic demand, rational fiscal macroeconomic indicators during FY 2022-23 to
expansion, growth of export and remittances, FY 2025-26.
complete recovery from COVID-19 situation,

Table 1.2: Medium Term Macroeconomic Framework: Key Indicators

Indicators 2018-19 2019-20 2020-21 2021-22 2022-23 2022-23 2023-24 2024-25 2025-26
Actual Budget Revised Projection
Budget
Real Sector
Real GDP growth (%) 7.88 3.45 6.94 7.10 7.50 6.03 7.50 7.80 8.00
CPI Inflation (%) 5.48 5.65 5.56 6.15 5.60 7.50 6.00 5.50 5.40
Investment (% GDP) 32.2 31.3 31.0 32.0 31.5 27.8 33.8 35.1 36.0
Private 25.25 24.02 23.70 24.50 24.80 21.8 27.4 28.8 29.4
Public 7.30 7.30 7.30 7.50 6.70 6.0 6.3 6.3 6.6
Fiscal Sector (% of GDP)
Total Revenue 8.5 8.4 9.3 8.5 9.7 9.8 10.0 10.4 11.2
Tax Revenue 7.7 7.0 7.6 7.6 8.7 8.7 9.0 9.5 10.2
Of which NBR Tax Revenue 7.4 6.8 7.5 7.4 8.3 8.3 8.6 9.1 9.7
Non-Tax Revenue 0.9 1.4 1.7 0.9 1.0 1.0 0.9 0.9 1.0
Public Expenditure 13.3 13.0 13.0 13.1 15.2 14.9 15.2 15.4 16.2
Of which ADP 5.0 4.8 4.5 4.9 5.5 5.1 5.3 5.5 5.9
Overall Balance -4.7 -4.7 -3.7 -4.6 -5.5 -5.1 -5.2 -5.0 -5.0
Financing 4.7 4.7 3.7 4.6 5.5 5.1 5.2 5.0 5.0
Domestic Financing 3.4 3.3 2.3 2.8 3.3 3.2 3.1 2.9 2.9
External Financing(net) 1.1 1.4 1.4 1.8 2.2 2.0 2.1 2.1 2.1
Money and Credit (Year-on-year % change)
Domestic Credit 12.3 14.0 10.1 16.2 16.0 18.5 16.0 17.0 17.0
Credit to the Private sector 11.3 8.6 8.3 13.7 15.0 14.1 15.0 16.0 16.0
Broad Money 9.9 12.6 13.6 9.5 15.6 11.5 13.0 13.0 13.0
External Sector (% Change)
Export, f.o.b 9.1 -17.1 12.4 33.4 20.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 14.0
Import, f.o.b 1.8 -8.6 19.7 35.9 12.0 -9.0 8.0 12.0 12.0
Remittance 10.2 12.4 36.1 -15.1 16.0 4.0 10.0 13.0 13.0
Current Account Balance(% -1.45 -1.26 -1.10 -4.06 -3.50 -1.48 -0.93 -0.62 0.06
GDP)
Gross Foreign Exchange 32.72 36.04 46.40 42.7 45.3 34.6 35.8 41.1 48.9
Reserves (Billion USD)
Forex. Reserve in terms of 6.0 7.2 7.8 5.3 5.3 4.5 4.3 4.4 4.7
month of Import
Memorandum Item
GDP at current market prices 29514 31705 35302 39718 44500 44392.73 50067.8 56296.9 63413.9
(Billion Tk.) 2 1 1
Source: Finance Division, Ministry of Finance, BBS

Chapter 1: Macroeconomic Situation | 8

Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

CHAPTER TWO
GDP, SAVINGS AND INVESTMENT

The Bangladesh economy has been showing sustainable recovery from the impact of the global coronavirus
pandemic. The GDP growth experienced a sharp fall at 3.45 percent in FY 2019-20 from 7.88 percent
growth of pre-pandemic year. However, GDP growth rebounded and stood at 6.94 percent in FY 2020-21
and 7.10 percent in FY 2021-22. But due to Russia-Ukraine crisis, the economic growth in FY 2022-23 has
been hampered. According to the provisional estimate of BBS, the GDP growth is expected to be 6.03
percent in FY 2022-23. During the period, the per capita GDP and GNI stood at US$ 2,657 and US$ 2,765
respectively. The per capita GDP and GNI of the previous fiscal year were US$ 2,687 and US$ 2,793
respectively. The growth of agriculture sector was 3.17 percent in FY 2020-21, which stood at 3.05 percent
in FY 2021-22. According to the provisional estimate, the growth of the agriculture sector will stand at 2.61
percent in FY 2022-23. In FY 2020-21, the growth of the industry sector was 10.29 percent, which declined
to 9.86 percent in FY 2021-22. The growth of the industry sector is estimated at 8.18 percent in current
fiscal year. According to the provisional data, in FY 2022-23, growth in broad service sector has been
decreased to 5.84 percent as compared to 6.26 percent in the FY 2021-22. The sectoral share of broad
agriculture, industry and service stood at 11.20 percent, 37.56 percent and 51.24 percent respectively in FY
2022-23; which were 11.61 percent, 36.92 percent and 51.48 percent respectively in previous fiscal year. In
demand side, the consumption expenditure stood at 73.98 percent in FY 2022-23, with significant
contribution of private sector. Gross domestic savings increased to 26.02 percent of GDP in FY 2022-23,
from 25.22 percent a year earlier. Similarly gross national savings as percent of GDP increased to 30.22
percent in FY 2022-23 from 29.35 percent in FY 2021-22. On the other hand, investment-GDP ratio slightly
decreased to 31.25 percent in FY 2022-23 from 32.05 percent in previous fiscal year.

(US$ 454 Billion) in FY 2022-23, up by 11.77

Economic Growth
percent of the previous fiscal year.
The Bangladesh economy has been able to
The per capita GDP increased to Tk. 2,59,919 in
recover from the adverse effects of coronavirus
FY 2022-23 which was Tk. 2,31,861 in previous
pandemic. Before pandemic, the GDP growth
fiscal year. On the other hand, per capita national
was 7.88 percent in FY 2018-19 which fall to
income in FY 2022-23 stood at Tk. 2,70,414 up
3.45 percent in FY 2019-20. GDP growth has
from Tk. 2,41,047 in the previous fiscal year. In
been rebounded and stood at 6.94 percent in FY
US dollar, per capita GDP and GNI stood at US$
2020-21 and 7.10 percent in FY 2021-22. But,
2,657 and US$ 2,765 respectively in FY 2022-23
due to Russia-Ukraine crisis, the economic
compared to US$ 2,687 and US$ 2,793
growth in FY 2022-23 has been hampered.
respectively in FY 2021-22. Table 2.1 shows
According to the provisional estimate of BBS,
GDP, GNI, per capita GDP and national income
the GDP growth is expected to be 6.03 percent in
during the period from FY2015-16 to FY 2022-
FY 2022-23.
23.
Gross Domestic Product (GDP) at Current
Prices
According to the provisional data of BBS, GDP
at current market prices is Tk. 44,39,273 crore

Chapter 2-GDP, Savings and Investment | 9

Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

Table 2.1: GDP, GNI, Per Capita GDP and GNI at Current Market Prices

Item 2015-16 2016-17 2017-18 2018-19 2019-20 2020-21 2021-22 2022-23*

GDP (In Crore Tk.) 2075821 2324307 2639248 2951429 3170469 3530185 3971716 4439273

GNI (In Crore Tk.) 2173075 2404557 2744791 3072323 3301701 3715997 4129062 4618529

Population (In crore) 15.99 16.18 16.37 16.56 16.74 16.91 17.13 17.07

Per Capita GDP (In Tk.) 129828 143698 161274 178280 189361 208751 231861 259919

Per Capita GNI (In Tk.) 135911 148659 167723 185583 197199 219738 241047 270414

Per Capita GDP (In US$) 1659 1816 1964 2122 2234 2462 2687 2657

Per Capita GNI (In US$) 1737 1879 2043 2209 2326 2591 2793 2765

Source: Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics (BBS) (*Provisional)

Method of GDP Estimation manufacturing, (iii) electricity, gas and water

supply and (iv) construction sector. The broad
Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics (BBS) is the
service sector includes the collective outputs of
organsation responsible for estimating GDP in
the, (i) wholesale and retail trade; repair of motor
Bangladesh. Following the internationally agreed
vehicles, motor cycles and personal and
System of National Accounts (SNA) framework,
household goods, (ii) hotels and restaurants, (iii)
various countries estimate GDP. Three
transport, storage and communication, (iv)
methods/approaches are used to calculate GDP:
financial intermediations, (v) real estate, renting
(i) production approach, (ii) income approach
and business activities, (vi) public administration
and (iii) expenditure approach. However,
and defense, (vii) education, (viii) health and
Bangladesh prepares GDP based on production
social work and (ix) community, social and
and expenditure approach.
personal services.
Production based estimate of GDP encompasses
In 2015-16 base year BBS restructured some of
3 broad sectors which are agriculture, industry
the existing sectors and includes new sectors for
and service. Moreover, overall GDP was consist
estimating the value addition of the new base
of 15 sectors in 2005-06 base year. Among these
year (2015-16) GDP. Currently, the total number
15 sectors. the broad agriculture sector consists
of sector in GDP is 19. The value addition of
of two sectors namely, (i) agriculture and forestry
GDP by sectors at current market prices has
and (ii) fishing. Similarly, the broad industry
shown in Table 2.2.
sector comprises (i) mining and quarrying, (ii)

Chapter 2-GDP, Savings and Investment | 10

Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

Table 2.2: Gross Domestic Product (GDP) at Current Market Prices

(In Crore Taka)

Industrial origin sector 2015-16 2016-17 2017-18 2018-19 2019-20 2020-21 2021-22 2022-
23*
A. Agriculture 279505 301167 329380 353443 380446 410661 445531 486315
1. Agriculture, forestry and 279505 301167 329380 353443 380446 410661 445531 486315
fishing
a) Crops & horticulture 138280 148669 162333 173378 186116 199631 215365 236869
b) Animal Farmings 46655 49516 53186 56290 59715 63293 67399 73571
c) Forest and related services 37188 39864 43563 46639 50399 55916 63748 68204
d) Fishing 57382 63118 70298 77136 84216 91822 99020 107672
B. Industry 644940 726306 844106 969620 1043451 1176120 1347209 1519488
2. Mining and quarrying 33053 39984 44276 52610 55224 59102 58916 62943
a) Natural gas and crude 11478 11807 11969 12054 11621 11743 11494 11705
petroleum
b) Other mining & coal 21575 28177 32307 40556 43603 47359 47423 51238
3. Manufacturing 422387 466606 549024 625937 653064 749659 864437 983113
a) Large Industry 221152 237826 275676 311858 318033 357357 422896 471697
b) Small, Medium and Micro 129108 146724 173858 198066 208696 248999 273587 317583
Industry
c) Cottage Industry 72127 82056 99490 116014 126335 143302 167954 193833
4.Electricity, gas, steam and air 24555 29233 32625 38144 44523 44902 50414 56534
conditioning supply
a) Electricity 18310 22014 24604 30239 36926 37096 42062 47581
b) Gas 6244 7219 8022 7905 7596 7806 8351 8954
5. Water supply; sewerage, waste 2103 2263 2488 2674 2761 2968 3809 4349
management and remediation
activities
6. Construction 162843 188219 215693 250255 287880 319490 369633 412548
C. Services 1062983 1194320 1343117 1500780 1633150 1811038 2027088 2268535
7. Wholesale and retail trade; 288510 324632 373716 418395 445757 497652 567097 640467
repair of motor vehicles and
motorcycles
8. Transportation and storage 158030 178722 197806 219711 232252 256215 285272 314132
a) Land Transport 136942 155313 172635 192706 203898 226881 253429 279553
b) Water transport 12941 14328 15088 15864 16571 17475 18419 19400
c) Air transport 1667 1899 2095 2250 2304 2279 2422 2606
d) Warehousing and support 5539 6165 6877 7667 8156 8141 9445 10804
activities
e) Postal and courier activities 941 1016 1112 1224 1323 1439 1557 1769
9. Accommodation and food 23886 26670 30106 33549 36015 39857 44452 51053
service activities
10. Information and 24834 27264 29461 32204 35107 38448 41422 46934
communication
11. Financial and insurance 65072 72247 81723 93297 103217 115271 129539 146161
activities
a) Monetary intermediation 54996 61018 69326 79417 88044 98457 110878 125290
(Banks)
b) Insurance 6343 6826 7439 8202 8851 9643 10556 11696
c) Other financial auxiliaries 3733 4403 4958 5678 6322 7171 8105 9175
12. Real estate activities 192509 214151 235990 260715 288001 313029 340182 366100
13. Professional, scientific and 3906 4282 4714 5179 5656 6273 6942 7824
technical activities
14. Administrative and support 14244 15722 17269 20017 23005 27138 31136 37868
service activities
15. Public administration and 66730 78463 90249 99006 106965 116996 127366 143717
defence, compulsory social
security
16. Education 54479 60858 68164 76961 85642 95642 109514 126553
17. Human health and social work 54600 63515 73365 86811 101522 118500 138207 159768
activities
18. Arts, entertainment and 3007 3365 3772 4244 4761 5341 6074 6899
recreation
19. Other service activities 113177 124429 136783 150691 165250 180677 199886 221062
Total GVA at current basic 1987428 2221793 2516603 2823843 3057048 3397820 3819829 4274337
price
Growth rate - 11.79 13.27 12.21 8.26 11.15 12.42 11.90
Tax less subsidy 88394 102514 122645 127586 113422 132366 151888 164936
GDP at current market price 2075821 2324307 2639248 2951429 3170469 3530185 3971716 4439273
Growth rate - 11.97 13.55 11.83 7.42 11.35 12.51 11.77
Source: Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics (BBS) (*Provisional).

Chapter 2-GDP, Savings and Investment | 11

Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

and the broad sectoral growth of GDP has been

Growth of GDP by Sectors
shown in Figure 2.1.
The growth rates of GDP by sectors at base price
or constant prices have been shown in Table 2.3

Table 2.3: Sectoral Growth Rate of GDP at Constant Prices

(Base Year: 2015-16) (In Percentage)
Industrial origin sector 2016-17 2017-18 2018-19 2019-20 2020-21 2021-22 2022-23*
A. Agriculture 3.20 3.54 3.26 3.42 3.17 3.05 2.61
1. Agriculture, forestry and fishing 3.20 3.54 3.26 3.42 3.17 3.05 2.61
a) Crops & horticulture 2.22 2.75 2.07 2.5 2.29 2.61 2.26
b) Animal Farmings 2.77 2.90 3.01 3.19 2.94 3.10 3.23
c) Forest and related services 5.00 5.08 5.13 5.34 4.98 5.08 5.16
d) Fishing 4.73 4.93 4.99 4.4 4.11 2.64 1.14
B. Industry 8.27 10.2 11.63 3.61 10.29 9.86 8.18
2. Mining and quarrying 17.29 9.55 11.31 3.16 6.49 -1.12 5.74
a) Natural gas and crude petroleum -0.34 0.04 -0.57 -4.47 0.32 -4.67 -1.17
b) Other mining & coal 26.67 13.53 15.69 5.58 8.26 -0.17 7.50
3. Manufacturing 7.09 10.45 12.33 1.68 11.59 11.41 9.23
a) Large Industry 4.63 11.08 12.79 0.41 10.61 15.68 8.46
b) Small, Medium and Micro Industry 10.06 11.10 10.61 2.69 13.89 4.84 9.73
c) Cottage Industry 9.29 7.45 14.17 3.67 10.27 11.12 10.69
4.Electricity, gas, steam and air conditioning 7.07 8.27 8.24 0.67 9.54 6.15 4.54
supply
a) Electricity 8.78 10.09 10.22 1.87 11.65 7.75 5.63
b) Gas 2.06 2.60 1.62 -3.68 1.45 -0.61 -0.46
5. Water supply; sewerage, waste 3.63 2.96 6.31 2.18 6.65 9.54 10.02
management and remediation activities
6. Construction 9.76 10.06 10.47 9.13 8.08 8.71 6.41
C. Services 6.37 6.55 6.88 3.93 5.73 6.26 5.84
7. Wholesale and retail trade; repair of motor 8.22 8.74 8.85 3.21 7.64 8.46 6.65
vehicles and motorcycles
8. Transportation and storage 6.13 6.74 7.01 1.73 4.04 5.75 5.99
a) Land Transport 6.53 7.08 7.42 1.74 4.68 6.08 6.46
b) Water transport 1.07 1.55 1.45 0.75 1.80 1.22 -1.78
c) Air transport 12.61 9.78 7.08 1.29 -2.00 3.84 5.12
d) Warehousing and support activities 6.35 9.10 8.76 3.42 -4.99 7.43 9.08
e) Postal and courier activities 3.23 5.44 4.48 2.07 3.34 1.76 4.08
9. Accommodation and food service activities 5.39 5.52 5.64 1.69 4.53 5.37 5.89
10. Information and communication 8.35 6.77 7.36 6.57 7.11 4.79 5.42
11. Financial and insurance activities 5.30 6.94 8.25 4.72 5.82 5.87 5.76
a) Monetary intermediation (Banks) 5.23 7.41 8.62 4.94 5.96 6.09 5.92
b) Insurance 2.07 3.04 4.54 2.16 3.22 3.14 3.86
c) Other financial auxiliaries 11.86 6.46 8.59 5.38 7.48 6.48 6.11
12. Real estate activities 3.33 3.48 3.61 3.68 3.42 3.70 3.87
13. Professional, scientific and technical 3.97 4.08 4.17 3.38 5.09 4.25 4.37
activities
14. Administrative and support service 6.40 7.74 8.17 6.33 6.02 6.01 6.13
activities
15. Public administration and defence; 11.23 8.67 6.49 5.49 6.05 4.91 6.95
compulsory social security
16. Education 5.95 5.89 7.06 5.33 5.81 7.87 6.88
17. Human health and social work activities 10.33 9.20 12.2 10.7 10.6 9.88 8.36
18. Arts, entertainment and recreation 4.98 5.24 5.48 5.43 5.76 6.07 6.36
19. Other service activities 3.14 3.22 3.27 3.06 3.08 3.19 3.27
Total GVA at current basic price 6.54 7.34 8.01 3.76 7.00 7.17 6.33
Tax less subsidy 7.64 6.75 4.94 -3.65 5.33 5.43 -1.75
GDP at constant market price 6.59 7.32 7.88 3.45 6.94 7.10 6.03
Source: Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics (BBS) (*Provisional).

Chapter 2-GDP, Savings and Investment | 12

Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

Figure 2.1: Broad Sectoral GDP Growth at Constant Prices

Agriculture Industry Service GDP

14

12 11.63
10.2 10.29
9.86
10
8.27 8.18
Percent (%)

8 7.88
7.32 6.94 7.1
6.59
6 6.03

4 3.61
3.45
3.2 3.54 3.26 3.42 3.17
2 3.05
2.61
6.37 6.55 6.88 3.93 5.73 6.26 5.84
0
2016-17 2017-18 2018-19 2019-20 2020-21 2021-22 2022-23*

(*Provisional.)

Agriculture Sector
lakh MT and marine fish production 7.06 lakh
According to the provisional estimate of BBS, MT) in previous fiscal year.
the growth of agriculture sector stood at 2.61
Industry Sector
percent in FY 2022-23, which was 3.05 percent
in previous fiscal year. During this period among Due to the coronavirus pandemic, industrial
the 4 sub-sectors of broad agriculture sector the production declined sharply in FY 2019-20.
growth rate of crops and horticulture and fishing During the period, growth in the industrial sector
has decreased while the growth rate of animal slowed to 3.61 percent from 11.63 percent in the
farming and forest and related services has previous fiscal year. However, in FY 2020-21,
increased compared to previous fiscal year. the industrial sector has turned around and the
growth of this sector has stood at 10.29 percent.
The food-grain production target (rice, wheat and
But due to the Russia-Ukraine crisis, the growth
maize) in FY 2022-23 has been set at 484.98 lakh
of the industrial sector again declined to 9.86
metric tonnes (MT), which was 458.96 lakh MT
percent in FY 2021-22. As per provisional
in previous fiscal year. Rice production target in
estimate, the growth in the industrial sector will
FY 2022-23 is 415.69 (Aus 36.90, Aman 163.45
stand at 8.18 percent in FY 2022-23.
and Boro 215.34) lakh MT. Besides, wheat
production and maize production target in In FY 2021-22, the growth in the mining and
FY 2022-23 has been set at 11.60 lakh MT and quarrying sector of broad industry sector
57.68 lakh MT. According to the estimate of the contracted by 1.12 percent from 6.49 percent
Department of Fisheries (DoF), the total fish compared to the previous fiscal year. Growth in
production in FY 2022-23 is expected to be 47.81 this sector is provisionally estimated to be 5.74
lakh MT (inland fish production 40.75 lakh MT percent in the current fiscal year. Growth in the
and marine fish production 7.06 lakh MT), which manufacturing sector has decreased from 11.59
was 47.59 lakh MT (inland fish production 40.53 percent in FY 2020-21 to 11.41 percent in FY
Chapter 2-GDP, Savings and Investment | 13
Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

2021-22. According to provisional estimate, the year GDP to 13 sectors in the 2015-16 base year
growth of this sector has declined to 9.23 percent GDP. According to the provisional data, in FY
in FY 2022-23. Among them, growth in large 2022-23 growth rate in broad service sector is
scale industries will be 8.46 percent, growth in decreased by 0.42 percentage point to 5.84
small, medium and micro scale industries will be percent as compared to 6.26 percent in the
9.73 percent and growth in cottage industries will previous fiscal year. Among the sectors the
be 10.69 percent. growth of wholesale and retail trade is 6.65
percent, transportation and storage 5.99 percent,
According to the ‘Index of Industrial Production
accommodation and food service activities 5.89
of Manufacturing on Large Scale’ (Base Year:
percent, information and communication 5.42
2015-16), the average general index of industrial
percent, financial and insurance activities 5.76
production (large scale manufacturing ) increased
percent, education 6.88 percent and human health
by 0.25 percent to 189.26 point during July-
and social work activities 8.36 percent.
October of FY 2022-23 over that of FY 2021-22.
During the period, the growth in the indices for Sectoral Shares in GDP at Constant Prices
garments, textile and leather and leather product
According to provisional data, the share of the
are (-)1.28 percent, 8.00 percent and 59.16
agriculture sector in GDP at constant prices stood
percent respectively. In addition, according to the
at 11.20 percent in FY 2022-23, from 11.61
‘Index of Industrial Production of Manufacturing
percent in FY 2021-22. During FY 2022-23,
on SMMe Scale’ (Base Year: 2015-16), the
within the broad industry sector, contribution of
average general index of industrial
‘manufacturing’ sector and ‘construction’ sector
production(Small, Medium and Micro
increased to 24.95 percent and 9.55 percent
manufacturing) increased by 8.27 percent to
respectively, which was 24.29 percent and 9.54
196.90 point during July-October of FY 2022-23
percent in the previous fiscal year. The share of
over that of FY 2021-22. During the period, the
broad industry sector reached 37.56 percent in
growth in the indices for garments, textile and
FY 2022-23 from 36.92 percent in FY 2021-22.
leather and leather product are 22.70 percent, (-)
In FY 2022-23, the share of broad service sector
1.73 percent and 11.24 percent respectively.
in GDP stood at 51.24 percent, from 51.48
Among the sectors of broad industry sector, the percent in previous year. Within the broad
growth rate of ‘electricity, gas steam and air service sector, the contribution of wholesale and
conditioner’ will be 4.54 percent in the current retail trade sector (15.29%) was the highest. Also
fiscal year, but the growth of this sector was 6.15 real estate activities (7.93%) was the second
percent in the previous fiscal year. On the other highest and transport and storage was (7.32%)
hand, the growth rate of the construction sector in the third highest contributors of GDP. Next
FY 2021-22 increased to 8.71 percent from 8.08 positions are public administration and defence
percent in FY 2020-21. It is estimated that the (3.47%), human health and social work activities
growth of this sector will be decreased and it will (3.46%) and financial and insurance activities
be 6.41 percent in the current fiscal year. (3.17%). Table 2.4 shows the sectoral share of
GDP at constant prices during FY 2015-16 to FY
Service Sector
2022-23.
The number of sectors in the broad service sector
has increased from 9 sectors in the 2005-06 base

Chapter 2-GDP, Savings and Investment | 14

Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

Table 2.4: Sectoral Share of GDP at Constant Prices

(Base Year: 2015-16) (In percentage)
Industrial origin sector 2022-
2015-16 2016-17 2017-18 2018-19 2019-20 2020-21 2021-22
23*
A. Agriculture 14.06 13.62 13.14 12.56 12.52 12.07 11.61 11.20
1. Agriculture, forestry and fishing 14.06 13.62 13.14 12.56 12.52 12.07 11.61 11.20
a) Crops & horticulture 6.96 6.68 6.39 6.04 5.96 5.70 5.46 5.25
b) Animal Farmings 2.35 2.26 2.17 2.07 2.06 1.98 1.91 1.85
c) Forest and related services 1.87 1.84 1.81 1.76 1.78 1.75 1.72 1.70
d) Fishing 2.89 2.84 2.77 2.70 2.71 2.64 2.53 2.41
B. Industry 32.45 32.98 33.85 34.99 34.94 36.01 36.92 37.65
2. Mining and quarrying 1.66 1.83 1.87 1.93 1.91 1.91 1.76 1.75
a) Natural gas and crude petroleum 0.58 0.54 0.50 0.46 0.43 0.40 0.36 0.33
b) Other mining & coal 1.09 1.29 1.36 1.46 1.49 1.51 1.40 1.42
3. Manufacturing 21.25 21.36 21.98 22.86 22.40 23.36 24.29 24.95
a) Large Industry 11.13 10.93 11.31 11.81 11.43 11.81 12.75 13.01
b) Small, Medium and Micro
6.50 6.71 6.95 7.11 7.04 7.49 7.33 7.57
Industry
c) Cottage Industry 3.63 3.72 3.73 3.94 3.94 4.06 4.21 4.38
4.Electricity, gas, steam and air
1.24 1.24 1.25 1.26 1.22 1.25 1.23 1.21
conditioning supply
a) Electricity 0.92 0.94 0.96 0.98 0.97 1.01 1.01 1.01
b) Gas 0.31 0.30 0.29 0.27 0.25 0.24 0.22 0.21
5. Water supply; sewerage, waste 0.10
management and remediation 0.11 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10
activities
6. Construction 8.19 8.44 8.65 8.85 9.31 9.40 9.54 9.55
C. Services 53.49 53.40 53.01 52.45 52.54 51.92 51.48 51.24
7. Wholesale and retail trade; repair 15.29
14.52 14.52 14.75 14.94 15.05 15.06 15.24
of motor vehicles and motorcycles
8. Transportation and storage 7.95 7.92 7.88 7.80 7.65 7.44 7.34 7.32
a) Land Transport 6.89 6.89 6.87 6.84 6.70 6.56 6.49 6.50
b) Water transport 0.65 0.62 0.58 0.55 0.53 0.51 0.48 0.44
c) Air transport 0.08 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.08 0.08 0.08
d) Warehousing and support 0.26
0.28 0.28 0.28 0.28 0.28 0.25 0.25
activities
e) Postal and courier activities 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04
9. Accommodation and food service 1.07
1.20 1.19 1.17 1.14 1.12 1.09 1.08
activities
10. Information and communication 1.25 1.27 1.26 1.26 1.29 1.29 1.26 1.25
11. Financial and insurance activities 3.27 3.24 3.22 3.23 3.26 3.22 3.19 3.17
a) Monetary intermediation 2.72
2.77 2.73 2.73 2.75 2.78 2.75 2.73
(Banks)
b) Insurance 0.32 0.31 0.29 0.28 0.28 0.27 0.26 0.25
c) Other financial auxiliaries 0.19 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20
12. Real estate activities 9.69 9.39 9.06 8.69 8.68 8.39 8.12 7.93
13. Professional, scientific and 0.17
0.20 0.19 0.19 0.18 0.18 0.18 0.17
technical activities
14. Administrative and support 0.72
0.72 0.72 0.72 0.72 0.74 0.73 0.72
service activities
15. Public administration and 3.47
0.36 3.51 3.55 3.50 3.56 3.52 3.45
defence; compulsory social security
16. Education 2.74 2.73 2.69 2.67 2.71 2.68 2.69 2.71
17. Human health and social work 3.46
2.75 2.84 2.89 3.01 3.21 3.32 3.40
activities
18. Arts, entertainment and 0.14
0.15 0.15 0.15 0.14 0.15 0.14 0.14
recreation
19. Other service activities 5.69 5.51 5.30 5.07 5.03 4.85 4.67 4.54
Total GVA at constant basic
100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00
price 100.00
Source: Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics (BBS) (*Provisional).
change of agriculture sector to industry sector in
The structural changes of contribution of broad
GDP continues in FY 2022-23. Figure 2.2 shows
sectors in GDP are shown in the Table 2.5 and
that contribution of service sector was nearly 50
Figure 2.2. Table 2.5 indicates that the structural

Chapter 2-GDP, Savings and Investment | 15

 Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

percent of GDP before FY 2005-06. Contribution 06. In recent time this contribution is near about
of this sector rose at 55.59 percent in FY 2005- 51 to 53 percent.

Table 2.5: Trend of Structural Transformation of Broad Sectoral Shares in GDP and Growth Rate
at Constant Prices
Share (in percent)

Sector
1985-86 1990-91 1995-96 2000-01 2005-06 2010-11 2013-14 2014-15 2016-17 2017-18 2018-19 2019-20 2020-21 2021-22 2022-23*
Agriculture
31.15 29.23 25.68 25.03 19.01 18.01 16.50 16.00 13.62 13.14 12.56 12.52 12.07 11.61 11.20

Industry
19.13 21.04 24.87 26.20 25.40 27.38 29.55 30.42 32.98 33.85 34.99 34.94 36.01 36.92 37.56

Service
49.73 49.73 49.45 48.77 55.59 54.61 53.15 53.58 53.40 53.01 52.45 52.54 51.92 51.48 51.24
Total
100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00

Growth (in percent)

Agriculture
3.31 2.23 3.10 3.14 5.50 4.46 4.37 3.33 3.20 3.54 3.26 3.42 3.17 3.05 2.61

Industry
6.72 4.57 6.98 7.45 9.80 9.02 8.16 9.67 8.27 10.20 11.63 3.61 10.29 9.86 8.18
Service
4.10 3.28 3.96 5.53 6.60 6.22 5.62 5.80 6.37 6.55 6.88 3.93 5.73 6.26 5.84

GDP
(At
producer
prices) 3.34 3.24 4.47 5.41 7.18 6.64 6.15 6.54 6.54 7.34 8.01 3.76 7.00 7.17 6.33

Source: Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics (BBS) *Provisional

Note: Data up to FY2000-01 are based on FY 1915-96, data from FY 1996-97 to FY 2014-15 are based on 2005-16 and data since FY 2016-17
are based on FY 2015-16.

Figure 2.2: Share of three Major Sectors in the Last More than three Decades at Constant Prices.

100

80
49.73 49.45 48.77 55.59 54.61 53.15 53.58 53.4 53.01 52.45 52.54 51.92 51.24
Percent (%)

60

4019.13 21.04 24.87 26.2

25.4 27.38 29.55 30.42 32.98 33.85 34.99 34.94 36.01 36.92 37.56
2031.15
29.23 25.68 25.03
19.01 18.01 16.5 16 13.62 13.14 12.56 12.52 12.07 11.61 11.2
0

Agriculture Industry Service

*Provisional

Chapter 2-GDP, Savings and Investment | 16

Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

Expenditure Based GDP percent in FY 2021-22, with a significant

contribution of private sector. On the other hand,
The scenario of consumption, savings,
gross domestic saving increased to 26.02 percent
investments and expenditure is presented in
of GDP in FY 2022-23; which was 25.22 percent
Table 2.6, Table 2.7 and figure 2.3. According to
in preceding fiscal year. Moreover national
the provisional data on the expenditure side,
saving also increased to 30.22 percent in FY
consumption decreased to 73.98 percent of GDP
2022-23 from 29.35 percent in FY 2021-22.
in FY 2022-23 from 74.78
Table: 2.6: Expenditure Based Gross Domestic Product at Current Prices
(In crore Taka.)
Item 2015-16 2016-17 2017-18 2018-19 2019-20 2020-21 2021-22 2022-23*
1. Domestic Demand 2137463 2414516 2781013 3108721 3304591 3730591 4242702 4671496
[(2)+(3)]
2. Consumption 1509739 1695216 1941136 2157955 2311982 2635572 2969875 3284047
i. Private 1387986 1555239 1783859 1973840 2122667 2427900 2743527 3028854
ii. Public 121753 139978 157277 184116 189315 207672 226348 255193
3. Investment 627723 719300 839877 950765 992609 1095019 1272827 1387450
i. Private 492056 549942 658334 745228 761407 836682 973671 1049643
ii. Public 135668 169358 181542 205538 231202 258337 299156 337806
4. Net Export -72482 -101345 -189104 -159039 -170757 -225877 -318354 -255428
5. Gross Domestic 2064980 2313171 2591909 2949682 3133834 3504714 3924348 4416069
Expenditure (GDE)
6. Gross Domestic 2075821 2324307 2639248 2951429 3170469 3530185 3971716 4439273
Product
(GDP)
7. Statistical Discrepancy 10841 11136 47339 1747 36636 25471 47368 23205
Source: Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics (BBS) (*Provisional).
decreased to 23.64 percent of GDP compared to
Investment (Gross Fixed Capital Formation)
24.52 percent of previous fiscal year. The public
increased by 1.03 percentage points to 32.05
sector investment rises to 7.61 percent of GDP
percent of GDP in FY 2021-22, compared to the
from 7.53 percent compared to the previous fiscal
investment of 31.02 percent in FY 2020-21.
year. In absolute term, amount of investment
According to provisional estimate, the total
stood at Tk. 13,87,450 crore in FY 2022-23, up
investment stood 31.25 percent of GDP in FY
by 9 percent from Tk. 12,72,827 crore in the
2022-23. Of them private sector investment
previous fiscal year.

Chapter 2-GDP, Savings and Investment | 17

Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

Table: 2.7: Consumption, Savings and Investment (As percent of GDP)

Item 2015-16 2016-17 2017-18 2018-19 2019-20 2020-21 2021-22 2022-23*

1. Consumption 72.73 72.93 73.55 73.12 72.92 74.66 74.78 73.98
i. Private 66.86 66.91 67.59 66.88 66.95 68.78 69.08 68.23
ii. Public 5.87 6.02 5.96 6.24 5.97 5.88 5.70 5.75
2. Investment 30.24 30.95 31.82 32.21 31.31 31.02 32.05 31.25
i. Private 23.70 23.66 24.94 25.25 24.02 23.70 24.52 23.64
ii. Public 6.54 7.29 6.88 6.96 7.29 7.32 7.53 7.61
3. Domestic 27.27 27.07 26.45 26.88 27.08 25.34 25.22 26.02
Savings
4. National Savings 32.11 30.71 30.61 31.14 31.42 30.79 29.35 30.22
Source: Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics (BBS) (*Provisional).

Figure 2.3: Trend of Investment, Domestic Savings and National Savings as percent of GDP

Investment Domestic Savings National Seavings

32.21
32.11

32.05
34
31.82

31.42
31.31

31.25
31.14

31.02
30.95

30.79
30.71

30.61
30.24

30.22
32

29.35
Percent of GDP (%)

30
27.27

27.08
27.07

26.88
26.45

26.02
28
25.34

25.22
26

24

22

20
2015-16 2016-17 2017-18 2018-19 2019-20 2020-21 2021-22 2022-23*
(*Provisional).

Chapter 2-GDP, Savings and Investment | 18

Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

CHAPTER THREE
PRICES, WAGES AND EMPLOYMENT

Due to the Russia-Ukraine war, the imposition of various economic sanctions on Russia by the western
world and Europe, the world market system has been severely disrupted. On the other hand, there is
instability in the currency market and there is a jump in commodity prices due to disruption of supply
chain. According to the IMF's ‘World Economic Outlook April 2023’, inflation for 2023 is projected at
4.7 percent in the countries of advanced economies and 8.6 percent in the countries of emerging market
and developing economies, compared to 7.3 percent and 9.8 percent in 2022 respectively. Inflation rate of
Bangladesh stood at 6.15 percent in FY 2021-22, which was 5.56 percent in FY 2020-21. During FY
2022-23 (up to January 2023) inflation increased from 7.48 percent in July 2022 to 8.57 percent in
January 2023. During this period, food inflation decreased from 8.19 percent in July 2022 to 7.76
percent in January 2023. At the same time, non-food inflation increased from 6.39 percent in July 2022 to
9.84 percent in January 2023. According to the last Labour Force Survey (LFS) 2022 (provisional
report) conducted by BBS, the number of economically active population (above 15 years) in the country
is 7.34 crore (male 4.75 crore and female 2.59 crore), out of which a labour force of 7.08 crore is
engaged in a number of professions. According to the survey, total labour force employed in agricultural
sector, service sector and industry sector are 45.33 percent, 37.65 percent and 17.02 percent
respectively. According to the Bangladesh Wage Rate Index (Base Year 2010-11), the Nominal Wage
Rate Index has increased to 202.68 points in FY 2022-23 from 118.82 points in FY 2013-14. Overseas
employment and remittances from expatriates are contributing immensely to the country's economic
development, by increasing employment in the country, as well as reducing unemployment, poverty
alleviation and increasing foreign exchange reserves. In the FY 2021-22, a total of 9.89 lakh people and
in the FY 2020-21, a total 2.80 lakh people went abroad with employment. In the FY 2021-22, expatriate
workers sent a total of US$ 21,031.70 million as remittance, which is 15.12 percent less than the previous
fiscal year. In the first eight months of FY 2022-23, expatriate workers remitted a total of US$ 14,013.40
million, which is 4.28 percent more than the previous fiscal year. To curb the substantial depletion in
foreign reserves due to heightened global commodity prices and widened balance-of-payment deficit, the
government has taken many proactive steps to migrants to enhance remittance inflows. The government is
incentivising remittances at the rate of 2.50 percent to reduce the increased cost of sending remittances
legally and to encourage remittances through legal channels and also simplifying the process of sending
and receiving remittances.

Global Inflation Scenario fuel price hike have a huge impact. According to
the IMF's ‘World Economic Outlook April 2023’,
The global market system was severely disrupted
inflation for 2023 is projected at 4.7 percent in
by the imposition of various economic sanctions
developed countries and 8.6 percent in
on Russia by the Western world and Europe due
developing countries. Table 3.1 and figure 3.1
to the Russia-Ukraine war. On the other hand,
show the inflation trends of developed and
there is instability in the currency market and
developing countries from 2015 to 2022 and their
there is a jump in commodity prices due to
projections for 2023 and 2024:
disruption of supply chain. In particular, food and

Chapter 3-Prices, Wages and Employment | 19

 Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

Table 3.1: Global Inflation (%)

2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023* 2024*
Inflation in Advanced
0.3 0.7 1.7 2.0 1.4 0.7 3.1 7.3 4.7 2.6
Economies
Inflation in Emerging
Market and Developing 4.8 4.4 4.5 4.9 5.1 5.2 5.9 9.8 8.6 6.5
Economies
Source: IMF World Economic Outlook, April 2023 *Projected

Figure 3.1: Global Inflation

Source: IMF World Economic Outlook, April 2023 *Projected

Inflation Scenario in Bangladesh

projected in last January. Consumer Price Index
The Ukraine-Russia war has led to a sharp rise
and inflation during FY 2010-11 to FY 2021-22
in global fuel and food prices. As a result,
are shown in Table 3.2 and the monthly inflation
inflation is rising. According to the IMF's World
rate for FY 2021-22 calculated on a point-to-
Economic Outlook report April 2023, global
point basis is presented in Table 3.3.
inflation for 2023 is projected at 7.0 percent
which is 0.4 percentage point higher than

Table 3.2: Consumer Price Index and Inflation

(Base Year 2005-2006)
2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16 2016-17 2017-18 2018-19 2019-20 2020-21 2021-22

General
156.59 170.19 181.73 195.08 207.58 219.86 231.82 245.22 258.65 273.26 288.44 306.18
index
(10.91) (8.69) (6.78) (7.35) (6.41) (5.92) (5.44) (5.78) (5.48) (5.65) (5.56) (6.15)
Inflation
Food
170.48 183.65 193.24 209.79 223.80 234.77 248.90 266.64 281.33 296.96 313.86 332.86
index
(14.11) (7.72) (5.22) (8.56) (6.68) (4.90) (6.02) (7.13) (5.51) (5.56) (5.73) (6.05)
Inflation
Non-
food 138.77 152.94 166.97 176.23 186.79 200.66 209.92 217.76 229.58 243.00 255.85 271.98
index (6.21) (10.21) (9.17) (5.55) (5.99) (7.43) (4.61) (3.74) (5.43) (5.85) (5.29) (6.31)
Inflation
Source: Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics (BBS).

Table 3.2 shows that during the last 10 years, of percent and lowest in FY 2016-17 at 5.44 percent.
inflation stood highest in FY 2010-11 at 10.91 Inflation rate stood at 6.15 percent in FY 2021-

Chapter 3-Prices, Wages and Employment | 20

Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

22, which was 5.56 percent in FY 2020-21. In the keeping the supply chain intact and seamless, to
FY 2021-22, the rate of food inflation was 6.05 alleviate the pressure of inflation ensuring the
percent and non-food inflation was 6.31 percent. prices of daily necessities within the purchasing
power of the people. Government approved a
Table 3.3 shows that during FY 2022-23 (up to
total of 2764 Metric ton rice (maximum 22 saling
January 2023) national inflation increased from
day in a month) for daily distribution through
7.48 percent in July 2022 to 8.57 percent in
OMS from 17 October 2022 to 30 November
January 2023. During this period, food inflation
2022 so that people can buy daily necessities at a
decreased from 8.19 percent in July 2022 to 7.76
fair price.
percent in January 2023. At the same time, non-
food inflation increased from 6.39 percent in July
2022 to 9.84 percent in January 2023. The
government has taken necessary steps, for
Table 3.3: Monthly Rate of inflation Point to Point during FY 2022-23
(Base Year 2005-06=100)
Type of July August Sept Oct Nov Dec January
Level 2021-22
Inflation 2022 2022 2022 2022 2022 2022 2023
General 6.15 7.48 9.52 9.10 8.91 8.85 8.71 8.57
National Food 6.05 8.19 9.94 9.08 8.50 8.14 7.91 7.76
Non-food 6.31 6.39 8.85 9.13 9.58 9.98 9.96 9.84

General 6.42 8.02 9.70 9.13 8.92 8.94 8.86 8.67

Rural Food 6.51 8.79 9.98 8.95 8.38 8.23 8.11 7.92

Non-food 6.25 6.58 9.18 9.48 9.98 10.31 10.29 10.12

General 5.66 6.51 9.18 9.03 8.90 8.70 8.43 8.39
Urban Food 5.02 6.84 9.87 9.36 8.75 7.95 7.45 7.41
Non-food 6.38 6.15 8.42 8.66 9.07 9.54 9.51 9.48
Source: Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics (BBS).

Wages Rate Index since 1974. Meanwhile, constructing WRI using

base year FY 2010-11 has been initiated. The
Previously BBS had been constructing Wage Rate
WRI from FY 2013-14 to FY 2022-23, calculated
Index (WRI) using FY 1969-70 as the base year
with the new base year, is presented in Table 3.4.

Table 3.4: Wage Rate Index and Growth Rate

(Base Year 2010-11=100)
Nominal Wage Rate Index Growth Rate ( Point to Point)
Year General Agriculture Industry Service General Agriculture Industry Service
2013-14 118.82 118.44 119.07 120.16 5.50 5.68 4.97 5.75
2014-15 124.69 124.51 124.38 126.15 4.94 5.12 4.47 4.98
2015-16 132.81 132.48 132.02 136.03 6.52 6.41 6.16 7.86
2016-17 141.46 141.22 140.27 145.01 6.50 6.59 6.24 6.60
2017-18 150.59 150.27 149.45 154.44 6.46 6.40 6.55 6.51
2018-19 160.23 159.92 158.74 164.78 6.40 6.42 6.22 6.69
2019-20 170.39 170.28 168.24 175.33 6.35 6.48 5.99 6.41
2020-21 180.83 181.16 177.52 185.99 6.12 6.39 5.51 6.07
2021-22 191.80 192.21 187.83 199.42 6.06 6.10 5.85 6.32
2022-23* 202.68 203.03 198.60 209.40 6.91 6.84 6.98 7.15
Source: Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics (BBS). * Up to February 2023.

Chapter 3-Prices, Wages and Employment | 21

Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

It is observed from the above table that Nominal economically active population above 15 years is
Wage Rate Index (NWRI) has been increased by 7.34 crore. Out of this, male labour forces are
an average of about 6.18 percent from FY2013- 4.75 crore and female 2.59 crore. As many as
14 to FY2022-23. The index for the FY 2022-23 7.08 crore people are engaged in a number of
has increased to 202.68 points from 191.80 of the professions. Based on employment in different
previous fiscal year. sectors of Bangladesh economy, 45.33 percent of
the employed persons are working in agriculture
The sector-wise analysis shows that sector-based
sector, 37.65 percent of the employed persons in
wage rate has increased on an average compared
service sector, 17.02 percent of the employed
to the previous fiscal year and the growth rate is
persons in industry sector.
6.84, 6.98 and 7.15 percent respectively.
The share of employed labour force above 15
Labour Force and Employment
years by different sectors of the economy
BBS conducts the Labour Force Survey (LFS) to according to the Labour Force Surveys 1995-96,
assess the overall situation of employment. 1999-00, 2002-03, 2005-06, 2010, 2013, 2015-16
According to the latest survey LFS 2022 and 2016-17 is shown in Table 3.5.
published in March 2023, the number of
Table 3.5: Share of Employed Labour Force above 15 Years by Sector
Sector LFS LFS LFS LFS LFS LFS LFS LFS
1995-96 1999-00 2002-03 2005-06 2010 2013 2015-16 2016-17
Agriculture, forestry and fishery 48.85 50.77 51.69 48.10 47.30 45.10 42.70 40.62
Mining & quarrying - 0.51 0.23 0.21 0.18 0.40 0.20 0.20
Manufacturing 10.06 9.49 9.71 10.97 12.34 16.40 14.40 14.43
Power, gas & water 0.29 0.26 0.23 0.21 0.18 0.20 0.30 0.20
Construction 2.87 2.82 3.39 3.16 4.79 3.70 5.60 5.58
Trade, hotel & restaurant 17.24 15.64 15.34 16.45 15.47 14.50 13.40 14.34
Transport, maintenance & 6.32 6.41 6.77 8.44 7.37 6.40 9.40 10.50
communication
Finance, business & services 0.57 1.03 0.68 1.48 1.84 1.30 1.60 1.97
Commodities & personal services 13.80 13.07 5.64 5.49 6.26 6.20 6.20 6.08
Public administration and defense - - 6.32 5.49 4.24 5.80 6.20 6.08
Total 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00
Source: BBS, Labour Force Survey, 1995-96, 1999-00, 2002-03, 2005-06 , 2010 , 2013, 2015-16& 2016-17.

Overseas Employment and Remittances the post-pandemic situation rebounds. It is

expected that migrants will remit more of their
Amid the challenges posed by the Covid-19
hard earned money through formal financial
pandemic and global price hike induced from
channel because of the higher exchange rate and
Russia-Ukraine conflict, measures taken by the
2.5 percent cash incentive with various facilities.
government and Bangladesh Bank to control
To curb the substantial depletion in foreign
imports and increase inflows of remittances are
reserves due to heightened global commodity
helping to ease the country’s foreign exchange
prices and widened balance-of-payment deficit,
reserve shrinkage. A record number of
Bangladesh government and Bangladesh Bank
Bangladeshi nationals have been going abroad as
have taken many proactive steps to migrants to

Chapter 3-Prices, Wages and Employment | 22

Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

soar remittance inflows. These measures include from Bangladesh. In the same time, remittance
providing incentives for remittance senders and inflows showed upward trend and expanded by
simplifying the process of sending and receiving 4.28 percent compared to the same period of the
remittances. During the first eight months of previous fiscal year. Year-wise data of inward
FY2022-23, number of emigrant workers from remittances sent by Bangladeshi expatriates is
Bangladesh has increased significantly at the shown in Table 3.6 and Figure 3.2.
number of about 7.34 lakh workers migrated

Table 3.6: Number of Expatriate Employees and Amount of Remittance

Amount of remittance
No. of Employment
FY Percentage Percentage
Abroad (in thousand) In Million US$ Tk. In Crore
Change % Change %
2012-13 441 14461.15 12.60 115646.16 13.51
2013-14 409 14228.30 -1.61 110582.37 -4.38
2014-15 462 15316.91 7.65 118982.32 7.60
2015-16 685 14931.14 -2.52 116856.72 -1.79
2016-17 905 12769.45 -14.48 101099.62 -13.48
2017-18 880 14981.69 17.32 123156.01 21.82
2018-19 693 16419.63 9.60 138007.00 12.06
2019-20 531 18205.01 10.87 154352.00 11.84
2020-21 280 24777.71 36.10 210130.6 36.14
2021-22 989 21031.68 -15.12 181580.5 -13.59
2021-22* 576 13438.53 -19.47 114890.5 -18.82
2022-23* 734 14013.39 4.28 136174.8 18.53
Source: BMET, Bangladesh Bank.* July-February.

Figure 3.2 Manpower Export and Remittance Inflow

1200 30000
Employee number (Thousand)

989
1000 905 880 25000

734

Million USD
800 685 693 20000
576
600 530 15000
441 409 462
400 10000
280
200 5000

0 0
2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16 2016-17 2017-18 2018-19 2019-20 2020-21 2021-22 2021-22* 2022-23*

No. of employees abroad (000) Amount of remittance

Source: BMET, Bangladesh Bank. *July-February

In the FY 2021-22, the ratios of remittances to total exports which was 6.03 percent of GDP and
GDP and remittances to export earning has 67.14 percent of total export earnings
decreased as compared to the previous financial respectively in FY 2020-21. Remittances as
year. In FY 2021-22, remittances accounted for percent of GDP and as percent of total export
about 4.56 percent of GDP and 42.71 percent of earnings are shown in Table 3.7 and Figure 3.3.

Chapter 3-Prices, Wages and Employment | 23

Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

Table 3.7: Remittance as Percent of GDP and Export Earnings

Indicator 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16 2016-17 2017-18 2018-19 2019-20 2020-21 2021-22
Remittances as
9.64 8.23 7.87 5.63 5.11 4.66 4.67 4.87 6.03 4.56
percent of GDP
Remittances as
percent of total
54.43 47.13 49.08 43.59 37.54 41.29 41.46 56.68 67.14 42.71
Export
Earnings
Source: Bangladesh Bank, BBS.

Figure 3.3: Remittances as percent of GDP and Export Earnings

80.00
67.14
70.00
54.43 56.68
60.00 49.08
47.13
50.00
43.59 41.29 41.46 42.71
37.54
40.00
30.00
20.00 9.64 8.23 7.85 5.63 5.11 4.66 4.67 4.87 6.03 4.56
10.00
0.00

As percentage of GDP As percentage of Export Earnings

Source: Bangladesh Bank, BBS.

Expatriates Classified by Country

The statistics of expatriates classified by skill compared to the migration of professional
groups is shown in Table 3.8. It is seen that the workers in the last few years.
rate of skilled worker migration is satisfactory

Table 3.8: Number of Expatriates Classified by Country

Year Professional Skilled Semi-skilled Less-skilled Total

2012 36084 173331 104721 293662 607798
2013 689 133754 62528 212282 409253
2014 1730 148766 70095 205093 425684
2015 1828 214328 91099 248626 555881
2016 4638 318851 119946 303706 757731
2017 4507 434344 155569 401796 1008525
2018 2673 317528 117734 283002 734181
2019 1914 304921 142536 250788 700159
2020 378 61690 9412 146189 217669
2021 824 129057 19870 467458 617209
2022 3640 252362 42771 837100 1135873
Source: Bureau of Manpower, Employment and Training, Ministry of Expatriates’ Welfare and Overseas Employment

Chapter 3-Prices, Wages and Employment | 24

 Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

Table 3.8 and Figure 3.4 (a) and 3.4 (b) show that percent respectively of the total manpower
in 2010, the share of skilled and professional export, which stood at 22.22 percent and 0.32
expatriates was about 23.19 percent and 0.09 percent in 2022.

Figure 3.4 (a) Category wise Migration: 2010 Figure 3.4 (b) Category-wise Migration:2022

professional
professional o.32% skilled
0.09% skilled
22.22%
23.19%

semi-skilled semi-skilled
5.13% 3.77%

less-skilled less-skilled
71.59% 73.69%

Source: BMET, MoEWOE.

Country wise Manpower Export and many as 6,12,418 Bangladeshi workers migrated
Remittances to KSA which was 53.92 percent of total
Due to removal of global movement restrictions migration, followed by Oman (15.81 percent),
for COVID-19, most of the Bangladeshi UAE (8.96 percent), Singapore (5.67 percent)
expatriates migrated to KSA followed by Oman and other countries (6.13 percent). The number
and UAE. Total 213572 workers were migrated of Bangladeshi expatriates by country duration in
during 2023 (up to February 2023) according to FY 2012-23 (up to February 2023) has shown in
the data of Bureau of Manpower, Employment Table 3.9 and figure 3.6(a) and 3.6(b) have
and Training, Bangladesh (BMET). Country-wise shown the number of Bangladeshi expatriates by
data on migration during 2022 showed that as country since 2012 and 2022.

Table 3.9: Number of Expatriate Bangladeshi Workers by Country

Saudi
Year Kuwait UAE Bahrain Oman Qatar Lebanon Jordan Others Total
Arabia Malaysia Singapore
2012 21232 2 215452 21777 170326 804 58657 28801 14864 11726 64157 607798
2013 12654 6 14241 25155 134028 3853 60057 57584 15098 21383 65194 409253
2014 10657 3094 24232 23378 105748 5134 54750 87575 16640 20338 74138 425684
2015 58270 17472 25271 20720 129859 30483 55523 123965 19113 22093 53112 555881
2016 143913 39188 8131 72167 188247 40126 54730 120382 15095 23017 52735 757731
2017 551308 49604 4135 19318 89074 99787 40401 82012 8327 20449 44110 1008525
2018 257317 27637 3235 811 72504 175927 41393 76560 5991 9724 63082 734181
2019 399000 12299 3318 133 72654 545 49829 50292 4863 20347 86879 700159
2020 161726 1744 1082 3 21071 125 10085 3608 488 3769 13968 217669
2021 457227 1848 29202 11 55009 28 27875 11158 235 13816 20800 617209
2022 612418 20422 101775 10 179612 50090 64383 24447 858 12231 69627 1135873
2023* 85319 4851 14575 1 31925 54314 6961 4202 283 647 10494 213572
Source: Bureau of Manpower, Employment and Training.*up to February 2023.

Chapter 3-Prices, Wages and Employment | 25

Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

The overseas labour market of Bangladesh is Saudi Arabia in 2012 were only 3.49 percent of
continuously changing. In last decades manpower the total manpower exports, but in 2022 it
export shows a significant change. Figure 3.5 (a) increased to 53.92 percent. Manpower exported
and 3.5 (b) show that in 2012, 35.45 percent of in Oman was 28.02 percent of total manpower
total overseas employment was in United Arab export in 2012 which is declined to 15.81 percent
Emirates (UAE) which decreased to 8.96 percent in 2022. Manpower exports to Qatar and
in 2022. On the other hand, manpower exports to Singapore declined in 2022 compared to 2012.

Figure 3.5 (a): Overseas Employment by Figure 3.5 (b): Overseas Employment by
Countries in 2012 Countries in 2022

Singapore
5.67%
Jordan Malaysia
Lebanon 1.93% Others Oman 4.41%
2.45% 10.56% 15.81% Qatar
Qatar 2.15%
4.74% Saudi Arabia UAE
Singapore
3.49% 8.96% Lebanon
9.65%
0.08%

Kuwait Jordan
Malaysia 1.08%
1.80%
0.13%
UAE
Oman 35.45%
Others
28.02% 6.13%
Saudi
Arabia
53.92%
Bahrain
3.58%

Source: BMET, MoEWOE, Bangladesh Bank.

percent, followed by UAE (13.5 percent), UK (8.9
The lion’s share of inward remittance to
percent), Kuwait (7.3 percent) and Qatar (6.8
Bangladesh has been received from the Middle
percent). The comparative statistics on country-
East countries. In FY2022-23 (July-February), the
wise share (percent) of inward remittances and
highest share of remittance came from the USA
country-wise remittances sent by Bangladeshi
which was 17.8 percent of total remittances.
expatriates from FY 2012-13 to FY 2022-23 (Up to
Country-wise data on remittance inflows in
February 2023) are shown in Table 3.10 and
FY2022-23 shows that KSA is the 2nd highest
Figure 3.6.
amount of remittance sender country which is 17.7

Chapter 3-Prices, Wages and Employment | 26

 Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

Table 3.10: Country-wise Remittances

(In million USD)
FY KSA UAE Qatar Oman Kuwait Bahrain USA UK Malaysia Singapore Others Total
2012-13 3831.9 2829.4 286.9 610.1 1186.9 361.7 1859.8 991.6 997.4 498.8 1006.7 14461.2
2013-14 3119.6 2684.9 257.5 701.1 1106.9 459.4 2323.3 901.2 1064.7 429.1 1180.6 14228.3
2014-15 3345.2 2823.8 310.2 915.3 1077.8 554.3 2380.2 812.3 1381.5 443.4 1272.9 15316.9
2015-16 2955.6 2711.7 435.6 909.7 1040.0 490.0 2424.3 863.3 1337.1 387.2 1376.6 14931.1
2016-17 2267.2 2093.5 576.0 897.7 1033.3 437.1 1688.9 808.2 1103.6 300.9 1563.1 12769.5
2017-18 2591.6 2430.0 844.1 958.2 1199.7 541.6 1997.5 1106.0 1107.2 330.2 1875.6 14981.7
2018-19 3110.4 2540.4 1023.9 1066.1 1463.4 470.1 1842.9 1175.6 1197.6 368.3 2160.9 16419.6
2019-20 4015.2 2472.6 1019.6 1240.5 1372.2 437.2 2403.4 1364.9 1231.3 457.4 2190.7 18205
2020-21 5721.4 2440.0 1450.2 1535.6 1886.5 577.7 3461.7 2023.6 2002.4 624.9 3053.7 24777.7
2021-22 4542.0 2071.9 1346.5 897.4 1689.6 566.6 3438.4 2039.2 1021.9 385.2 3033.1 21031.7
2021-22* 3108.8 1082.3 894.4 607.6 1092.0 363.0 2207.4 1239.2 675.8 262.5 1905.5 13438.5
2022-23* 2480.1 1896.5 948.7 438.6 1019.3 319.1 2497.2 1248.3 732.3 252.2 2181.1 14013.4
Source: BMET, MoEWOE. Bangladesh Bank. *July-February.

Figure 3.6: Comparison for percentage of Country-wise Remittance inflows in FY 2012-13 and FY
2022-23*

50.0
45.0
40.0
26.5
Percentage

35.0
30.0
19.6

17.8
17.7

25.0

15.6
13.5

12.9

20.0
8.9

15.0
8.2

7.0
6.9
6.9
6.8

5.2
4.2

3.4
10.0
3.1

2.5
7.3
2.0

1.8
5.0
0.0

2012-13 2022-23*

Source: BMET, MoEWOE, Bngladesh Bank. *up to February 2023

Steps Taken to by the government Boost up may be used for online payments of visa
Foreign Employment and Remittances processing fees. In this context Authorized
Dealers (ADs) may issue international cards in
Government has taken several necessary
the name of officials designated by nominated
measures to explore new labour market and to
agents ensuring the observance of the instructions
enhance the flow of remittance. Some of the
of GFET.
initiatives are:
a) Remittances on account of visa processing b) Inward wage remittances by Mobile
fees by resident agents through International Financial Service Providers (MFSPs):
Card: To bring wider flexibility in the case of getting
To facilitate smooth transactions, it has been remittance, licensed MFSPs will be allowed to
decided that international cards (debit/prepaid)

Chapter 3-Prices, Wages and Employment | 27

Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

repatriate wage earners’ remittance in association female workers sent abroad in 2022 was
with internationally recognized online payment 1,05,466.
gateway service providers /banks/digital
wallets/card schemes and/or aggregators abroad e) Skill Development
(hereinafter referred to as approved/licensed The demand of skilled workers is higher than that
foreign payment service providers, foreign of less skilled workers. The government is very
PSPs). In this context, MFSPs shall have much concerned to enhance the standard of skill
standing arrangements with foreign PSPs to and strengthen the facilities of training to
receive foreign currency in their account and increase the skilled migration. At the same time,
equivalent Taka amount will be credited to the initiative has been taken to coordinate the
wage earners’ MFS accounts. Subsequently activities of training and vocational institutions.
foreign PSPs shall provide credit to the In 2022, Bureau of Manpower, Employment and
designated AD’s nostro account. After receiving Training, imparted skill development training to
amount in Taka, wage earners’ can use the MFS 10,69,958 trainers in different trades through 6
account from abroad to do all transactions in Institutes of Marine Technology and 89
Taka. Technical Training Centers. Considering the
importance of skill training, government has plan
c) Expansion of Labour Market to establish Technical Training Centers at
The Middle-east is the main labour market for upazilla levels. A project is being implemented to
Bangladesh. In the context of recent political establish 41 training centers at upazilla levels.
turmoil in this region, the Government has taken Another project to establish 50 TTC’s is under
initiatives to target other destinations in different approval process. To improve training quality
regions of the world. MoU has been signed with and getting international recognition, 357
Japan for sending workers in housekeeping instructors have been given foreign training.
profession. MoU has also been signed with Training arrangements have been launched in
Greece, Maldives and Brunei for sending partnership with Saudi Arabia and Hong Kong so
workers. Besides, market analysis has been done that women workers are trained and directly got
through a firm for 53 potential countries. foreign employment.
f) Modernisation of Emigration Process
d) Reduction of Migration cost
To reduce the fraudulent activities of the
The main challenge in migration process in recruiting agencies and brokers, a database of
Bangladesh is high migration cost. Government migrant workers with digitized fingerprints has
is trying to keep the migration cost at minimum been established. Emigration clearance is being
level. The government has fixed Country provided with a smart card by using database
Specific Maximum migration cost for the main network. The hassles and deception of the
destination countries. The only state owned outbound workers could have been reduced at the
recruitment company, Bangladesh Overseas airports with their information recorded in the
Employment and Services Ltd (BOESL) is smart card.
engaged in sending workers abroad at zero or
g) Policy formulation for Migration
minimum migration cost. Female workers are
Governance
being employed in Saudi Arabia, Qatar, Lebanon,
Jordan without any migration cost. Mandatory To bring discipline in migration governance, the
two-month training course has been introduced government enacted Overseas Employment and
for domestic female workers. Total number of Migrant Act, 2013 and adopted Expatriates’
Welfare and Overseas Employment Policy-2016.

Chapter 3-Prices, Wages and Employment | 28

Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

The recruiting agencies play an important role in formal financial channel because of the higher
migration sector. To ensure their transparency exchange rate and 2.5 percent cash incentive with
and accountability, the government has various facilities.
introduced Overseas Employment and Migrant
i) Cash assistance against remittances received
(Recruiting Agent Licence and Conduct), Rules,
by members of the armed forces from UN
2019 and Overseas Employment and Migrant
peacekeeping missions
(Recruiting Agent Classification) Rules, 2020.
For the welfare of the migrant workers, The government announced 2 percent cash
mandatory insurance scheme has been adopted incentive for the first time for inward foreign
since 2019. The government provides 2.5 remittance through banking channel which
percent incentives on remittances sent in legal became effective from 1 July 2019. Cash
channel. Policy on Health Examination of incentive for inward remittances has been
Aspirant Migrant Workers (Revised), 2022 has increased to 2.5 percent from 2 percent which
been formulated. became effective from 1 January, 2022.
Moreover, it has been decided that the United
h) Increase of the rate of cash incentive
Nations peace keeping mission officials of
against wage earners' remittance through
army/navy/air-force/police who are stayed abroad
legal channel
in different countries of the world would get the
During the COVID-19 pandemic, government cash incentive against wage earners' remittance at
and the Bangladesh Bank took several 2.5 percent from existing 2 percent for their
accommodative measures for simplification and foreign currency to be remitted through banking
encouragement of the remittance inflows through channel into the country which became
legal channels. It is expected that migrants will applicable from 1 January, 2022.
remit more of their hard earned money through

Chapter 3-Prices, Wages and Employment | 29

Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

Annexure: 3.1
Steps Taken to Improve Employment Situation
Ministry of Labour and Employment plays an effective role to establish labour rights particularly fixing
fair wage, ensuing safe work placed environment occupational safety and health as well as enhancing
productivity and economic development through maintaining peace and stability in the industries. Besides
this ministry works for enforcement of Labour Laws achieve the sustainable development goals (SDGs)
such as elimination of child labour ensuring decent work environment and equal pay for equal work.
Under this purview the government has undertaken some pragmatic steps in order to ensure the welfare of
workers which are stated below:
(a) Regular Activities
• Inspection: The objective of the Department of Inspection for Factories and Establishments (DIFE) is to
create an investment-friendly environment by ensuring a decent, safe and healthy workplace and
establishing the workers’ safety and rights. Inspection is one of the fundamental tasks of DIFE. To
implement the Bangladesh Labour Law and Bangladesh Labour Rules by inspecting factories and
establishments is a vital job of DIFE. In FY 2021-22, a total of 43,644 inspections were completed in the
factories and establishments and a total of 32,872 inspections were completed till February of FY 2022-
23. generation of employment and skilled manpower, and fixation of minimum wages. Moreover, the
Ministry of Labour and Employment leads to changed situation, formulation and implementation of
National Labour Policy, and amendment of labour Laws in line with
• Complaints Received and Disposal of Complaints: Complaints are disposed within the fastest time
after receiving complaints from the workers regarding violations of Bangladesh labour law and
Bangladesh labour rules in the workplace. In FY 2021-22, DIFE received a total of 3604 complaints and
all the complaints were disposed of in relevant consideration. In addition, until February 2023 of FY
2022-23, DIFE received a total of 3081 complaints and a total of 2951 complaints were disposed of in
relevant consideration.
• Cases Filed at Labour Courts: To create a decent workplace in the factories and establishments, DIFE
implements Bangladesh Labour Law and Bangladesh Labour Rules. In FY 2020-21, a total of 1,421 cases
were filed and of which 490 cases were disposed. In addition,
total 1426 cases were filed and of which 682 cases were disposed as of February in FY 2021-22.
• Ensuring Maternity Welfare Benefits: According to the labour law, DIFE ensures maternity benefits
for female workers in the factories and establishments. In FY 2020-21 maternal welfare benefits have
been ensured for a total of 12,664 workers. For this, the amount of financial benefit provided to the
workers by the employer is Tk. 47.11 crore. In FY 2022-23 maternal welfare benefits have been ensured
for a total of 8075 workers till February 2023 and the amount of financial benefits provided to the
workers by the employer is Tk. 49.30 crore.
• Establishment of Child Care Centres: To empower women and enhance women's participation in the
workplace, DIFE has been playing a vital role. The Department has been working for ensuring women-
friendly workplaces. Child care centres are being set up in factories and establishments under the direct
supervision of DIFE. In FY 2021-22 DIFE set up 515 child care centres and a total of 219 children's
rooms till February of FY 2022-23.

Chapter 3-Prices, Wages and Employment | 30

Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

• Issuance and Renewal of License: In FY 2021-22, DIFE issued licenses to 10,568 factories and
renewed 36,786 others. In addition, until February of FY 2022-23, DIFE issued licenses to 4,396 factories
and renewed 26,093 others.
• Increase Compliance Factory: A factory considered as a compliance factory when that factory is
included in the 'A' category in performing the provisions of the inspection checklist. Compliance factories
comply with the occupational health and safety-related provisions of the Bangladesh labour law and
Bangladesh labour rules. DIFE ensured such compliance in 1,336 factories and establishments in FY
2021-22 and in 1,068 factories and establishments until February in FY 2022-23.
• Compensation for Deaths and other Accidents: Except regular inspections, Inspectors also inspect an
area in case of an accident at any workplace. Through inspection proper advice is given to the factory
owners and find out probable causes of the accident. In addition, the Special Investigation Committee is
constituted to investigate any particular accident. Necessary steps are taken reviewing the investigation
report of accident. DIFE arranged to give Tk. 3.17 crore to the 180 injured and 146 dead workers or their
families in FY 2021-22. In addition, until February of FY 2022-23 DIFE arranged to give Tk. 68.45 lakh
to the 34 injured and 35 dead workers or their families
• Formation of Safety Committee: Safety committee formation activities are going on to ensure safe
working conditions in the factory. DIFE formed 1107 safety committees in different
factories and establishments in the FY 2021-22. As of February 2023 in FY 2022-23, a total of 6,497
safety committees were established in different factories and establishments under the supervision of
DIFE.
(b) Special Activities
• Digital Inspection System: The introduction of digital inspection is a major initiative to bring more
transparency, accountability and dynamism in factory and establishment inspection activities. For this, an
app called Labor Inspection Management Application (LIMA) has been created on 6 March 2018. It is
simultaneously a mobile and website based application, through which all the important activities of the
department are performed. The International Labour Organization (ILO) is providing assistance in this
initiative.
• National Occupational Health and Safety Research and Training Institute: The construction of
National Occupational Health and Safety Research and Training Institute (NOHSRTI) under Directorate
of Factory and Establishment Inspection at Terkhadia, Rajshahi is at final stage with a view to carrying
out training and research on occupational health and safety. Research and imparting training on
occupational health and safety will be facilitated through this institute of international standard.
Performing seminars, symposiums, discussion programs and various media campaigns have been planned
to create awareness among all stakeholders on occupational health and safety across the country. "OSH
Unit" has been formed in the institute for implementing this culture.
• Women Development and Training: The construction work of 2 dormitories having 960 seats in
Kalurghat, Chattogram and 620 seats in Bandor Narayanganj has been completed to introduce safe secure
housing facilities for female workers in garments and other industries.
• Innovative and Digital Activities: All the factories/establishments has to get approval for factory
layout plan and factory/establishment license from the department as per Bangladesh Labor Act.

Chapter 3-Prices, Wages and Employment | 31

Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

Applications for approval of factory layout plan and applications for obtaining license of
factory/establishment are fully online based through Labor Inspection Management Application (LIMA)
software. To deposit the license fee to any bank is not needed now. Since the launch of LIMA in 2018 till
February 2023, a total of 5968 new licenses have been issued through the software, 1554 factory layout
plans have been approved and 4016 licenses have been renewed. In line with Government’s Digital
Bangladesh campaign, the department of Labour has launched online Trade Union Registration Service
and the ‘Publicly Accessible Database’ an online database, to make easy access of major services
imparted by the department of labour. In DIFE one click reporting system, all Deputy Inspector Generals
at the field levels enter the login page of the reporting system from their respective offices and complete
the reporting work in the prescribed template/column based on the demand from the head office.
Moreover, to make the services easier and more available to the labourers a mobile application name
‘Sramiker Shastho Kotha’ has been launched. Besides, hot-line service has been launched to provide
quick resolution of any complain related to labour and labourers and anti-union discrimination. In
addition, cash grants from Bangladesh Labour Welfare Foundation and Central Fund of Ministry of
Labour and Employment are being disbursed through mobile banking to the beneficiary labours and their
families.
• Reform Activities for Labour Welfare: In order to expand and strengthen social welfare of the
workers and their family members living in 03 hilly districts of the country, improve their professional
skills, establish worker's rights in the workplace including overall socio-economic development, a multi-
purpose complex construction project during the period from 01 April 2017 to 30 June 2022 has been
implemented at Ghaghra in Rangamati. To ensure low-cost safe and healthy accommodation and to
increase the productivity for working women through social empowerment, women's labor hostels and
labor welfare centers with 05-bed medical center facilities during the period from April 01, 2018 to June
2022 has been implemented at Narayanganj port and Kalur Ghat of Chittagong.

Chapter 3-Prices, Wages and Employment | 32

Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

CHAPTER FOUR

FISCAL POLICY AND FISCAL MANAGEMENT

The government is working relentlessly with a view to reviving and accelerating the growth of the economy,
which has been hampered by the long-term effects of the pandemic. Taking into account the covid-19
pandemic, slowdown in the world trade, the issues of public health protection, employment creation and
economic growth have been given importance in the fiscal management of this year. The revised revenue
mobilisation target was set at Tk. 4,33,000 crore in FY 2022-23, which is 9.68 percent of the GDP. Of them,
revenue receipt from NBR sources was marked at Tk. 3,70,000 crore (8.27% of GDP), tax revenue from
non-NBR sources at Tk 18,000 crore (0.40% of GDP) and non-tax revenue at Tk.45,000 crore (1.00)% of
GDP). As per provisional data from iBAS, total revenue mobilisation up to February 2023 stood at Tk.
2,36,035 crore, up by 0.92 percent of the same period of previous fiscal year, achieving 54.51 percent of the
target. The revised revenue mobilisation target for NBR in FY 2022-23 was set at Tk. 3,70,000 crore. As per
provisional data from NBR, total revenue mobilisation from NBR up to February 2023 stood at Tk.
1,96,039.95 crore, up by 8.92 percent of the same period of previous fiscal year, achieving 52.98 percent of
the target. According to the revised budget, the total expenditure target for FY 2022-23 has been set at Tk.
6,60,507crore (14.76% of GDP), which is 11.29 percent higher compared to FY 2021-22. The revised
Annual Development programme (ADP) size for FY 2022-23 stood at Tk. 2,27,566 crore (excluding
autonomous agencies/corporations' own funded projects), which is 8.38 percent higher than the previous
fiscal year. The government is highly concerned of maintaining the budget deficit within 5 percent of GDP
by increasing efficiency in revenue management. However, due to the increase in government expenditure
for COVID-19 pandemic, the budget deficit target set at 5.1 percent of current fiscal year. The actual budget
deficit for FY 2020-21 and FY 2021-22 stood at 4.3 percent and 4.6 percent of GDP respectively. The inflow
of foreign grants and loans in the first eight months of FY 2022-23 (up to February 2023) amounted to US$
4,876.52 million, less by 17.33 percent from the same period of the previous fiscal year. The country's
external debt outstanding at the end of February 2023 was US$ 59,213.81 million or 13.4 percent of GDP.

Revenue Mobilisation Target

In order to mobilize sufficient revenues to meet
the required investment and expenditure plan of The revised revenue mobilisation target was set
the government, numerous reforms have been at Tk. 4,33,000 crore in FY 2022-23, which is
planned to strengthen revenue management 9.68 percent of the GDP. Of them, revenue
system. However, as Bangladesh is scheduled to receipt from NBR sources was marked at Tk.
graduate from the list of LDC in 2026, both the 3,70,000 crore (8.27% of GDP), tax revenue
national tariff policies and the revenue from non-NBR sources at Tk. 18,000 crore
administration are in the process of (0.40% of GDP) and non-tax revenue at Tk.
transformation to make them in line with the 45,000 crore (1.00% of GDP). The revised target
post-graduation phase. In addition, various for revenue mobilisation from FY 2015-16 to FY
measures are also being taken for non-NBR tax 2022-23 are shown in Table 4.1.
and non-tax revenue generation.

Chapter 4: Fiscal Policy and Fiscal Management | 33

Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

Table 4.1 Revenue Mobilisation Target

Particular 2015-16 2016-17 2017-18 2018-19 2019-20 2020-21 2021-22 2022-23
In Crore Tk.
Total Revenue 177400 201210 259454 316599 348069 351532 389000 433000
Tax Revenue 155400 178075 232202 289599 313068 316000 346000 388000
Non-tax Revenue 22000 23135 27252 27000 35002 35532 43000 45000
As percent of
GDP
Total Revenue 8.55 8.66 9.83 10.73 10.98 9.96 9.78 9.68
Tax Revenue 7.49 7.66 8.80 9.81 9.87 8.95 8.70 8.67
Non-tax Revenue 1.06 1.00 1.03 0.91 1.10 1.01 1.08 1.00
Source: Finance Division
Note: 1) Data are based on revised budget; 2) GDP base year: 2015-16
tax are increased to 15.83 percent, 14.58 percent,
Revenue Mobilisation from NBR Sources
6.71 percent and 19.53 percent respectively
The tax revenue mobilisation target from NBR compared to the previous fiscal year. Revenue
sources was set at Tk. 3,30,000 crore in FY 2021- received during July-February of FY 2022-23
22. However, the revised target is also kept the was provisionally estimated to Tk. 1,96,039.95
same. According to NBR estimation, the revenue crore or 8.92 percent higher than previous fiscal
collection in FY 2021-22 stands at Tk. year achieving 52.98 percent of revised target
3,00,179.08 crore which is about 90.96 percent of (Tk. 3,70,000 crore). Of this, import duty
the revised target. During this period, the growth increased by 6.11 percent, VAT by 5.83 percent,
of NBR tax revenue collection increased to 15.50 supplementary duty by 4.62 percent and income
percent compared to the previous fiscal year. The tax 5.50 percent. Table 4.2 and Figure 4.1 show
import duty/custom duty (CD), Value Added Tax the sector-wise revenue mobilisation from FY
(VAT), supplementary duties (SD) and income 2015-16 to FY 2022-23 (up to February, 2023).

Table 4.2: Item-wise Revenue Mobilisation by NBR

(In Crore Tk.)
Items of Revenue Mobilisation 2015-16 2016-17 2017-18 2018-19 2019-20 2020-21 2021-22 2022-23*
Import Duty 18011.80 21069.19 24319.78 24269.52 23559.50 30455.91 35276.58 23629.22
VAT (at import level) 20587.14 25561.09 29049.78 31400.83 30016.64 38271.78 44328.74 28946.88
Supplementary Duty (import level) 6560.33 7628.89 7873.11 7665.01 6975.15 8422.12 9817.81 6619.17
Export Duty 39.74 22.70 35.88 55.24 1.03 0.60 0.67 2.80
Sub Total: 45199.01 54281.87 61278.55 63390.60 60552.32 77150.41 89423.80 59198.07
Excise Duty 1582.03 1790.51 2072.59 2373.38 2279.40 2418.18 3102.86 8082.00
VAT (Local) 34862.82 38287.76 46716.45 55971.19 56080.69 63786.77 72606.45 46942.10
Supplementary Duty (Local) 19630.96 23481.70 29902.74 28814.53 25471.12 30047.73 31234.45 20546.25
Turn Over Tax 4.85 2.45 2.19 2.53 1.10 1.45 0.63 13.14
Others (Local) - - - 18.20 634.69 1253.09 1473.84 820.41
Sub Total: 56080.66 63562.42 78693.97 87179.80 84467.00 97507.22 108418.23 76403.90
(A) Total of Indirect Tax 101279.67 117844.29 139972.52 150570.00 145019.32 174657.63 197842.03 135601.97
Income Tax 51328.92 52754.93 61144.50 69074.51 70501.49 84888.24 101465.79 59509.50
Travel taxes and duties 1018.37 1057.22 1195.92 1126.68 930.96 335.93 871.26 928.48
(B) Total of Direct Tax 52347.29 53812.15 62340.42 70201.19 71432.45 85224.17 102337.05 60437.98
Grand Total (A+B) 153626.96 171656.44 202312.94 220771.62 216451.77 259881.80 300179.08 196039.95
Share of Direct Tax (%) 34.07 31.35 30.81 32.56 33.00 32.79 34.09 30.83
Share of Indirect Tax (%) 65.93 68.65 69.19 67.44 67.00 67.21 65.91 69.17
Source: National Board of Revenue (NBR), (* Up to February, 2023)

Chapter 4: Fiscal Policy and Fiscal Management | 34

Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

Figure 4.1: Comparative Statement of Item wise Revenue Mobilisation (%)

CD VAT SD IT Others

2022-23* 12.05 38.71 13.86 30.36 5.02

2021-22 11.75 38.96 13.68 33.80 1.81
2020-21 11.72 39.27 14.80 32.66 1.54
2019-20 10.83 39.55 14.86 33.05 1.72
2018-19 10.84 39.18 16.33 32.07 1.58
2017-18 11.87 37.08 18.19 31.27 1.58
2016-17 12.27 37.20 18.12 30.73 1.67
2015-16 11.73 36.09 17.05 33.41 1.72

0.00 20.00 40.00 60.00 80.00 100.00

(* July- February, 2023)

The major steps taken by the government during which is lower than the previous fiscal year
FY 2022-23 for enhancing collection of taxes are achieving 81.52 percent of the revised budget
shown in Annex 4.1. target. Non-tax revenue earnings during the first
Revenue Mobilisation from Non-NBR Sources 8 months of FY 2022-23 (July-February, 2023)
stood at Tk. 24,449 crore, which is 6.90 percent
The tax revenue receipt from Non-NBR sources
higher than the same period of previous fiscal
include narcotics and liquor duty, taxes on
year achieving 54.33 percent of the target (Tk.
vehicles, land revenue, stamp duty (non-Judicial)
45,000 crore).
and surcharge. Tax revenue receipt form non-
NBR sources in FY 2021-22 was Tk. 6,704 crore, Public Expenditure Management
which is 13.32 percent higher than the revenue The government’s main objective was in the last
earning of previous fiscal year. During FY 2022- two budgets, FY 2020-21 and FY 2021-22, to
23, the target set for revenue earnings from Non- reduce the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic
NBR sources is Tk. 18,000 crore. Up to through an economic recovery programme
February, 2023 of FY 2022-23, revenue collected consisting of financial and stimulus packages.
from this source stood at Tk. 5,329 crore That is why large additional allocations had to be
achieving 29.61 percent of the target. made in sectors like health, agriculture, social
Revenue Mobilisation from Non-Tax Sources welfare, food, disaster management, and
employment protection. In the current FY 2022-
The major items of non-tax revenue include 23 budget, in determining the priority area of
dividend and profit, interest, administrative fees government expenditure, focus has been made on
and charges, receipts for services rendered, non- allocations aimed at fully overcoming the impact
commercial sales and other non-tax revenue and of the pandemic as well as effectively addressing
receipts. In FY 2021-22, the revised target for the impact of the ongoing volatility in the global
non-tax revenue receipt was set at Tk. 43,000 economy and continuing the developmental
crore. Against this target, revenue mobilisation progress. Table 4.3 shows public expenditure
from non-tax sources stood at Tk. 35,056 crore, target from FY 2015-16 to FY 2022-23.

Chapter 4: Fiscal Policy and Fiscal Management | 35

Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

Table 4.3 Public Expenditure

Particulars 2015-16 2016-17 2017-18 2018-19 2019-20 2020-21 2021-22 2022-23
In Crore Tk.
(a) Operating expenditure 156592 175849 210578 266926 295280 323725 366627 414504
(b) Development 241407
expenditure 81407 88090 153688 173449 202349 207988 221948
(c) Other expenditure 217 5560 7229 2166 3948 7270 4925 4596
Total Public Expenditure 264564 269499 371495 442541 501577 538983 593500 660507
As percent of GDP
(a) Operating expenditure 7.54 7.57 7.98 9.04 9.31 9.17 9.23 9.26
(b) Development 5.40
expenditure 4.7 3.79 5.82 5.88 6.38 5.89 5.59
(c) Other expenditure 0.01 0.24 0.27 0.07 0.12 0.21 0.12 0.10
Total Public 14.76
Expenditure 15.3 11.59 14.08 14.99 15.82 15.27 14.93
Source: Finance Division
Note: 1) Data are based on revised budget. GDP base year: 2015-16
2)Development Expenditure’ includes ADP, Non-ADP, FFW and Projects and Development Programme under Revenue Budget,
Other Expenditure includes net outlay for food account operation, loans and advances.

Operating Expenditure The total operating expenditure in the revised

budget for FY 2022-23 is Tk. 4,14,504 crore,
In FY 2021-22, an amount of Tk. 3,66,627 crore
which is 13.05 percent higher than the revised
was allocated for operating expenditure. Of this,
allocation of the previous fiscal year.
recurrent expenditure was Tk. 3,40,572 crore
Allocations of some important sectors of
(92.89%) and capital expenditure was Tk.
operating expenditure were: pay and allowances
26,056 crore (7.11%). Allocations in a few
17.65 percent, goods and services 9.40 percent,
notable sectors included in the operating
interest payments 21.72 percent, of which
expenditure were: pay and allowances 19.51
foreign interest payments 2.25 percent and
percent, goods and services 9.54 percent, interest
subsidies and incentives and current transfers
payments 19.43 percent (including interest on
44.79 percent. Figure 4.2 shows a comparative
foreign loans 1.70 percent) and subsidies and
allocation of operating expenditure for the last 4
incentives and current transfers 43.64 percent.
fiscal years.
Figure: 4.2: Comparative Statement of Operating Expenditure (In crore Tk)

2022-23* 2021-22 2020-21 2019-20

Pay and allounces

61109

Goods and services

32435

Interest payments
57663
Subsidy, incentive and Current
Transfer 122084

Others
21990
0 50000 100000 150000 200000
Note: Others expenditures include block allocations, acquisition of assets and works, investment in shares and equity and foreign financial assets.

Chapter 4: Fiscal Policy and Fiscal Management | 36

Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

Annual Development Programme (ADP)

Stimulus Package for COVID-19 Pandemic
In FY 2022-23, the volume of ADP was Tk.
To address the crisis resulting from the outbreak
2,46,066 crore, of which Tk. 1,53,066 crore
of COVID-19 and overcome its potential adverse
(62.20%) was from GOB, Tk. 93,000 crore
effects on the economy, Hon’ble Prime Minister
(37.79%) from project aid. Including money from
Sheikh Hasina has guided the formulation of an
the own resources of autonomous
overall programme with short, medium, and
body/corporation, the volume of ADP stood at
long-term targets. As per the directives of
Tk. 2,56,003 crore. A total of 1,441 projects were
government, activities are carried out under 21
included (investment project-1,250, technical
stimulus packages of Tk. 1,20,153 crore in FY
assistance-106, own resources-85) in the ADP of
2019-20 for additional expenditure in healthcare
FY 2022-23. In FY 2022-23, the volume of
sector, emergency humanitarian assistance and
RADP stood at Tk. 2,27,566 crore, Of them,
economic recovery to address the COVID-19
allocation from GOB is Tk. 1,53,066 crore
pandemic. The number of the stimulus packages
(67.26%) and Tk.74,500 crore (32.74%) as
has further been increased to 28 in FY 2021-22
project aid. Including Tk. 8,995 crore of own
and the amount of fiscal and stimulus packages
resource, the volume of RADP stood at Tk.
of Tk. 2,37,679 crore (5.98% of GDP) to
2,36,561 crore. Due to COVID-19, the ADP
facilitate additional expenditure in the healthcare
implementation rate was below 90 percent in FY
sector, emergency humanitarian assistance, and
2019-20 and FY 2020-21, however, the
the overall economic recovery programme. List
implementation rate had been reached to above
of stimulus packages are given in Annex 4.2.
90 percent in FY 2021-22. The implementation
status of ADP/RADP (excluding self-financed
projects of autonomous bodies) during FY 2015-
16 to FY 2022-23 has been shown in Table 4.4.
Table 4.4: ADP Allocation, RADP Allocation and Expenditure
(In Crore Tk)
Expenditure
ADP Allocation RADP Allocation (as % of RADP)
Fiscal
Year
No. of Total Taka PA No. of Total Taka PA Total Taka PA
Project Project
83581 58357 25224
2015-16 1124 97000 62500 34500 1315 91000 61840 29160 (91.8%) (94.4%) (86.5%)
2016-17 1123 110700 70700 40000 1415 110700 77700 33000 100840 72410 28430
(91.1%) (93.2%) (86.2%)
141492 89155 52337
2017-18 1192 153331 96331 57000 1551 148381 96331 52050 (95.4%) (92.6%) (100.6%)
2018-19 1451 173000 113000 60000 1785 167000 116000 51000 158269 111165 47104
(94.8%) (95.8%) (92.4%)
155698 108172 47526
2019-20 1564 202721 130921 71800 1748 192921 130921 62000 (80.7%) (82.6%) (76.7%)
2020-21 1625 205145 134643 70502 1809 197643 134643 63000 164482 111966 52516
(83.2%) (83.2%) (83.4%)
193807 126468 67339
2021-22 1444 225324 137300 88024 1836 209977 137300 72677 (92%) (92%) (93%)
2022-23* 1441 246066 153066 93000 1572 227566 153066 74500 94875 56151 38724
(42%) (37%) (52%)
Source: Programming Division, Planning Commission; IMED, Ministry of Planning.
Note: Excluding own funded projects. (*Up to March 2023)

Sector-wise Allocation of ADP reveal that among the 17 sectors such as

The sectoral allocations of the RADP from FY transport, electricity, physical planning, water
2016-17 to FY 2020-21 are shown in Table 4.5 supply and housing, education and religious

Chapter 4: Fiscal Policy and Fiscal Management | 37

Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

affairs, rural development and institution, science sector (13.4%), education and religious affairs
and technology, health, population and family (12.43%), power (11.10%) and rural
welfare, agriculture and water resources have development and institution sector (9.25%). The
been given priority. In FY 2020-21, the highest allocation of health, population and family
allocation was given to transport sector, which is welfare reached 7.55 percent, up from 6.47
24.90 percent of the revised ADP, followed by percent in FY 2019-20.
physical planning, water supply and housing

Table 4.5: Sector-wise Allocation of RADP

(FY 2016-17 to FY 2020-21)
(In Crore Tk.)
FY 2016-17 2017-18 2018-19 2019-20 2020-21

Sector Allocation % Allocation % Allocation % Allocation % Allocation %

1. Agriculture 5741.6 5.19 5283.52 3.56 6918.24 3.92 6623.53 3.43 7734.29 3.91
2. Rural Development and
Institution 10761.43 9.72 16722 11.27 15154.25 8.58 15777.91 8.18 18289.7 9.25

3. Water Resources 3342.11 3.02 4147.31 2.8 5000.87 2.83 6552.79 3.40 6708.93 3.39
4. Industry 974.12 0.88 1563.55 1.05 2176.01 1.23 3238.10 1.68 3500.09 1.77
5. Power 13447.57 12.15 22340.32 15.06 25819.17 14.62 23631.78 12.25 21945.17 11.1
6. Gas, Oil and Natural 1067.87 0.96 1346.48 0.91 5737.06 3.25 2417.07 1.25 1748.79 0.88
Resource.
7. Transport 27360.23 24.72 37513.22 25.28 39531.17 22.38 47431.92 24.59 49212.86 24.9
8.Communinication 1915.79 1.73 937.44 0.63 2221.01 1.26 1739.64 0.90 1537.33 0.78
9. Physical Planning, Water 14391.17 13 15146.83 10.21 21956.51 12.43 26839.25 13.91 26491.96 13.4
Supply and Housing
10. Education and Religion 12845.97 11.6 14186.56 9.56 15510.84 8.78 20429.10 10.59 24571.96 12.43
11. Sports and Culture 214.19 0.28 318.61 0.21 653.66 0.37 587.93 0.30 484.5 0.25
12. Health, Population and 5655.33 5.11 9607.51 6.47 10902.07 6.17 10108.49 5.24 14921.9 7.55
Family Welfare
13.Mass Communication 176 0.16 219.65 0.15 250.39 0.14 171.25 0.09 248.25 0.13
14. Social Welfare, and
Youth Development 347.19 0.31 431.86 0.29 649.71 0.37 798.06 0.41 875.29 0.44
15. Public Administration 2361.15 2.12 2118.91 1.43 4974.07 2.82 5137.49 2.66 3377.52 1.71
16. Information and
Communication 5472.04 4.94 12593.18 8.49 13453.63 7.62 16790.43 8.70 11575.66 5.86
Technology (ICT)
17.Labour and 450.77 0.41 356.25 0.24 464.30 0.26 544.27 0.28 537.72 0.27
Employment
Block/Others 4092.07 3.7 3547.8 2.39 5246.75 3.14 4101.56 2.13 3881.24 1.96
Grand Total 110700 100 148381 100 167000 100 192921.00 100.00 197643 100
Source: Programming Division, Planning Commission. Note: Data according to RADP.

In order to automate the process of formulation ADP for FY 2021-22 by reorganising existing 17
of Annual Development Programme, webpage sectors into 15 sectors. ADP for FY 2022-23 also
system titled ADP/RADP Management System has been formulated according to these 15
(AMS) has been introduced from FY 2020-21. sectors. In FY 2022-23, the highest allocation
With a view to implement the strategic objectives was given in transport sector, which is 28.23
of the Five Year Plan, restructuring the sectors of percent of the revised ADP, followed by power
ADP/RADP in line with Five Year Plan have and energy (17.34%) and education (11.36%).
been done. As part of this initiative the Planning Table 4.6 shows the sectoral breakdown of ADP
Commission for the first time formulated the for FY 2021-22 and FY 2022-23.

Chapter 4: Fiscal Policy and Fiscal Management | 38

Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

Table 4.6: A comparative picture of sectoral breakdown of ADP

(FY 2021-22 to 2022-23)
(In Crore Tk.)
SL Sector FY2021-22 FY 2022-23

1 General Government Services 3036.46 1.28 2921.26 1.14

2 Defence 988.11 0.42 1270.05 0.50
3 Public Order and Safety 3204.98 1.35 3609.77 1.41
4 Industry and Economic Services 7499.15 3.17 6982.14 2.73
5 Agriculture 7665.37 3.24 10143.57 3.96
6 Power and Energy 49408.89 20.87 44388.77 17.34
7 Transport and Communication 64926.81 27.42 72269.45 28.23
8 Local Government and Rural Development 14299.89 6.04 16465.02 6.43
9 Environment, Climate Change and Water Resources 8526.23 3.60 9859.25 3.85
10 Housing and Community Facilities 25351.53 10.71 26086.62 10.19
11 Health 17311.82 7.31 19277.87 7.53
12 Religion, culture and Recreation 2218.93 0.94 2376.91 0.93
13 Education 23177.96 9.79 29081.38 11.36
14 Science and Technology 3676.87 1.55 4233.74 1.65
15 Social Safety 1646.30 0.70 2569.73 1.00
Sub-total 232939.30 98.37 251634.27 98.29
Development support (Total) 3853.79 1.63 4369.00 1.71
Total 236793.09 100.00 256003.27 100.00
Source: Programming Division, Note: Including self-finance project

Domestic Resources for ADP 2017-18. Again the percentage of domestic

resources started to increase and stood at 69.46
Domestic resources contribution towards
percent in FY 2018-19 and 67.86 percent in FY
financing of ADP shows ups and downs trend
2019-20. However, in FY 2020-21 the share of
during FY 2015-16 to FY 2022-23. The average
domestic resources decreased to 59.36 percent
contribution of domestic resources towards ADP
due to receive of special support/credit for
stood at around 65 percent to 70 percent.
development, but it increased to 64.51 percent in
Contribution of domestic resources increasing in
FY 2021-22. In the current FY 2022-23, the
ADP is an indicator of positive progress. The
amount of domestic resources in ADP decreases.
contribution of domestic resources to ADP was
Table 4.7 shows the financing of revised ADP
67.96 percent in FY 2015-16. It increased in next
from domestic sources during last few years.
fiscal years but decreased to 64.92 percent in FY

Table 4.7: Domestic Resources in Financing ADP

2015-16 2016-17 2017-18 2018-19 2019-20 2020-21 2021-22 2022-23
Total ADP 91000 110700 148381 167000 192921 197643 207550 227566
Total Domestic Resource 61840 77700 96331 113900 130920 134643 133886 129772
Domestic Resource as % 57.02
67.96 70.19 64.92 69.46 67.86 59.36 64.51
of ADP
Source: Finance Division, Ministry of Finance. Data: According to RADP.

Budget Balance and Financing budget of FY 2019-20, due to COVID-19 pandemic

budget deficit crossed 5 percent of GDP. Table
To keep the budget deficit to a sustainable level
4.8 shows the data of overall budget balance and
there is a clear guideline in ‘Public Money and
financing of last few years. In addition, Table 4.9
Budget Management Act 2009’. Therefore,
shows the actual budget deficit based on iBAS++
government is conscious to keep the budget
data system.
deficit within 5 percent of GDP. But in revised

Chapter 4: Fiscal Policy and Fiscal Management | 39

Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

Table 4.8: Overall Budget Balance and Financing

(As % of GDP)
2022-23
Budget balance/ financing 2015-16 2016-17 2017-18 2018-19 2019-20 2020-21 2021-22
Overall budget balance 5.10
-5.03 -4.99 -4.98 -4.95 -5.60 -6.09 5.12
(excluding foreign grants)
Overall budget balance 5.00
-4.74 -4.76 -4.78 -4.80 -5.48 -6.23 5.06
(including foreign grants)
Net domestic financing 3.59 3.54 2.93 3.10 3.55 3.82 3.12 3.14

Net foreign financing 1.87

1.15 1.22 1.85 1.71 1.92 2.27 1.98
(excluding grants)
Net foreign financing 1.94
1.44 1.46 2.05 1.86 2.05 2.40 2.00
(including grants)
Source: Finance Division,
Note: Figures are based on Revised Budget. GDP up to FY 2020-21: Base year: 2005-06, GDP FY 2021-22, FY 2022-23: Base year 2015-16.

Table 4.9: Actual Budget Deficit

(As % of GDP)
FY 2017-18 2018-19 2019-20 2020-21 2021-22 2022-23*
Budget Deficit 5.1
4.0 4.7 4.7 4.0 4.6
(Excluding grants)
Source: iBAS ++, Finance Division, * Target

Budget Deficit Financing (Domestic) scheme of national savings certificate) was Tk.
In FY 2021-22, total government domestic 26,931 crore. In FY 2022-23 (up to February,
borrowing (net) stood at Tk. 95,583.2 crore 2023) total government domestic borrowing (net)
which was 2.4 percent of the GDP. During this has stood at Tk. 51,176.6 crore. Sector-wise
period, the government borrowed Tk. 68,652.3 government domestic borrowing from FY 2015-
crore from banking system and government 16 to FY 2022-23 (up to February, 2023) is
borrowing from other than banks (including shown in Table 4.10 and figure 4.3.

Table 4.10: Government Borrowing (net) from Domestic Sources

(In crore Tk.)
Fiscal Net Government borrowing from the banking system Government Total
Percent
Year borrowing from government
Bangladesh Scheduled Total borrowing from of GDP
other than banks borrowing
Bank Banks banking system

2015-16 12548.7 -9733.9 2814.8 34206.0 37020.8 1.8

2016-17 -520.2 -17884.8 -18405.0 53689.2 35284.2 1.5

2017-18 9619.3 -12485.7 -2866.4 47490.7 44624.3 1.7

2018-19 9293.0 10499.5 19792.5 53900.2 73692.7 2.5

2019-20 6592.1 64122.8 70714.9 22902.2 93617.1 3.0

2020-21 -27669.7 53973.7 26304.1 44390.6 70694.7 2.0

2021-22 40217.3 28435.0 68652.3 26931.0 95583.2 2.4

2022-23* 54501.2 -7894.6 46606.6 4570.0 51176.6 -

Source: Bangladesh Bank, * Up to February, 2023

Chapter 4: Fiscal Policy and Fiscal Management | 40

Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

Figure 4.3: Government Borrowing (net) from Domestic Sources

Bangldesh Bank Schedule Banks Non-Bank sources

64123

54501
53974
53900
53689
70000

47491

44391
60000

40217
34680

34206
50000

28435
26931
22902
40000
(In Crore Tk.)

12549
30000

10500
9619

9293

6592

4570
20000
10000
0
-1822

-10000 2014-15 2015-16 2016-17 2017-18 2018-19 2019-20 2020-21 2021-22 2022-23*
-6839

-7895
-9734

-520

-12486
-20000

-27670
-17885

-30000
Source: Bangladesh Bank, * Up to February, 2023

Government Borrowing from External Up to February, 2023 of FY 2022-23, the amount

Sources of external assistance stood at US$ 4,876.52
million and net external assistance flow in FY
In last FY 2021-22, the total amount of external 2022-23 stood at US$ 3,452.42 million. On the
assistance was US$ 10,969.29 million, which other hand, up to February, 2023, total debt
was 37.9 percent more than the previous year. On servicing expenditure was US$ 1,424.10 million,
the other hand, total debt servicing expenditure of where interest payments and principal were US$
FY 2021-22 was US$ 2,017.96 million of whom 402.96 and US$ 1,021.14 million respectively.
interest and principal amount were US$ 491.25 Table 4.11 and Figure 4.4 show the government
million and US$ 1,526.71 million respectively. borrowing from the external sector during FY
As a result, net external assistance flow in FY 2015-16 to FY 2022-23 (up to February, 2023)
2021-22 stood at US$ 8,155.28 million. below:

Table 4.11: Government Borrowing from External Resources

(Million US$)
External Loan and Grant Principal and Interest Payment Net Foreign Aid Flow
Fiscal After After Principal
Year Grant Loan Total Interest Principal Total Principal and Interest
Payment Payment
2015-16 531 3033 3564 202 849 1051 2715 2513
2016-17 459 3218 3677 229 894 1123 2783 2554
2017-18 382 5987 6369 299 1110 1409 5259 4960
2018-19 279 6263 6542 391 1202 1593 5340 4949
2019-20 296 7074 7382 477 1257 1734 6125 5648
2020-21 509 7448 7957 496 1419 1915 6538 6042
2021-22 674.77 10294.52 10969.29 491.25 1526.71 2017.96 8646.53 8155.28
2022-23* 243.29 4633.23 4876.52 402.96 1021.14 1424.10 3855.38 3452.42
Source: ERD, * Up to February 2023

Chapter 4: Fiscal Policy and Fiscal Management | 41

Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

Figure 4.4: Flow of External Resources

Grant Loan Total

12000
10969
10294
10000

7957
8000 7448
7074
(Million US$)

6542
6370 6263
5987
6000
4876
4633
3564 3677 3782
4000 3218
3043 3033
2472
2000
571 531 459 509 675
383 279 196 243
0
2014-15 2015-16 2016-17 2017-18 2018-19 2019-20 2020-21 2021-22 2022-23*
Source: ERD, * Up to February 2023

Information regarding commitment and Appendix 57-Appendix 61. The external debt
disbursement of external assistant, external debt outstanding stood at US$ 59,213.81 million at the
service, external debt outstanding and country end of February 2023 which is 13.4 percent of
and sector wise external assistance are given in GDP indicating comfortable position in terms of
debt sustainability.

Chapter 4: Fiscal Policy and Fiscal Management | 42

Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

Annexure
Annexure 4.1:
Significant changes regarding import-export duty-tax brought in the budget of FY 2022-23

Custom duty related issues

• It is proposed to keep the existing duty rates unchanged on essential commodities, fertilizers, seeds,
life-saving medicines and some other industrial raw materials.
• Concessional facilities have been provided on import of raw materials for domestic poultry industry
and beef feed.
• With the aim of sustainable development and development of the fisheries, poultry and dairy sector,
it is proposed to continue the zero duty rate and other concessionary rates given in the past on the
import of food items and various materials of the said sector. Besides, it has been proposed to extend
the concessional facility in respect of some new materials.
• It is proposed to extend the concessional facility on certain raw materials used in the manufacture of
agricultural machinery and pesticides used in agriculture.
• It is proposed to allow subsidized import of cold storage freezers and chillers used in agriculture and
food industry.
• To consolidate the health sector, it is proposed to continue the existing subsidized facility on the
import of raw materials required for the production of medicines and medical supplies. It is also
proposed to reduce the customs duty applicable on certain products used by hearing impaired and
physically challenged persons.
• To save foreign exchange, discourage imports, control luxury goods and restructure the post-Covid
economy, it has been recommended to increase total duty by imposing supplementary duty on high
performance luxury vehicles and jeeps and chandeliers and light fittings at the import level.
• It has been proposed to withdraw and rationalize the existing minimum price of certain products with
a view to collection of proper revenue and facilitation of trade by determining the correct price of
imported products.

Value Added Tax (VAT) related issues

Activities related to financial reform and good governance:
• National Board of Revenue is working in an automated and transparent environment, on the basis of
VAT and SD act,2012;
• VAT registration is fully online based. Apart from that online return submission and e-payment have
been introduced successfully;
• Installation of Electronic Fiscal Device (EFD)/Sales Data Controller (SDC) is going on to increase
revenue collection at retail level;
• The VAT amount of 5 million taka in single challan has to be deposited through e-payment/A-
Challan;

Chapter 4: Fiscal Policy and Fiscal Management | 43

Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

• It is mandatory for the companies having turnover more than 05 (five) crore to set software based
automated system for record keeping.
Development of indigenous industries and in other fields
• Exemption has been given to manufacture air conditioners, refrigerators, active pharmaceutical
ingredients, mobile phones, computer materials, polypropylene staple fiber, home appliances
(washing machines, rice cookers, blenders, ovens, etc.), sanitary napkins and diapers. Domestic
industries have been flourishing because of the policy measure undertaken.
• Exemption has been given to manufacture of lifts, motor vehicles which is conducive to develop
heavy industry in the country.
• Exemption on different services given on some priority sectors like Rooppur Nuclear Power Plant,
BEZA, Hi-Tech Park, PPP etc.
• In order to incentivize the agriculture sector, exemption has been given at the manufacturing and
trading level of agricultural machinery, namely: power tiller and poultry, dairy and fish feed
products;
Development and dissemination of information technology
• To develop information technology sector, exemption has been given to supply mobile phones,
computers, keyboards, mice, speakers, modems, software, routers, printed circuit boards, servers,
printers, etc.

Activities undertaken in the health sector

• To discourage the use of tobacco and tobacco products taxes and prices of tobacco products are
revised.
• VAT exemption has been given on different types of services, like: Medical and health service,
autism related service etc.
Taxes on tobacco related products
• Cigarette
Earlier Price Earlier Total Present Price Present Total Tax
( for 10 sticks) in Tk. (2021-222) Tax Incidence ( for 10 sticks) in Tk. Incidence
(2021-22) (2022-23) (2022-23)
39 and above 57% 40 and above 57%
63 and above 65% 65 and above 65%
102 and above 65% 111 and above 65%
135 and above 65% 142 and above 65%

Significant changes in the tax regime during FY 2022-23

• Reduction in corporate tax rate

o For publicly traded companies with more than 10% of their paid-up capital transferred through
IPO (Initial Public Offering), the tax rate has been reduced from 22.5% to 20%.
o For publicly traded companies with 10% or less of their paid-up capital transferred through
IPO (Initial Public Offering), the tax rate has been set at 22.5%.
o For non-publicly traded companies, the tax rate has been reduced from 30% to 27.5%.

Chapter 4: Fiscal Policy and Fiscal Management | 44

Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

• Personal income tax rate

Current Tax Slab Current Tax Rate

Up to 300,000 BDT 0%
Next 100,000 BDT 5%
Next 300,000 BDT 10%
Next 400,000 BDT 15%
Next 500,000 BDT 20%
Remaining amount 25%

• Increase of tax-free threshold limit and employment-based tax rebates for third-gender
taxpayers

If a taxpayer, as an employer, hires at least 10% or more than 25 employees of third-gender in their
establishment, they will be eligible for a tax rebate in the following manner:
o 5% (five percent) of the payable tax or
o 75% (seventy-five percent) of the total paid salary to the third-gender employees- the lesser
amount of the above two will be applicable as a tax rebate.
• Rationalisation of surcharge on assets
o Existing 7 slabs have been reduced to 5.
o Provision of payment of surcharge on assets in case of no income has been canceled.
o Minimum surcharge has been abolished.

• Reduction in source tax rates at the import level

o The source tax rate on gold imports has been reduced from 5% to 0%.
o The source tax rate on raw materials imported by CI sheet manufacturers has been reduced
from 5% to 3%.
o The source tax rate on wheel chair imports has been reduced from 5% to 0%.
• Tax-net expansion

o To encourage new taxpayers to file returns and pay taxes, through the change of the
definition of the Tax Day, the provision has been made for individual taxpayers who have
never filed return before to submit income tax returns within thirtieth day of June following
the end of the income year without any penalty.
o If any contractor or supplier fails to submit proof of submission of return, a provision has
been made to deduct tax from their payments at source at a rate 50% higher.
o In the provision related to the tax deducted at source on bank interest income, in place of the
TIN certificate, furnishing proof of submission of return in the banks is required.
o Hotels, community centers, resorts, and transport agencies with an annual turnover
exceeding one crore have been made ‘specified person’ responsible for deducting tax at
source.

Chapter 4: Fiscal Policy and Fiscal Management | 45

Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

o To expand the scope of tax deduction at source, the collection of tax in the form of advance
payment have been initiated for income derived from the operation of internal ships and
commercial vehicles keeping the tax rates same according to the SRO.
o All taxpayers who are required to furnish proof of submission of return are now obligated to
file returns.
o The provision of presenting proof of submission of return has been introduced in all cases
where previously presenting TIN was mandatory, as well as in several other areas.
o At business premises, the provision of displaying the proof of submission of return instead of
the TIN has been introduced. The e-commerce platform has been identified as a source tax
deducting authority.
• Digital Transformation and Expansion of Tax Free Sector

o To develop an innovative economy and promote young entrepreneurs, the following

provisions have been made for startups
o Defining a startup
o Approving loss set off and carry forward for up to nine years in determining startup income
o Reducing the minimum tax rate from 0.6% to 0.1%
• Assisting the Export Sector and Promoting ‘Made in Bangladesh’
o To clarify ambiguities related to exports and to diversify the export sector, services have
been incorporated into the definition of export.
o When foreign currency earnings from Bangladeshi flag carrier ocean going ship are brought
into Bangladesh through banking channels, it is tax-free until June 30, 2030. This will
increase foreign currency reserves and promote export diversification. Fruit processing,
vegetable processing, production of dairy and dairy products, baby food producing
entrepreneurs and entrepreneurs producing agricultural machinery have been given tax
exemption for a period of ten years.
o Tax rates on income earned from exports have been set as follows:
a) 50% tax-free on income earned by assessee being an individual, firm, and Hindu
undivided family;
b) 12% tax on income earned by taxpayers, other than assessee being an individual, firm,
and Hindu undivided family;
c) 10% tax on income earned from exports of products produced in Leadership in Energy
and Environmental Design (LEED) certified factories by taxpayers, other than assessee
being an individual, firm, and Hindu undivided family.
• National Skills Development and Incentives in Employment
o Tax exemption has been given for a period of ten years to an organisation engaged in
imparting professional training on various technical subjects to create skilled human
resources suitable for industrialization.
• Incentives for Entrepreneurship in IT Hardware Sector
o Computer hardware manufacturers have been given tax exemption for a period of ten years
as an incentive for self-sufficiency in the IT sector by overcoming import dependence of
Bangladesh.

Chapter 4: Fiscal Policy and Fiscal Management | 46

Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

• Ensuring affordable and decentralized medical care

o In order to make quality medical care accessible to every person in Bangladesh, tax
exemption has been given for ten years on condition of construction of general hospital
with at least 250 beds or specialized hospital with 200 beds established outside Dhaka,
Narayanganj, Gazipur and Chattogram districts.
• Collection of Microcredit and Incentives for Women Entrepreneurs
o If the annual turnover of any organisation in the SME sector owned by a woman
entrepreneur is up to Tk. 70 lakhs, the income of that organization has been exempted
from tax.
o In order to ensure easy access to micro-credit, income from micro-credit of organizations
registered with NGO Affairs Bureau as well as Micro Credit Regulatory Authority has
been exempted from tax.

• Assistance in raising long term capital and creating bond market

o Exemption from tax applicable in case of transfer of property to trust or SPV and re-
transfer of property from trust or SPV to the parent institution for market creation and
easy circulation of Sukuk bonds for raising long term capital.
• Formalisation of the economy
o In case of failure to receive service bills through bank transfer, a provision has been
made to deduct tax at source at a rate 50% higher.
o Except for agriculture and farming sector, all taxpayers excluding assessee being an
individual, with a turnover of over BDT 10 million in sectors, are made ineligible for tax
exemption or reduced tax rates if the income is not realized through bank transfer.
• Sustaining long-term economic stability

o To reduce the propensity of bad loans, income generated from suspended loans has been
made non-taxable for only assessee being an individual, instead of all types of taxpayers.
o Due to the provisions of loss set off and carry forward, a rate of 5% of the special reserve
amount of the total income constituted by financial institutions has been counted as non-
allowable expense.
o Like other private securities, capital gain from investments in government securities have
been made taxable due to their profitability.
o As the definition of a company under the Income Tax Ordinance is broader compared to
the definition in the Company Act, with the aim of including more institutions under the
obligation to furnish audited accounts, provision has been made for the companies
defined by the Income Tax Ordinance, 1984 instead of the incorporated companies under
the Company Act 1994 to furnish the financial statements certified by a chartered
accountant.

Chapter 4: Fiscal Policy and Fiscal Management | 47

Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

• Ensuring business simplification

o Provisions have been made to ensure that the conditions of amalgamation are consistent
with the Company Act 1994, and if the amalgamating companies are foreign, their
shareholding will be the same as of the domestic company.
o The definition of ‘Charitable purposes’ has been made more specific to prevent misuse.
o The definition of ‘Research and development’ has been provided, and expenses incurred
in this area have been counted as allowable deductions.
o The definition of ‘Supply of goods’ has been included to clarify the obscurity of the
withholding tax.
o Due to the current shortage of skilled workforce in the industry, the allowable expense
limit for perquisites has been increased from Tk. 550,000 to Tk. 1,000,000.
o As part of the best international practices, tax-neutral merger policy has been adopted in
Bangladesh, which will benefit the overall economy.
o MPO-enlisted schools, excluding those schools that have an English version curriculum,
public university, recognized provident funds, pension funds, approved gratuity funds,
approved superannuation funds, workers' profit participation funds, and non-resident
individuals having no fixed base in Bangladesh have been exempted from filing income
tax returns.
o Provisions have been made to make the ADR effective within 30 days of the receipt of
its agreement.
o A provision been made to enact a set of rules for the purpose of collecting tax through
offshore indirect transfers.
o A provision has been made to amortize pre-commencement expenditure by including the
definition of it.

Chapter 4: Fiscal Policy and Fiscal Management | 48

Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

Annexure 4.2
Stimulus Package to address COVID-19 and Economic Recovery
Serial Amount
No
Name of the Package
(Crore Taka)
1 Special Fund for Salary support to export oriented manufacturing industry workers 5000
2 Working Capital loans for the affected industries and service sector 103000
3 Working Capital loans for the SMEs including the cottage industries 60000
4 Expansion of facility provided through Export Development Fund (EDF) by 17000
Bangladesh Bank (US$ 2.0 billion)
5 Pre-Shipment Credit Refinance Scheme 5000
6 Special Honorarium for doctors, nurses, medical workers 138
7 Health Insurance and life insurance 750
8 Free Food Distribution 2500
9 OMS of rice at 10 taka/kg 770
10 Cash Transfer for the targeted poor people (Tk. 2,500 per person for 3.5 million + 1326
4.86 lakh fisheries and livestock farmers)
11 Expansion of Cash Allowance Programs to 112 Upazillas 815
12 Construction of home for homeless people 2130
13 Support for farm mechanization 3220
14 Subsidy for agriculture 9500
15 Agriculture Refinance Scheme 8000
16 Refinance scheme for professional farmer and small traders 3000
17 Employment creation through four State owned financial institutions (PKSF-500, 3200
Probashi-500, Karmasangsthan-1,200, Palli Sanchay-500. Ansar VDP-500)
18 Subsidy for commercial bank's suspended interest of April-May, 2020 2000
19 Credit Risk Sharing Scheme for SME Sector 2000
20 Safety net program for Export Oriented Industry's distressed workers 1500
21 Revitalizing the rural economy and job creation in rural area (Joyeeta F: 50; NGO 1500
F: 50; SDF: 300; SME F: 300; RPE F:300; BSCIC: 100; SFD F: 100; BRDB: 300)

22 Expansion of Cash Allowance Programs to another 150 Upazillas 1200

23 2nd Tranche Cash transfer to 3.5 million poor people of taka 2500 per person + 930
1,00,000 Boro farmers affected by cyclone
24 Cash Transfer to the targeted poor people (Tk. 2,500 per person). Total beneficiary: 450
17,24,470 persons
25 Special OMS at the city area (Rice: 20,000 MT and Flour: 14,000 MT) 150
26 Fund for Deputy Commissioners to proved food support to the vulnerable people 100
reached through 333 phone number
27 Employment creation through three State owned financial institutions - 2nd phase 1500
(PKSF-500, Karmasangsthan Bank-500 and Palli Sanchay Bank-500 crore)

28 Working Capital credit facility at 4% interest to pay wages for the employees of 1000
hotel/motel/theme parks
Total (In Crore Taka) 237679

Total (In Million US$) 26900

As % of GDP 5.98
Source: Finance Division

Chapter 4: Fiscal Policy and Fiscal Management | 49

Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

Annexure 4.3
Budget at a Glance (with Actual)
(In crore Tk.)
Description Revised Budget Actual
2022-23 2022-23 2021-22
Revenue and Foreign Grants
Revenues 433000 433003 334641
Tax Revenue 388002 388002 299585
NBR-Tax Revenue 370000 370000 292880
Non-NBR Tax Revenue 18000 17999 6704
Non-Tax Revenue 45000 45004 34056
Foreign Grants 3263 3271 2322
Total: 436263 436274 336963
Expenditure
Operating Expenditure 414504 411406 325674
Recurrent Expenditure 390358 373242 307718
of which
Domestic Interest 80691 73175 73218
Foreign Interest 9322 7200 4554
Capital Expenditure 24146 38164 17956
Net Outlay for Food Account Operation 1097 540 2437
Loans and Advances (Net) 3499 6501 -5104
Development Expenditure 241407 259617 195173
Scheme 3732 3155 2872
Non-ADP Special Project 7236 7721 4451
Annual Development Programme (ADP) 227566 246066 186060
Non-ADP FFW and Transfer 2873 2675 1790
Total Expenditure: 660507 678064 518180
Overall Deficit (including Grants ) -224244 -241790 -181217
(In percent of GDP) -5.0 -5.4 -4.6
Overall Deficit (Excluding Grants ) -227507 245061 -183539
(In percent of GDP) -5.1 -5.5 -4.6
Financing
Foreign Borrowing-Net 83619 95458 65021
Foreign Borrowing 101769 112458 78323
Foreign Debt Repayment -18150 -17000 -13302
Domestic Borrowing 140625 146335 115209
Borrowing from Banking System (Net) 115624 106334 75533
Long-Term Debt (Net) 74000 68192 49051
Short-Term Debt (Net) 41624 38142 26482
Non-Bank Borrowing (Net) 25001 40001 39677
National Saving Schemes (Net) 20000 35000 20265
Others (Net) 5001 5001 19412
Total Financing: 224244 241793 180231
Memorandum Item: GDP 4474100 4449959 3971716
Source: iBAS ++, Finance Division
* Provisional, ** Estimated Nominal GDP

Chapter 4: Fiscal Policy and Fiscal Management | 50

Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

CHAPTER FIVE
MONETARY MANAGEMENT AND FINANCIAL MARKET
DEVELOPMENT

A cautious contractionary monetary and credit programme has been formulated for FY 2022-23 to
support the economic recovery process in the coming days as well as mitigate inflationary and
exchange rate pressures. Reserve money growth has been set at 14.00 percent while the broad
money growth ceiling has been set at 11.50 percent, consistent with the real GDP growth target and
CPI-based average inflation ceiling. For FY 2022-23, growth of net foreign assets (NFA) and net
domestic assets (NDA) have been projected by Bangladesh Bank to -11.9 percent and 17.9 percent
respectively. According to the latest available data, broad money, reserve money and domestic
credit actually grew by 8.77 percent, 8.71 percent and 15.58 percent respectively in February 2023
compared to 9.45 percent, 7.25 percent and 13.32 percent respectively in the same month of the
previous year. It is noted that, growth of broad money declined due to the sharp fall of the growth of
net foreign assets (NFA) until February 2023. The growth of NFA in the banking system decelerated
further to -13.34 percent in February 2023 from 0.26 percent at the end of February 2022 due to
negative trade balance and downward trend in remittances. The growth of NDA stood at 15.14
percent at the end of February 2023 compared to 12.43 percent in the same month of the previous
year. Considering the necessary outlays for ongoing mega projects and the COVID-19 related
stimulus packages of the Government, the public sector credit growth ceiling has been set at 37.66
percent for FY 2022-23. On the other hand, the private sector credit growth target has been set at
14.10 percent. However, the public and private sector credit experienced 33.87 percent and 12.14
percent annual growth respectively in February 2023 against the actual growth of 28.94 percent
and 10.87 percent respectively in February 2022. The recent trends in weighted average lending
and deposit rates show upward movement. The weighted average lending rate increased
consistently and stood at 7.27 percent at the end of February 2023. At the same time, the weighted
average deposit rate although declined a little and stood at 3.97 percent of end June 2022 from 4.02
percent of end February 2022, later it increased much and reached to 4.31 percent at end of
February 2023. Broad Index (DSEX) of Dhaka Stock Exchange Limited was 6,376.94 points at the
end of June 2022, which decreased by 2.51 percent to 6,216.95 points on 28 February 2023. The
overall price index of Chattogram Stock Exchange was 18,727.51 points at the end of June 2022,
which decreased by 2.14 percent to 18,326.02 points on 28 February 2023.

is expected to support the economic recovery

The FY 2022-23 monetary policy has been
process in the
formulated in order to discourage unproductive
financial flows to tame the demand-side
pressures without circumventing the required coming days as well as mitigate inflationary and
flow of funds to the productive sectors easing exchange rate pressures. The last monetary and
supply-side conditions and supporting the credit programmes were designed in line with the
country’s long-term growth aspirations. Thus, the targeted real GDP growth and CPI inflation as
formulation of a contractionary cautious outlined in the national budget for FY 2022-23.
monetary and credit programme for FY 2022-23
To achieve monetary policy objectives,
Bangladesh Bank (BB) has taken several policy

Chapter 5: Monetary Management and Financial Market Development | 51

Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

measures during July-December 2022 (the first for FY 2022-23, commensurate with BB’s
half of FY 2022-23, H1FY 2022-23). Of these supply-side interventions to support required
important measures are: increasing the repo rate investment and employment generation for
from 5.75 percent to 6.00 percent, relaxing the achieving targeted GDP growth (6.50 %).
lending rate cap for consumer loans, including According to the latest available data, the public
credit cards, and removing specific floor for the and the private sector credit growth stood at
deposit rate; providing all sorts of production 33.87 percent and 12.14 percent respectively in
enhancing supports in terms of refinancing/pre- February 2023. Based on the public and private
financing lines for agriculture, Cottage, Micro, sector credit expansion, the domestic credit
Small, and Medium Sized Enterprises growth has been set at 18.49 percent for FY
(CMSMEs), import substitutes, and export- 2022-23 and at the end of February 2023 it
oriented industries; and continuing the financial indeed stood at 15.58 percent. The target of NFA
support by providing enough refinance facilities growth of the banking system for FY 2022-23
to implement the Government’s ongoing stimulus has been set to be in the negative territory by
package as well as strengthening the economic 11.90 percent as the overall BOP position is
activities and employment generation. expected to remain in a deficit due mainly to
adversity in the financial account sector despite
Reserve money growth has been set at 14.00
prediction of improved inflows of inward
percent while the broad money growth ceiling
remittances.
has been set at 11.50 percent, consistent with the
real GDP growth target and CPI-based average
inflation ceiling. According to the latest available Money and Credit Situation
data, reserve money and broad money actually Growth Trends of Monetary Aggregates
grew by 8.71 percent and 8.77 percent
respectively in February 2023. Considering the At the end of February of FY 2022-23, the year-
necessary outlays for ongoing mega projects and on-year growth of reserve money, broad money
the COVID-19 related stimulus packages of the (M2) and narrow money (M1) stood at 8.71
Government, the public sector credit growth percent, 8.77 percent and 17.62 percent
ceiling has been set at 37.66 percent for FY respectively. Table 5.1 shows the growth trends
2022-23. On the other hand, the private sector of monetary aggregates.
credit growth target has been set at 14.10 percent

Table 5.1: Growth Trends of Monetary Aggregates

(Year-on-year growth)

Indicator 2016-17 2017-18 2018-19 2019-20 2020-21 2021-22 Feb'22 Feb'23

Narrow Money (M1) 13.01 6.17 7.22 20.11 14.49 13.32 12.47 17.62

Broad Money (M2) 10.88 9.24 9.88 12.64 13.62 9.43 9.45 8.77

Reserve Money (RM) 16.28 4.04 5.32 15.56 22.35 -0.26 7.25 8.71

Source: Bangladesh Bank

Chapter 5: Monetary Management and Financial Market Development | 52

Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

Narrow Money (M1) Broad Money (M2)

Narrow money (M1) increased by 13.32 percent Broad money (M2) stood at Tk. 17,08,122.2
during FY 2021-22, which was 14.49 percent in crore in FY 2021-22 as compared to Tk.
FY 2020-21. Up to February 2023 of FY 2022- 15,60,895.3 crore of FY 2020-21. Up to February
23, M1 increased by 17.62 percent, which was 2023 of FY 2022-23, M2 stood at Tk.
12.47 percent in the same period of the previous 17,63,032.0 crore with a growth (year-on-year)
fiscal year. Of the components of the M1, the of 8.77 percent as compared to 9.45 percent
growth of currency notes and coins with the growth in the same period of the previous fiscal
public and demand deposit have stood at 21.39 year. Time deposit increased (year-on-year) by
percent and 12.62 percent respectively up to 6.13 percent at the end of February 2023, which
February 2023, which was 14.53 percent and was 8.59 percent in the same period of the
9.84 percent respectively in the same period of previous fiscal year. Table 5.2 shows the
the previous fiscal year. movement and growth of the components of
broad money (M2) and domestic credit. Figure
5.1 and Figure 5.2 show the growth of Broad
Money and its components and percentage share
of the components of Broad Money respectively.

Figure 5.1: Composition of Broad Money

(Year-on-Year Percentage Change)

25

20

15
(%)

10

0
JUNE, 2019 JUNE, 2020 JUNE, 2021 JUNE, 2022 FEBRUARY, FEBRUARY,
2022 2023

Narrow money (M1) Broad money (M2) Time deposit

Chapter 5: Monetary Management and Financial Market Development | 53

Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

Table 5.2: Movement and Growth of the Components of M2 and Domestic Credit

Indicators June 2019 June 2020 June 2021 June 2022 February February
2022 2023
End period stock (In crore Taka)
1. Net foreign assets of the banking system 272399.5 297336.2 382337.5 364298.8 362666.4 314276.0
2. Net domestic assets of the banking system 947212.0 1076398.9 1178557.8 1343823.4 1258270.3 1448756.0
a. Domestic credit 1146884.7 1307633.7 1439899.0 1671749.1 1546240.3 1787185.6
a.1. Government sector (net)1 113273.4 181150.7 221025.9 283314.6 231467.5 309866.6
a.2. Public sector (other)1 23355.6 29215.1 30017.8 37198.9 35916.9 43249.7
a.3. Private sector1 1010255.7 1097267.9 1188855.3 1351235.6 1278856 1434069
b. Other assets (net) -199672.7 -231234.8 -261341.2 -327925.7 -287970.0 -338429.6
3. Narrow money 273293.4 328263.9 375828.7 425904.7 371773.7 437298.4
a. Currency notes and coins with the public 154287 192114.5 209517.7 236448.9 212270.2 257667.6
b. Demand deposit2 119006.4 136149.4 166311 189455.8 159503.5 179630.8
4. Time deposit 946318.1 1045471.2 1185066.6 1282217.5 1249163.0 1325733.6
5. Broad money [(1)+(2)] or [(3)+(4)] 1219611.5 1373735.1 1560895.3 1708122.2 1620936.7 1763032.0
Year-on-year percentage change
1. Net foreign assets of the banking system 2.92 9.15 28.59 -4.72 0.26 -13.34
2. Net domestic assets of the banking system 12.06 13.64 9.49 14.02 12.43 15.14
a. Domestic credit 12.26 14.02 10.11 16.10 13.32 15.58
a.1. Government sector (net) 19.37 59.92 22.01 28.18 28.94 33.87
a.2. Public sector (other) 21.64 25.09 2.75 23.92 14.09 20.42
a.3. Private sector 11.32 8.61 8.35 13.66 10.87 12.14
b. Other assets (net) 13.24 15.81 13.02 25.48 17.39 17.52
3. Narrow money 7.22 20.11 14.49 13.32 12.47 17.62
a. Currency notes and coins with the public 9.49 24.52 9.06 12.85 14.53 21.39
b. Demand deposit 4.41 14.41 22.15 13.92 9.84 12.62
4. Time deposit 10.67 10.48 13.35 8.20 8.59 6.13
5. Broad money 9.88 12.64 13.62 9.43 9.45 8.77
Source: Bangladesh Bank. Note: 1. including accrued interest, 2. including deposits of other financial institutions and government agencies.

Figure 5.2: Percentage Share of the Compositions of Broad Money

100%
Share (in percent)

80%
77.59 76.10 75.92 75.07 75.20
60%

40%

20% 9.76 9.91 10.65 11.09 10.19

12.65 13.98 13.42 13.84 14.62
0%
June'19 June'20 June'21 June'22 Feb'23

Currency outside Bank Demand Deposit Time Deposit

Chapter 5: Monetary Management and Financial Market Development | 54

Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

Domestic Credit Reserve Money

The growth of domestic credit stood at 16.10 Reserve money stood at Tk. 3,47,162.1 crore at
percent in FY 2021-22 which was 10.11 percent the end of FY 2021-22, which was Tk.
in FY 2020-21. Domestic credit increased (year- 3,48,071.8 crore in FY 2020-21. Reserve money
on-year) by 15.58 percent up to February 2023 of decreased by 0.26 percent in FY 2021-22
FY 2022-23, which is higher than 13.32 percent compared to 22.35 percent growth of the
growth in the same period of the previous fiscal previous fiscal year. In FY 2022-23, reserve
year. Of which private sector credit growth stood money increased by 8.71 percent up to February
at 12.14 percent at the end of February 2023 2023 compared to the same period of the
against 10.87 percent in the same period of the previous fiscal year and stood at Tk. 3,50,346.9
previous fiscal year. The net credit to the crore. On the other hand, net foreign assets
government increased by 33.87 percent at the end decreased by 5.22 percent at the end of FY 2021-
of February 2023 which was increased by 28.94 22 compared to the 28.27 percent growth at the
percent in the same period of the previous year. end of previous fiscal year. In FY 2022-23, net
At the end of February 2023, the share of foreign assets decreased by 18.53 percent up to
government to total domestic credit stood at February 2023 compared to the 1.34 percent
17.34 percent. Private sector credit to total increase in the same period of the previous fiscal
domestic credit stood at 80.24 percent which was year. Components and sources of reserve money
80.83 percent at the end June 2021. and its changes over time have been shown in
Table 5.3 and Table 5.4 respectively.

Table 5.3: Components of Reserve Money and their Changes

June, June, June, June, Feb, Feb,

Particular 2019 2020 2021 2022 2022 2023
End Period (In Crore Tk.)
1. Currency issued 170387.1 208094.1 226888.3 256182.8 232874.6 282494.8
2. Balances of scheduled banks with BB 75012.1 75768.3 120597 90382.9 88916.7 67254.8
3. Reserves of other financial institutions with the BB 788.5 621 586.5 596.4 493.8 597.3
4. Reserve Money [(1)+(2)+(3)] 246187.7 284483.4 348071.8 347162.1 322285.1 350346.9
Percentage Change (Year-on-year)
1. Currency issued 2.43 22.13 9.03 12.91 14.50 21.31
2. Balances of scheduled banks with BB 7.30 1.01 59.17 -25.05 -7.91 -24.36
3. Reserves of other financial institutions with the BB 14.75 -21.24 -5.56 1.69 -11.62 20.96
4. Reserve Money 4.04 15.56 22.35 -0.26 7.25 8.71
Source: Bangladesh Bank

Chapter 5: Monetary Management and Financial Market Development | 55

Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

Table 5.4: Sources of Reserve Money and their Changes

Particular June, 2019 June, 2020 June, 2021 June, 2022 Feb, 2022 Feb, 2023
End Period (In Crore Tk.)
1. Net foreign assets of BB 257195.4 286040.9 366917.3 347757.7 351813.1 286636.7
2. Net domestic assets of BB -11007.7 -1557.5 -18845.5 -595.6 -29528.0 63710.2
a. BB’s Claims 43745.8 63776.4 45294.6 80375.4 32893.6 175505.9
a.1. Claims on Government sector (net) 31189 42117.1 17285.5 54930.0 8058.5 108685.3
a.2. Claims on other public sector 2380.4 2551.9 3218.1 3435.6 3485.2 3620.2
a.3. BB's claims on DMBs 5386.9 13764.9 18952.3 16073.9 15583.3 56269
a.4. BB's claims on NBDCs 4789.5 5342.5 5838.7 5935.9 5766.6 6931.4
b. Other assets (net) -54753.5 -65333.9 -64140.1 -80971.0 -62421.6 -111795.7
3. Reserve Money [(1)+(2)] 246187.7 284483.4 348071.8 347162.1 322285.1 350346.9
Percentage Change (Year-on-year)
1. Net foreign assets of BB 1.45 11.22 28.27 -5.22 1.34 -18.53
2. Net domestic assets of BB -44.31 -85.85 1109.98 -96.84 -36.71 -315.76
a. Domestic credit 22.64 45.79 -28.98 77.45 104.55 433.56
a.1. Claims on Government sector (net) 38.17 35.04 -58.96 217.78 -171.21 1248.70
a.2. Claims on other public sector 0.53 7.20 26.11 6.76 9.50 3.87
a.3. BB's claims on DMBs -3.50 155.53 37.69 -15.19 -17.29 261.09
a.4. BB's claims on NBDCs -6.93 11.55 9.29 1.66 7.28 20.20
b. other assets (net) -1.23 19.32 -1.83 26.24 -0.50 79.10
3. Reserve Money 5.32 15.56 22.35 -0.26 7.25 8.71
Source: Bangladesh Bank

Money Multiplier
Claims on government sector (net) increased by
217.78 percent in FY 2021-22 compared to 58.96 Due to higher growth of broad money compared
percent in FY 2020-21. Claims on deposit money to reserve money growth, money multiplier
banks (DMBs) decreased by 15.19 percent in FY increased to 4.920 in FY 2021-22 from 4.484 of
2021-22, which was increased by 37.69 percent FY 2020-21. During FY 2022-23, money
in FY 2020-21. In FY 2022-23, claims on multiplier stood at 5.032 at the end of February
government sector (net) increased by 1,248.70 2023. Ratios of money multiplier as reserve-
percent at the end of February 2023, which was deposit ratio and currency-deposit ratio stood at
decreased by 171.21 percent at the same period 0.062 and 0.171 respectively at the end of
of the previous fiscal year. At the same period, February 2023.
claims on deposit money banks (DMBs)
Income Velocity of Money
increased by 261.09 percent, which was
decreased by 17.29 percent in the same period of Income velocity of money increased to 2.33 in
the previous fiscal year. During this time, claims FY 2021-22 which was 2.26 at the end of FY
on other public sector increased by 3.87 percent, 2020-21. The trends of income velocity of money
which was increased by 9.50 in the same period and broad money as a percent of GDP have been
of the previous fiscal year. shown in Table 5.5. The movement of broad
money as percent of GDP has been shown in
Figure 5.3.

Chapter 5: Monetary Management and Financial Market Development | 56

Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

Table 5.5: Income Velocity of Money

(In billion Tk.)
GDP (current market price) Broad Money Broad Money Income velocity of
FY
(in billion Taka) (In billion Taka) as percent of GDP money (GDP/M2)

2016-17 23243.1 10160.8 2.29 43.72

2017-18 26392.5 11099.8 2.38 42.06
2018-19 29514.3 12196.1 2.42 41.32
2019-20 31704.7 13737.4 2.31 43.33
2020-21 35301.8 15609.0 2.26 44.22
2021-22 39717.2 17081.2 2.33 43.01
Source: Bangladesh Bank and BBS.
Figure 5.3: Movement of M2 as Percent of GDP

44.5 44.22
44 43.72
43.33
43.5 43.01
43
42.06
Percent (%)

42.5
42
41.32
41.5
41
40.5
40
39.5
2016-17 2017-18 2018-19 2019-20 2020-21 2021-22

that it increased consistently and stood at 7.27

Rationalising the Rate of Interest/Charges percent at the end of February 2023. At the same
With a view to rationalising the rate of interest on time, the weighted average deposit rate although
deposit and lending through competitive declined a little and stood at 3.97 percent of end
environment among the banks, Bangladesh Bank June 2022 from 4.02 percent of end February
has been continuing in providing instructions to 2022, later it increased much and reached to 4.31
banks on a regular basis for taking proper percent at end of February 2023. Consequently,
initiatives in FY 2022-23. In order to rationalise the interest rate spread between lending and
the rate of interest in other sectors including deposit rate increased and reached to 3.12 percent
productive sector, banks are advised to limit the at end June 2022 from 3.08 percent of end
difference between lending and deposit rates or February 2022. The same decreased later and
spread to below 4 percent except credit card and stood at 2.96 percent at end of February 2023. In
consumer credit. Besides, the maximum rate of enhancement of the market-based interest rate,
interest/profit on unclassified loans/investment is increasing the policy rate several times by
set at 9 percent except credit card. The recent Bangladesh Bank and reduction of excess
trends in weighted average lending and deposit liquidity in the banking system have played
rates show upward movement. The weighted significant role. The monthly trends of weighted
average lending rate showed some constancy and average lending and deposit rates and the interest
reached to 7.09 percent at the end of June 2022 rate spread from February 2021 to February 2023
from 7.10 percent of end February 2022. After have been shown in Figure 5.4.

Chapter 5: Monetary Management and Financial Market Development | 57

Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

Figure 5.4: Weighted Average Deposit and Lending Interest Rate

10.0

8.0

6.0
Percent (%)

4.0

2.0

0.0

Oct-21

Aug-22

Oct-22
Jun-21

Aug-21

Nov-21

Jun-22

Nov-22
Feb-21

Apr-21
May-21

Jul-21

Sep-21

Feb-22

Apr-22
May-22

Jul-22

Sep-22

Feb-23
Dec-21
Mar-21

Dec-22
Jan-22

Mar-22

Jan-23
Interest Rate Spread Weighted Average Deposit Rate Weighted Average Lending Rate

Source: Bangladesh Bank.

Banking Sector
These banks are: Ansar VDP Unnayan Bank,
As on February 2023, there are 61 scheduled
Karmasangsthan Bank, Grameen Bank, Jubilee
banks in Bangladesh. Among 61 scheduled
Bank and Palli Shanchay Bank. As of February
banks, there are 6 state owned commercial banks,
2023, structure of the scheduled bank system by
3 specialized banks, 43 private commercial banks
types of banks and their share in total deposits
and 9 foreign commercial banks. In addition, 5
and assets (as of December 2022) are shown in
more non-scheduled banks are also operating.
Table 5.6.
Table 5.6: Structure of the Banking System in Bangladesh
(End February 2023)

No. of No. of Branches Percentage of Percentage of

Type of Banks Banks Total Assets* Total
Urban Rural Total Deposit*
State-owned Commercial Banks 6 1769 2054 3823 23.35 24.62
(SOCBs)
State-owned Specialised Banks 3 301 1222 1523 2.19 2.65
(SBs)
Private Commercial Banks 43 3611 2137 5748 68.71 68.02
(PCBs)
Foreign Commercial Banks 9 63 - 63 5.75 4.71
(FCBs)
Total 61 5744 5413 11157 100 100
Source: Bangladesh Bank, *= as per December, 2022 data.
the total deposits of the banking system, 68.02
In Bangladesh, 61 scheduled banks are
percent and 24.62 percent are belonged to the
performing their banking business with 11,157
PCBs and SOCBs respectively.
branches as on February 2023. Of these total
bank branches, the number of urban and rural Non-bank Financial Institutions (NBFIs)
branches are 5,744 (51.48%) and 5,413 (48.52%) As of February 2023, a total of 35 financial
respectively. As on December 2022, of all the institutions are operating in 40 districts of the
total assets of banking system, 68.71 percent and country through a total of 274 branches, of them
23.35 percent are included to the PCBs and 78 branches are located in Dhaka and the
SOCBs respectively. As of December 2022, of remaining 196 branches are located in 39

Chapter 5: Monetary Management and Financial Market Development | 58

Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

districts. As of December 2022, the paid-up Financial Inclusion

capital and reserves of NBFIs stood at Tk.
Financial inclusion is one of the tools for
13,081.82 crore; of this, the paid-up capital is Tk.
developing countries to move forward in the
8,861.04 crore. As of December 2022,
competitive global economic reality. With a view
shareholders’ equity of NBFIs stood at Tk.
to building a sustainable economic infrastructure
6,077.43 crore, total assets at Tk. 92,001.40 crore
of the country and realising the importance of
and total deposits at Tk. 44,355.10 crore. As of
financial inclusion, Bangladesh Bank has been
December 2022, the total amount of loans/leases
engaged in the exploration and promotion of
disbursed by NBFIs was Tk. 70,435.70 crore; of
innovative and successful policy initiatives to
this, the total amount of classified loan was Tk.
bring the financially excluded marginal
16,821.49 crore which is 23.88 percent of the
population under the umbrella of financial
total loan/lease amount.
inclusion. The major policy initiatives taken by
Bangladesh Bank issues various directives Bangladesh Bank to promote financial inclusion
(guidelines, circulars and circular letters) from are shown in Annexure 5.1.
time to time to strengthen the management
Banking, Monetary and Credit Policy
structure of financial institutions, ensure
Reforms
transparency, risk reduction and corporate good
governance. As part of that, there are product Legal Reforms
guidelines for financial institutions, cost of funds To maintain uninterrupted supply of funds
or base rate determination method, guidelines on required for the continuity of power generation,
capital adequacy and market discipline, Bangladesh Bank, in consultation with the
integrated risk management policy and directives government under the provision of section 121 of
on corporate governance. Some significant policy the Bank Company Act, 1991, issued notification
steps taken by Bangladesh Bank in FY 2022-23 through BRPD dated 26 July 2022, exempting
are as follows: loan adjustment through one-time banks from complying with provision of 26B (1)
exit, simplifying the loan/lease/investment of the Bank Company Act, 1991 for the next 06
classification policy to facilitate customers months in lending to the power sector for
affected by natural disaster including flood, importing fuel and other raw materials. To
rationalizing the rate of interest/profit on deposits maintain uninterrupted supply of funds required
and loans/leases/investments, determining the for the continuity of power generation,
eligibility and suitability conditions of directors Bangladesh Bank, in consultation with the
in the appointment of directors, preservation of government under the provision of section 121 of
information/documents in the loan files properly, the Bank Company Act, 1991, issued notification
customer service and complaint management through BRPD circular dated 8 November 2022,
policy, policy regarding imposition of exempting banks from complying with provision
fees/charges/commissions on various services, of 26B(1) of the Bank Company Act, 1991 for
etc. Besides, for cash flow of individuals/ the next 5 years in lending to the coal-based
organisations being adversely affected by long- power producers to meet up the expenses of
term negative impact of corona and various out- purchase or import of coal and other raw
of-control factors including the state of war in materials used for setting up coal-based power
outside world, a master circular has also been plants and electricity generation.
issued regarding reschedule/ restructure of
loans/leases/investments for proper management
of classified loans.

Chapter 5: Monetary Management and Financial Market Development | 59

Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

Reforms in State Owned Commercial Banks Steps to mitigate impacts of COVID-19 in the
Money and Financial markets
Bangladesh Bank has been monitoring the overall
performance of state-owned commercial banks • Overnight repo interest rate has been changed
(except Bangladesh Development Bank Ltd.) under by Bangladesh Bank twice in FY 2022-23.
Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) in FY Firstly, the repo rate was increased by 25
2022-23 like the previous years. Bangladesh Bank basis points and re-fixed at 5.75 percent from
has set various terms and targets in MOU for banks 5.50 percent on 2 October 2022. Later, the
to improve their efficiency in asset liability repo rate was increased again by 25 basis
management, reduce classified loans, ensure points and re-fixed at 6.00 percent from 5.75
recovery against classified loans, minimise percent on 16 January 2023.
operating expenses, provide digital banking
• In order to rationalise policy interest corridor,
services and to strengthen internal control system
the reverse repo rate has been revised by 25
of banks. Apart from these, to improve the quality
basis points increase and re-fixed to 4.25
of assets of banks, some other conditions have
percent from the existing 4.00 percent, with
been imposed in MOU in case of purchasing
effect from 16 January 2023.
Foreign Documentary Bill (FDBP), creation of
forced loan/PAD/demand loan and rescheduling of • Ensuring proper liquidity management of
forced loan/PAD/demand loan in long term. In this Shari’ah based banks and to further
context, the compliance of terms/conditions set in strengthen the Islamic financial system, 14
the MOU is regularly monitored by Bangladesh days tenor liquidity facility named ‘Islamic
Bank. Banks Liquidity Facility (IBLF)’ under the
Mudaraba contract against Sukuk has been
Money and Financial Market Reforms
introduced on 5 December 2022.
With a view to strengthening and updating the
risk management activities of the banks in line • Besides, to meet the interim liquidity
with the changing environment, ‘Risk shortages of Shari’ah based banks, under the
Management Guidelines for Banks’ introduced in Mudaraba agreement against collateral of
2012 has been revised. In order to ensure sound claims of banks on the government arising
risk management practices in the banks, from subsidies or incentives to be received
instructions regarding specifying roles and against special schemes/programs,
responsibilities of the Board of Directors, Board ‘Mudarabah Liquidity Support (MLS)’ for 7,
Risk Management Committee, Executive Risk 14 and 28 days has been introduced on 05
Management Committee and Chief Risk Officer February 2023.
(CRO) along with restructuring the risk • Bangladesh Bank, using own fund, structured
management framework of banks have been a revolving refinance scheme worth Tk.
included in the said guideline. Besides, initiatives 15,000.0 crore titled ‘Refinance scheme for
have been taken to establish a well-organised providing working capital loan/investment
Risk Appetite Framework for balancing between facilities in large industrial and service
the risks taken and business targets to be sector’ to ensure liquidity supply in banks
achieved by the banks. The implementation of under the Government announced
Basel III has been shown in Annexure 5.2. loan/investment facility worth Tk. 30,000.0
crore for the distressed industrial and service
sector companies (except CMSME) due to
breakout of COVID-19. Under this scheme,

Chapter 5: Monetary Management and Financial Market Development | 60

Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

43 banks and 8 non-bank financial Bangladesh Securities and Exchange

institutions received refinance facility worth Commission (Qualified Investor Offer by
Tk. 10,959.02 crore as on February 2023. Small Capital Company) Rules, 2022.
• With a view to facilitating transfer of
• The financial institutions are directed to
ownership of listed and unlisted companies,
ensure the proper utilisation of the loans
branding and exposure of companies,
given under implementing financial incentive
facilitating alternative investment vehicles
package announced by the government to
for potential investors, BSEC has approved
deal with the crisis caused by COVID-19.
Dhaka Stock Exchange (Alternative Trading
Development of Payments System Board) Regulations, 2022 and accordingly on
A safe and efficient payment system is crucial in 04th January 2023 Alternative Trading Board
maintaining financial stability and effective was inaugurated.
performance of the financial system. To establish • According to the instructions of the
a public interest oriented modern, effective and government, on 10 October 2022 the
capital based payment system in the country and Treasury Bond (T-Bond) trading platform of
to ease ongoing financial transactions of the government securities was launched by
mass, Bangladesh Bank has implemented various Dhaka Stock Exchange Limited and
reforms activities which have been shown in Chattogram Stock Exchange PLC.
Annexure 5.3.
• BSEC issued an Order on 15 November 2022
Presentation of Money Laundering and in relation to the transaction of listed
Combating Financing of Terrorism securities by the clients of block market at 10
Some of the activities taken by the Bangladesh percent lower than the floor price under the
Financial Intelligence Unit (BFIU) during FY existing circuit breaker system.
2021-22 in order to prevent of money laundering • Commission issued a Notification on 23
and combating financing of terrorism are shown August 2022 regarding Bangladesh
in Annexure 5.4. Securities and Exchange Commission
(Securities Market Shari’ah Advisory
Capital Market
Council) Rules, 2022.
The Bangladesh Securities and Exchange • Commission issued a Notification on 22
Commission (BSEC) has taken a number of September 2022 in order to amend the
steps, including reform of laws and regulations, Depository (User) Regulations, 2003.
for the overall development of the capital market. • Commission issued a Notification on 3
Some of the activities undertaken by BSEC till October 2022 in relation to the issuance of
February 2023 of FY 2022-23 are briefly capital through bonus shares or stock
mentioned below: dividend.
• Dhaka Stock Exchange Limited and • Commission issued a Directive on 13
Chittagong Stock Exchange PLC have November 2022 regarding extension of time
launched a separate platform (SME Platform) to fulfill the requirement of maintenance of
in 2021 for the small capital companies to minimum Net Worth by Merchant Bankers.
raise capital by issuing securities. With a • Commission has issued a Notification on 28
view to modernising the transactions of SME December 2022 in respect to the Bangladesh
institutions, BSEC has issued a Notification Securities and Exchange Commission
on 12th September 2022 regarding (Insider Trading) Rules, 2022.

Chapter 5: Monetary Management and Financial Market Development | 61

Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

• According to BSEC Directive it was growth compared to 30 June, 2022. Total market
instructed to pay the accrued interest of capitalisation of all listed securities was Tk.
Consolidated Customers Accounts to the 5,17,781.69 crore in June 30, 2022 which stands
respective BO account holders on at Tk. 7,63,009.14 crore on February 28, 2023,
proportionate basis. representing 47.36 percent increase. DSE Broad
Index (DSEX) has decreased from 6,376.94
Capital Market Situation
points in June 2022 to 6,216.95 points in
Dhaka Stock Exchange Ltd (DSE) February 28, 2023, showing 2.51 percent
The total number of listed securities has decrease. The P/E ratio was 14.33 in February
increased from 625 in June 2022 to 655 in 2023 whereas it was 16.15 in February 2022.
February 28, 2023. On 28 February, 2023, total Details of Securities Turnover are below in the
issued capital of all listed securities stands at Tk. Table 5.7 and Figure 5.5.
4,13,324.39 crore registering 171.64 percent

Table 5.7: Securities Trading Information of Dhaka Stock Exchange

Year/Month No. of Listed No. of Issued Market Securities DSE
End Securities IPOs Capital Capitalisation Traded in Board
(Including Mutual (Tk in crore) (Tk in crore) Value Index
Funds & Debentures) (Tk in crore)
2016-17 563 9 116551.08 380100.10 180522.21 5656.05
2017-18 572 11 121966.51 384734.78 159085.19 5405.46
2018-19 584 15 126857.48 399816.38 145965.54 5421.62
2019-20 589 5 129981.40 311966.98 78042.78 3989.09
2020-21 609 15 139734.40 514282.13 254697.04 6150.48
2021-22 625 16 152159.28 517781.69 318607.02 6376.94
2022-23* 655 6 413324.39 763009.14 138242.76 6216.95
Source: Dhaka Stock Exchange Ltd, * Up to February, 2023, ** No. of IPOs based on trading date
*** Issued Capital & Market Capital increased in FY 2022-23 since new government treasury bond’s trading started from October, 2022.

Figure 5.5: DSE Market Capitilisation and Indices

900000 7000
800000 6000
700000
5000
600000
In crore Tk.

500000 4000
Index

400000 3000
300000
2000
200000
100000 1000

0 0
2016-17 2017-18 2018-19 2019-20 2020-21 2021-22 2022-23*

Market Capitalization (Tk in crore) DSE Board Index

* Up to February, 2023.

Chapter 5: Monetary Management and Financial Market Development | 62

Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

Chattogram Stock Exchange (CSE) as on 30th June 2022 was Tk. 4,48,415.93 crore,
which increased by 67.15 percent to Tk.
The number of securities listed on Chattogram
7,49,540.50 crore at the end of trading on 28th
Stock Exchange increased from 381 in June 2022
February 2023. The CSE All Share Price Index
to 630 on 28 February 2023. Issued capital of all
was 18,727.51 points at the end of June 2022,
securities stood at Tk. 4,14,084.70 crore as on 28
which decreased by 2.14 percent to 18,326.02
February 2023, which is 304.63 percent higher
points on 28 February 2023. Details of securities
than Tk. 1,02,335.70 crore as on 30 June 2022.
turnover are shown below in the Table 5.8 and
The market capitalisation of all securities of CSE
Figure 5.6.

Table 5.8: Securities Trading Information of Chattogram Stock Exchange

Year No. of listed Number Issued Market Total Turnover value CSE All
Securities of IPO Capital Capitalisation of All Securities Share Price
(Tk. in crore) (Tk. in crore) (Tk. in crore) Index

2016-17 303 9 60657.21 311324.29 11807.53 15580.37

2017-18 312 12 65405.91 312352.17 10985.06 16558.50
2018-19 326 16 71289.43 329330.28 8480.01 16634.21
2019-20 332 4 73589.76 244756.71 5307.82 11332.58
2020-21 348 14 83365.26 438365.33 11691.38 17795.04
2021-22 381 12 102335.71 448415.94 12069.82 18727.51
2022-23* 630 8 414084.71 749540.50 3902.95 18326.02
Source: CSE * Up to February 2023.

Figure 5.6: CSE Market Capitalisation and All Share Price Index

800000 20000

700000 18000
16000
600000
14000
500000 12000
(In crore Tk.)

(Index)

400000 10000

300000 8000
6000
200000
4000
100000 2000
0 0
2016-17 2017-18 2018-19 2019-20 2020-21 2021-22 2022-23*

Market Capitalisation All Share Price Index

* Up to February 2023.

Chapter 5: Monetary Management and Financial Market Development | 63

Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

Annexure
Annex: 5.1
Financial Inclusion

Financial inclusion seems to be the most prominent tool to ensure inclusive and sustainable economic
development in the world. With a view to building a sustainable economic infrastructure of the country
and realising the importance of financial inclusion, Bangladesh Bank has been engaged in the exploration
and promotion of innovative and successful policy initiatives to bring the financially excluded marginal
population under the umbrella of financial inclusion. The major policy initiatives taken by Bangladesh
Bank to promote financial inclusion are as follows:
• To include the under-privileged and financially excluded population in the formal banking services,
Bangladesh Bank has taken initiatives to open bank account with minimum deposit of Tk.10/50/100
for the people from various classes and professions such as farmers, hardcore poor, cleaners of city
corporation, workers of small shoe and leather factory, ready-made garments workers, physically
and sight challenged persons. Banks have also been instructed to open Tk.10 bank accounts for the
inhabitants of the 111 former enclaves that were included in the map of Bangladesh. Bangladesh
Bank has also instructed all the banks to operate these accounts without any service charges. With
the initiatives of Bangladesh Bank the number of these account reached to 2.95 crore at the end of
December 2022.
• With a view to facilitate the farmers for keeping their Tk.10 account effective by providing credit
under minimum conditions, the fund size of the revolving refinance fund worth of Tk. 200 crore has
been enhanced to Tk. 500 crore by Bangladesh Bank from its own source. Small, marginal, and
landless farmers are the main target groups of this refinance scheme. Clients can borrow maximum
Tk. 5.00 lac individually and Tk. 20.00 lac through a group from this fund. About Tk. 634.25 crore
has been disbursed under Tk. 200 crore and Tk. 500 crore scheme up to December 2022.
• Bangladesh Bank has relaxed the regulations for opening the Tk. 10 special accounts for the street
and working children, which was introduced in 2014 to make these people financially independent,
to safeguard their hard-earned money and secure their future. Now, if the biological parents of these
children are available, then the account can be operated by the joint signature of the street children
and their father/mother. In that case, the overall transaction should be under close supervision of the
nominated NGO official. The number of these accounts and the balance of these accounts stood at
30,898 and Tk. 45.52 lakh respectively up to December 2022.
• In accordance with the continuous financial inclusion program, Bangladesh Bank has introduced
agent banking to provide a safe and affordable channel for banking services throughout the country
to the non-privileged, underserved population especially from rural areas where traditional banking
services are not possible to be served profitably. To ensure the proper expansion of agent banking,
Bangladesh Bank issued comprehensive guidelines in September 2017. As of December 2022, 31
banks have got approval from BB to provide agent banking services and they have started their
operations. Up to December 2022, agent banking services have been provided through 1.75 crore
bank accounts opened by 20,736 outlets of 15,126 agents of those 31 banks.

Chapter 5: Monetary Management and Financial Market Development | 64

Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

• Bangladesh Bank has started ‘Remittance Award’ since 2013 to acknowledge the contributions of
NRBs and to motivate expatriates for sending more remittance through regular banking channel. A
total of 221 individuals and 45 institutions in different categories have been awarded in the period
of 2013 to 2020. In the year of 2021, 26 remitters (7 general professionals, 10 specialist
professionals and 09 businessmen), 03 non-resident Bangladeshi owned exchange houses and 04
commercial banks were awarded with ‘Bangladesh Bank Remittance Award 2019’, and 27
remitters (12 general professionals, 10 specialist professionals and 05 businessmen), 03 non-
resident Bangladeshi owned exchange houses and 04 commercial banks were awarded with
‘Bangladesh Bank Remittance Award 2020’.

• Bangladesh Bank introduces school banking for the students less than 18 years of age with a view
to crafting saving habit from the childhood and acquainting them with the banking services and
technology. Under this agenda, financial literacy programs are being organized throughout the
country following the Lead Bank model under Bangladesh Bank’s monitoring and supervision.
School banking conferences have been started from 2016. Financial literacy related video
documentaries, presentations, quiz programmes and cultural programmes are being arranged
through these conferences with a view to disseminating financial literacy.

• Alliance for Financial Inclusion (AFI) is a policy leadership alliance owned and led by member
central banks and financial regulatory institutions with the common objective of advancing
financial inclusion at the country, regional and international levels. 84 institutions from 76
countries are working members of AFI. Bangladesh Bank is representing as a principal member in
this Alliance from June, 2009 and Governor of Bangladesh Bank performed as vice chair from
2016 and as chair of AFI Board of Directors from April, 2018 to September 2019 successfully. At
present, 2 Executive Director level officials of Bangladesh Bank are representing in i) AFI Gender
Inclusive Finance Committee (GIFC) and ii) AFI Intergovernmental Organization Special
Committee (IGOSC) of AFI Board. From the very beginning, Bangladesh is considered as pioneer
of financial inclusion in AFI network. As a member of AFI, Bangladesh Bank signed in Maya
Declaration on 11 September 2014 and commits goals regarding financial inclusion. Till now,
Bangladesh Bank has committed 69 goals, already 47 of which are completed successfully.
Bangladesh Bank has been declared as Regional Champion of Financial Inclusion of Asia region in
‘2022 Maya Declaration Progress Report’ for considerable advancement in Maya Declaration
Commitments.

• To increase financial literacy of people, Bangladesh Bank has completed Striving for a Financially
Literate Society project financed by AFI. Under this project the following three initiatives have
been implemented: Developing Financial Literacy guidelines designed for Banks and Financial
Institution to deploy financial literacy, Producing Financial Literacy content and website aimed at
different segments of people, and producing short animated financial literacy videos for better
dissemination of financial literacy among the mass.

• With a view to overcoming the possible negative impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic, Bangladesh
Bank has formed a refinance fund worth Tk. 3000.0 crore (revolving) on 20 April 2020 for low-
income professionals, farmers, micro/small businesses. As per revised directives issued on 28
October 2021 vide FID Circular No: 02/2021, this facility is being disbursed through Micro

Chapter 5: Monetary Management and Financial Market Development | 65

Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

Finance Institutions (MFIs) as well as by the branches and sub-branches of scheduled banks
enabling the fund to be accessible by the target population at the grassroots levels. The scheme
provides the end users with the facility to borrow at a maximum of 7 percent interest rates from the
banks and at 9 percent interest rate from the MFIs. On the other hand, Bangladesh Bank will charge
0.5 percent interest to the banks while the banks will charge 3.0 percent interest to the MFIs. As of
February 2023, more than 6.5 lakh targeted people has availed the credit facility worth of Tk.
3,763.64 crore through this scheme. Among them, 87.54 percent are female.

• Attaining the targets of Digital Bangladesh with expanding inclusive economic growth, and
prioritizing the need of unbanked and marginal people, Bangladesh Bank has introduced a refinance
scheme of Tk. 100.0 crore named ‘Refinance Scheme for Digital Nano Loan’ in June 2022 to
provide Nano Loan/Investment digitally at minimal interest/profit. Under this scheme, low income,
unbanked and marginal people can get credit facilities from Tk. 500 to Tk. 50,000 without any
paper documents and any collateral within very short time for a period of 6 months maximum using
digital platforms (MFS, mobile apps, e-wallet and e-banking, etc.). Consumers can be charged the
highest 9 percent interest/profit against this loan and Bangladesh Bank provides refinance to the
covenanted banks at 1 percent interest. As of December 2022, 45,003 beneficiaries have received
credit facilities amounting Tk. 46.15 crore under this refinance scheme.

Chapter 5: Monetary Management and Financial Market Development | 66

Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

Annex: 5.2
Implementation of Basel III

Towards building a robust and risk resilient banking system, Basel-III capital and liquidity standards
aligned with the international best practices getting momentum in the banking sector of Bangladesh.
Bangladesh starts implementation of Basel III with a transitional arrangement from January 1, 2015 and
fully implemented at the end of December 2019. In this regard, Bangladesh Bank (BB) issued a
comprehensive guideline and declared a road map with a phase-in action plan for implementation of
BASEL III in December 2014. The aim of implementing Basel-III is to increase resilience of the banks
and the banking sector and prepare the banks and banking system to survive in the financial and economic
crisis. Banks in Bangladesh need to maintain an adequate level of capital requirement in addition of a
minimum capital requirement considering their risk profile.
Basel III increases not only the level of capital but also the quality of capital. Banks need to maintain a
minimum capital ratio of 10.00 percent, out of which 6.00 percent as Tier-1 capital. Under Basel III,
banks also maintaining a Capital Conservation Buffer (CCB) in addition of minimum capital requirement
(MCR). CCB started with 0.625 percent from 2016 and ended up with 2.50 percent in December 2019. At
present Banks are instructed to maintain 2.50 percent CCB. The macro prudential aspects of Basel III
especially counter cyclical capital buffer to protect the banking sector from periods of excess credit
growth is yet to be introduced. On December 2022, 44 banks were able to maintain minimum CCB ratio
(2.5%).
Aiming a leap forward towards IRB Approach, Bangladesh Bank issued a ‘Guidelines on Internal Credit
Risk Rating System (ICRRS)’ and prepared different ‘financial models’ for banks for better managing
credit risk internally. Considering COVID-19 pandemic and its consequent effect, Service/Manufacturing
sector were exempted from ICRRS rating for getting bank loan/investment facilities under the
government stimulus package in 2020. Due to COVID-19 impact, the score for ICRRS’ being
‘Unacceptable’ has been reduced to 55 percent from 60 percent.
Capital adequacy reporting under Basel III accord starts from the first quarter ended in March 2015. It is
evident that at the end of December 2022, Capital to Risk-weighted Asset Ratio (CRAR) of the banking
industry stood at 11.83 percent while Common Equity Tier 1 (CET1) was 7.73 percent which
accomplished Basel III capital adequacy requirements. However, at individual level, 50 out of 61 banks
were able to maintain minimum capital requirements, i.e., 10% CRAR and 53 banks were able to
maintain CET1 at required level.
SRP-SREP Dialogue which is another major part of Pillar II Implementation process could not ground for
the base year 2019 due to COVID-19 pandemic. For the base year 2020, SRP-SREP Meeting with the
banks has finished in August 2022 and the meeting for the year of 2021 will be started soon. With the
experience of the last three years completed meetings (base year of 2017, 2018 and 2020 respectively)
with banks, it was found that the estimated additional capital requirement for residual risk was arisen
mainly due to documentation error which was the highest among the pillar II risks. Apart from that,
strategic risks and appraisal of core risks management were the other foremost concerns for the banks.

Chapter 5: Monetary Management and Financial Market Development | 67

Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

Annex: 5.3
Development of Payment System
A safe and efficient payment system is crucial in maintaining stability and effectiveness of the financial
system. To establish payment system supportive for capital formation and facilitating transactions and
settlement services for mass engaged in banking services, Bangladesh Bank has been operating four
interoperable payment platforms named Bangladesh Automated Cheque Processing System (BACPS),
Bangladesh Electronic Funds Transfer Network (BEFTN), National Payment Switch Bangladesh (NPSB),
and Interoperable Digital Transactions Platform (IDTP). Moreover, for the large-value payments segment,
Bangladesh Real Time Gross Settlement (BD-RTGS) System has been established to settle high value
(Tk. 100,000 equivalent and above) transactions on a real-time basis. During July-February 2023 of FY
2022-23, BACPS handled about Tk. 8.88 lakh crore through high value checks and around Tk. 4.35 lakh
crore through regular value checks. During the same period, BEFTN settled approximately Tk. 6.22 lakh
crore through electronically credit and debit items. During July-February 2023 of FY23, about Tk. 85.83
thousand crore has been transacted through NPSB system and about Tk. 36.44 lakh crore has been settled
in BD-RTGS.
Applying mobile technology, nine banks and three subsidiary companies of banks and one financial
service provider of the Bangladesh Postal Department (Nagad) are providing financial services, namely
Mobile Financial Services (MFS). Beside payment by individuals, merchant payment through MFS is
quickly gaining popularity among the customers. As of January 2023, the total number of MFS agents is
15,69,111 and the number of registered clients is approximately 19.41 crore out of which the number of
active accounts is about 5.73 crore. In that period, the average daily transaction volume through MFS was
about Tk. 3.24 thousand crore.
Till date, Bangladesh Bank has issued licenses to eight companies, of them seven PSOs act for settlement
of transactions in e-commerce or online buying and selling, which are playing an important role in the
advancement of e-commerce by providing Payment Gateway and Payment Aggregator services. Besides,
PSP licenses have been issued to five non-bank companies for providing e-wallet services. To make the
benefits of modern payment system more accessible to the public, Bangladesh Bank has published
guidelines for handling payment based on White Label ATM and Merchant Acquiring Services
(WLAMA) and ‘Bangla QR’ code. In addition, to promote labor-intensive micro/floating entrepreneurs,
small and micro traders, marginal sellers and service providers, Bangladesh Bank has released the
opportunity to open ‘Personal Retail Accounts’ with minimal paperwork. To ensure discipline and
consumer protection in the e-commerce market, Bangladesh Bank has also introduced escrow system for
online shopping from the market in addition to advance payment. Moreover, Interoperable Digital
Transactions Platform (IDTP) named as ‘Binimoy’ aimed at bridging between the various partners in the
payment system has started functioning from 13 November of 2022 after official inauguration. As a
result, customers will be able to receive all digital payment services under one API (Application
Processing Interface). With the growing demand for digital innovation and the technological excellence of
financial services, Bangladesh Bank launched the Regulatory Fintech Facilitation Office (RFFO) in
August 2020.

Chapter 5: Monetary Management and Financial Market Development | 68

Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

Annex 5.4
Prevention of Money Laundering
During FY 2022-23 (till February 2023) Bangladesh Financial Intelligence Unit (BFIU) has taken
significant initiatives for preventing money laundering and financing of terrorism and proliferation and
thus helped to manage the risks and ensure stability of the financial sector to bolster the growth of our
economy. Some of these initiatives are mentioned below:
• BFIU issued circular on 27 July 2022, which replaced the requirements of attestation of customer’s
documents by respective Bangladeshi embassies while opening account in the scheduled banks by
Non-Resident Bangladeshis (NRBs).
• In the current fiscal year, BFIU received 2,56,52,620 no. of Cash Transaction Report (CTR) from the
banks and non-bank financial institutions and 8198 Suspicious Transaction/Activity Report
(STR/SAR) from the reporting organizations (ROs). In addition, BFIU received 154 complaints from
different sources.
• By analyzing STR/SARs submitted by ROs and complaints received from different sources, BFIU
prepared 40 intelligence reports and disseminated these to law enforcement agencies (LEAs) for
investigation and taking necessary action.
• BFIU conducted total 140 regular inspections including 100 inspections on banks, 17 inspections on
financial institutions, 17 inspections on money changers, 06 inspections on mobile financial service
(MFS) providers and 26 special inspections on ROs over the period. Besides, BFIU exchanged 285
money laundering / terrorism financing related information with the LEAs.
• BFIU received 16 requests from the foreign FIUs for money laundering (ML), terrorism financing
(TF) and proliferation financing (PF) related information and provided the information accordingly.
BFIU also made 52 requests to the FIUs of different countries/ jurisdictions and disseminated the
received responses to the concerned authority/appropriate LEAs.
• BFIU signed Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) with the Financial Intelligence Unit of
Guernsey on 12 July 2022. With this, BFIU has signed total 79 MoUs with the FIUs of different
countries/jurisdictions.
• BFIU and International Monetary Fund (IMF) are working together to strengthen the risk-based
AML/CFT supervisory framework of Bangladesh. In this connection, IMF conducted an onsite
mission at BFIU during January 23-25, 2023 to discuss further scope of development in Bangladesh’s
AML/CFT regime.
• BFIU is working relentlessly to curb ML risk arising from online gaming/bating, crypto currency
transactions, and unauthorized foreign exchange trading activities. BFIU identified 497 websites, 212
face book pages and 120 mobile apps that are facilitating online gaming/bating, unauthorized foreign
exchange trading etc. in Bangladesh and disseminated their information to relevant LEAs for taking
necessary actions.
• To stabilize the volatile foreign exchange market, BFIU provided awareness building trainings on
AML/CFT to 229 Money Exchange houses. Special team formed with BFIU, CID and Bangladesh

Chapter 5: Monetary Management and Financial Market Development | 69

Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

Bank officials conducted special drive-in unauthorized Money Exchange houses and seized local and
foreign currency worth Tk. 2.00 crore and 14 people had been arrested for being involved with
unauthorized Money Exchange business.
• BFIU has held a series of meetings with MFS providers, including LEAs to prevent the use of MFS
platform in digital hundi process. Approximately 5,766 suspected MFS agent account information has
been sent to LEAs which have been identified through various selective indicators. A total of 6,967
MFS account transactions have been frozen by BFIU on the basis of suspicion of involvement in
illegal hundi activities as on February 2023.
• BFIU provided necessary secretarial support to arrange the 26th and 27th meeting of the National
Coordination Committee on AML/CFT where Honorable Finance Minister presided over the meeting.
These two meetings ended with some important decisions to bolster the AML/CFT regime, which are
Cybercrime and Pornography as predicate offence in MLPA, 2012, initiative to amend the Public
Gambling Act, 1867, approving strategy for recovering money siphoned to different countries along
with Swiss banks, approving guidelines on Recovery of Laundered Money: Legal Framework and
Strategic Process etc.
• For prevention of money laundering (ML) and combating terrorist financing (TF) and proliferation
financing (PF), BFIU has been maintaining continued engagement with all the international bodies
such as APG, Egmont Group, FATF, BIMSTEC, UNODC, World Bank and IMF. Bangladesh
actively participated in various international initiatives undertaken by these organizations and other
foreign FIUs in the current fiscal year.

Chapter 5: Monetary Management and Financial Market Development | 70

Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

CHAPTER SIX
EXTERNAL SECTOR

While global economy was recovering from the after-effects of the Covid 19 pandemic, start of Russia-
Ukraine war gave a blow to it. Therefore, during this year global economy observed effects of sanctions,
supply chain disruptions, rise of energy and food price, inflation, exchange rate depreciation, interest rate
hikes, threats of new variants coming out and the actions taken to address those issues through several
fiscal and monetary measures. Further to this, IMF World Economic Outlook, April 2023 found rise of
geo-economic disintegration and investment is moving around ideologically similar economies.
Bangladesh experiences all facets of shocks due to having her exposure to the external world. This chapter
deals with external sector of Bangladesh with particular focus on balance of payment and its components,
exchange rate and reserve position, net International Investment Position, initiatives taken by the
Bangladesh Bank and the activities of the Ministry of Commerce and its attached offices in promoting trade.
The overall balance in the balance of payment shows a deficit of US$ 7,949 million in FY 2022-23 (July-
February) compared to US$ 2,222 million deficit in the same period of previous fiscal year. Due to the
deficit of the overall balance, the foreign exchange reserve has been decreased. The gross foreign exchange
reserves of Bangladesh Bank decreased to US$ 3,2267 million at the end of February 2023, as compared
to US$ 45,948 million at the end of February 2022, which is indeed sufficient for 4.9 months of import
coverage. At this time, the exchange rate of Taka depreciated by 12.07 percent against US dollar.
Bangladesh’s net international investment position (IIP) position and external asset-liability ratio are
declining implying debtor position upgrade for Bangladesh. Bangladesh Bank has brought several changes
to foreign exchange regulation to improve the external challenges, as well as government has shown
relentless effort and proactiveness for enhancing trade through signing Free Trade Agreement,
Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreements, Regional Integration Agreement and WTO rule
compliance. Bangladesh Bank’s initiatives were more related to short term adjustment whereas, Ministry
of Commerce initiatives were more focused on long-term perspective, particularly maintaining sustained
upward growth trend after LDC graduation in 2026.

Global Trade and Investment Scenario important to the policy makers and businesses day
by day. These factors indeed, disrupted global
Recent global trade scenario is driven by rise of
supply chains, increased uncertainty, and
protectionism, geo-politics, pandemic,
negatively affected global trade. Whereas, digital
technological advancements particularly e-
technologies, AI, block chain reduced business
commerce, logistics and digital technologies and
cost, increased efficiency and helped market
focus on sustainability and social responsibility.
expansion. Though it has at the same time
During this year, many countries have
cybersecurity risks, data privacy concerns and
implemented protectionist policies, including
possibility of creation of digital divides. Overall,
higher tariff and trade barriers to protect their
the FY 2022-23 was turbulent for global trade
domestic industries and jobs. Geo-political aspects
scenario, some countries passed this turbulence
including Brexit, the US-China trade war, war in
marginally, some countries have been affected
Ukraine created tension among the nations.
severely. According to the forecast of the IMF
Pandemic has left its footprint with significant
World Economic Outlook January 2023, world
damage in the economy. Whereas green and
trade volume of goods and services is projected to
sustainable business practices are becoming

Chapter 6: External Sector | 71

Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

slow down from estimated 5.4 percent in 2022 to Outlook, April 2023 highlighted that firms and
2.4 percent in 2023 before rising to 3.4 percent in policy makers are increasingly looking at
2024. In case of advanced economies, this trade strategies for moving production process to trusted
volume is expected to fall from estimated 6.6 per countries with aligned political preferences to
cent in 2022 to 2.3 percent in 2023 before rising to make supply chains less vulnerable to geopolitical
2.7 percent in 2024. For emerging markets and tensions. The recent slowdown in FDI has been
developing economies, this trade volume is characterized by divergent pattern across host
expected to fall from estimated 3.4 percent in 2022 countries, with flows increasingly concentrated
to 2.6 percent in 2023 before rising to 4.6 percent among geopolitically aligned countries,
in 2024. Brexit, trade tensions between the US and particularly in the strategic sectors. Therefore,
China, and Russia-Ukraine war pose a challenge based on IMF WEO, April 2023, in more
to international relations and could lead to policy- fragmented world, countries could reduce their
driven reversal of global economic integration, a vulnerability by promoting private sector
process referred to as geo-economic development as well as could take advantage of
fragmentation. This fragmentation could intensify the diversion of investment flows to attract new
with more restrictions on cross-border movements FDI by undertaking structural reforms and
of capital, workers, and international payments improving infrastructure. World Trade Volume
and could hamper multilateral cooperation on has been shown in Table 6.1.
providing global public goods. World Economic

Table 6.1: World Trade Volume

(Percent Change)
Estimate Projections
2021 2022 2023 2024
World Trade Volume (Goods and Services) 10.4 5.2 2.4 3.4
Advanced Economies 9.4 6.6 2.3 2.7
Emerging and Developing Economies 12.1 3.4 2.6 4.6
Source: World Economic Outlook, January 2023, IMF

Balance of Payments (BOP) and its During this period knitwear products and woven
Components continued to occupy about 84.58 percent share of
total export earnings. Moreover, export earnings
Commodity-wise Export Earnings
from shoe (8.28%) and other mfg. products (4.16
Country's export earnings stood at US$ 37,078 %) have increased compared to the same period of
million during July-February of FY2022-23, last fiscal year. But, export earnings from most of
which is 9.56 percent higher than the export the exporting products have decreased during the
earnings (US$ 33,843 million) in the same period period under report. Commodity-wise share of
of FY2021-22. The significant contribution of export earnings in total export earnings and export
knitwear and woven garments played the vital role growth from FY2021-22 to FY2022-23 (up to
to increase the export earnings during FY2022-23. February) are shown in Table 6.2.

Chapter 6: External Sector | 72

 Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

Table 6.2: Commodity-wise share of Export Earnings and Growth of Export Earnings

(Million US Dollar)
Export earnings Percentage of Total Export Growth
Commodities
2020-21 2021-22 2021-22* 2022-23* 2021-22* 2022-23* (%)
A) Primary Commodities: 1643 1911 1407 1072 4.16 2.89 -23.81
1. Raw Jute 138 216 146 130 0.43 0.35 -10.96
2. Tea 4 2 2 1 0.01 0.00 -50.00
3. Frozen Food 477 533 407 319 1.20 0.86 -21.62
4. Agricultural Products 532 502 349 341 1.03 0.92 -2.29
5.Other Primary Commodities 492 658 503 281 1.49 0.76 -44.14
B) Manufactured Goods: 37115 50172 32436 36006 95.84 97.11 11.01
6. Jute Goods 1023 911 654 480 1.93 1.29 -26.61
7. Leather 119 151 100 86 0.30 0.23 -14.00
8. Petroleum bi Products 23 34 19 12 0.06 0.03 -36.84
9. Woven Garments 14497 19399 12427 14302 36.72 38.57 15.09
10. Knitwear 16960 23214 15070 17060 44.53 46.01 13.21
11. Chemical Products 281 364 257 202 0.76 0.54 -21.40
12. Shoe 344 449 290 314 0.86 0.85 8.28
13. Handicrafts 34 43 30 19 0.09 0.05 -36.67
14. Engineering Products 529 796 534 349 1.58 0.94 -34.64
15. Other mfg. Products 3305 4811 3055 3182 9.03 8.58 4.16
Grand Total (A+B) 38758 52083 33843 37078 100 100 9.56
Note: Based on Custom Records. Export Growth is calculated from FY 2021-22 to FY 2022-23.
Source: Compiled by Bangladesh Bank using data of Export Promotion Bureau. # Customs based * July- February.

Country-wise Export Earnings percent respectively of the country’s total export

earnings. The major commodities exported to
Country-wise export data showed that USA and
these two countries were woven garments,
Germany secured the top position in respect of
knitwear, frozen shrimp, crabs, home textile, etc.
importing commodities from Bangladesh for FY
The other major destinations of our exports were
2022-23 (July-February). During the time, export
UK (9.57%) and France (5.68%). The country-
earnings from USA and Germany stood at US$
wise export earnings have been shown in Table
6,439.77 million and US$ 4,906.13 million
6.3.
respectively, which were 17.37 percent and 13.23

Table 6.3: Country-wise Export Earnings

(In million US$)
Fiscal
USA UK Germany France Belgium Italy Netherland Canada Japan Others Total
Year
2012-13 5419.60 2764.90 3962.60 1513.89 730.81 1036.60 712.47 1090.02 750.26 9046.21 27027.36
2013-14 5583.62 2917.73 4720.49 1677.67 970.53 1332.38 858.13 1099.63 862.07 10164.37 30186.62
2014-15 5783.43 3205.45 4705.36 1743.54 975.13 1382.35 840.34 1029.13 915.22 10628.99 31208.94
2015-16 6220.65 3809.70 4988.08 1852.16 1015.33 1385.67 845.92 1112.88 1079.55 11947.24 34257.18
2016-17 5846.64 3569.26 5475.73 1892.55 918.85 1462.95 1045.69 1079.19 1012.98 12352.06 34655.90
2017-18 5983.31 3989.12 5890.72 2004.97 877.90 1559.92 1205.37 1118.72 1131.90 12906.24 36668.17
2018-19 6876.29 4169.31 6173.16 2217.56 946.93 1643.12 1278.69 1339.80 1365.74 14524.44 40535.04
2019-20 5832.39 3453.88 5099.19 1703.58 723.43 1282.81 1098.68 1000.49 1200.78 12278.86 33674.09
2020-21 6974.01 3751.27 5953.51 1962.14 704.98 1308.62 1277.44 1164.01 1183.64 14478.69 38758.31
2021-22 10417.7 4828.08 7590.97 2711.06 900.03 1702.29 1775.01 1522.96 1353.85 19280.69 52082.66
2021-22* 6665.18 3154.94 4954.78 1676.49 601.95 1058.58 1163.56 939.20 895.03 12733.74 33843.45
2022-23* 6439.77 3547.55 4906.13 2107.64 644.08 1627.79 1421.81 1101.56 1285.71 13995.64 37077.68
% Share in
total export
earnings in 17.37 9.57 13.23 5.68 1.74 4.39 3.83 2.97 3.47 37.75 100.00
FY2022-
23*
S Source: Export Promotion Bureau, Ministry of Commerce * July- February

Chapter 6: External Sector | 73

Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

Commodity-wise Import Payments terms of value of total imported commodities,

Country's total import payments stood at US$ China secured the first position for our import up
52,713.1 million in FY 2022-23 (July-February), to February of FY 2022-23. During this period
which was significantly (10.3%) lower than the 27.28 percent of the total imported commodities
import payments of US$ 58,774 million in the came from China. India was the second largest
same period of the preceding year. Commodity- source of import (12.48%) while Japan held the
wise import payments from FY2018-19 to FY third position (3.52%). Country-wise import
2022-23 (July-February) have been shown in payments (from FY 2012-13 to February FY 2022-
Table 6.4. 23) have been shown in Table 6.5. Overall trade
Country-wise Import Payments balance from FY 2015-16 to FY 2022-23 (up to
February) is shown in Figure-6.1.
Country-wise import payments data shows that in

Table 6.4: Commodity-wise Import Payments

(In million US$)

Commodity FY2018-19 FY2019-20 FY2020-21 FY2021-22 FY2021-22* FY2022-23*

A. Major Primary Commodities 5846 6548 9889 9695 6447 6476

Rice 115 22 851 427 415 537
Wheat 1437 1651 1830 2135 1527 1239
Oil Seeds 796 1183 1406 1758 1035 829
Crude Petroleum 416 731 2616 936 574 677
Cotton 3082 2961 3186 4439 2896 3194
B. Major Industrial Commodities 12185 11145 14179 22378 14660 13643
Edible Oil 1656 1617 1926 2893 1831 2056
Petroleum Products 4562 4627 6369 7057 4405 3748
Fertilizer 1301 1035 1360 4391 3119 4189
Clinker 993 879 1048 1223 754 772
Staple Fiber 1228 1086 1040 1569 1040 1009
Yarn 2445 1901 2436 5245 3511 1869
C. Capital Machinery 5413 3581 3825 5463 3773 3365
D. Others Commodities (including 36471 33511 37702 51626 33894 29229.1
EPZ)
Total (1+2+3+4) 59915 54785 65595 89162.3 58774 52713.1
% Change (over the corresponding
year) 1.8 -8.6 19.7 35.9 46.7 -10.3

Source: Compiled by Bangladesh Bank using data from NBR * July-February period

Table 6.5: Country-wise Import Payments

In million US$)
Hong South
Fiscal Year India China Singapore Japan Taiwan USA Malaysia Others Total
Kong Korea
FY2012-13 4777 6328 1422 1180 612 733 1296 538 1903 15295 34084
FY2013-14 5985 7550 2407 1291 762 897 1182 792 2084 17782 40732
FY2014-15 5588 11268 2894 1816 881 1060 1417 880 1361 13539 40704
FY2015-16 5722 12582 1203 2075 827 1004 1417 1134 1184 15974 43122
FY2016-17 6336 13292 2113 2031 726 990 1483 1358 1040 17636 47005
FY2017-18 8941 15937 2255 2422 676 1129 1907 2160 1342 22096 58865
FY2018-19 8242 17265 2274 2254 614 1175 1618 2370 1520 22583 59915
FY2019-20 6663 14360 1883 2092 382 1084 1525 2839 1623 22334 54785
FY2020-21 10334 16974 2436 2468 275 971 1436 2398 1801 26502 65595
FY2021-22 15179 24255 3066 3402 334 1466 2006 3193 2966 33295 89162
FY2021-22* 10026 16139 1940 2386 229 943 1343 2152 1614 22002 58774
FY2022-23* 6576 14381 1623 1858 187 861 1054 1753 1693 22727 52713
Share (%)* 12.48 27.28 3.08 3.52 0.35 1.63 2.00 3.33 3.21 43.11 100
Source: Bangladesh Bank and National Board of Revenue (NBR), *July-February
Note: Data from FY 2012-13 to FY 2013-14 is based on banking records and data from FY 2014-15 is based on custom records.

Chapter 6: External Sector | 74

Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

Figure 6.1: Trade Balance

2015-16 2016-17 2017-18 2018-19 2019-20 2020-21 2021-22 2022-23*

0 40
-5000 30

Percentage of Growth
-10000 20
US$ in Million

-15000 10
-20000 0
-25000 -10
-30000 -20
-35000 -30
-40000 -40

Trade Balance Change of Export, f.o.b. (%) Change of Import, f.o.b. (%)

Source: Bangladesh Bank *July-February

Trade in Services services. Whereas there was also gradual increase

of debit in the services related to transportation,
During FY 2022-23, the net deficit on the services
travel, other business services which contributed a
account increased by US$ 130 million and deficit
large share in making the account deficit.
stood at US$ 2,557 million. However, over the
Performance of Trade in Services has been shown
previous years, there was gradual enhancement of
in Table 6.6.
credit in the services related to transportation,
telecommunication and ICT and other business

Table 6.6: Performance of Trade in Services

(In million US$)
Items 2016-17 2017-18 2018-19 2019-20 2020-21 2021-22 2021-22* 2022-23*
Services (Net) -3288 -4201 -3176 -2578 -3020 -3955 -2427 -2557
Receipts 3621 4540 7154 6716 7439 9925 6344 5838
1. Transportation 436 589 663 573 853 1753 1196 736
2. Travel 293 351 368 320 219 356 223 294
3. Telecommunications & ICT 569 538 557 465 437 755 500 455
4.Other business services 503 594 984 884 923 1131 702 791
5. Government services 1519 1996 2817 2889 2674 2635 1631 1428
6. Others n.i.e. 301 472 1765 1585 2333 3295 2092 2134
Payments 6909 8741 10330 9294 10459 13880 8771 8395
1. Transportation 4505 5529 5638 5287 6364 8629 5555 5005
2. Travel 513 815 823 700 423 1018 530 934
3. Telecommunications & ICT 108 78 92 105 104 124 65 92
4. Other business services 466 995 847 728 641 821 579 441
5. Government services 236 321 217 225 524 382 167 195
6. Others n.i.e. 1081 1003 2713 2249 2403 2906 1875 1728
Source: Statistics Department, Bangladesh Bank, * July-February

Chapter 6: External Sector | 75

Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

Over the past years, the average deficit (due to current account balance deficit reduced to US$
higher amount of payment for import of services 4,387 million. This reduction has been derived
than receiving from export of services) is from higher export income and lower import
observed. The deficit gap was started to reduce payment. At the same time, due to having positive
during FY 2018-19 and FY 2019-20. However, remittance flow, the current account deficit has
pandemic may have a stake in increasing gap in been reduced.
the subsequent years, e.g., FY 2020-21 and FY
Capital Account and Financial Account
2021-22. Considering the service export
Balance
potentials, skill development particularly in IT &
software services, reduction of regulatory barriers Capital account includes the acquisition and
to trade, improvement of quality of business disposal of non-produced, non-financial assets
services and promotion of tourism are expected to between residents and non-residents and capital
reduce the deficit. transfers receivable and payable between residents
and non-residents. In Bangladesh, size of the
Primary Income Accounts
capital account is very small, which mainly cover
There was net deficit on the primary income some capital transfer in the form of official project
account throughout the previous periods. In the grants (excluding technical assistance). A net
FY 2022-23 (July-February), deficit increased by capital account inflow of US$ 203 million was
US$ 482 million and reached to US$ 2,451 million recorded during FY 2022-23 (July-February)
from a deficit of US$ 1,969 million in the same against US$ 143 million at the same period of the
period of FY 2021-22. Major portion of the previous year.
deficits was deriving from interest payment,
On the other hand, in the FY 2022-23 (July-
reliance on foreign investment and the repatriation
February) financial account balance shows a net
of profits by the foreign companies.
negative of US$ 1,537 million whereas it was net
Secondary Income Accounts US$ 11,905 million at same period of the previous
year. Net direct investment recorded an increase
Secondary Income includes official grants in food
from the previous year. Foreign portfolio
and commodity for immediate consumption and
investment remains volatile over the years with
technical assistance. Secondary Income also
slight improvement in the FY 2021-22 and FY
includes workers’ remittances, other gifts and
2022-23, mainly in the form of equity investment
donations. During the period of FY 2022-23 (July-
in the stock market.
February), net transfer has been increased by US$
586 million and reached to US$ 14,449 million from Balance of Payment
US$ 13,863 million of the same period of FY 2021-
Balance of Payment (BoP) reflects a country’s
22. Indeed, secondary income account was
transactions with the rest of the world.
dominated by remittance from expatriates working
Summarizing the components of BoP shows the
abroad, which also contribute significantly
followings. The deficit of trade balance narrowed
country’s foreign exchange earnings.
and stood at US$ 13,828 million in FY 2022-23
Current Account Balance (July-February) which was US$ 22,431 million in
FY 2021-22 (July-February). A deficit trend in the
Since FY 2015-16 Bangladesh’s current account
current account balance has been continued during
balance started to move within the deficit range.
the last five years which was also unstoppable at
Even then, in the FY 2021-22, current account
the FY 2022-23. During the time, current account
balance remarkably turned to higher deficit than
balance deficit reduced at US$ 4,387 million due
the previous year. However, during FY 2022-23,

Chapter 6: External Sector | 76

Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

to decrease of trade deficit and expansion of all these made the overall balance a deficit of US$
workers’ remittances. The primary income 7,949 million in FY 2022-23 (July-February)
account has been decreased but the secondary compared to US$ 2,222 million deficit in the same
income account has been increased during that period of the previous fiscal year. The overall
period. At the same time, the surplus of capital balance of payments position from FY 2016-17 to
account balance increased and financial account FY 2022-23 has been shown in Table 6.7.
balance experienced a deficit. The net outcome of

Table 6.7: Balance of Payments

(In million US$)
Particulars 2016-17 2017-18 2018-19 2019-20 2020-21 2021-22 2021-22* 2022-23*

Trade balance -9472 -18178 -15835 -18569 -23778 -33250 -22431 -13828

Exports, f.o.b. (including EPZ) 34019 36285 39604 32121 36903 49245 31946 34966

Imports, f.o.b. (including EPZ) 43491 54463 55439 50690 60681 82495 54377 48794

Services (net) -3288 -4201 -3176 -2578 -3002 -3955 -2427 -2557

Primary income (net) -1870 -2641 -2382 -3070 -3172 -3152 -1969 -2451

Of which Govt. interest payments 384 597 758 960 909 942 606 855

Secondary income (net) 13299 15453 16903 18782 25377 21718 13863 14449

of which workers' remittances 13240 15402 16862 18205 24778 21032 13439 14013

Current account balance -1331 -9567 -4490 -5435 -4575 -18639 -12964 -4387

Capital account 400 331 239 256 221 181 143 203

Financial account 4247 9011 5130 8654 14067 13775 11905 -1537

Of which FDI (net) 3038 3290 4946 3233 3387 4636 3131 3504

Portfolio investment (net) 457 365 224 44 -269 -158 -92 -43

Other investment (net) 2137 7128 3108 7339 12007 12106 10535 -3029

Errors and omission -147 -632 -700 -306 535 -697 -1306 -2228

Overall balance 3169 -857 179 3169 9274 -5380 -2222 -7949
Source: Bangladesh Bank * July-February

Foreign Exchange Reserve decreased to US$ 32,267 million at the end of

February 2023, as compared to US$ 45,948 million
The deficit of the Balance of Payment has been
at the end of February 2022. This amount of reserve
reflected in the foreign exchange reserve.
can cover only 4.9 months of import payment. Table
Bangladesh Bank has pursued different initiatives
6.8 and Figure 6.2 show the trend of foreign
for retaining foreign exchange reserves. The gross
exchange reserve position and import coverage.
foreign exchange reserves of Bangladesh Bank

Chapter 6: External Sector | 77

Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

Table 6.8: Foreign Exchange Figure 6.2: Forex Reserve and Import Coverage
Reserve
End period Amount 50000 9 10
(Million US$) 8.2 8.4 7.8 5.6
40000 7.4 8

No. of Months
Million USD
30.06.2013 15315 6.3
6.7
6.2
30.06.2014 21508 30000 5.4 4.9 6
30.06.2015 25025 20000 3.9
3.5 4
30.06.2016 30168 10000 2
30.06.2017 33493
30.06.2018 32943 0 0
30.06.2020 36037
30.06.2021 46391
30.06.2022 41827
28.02.2022 45948 Foreign Reserve Month of Import Coverage
28.02.2023 32267
Source: Bangladesh Bank

Exchange Rate Movement reflecting 12.07 percent depreciation of Taka

during the period. The weighted average of Taka-
Bangladesh observed overall 1.73 percent
Dollar exchange rates from FY 2012-13 to FY
depreciation of Taka against US dollar in FY
2022-23 (up to February) has been shown in Table
2021-22 compared to that of the FY 2020-21. The
6.9 and Figure 6.3.
weighted average inter-bank rate stood at Taka
97.26 per US$ in July-February of FY 2022-23,
Table 6.9: Weighted Average Figure 6.3: Weighted Average Exchange Rate
exchange Rate (Tk. per US$) (annual)
Weighted Average
FY
exchange Rate 100.00
2012-13 79.93 97.26
2013-14 77.72 95.00
2014-15 77.67
Taka per Dollar

90.00 86.30 85.51

84.03 84.78 84.81
2015-16 78.26 85.00 82.10
79.93
2016-17 79.12 77.72 77.67 78.26
79.12
80.00
2017-18 82.10
2018-19 84.03 75.00
2019-20 84.78 70.00

2021-22*

2022-23*
2012-13

2013-14

2014-15

2015-16

2016-17

2017-18

2018-19

2019-20

2020-21

2020-21 84.81 2021-22

2021-22 86.30
2021-22* 85.51
2022-23* 97.26
Source: Bangladesh Bank *July- February.

The BDT exchange rate depreciation is higher pressure on BDT exchange rate has been stemmed
than that of the most major trading partners’ from huge current account deficit emanated from
currencies. Consequently, the real effective higher import payments and lower inward
exchange rate (REER) index as calculated with remittance. This has been exacerbated with the
trade weighted 15-currency basket (base: FY rapid rise of outward foreign travels, especially for
2015-16=100) was 101.51 in FY 2022-23 medical, pilgrimage, education and recreation
(February 2023), which was 111.30 in the purposes. Besides, the US monetary policy
previous FY 2021-22, indicating depreciating tightening, which narrowed the interest rate
pressure on Taka against Bangladesh’s trade differential between two economies, has also
partners’ currencies. The recent depreciating played a significant role for recent exchange rate

Chapter 6: External Sector | 78

Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

depreciation. Besides, these global economic the rest of the world. Bangladesh’s net IIP position
factors there are some indicators inside the is declining gradually except the year 2020, which
country, e.g., inflation, interest rate may have is also reflected in the asset-liability ratio over the
exerted influence on current exchange rate periods under study. Indeed, higher asset-liability
movement. To mitigate the depreciating pressure ratio in 2020 is mainly due to having highest
on BDT exchange rate, the government and amount of reserve asset during that year. Later on,
Bangladesh Bank have taken several policy as reserve asset is declining which could not
measures (Annexure-6.2). compensate the liabilities on account of direct
investment, portfolio investment and other
Net International Investment Position (Net IIP)
investment. Trend of net IIP and Asset-Liability
Net International Investment Position (Net IIP) is Ratio are shown in Figure 6.4a and in 6.4b.
the difference between the value of financial assets
of residents of an economy that are claims on non-
residents and the liabilities of residents of an
economy to non-residents at a point in time. It
represents either a net claim on or a net liability to
Figure 6.4 (b): Asset-Liability Ratio
Figure 6.4 (a): Net IIP Position and Ratio to
GDP
80.0

2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 70.0

0 0.0 64.2

-1000 -2.0
60.0
-4.0
IIP is not a concern as long as Bangladesh
54.3 is able
Per cent of GDP

-2000
Per cent (%)
Billion Taka

-6.0
58.3 49.7 48.6
-3000 -8.0 50.0
-4000 -8.1 -10.0
-10.2 -12.0
-5000 45.3
-11.6 -14.0 40.0 44.2
-6000 -12.9
-13.9 -14.5 -16.0
-7000 -15.7 -18.0
Axis Title 30.0

Net IIP IIP to GDP

20.0
2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
Source: Bangladesh Bank

The negative Net IIP reflects that Bangladesh’s to service its external debt obligations and attract
external financial liabilities are greater than FDI. Moreover, a negative Net IIP also signifies
external financial assets. However, a negative Net Bangladesh’s incessant efforts and strategy to
attract foreign investment.
Tariff Regime
Bangladesh has been following the Most the import policy of the Government. Tariff
Favoured Nation (MFN) tariff rate from FY 2000- structure from FY 2000-01 to FY 2020-21 has
01 in order to facilitate smooth implementation of been presented in the Table 6.10 below:

Chapter 6: External Sector | 79

Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

Table 6.10: Tariff structure from FY 2000-01 To FY 2021-22

Number of Operative
FY Operative Tariff (%) Maximum Tariff Rate (%)
Tariff Slabs
2000-01 0, 5, 15, 25, 37.5 37.5 5
2001-02 0, 5, 15, 25, 37.5 37.5 5
2002-03 0, 7.5, 15, 22.5, 32.5 32.5 5
2003-04 0, 7.5, 15, 22.5, 30 30 5
2004-05 0, 7.5, 15, 25 25 4
2005-06 0, 7.5, 15, 25 25 4
2006-07 0, 5, 12, 25 25 4
2007-08 0, 10, 15, 25 25 4
2008-09 0, 3, 7, 12, 25 25 5
2009-10 0, 3, 5, 12, 25 25 5
2010-11 0, 3, 5, 12, 25 25 5
2011-12 0, 3, 5, 12, 25 25 5
2012-13 0, 3, 5, 12, 25 25 5
2013-14 0, 2, 5, 10, 25 25 5
2014-15 0, 2, 5, 10, 25 25 5
2015-16 0, 1, 2, 5, 10, 25 25 6
2016-17 0, 1, 5, 10, 15, 25 25 6
2017-18 0, 1, 5, 10, 15, 25 25 6
2018-19 0, 1, 5, 10, 15, 25 25 6
2019-20 0, 1, 5, 10, 15, 25 25 6
2020-21 0, 1, 5, 10, 15, 25 25 6
2021-22 0, 1, 5, 10, 15, 25 25 6
Source: NBR

Duty concessions and general exemptions to the Export Industry.

applied MFN tariff rates are being provided in
accordance with Section 20 of Customs Act on a • Capital machinery and parts by
case-by-case basis through Gazette notification. registered Industry
At present, three types of tariff concessions on • Raw materials imported by
these MFN rates are being provided: (i) import Pharmaceutical Industry.
under different bilateral/regional trade • Raw materials used in Textile Industry.
agreements, (ii) imports of capital machinery and • Accessories used in Agriculture Sector.
spares/parts by registered industrial consumers • Computer and Computer accessories.
including export-oriented industries and (iii) • Medical equipment and accessories.
import of raw material for a specific use or user • Newsprint imported by newspaper and
(i.e. end use provisions) such as dairy and poultry, periodical publishers.
pharmaceuticals, leather and textile industries. At • Raw materials used by the insecticide
present tariff concession are being provided along manufacturers which used in Agriculture
With MFN tariff in respect of following goods: • Machinery, parts and accessories
• Capital machinery and parts imported by imported by Poultry Fir.

Reduction of Tariff
The process of reducing import tariff rate of consistency with the process of world-wide tariff
Bangladesh started since FY 1991-92 is still reduction. The Un-weighted import average tariff
continued in FY 2021-22 in order to increase the rate in FY 1991-92 was 57.22 percent which
efficiency of the indigenous industries and make decreased at 14.75 percent in FY 2021-22. At

Chapter 6: External Sector | 80

Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

present, ad-valorem duties are being imposed on Supplementary Duty, Advanced Income Tax and
99.57 percent tariff line. Specific duties are in Advanced Trade VAT are imposed on importable
existence at different rate on some products such goods in addition with Customs Duty. The MFN
as sugar, cement clinker, bitumen, gold, steel Un-weighted import average tariff rate is given in
products-scraped ship against 0.43 percent tariff Figure 6.5 below:
line. Value Added Tax, Regulatory Duty,

Figure 6.5: MFN Un-weighted Import Average Tariff Rate (%)

22
21.39
21.01

19.88
20

18.85

18
17.26

16.53 16.39

16
15.12 14.97 15.1
14.87 14.85 14.83 14.77 14.78 14.75
14.61 14.56 14.6
14.44 14.44 14.37

14

12

10

Source: NBR

Chapter 6: External Sector | 81

Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

Annexure

Annexuresf: 6.1
Major Initiatives for boosting exports
To improve export performance, the government of Bangladesh has adopted various initiatives, which are mainly the
key driver of boosting exports. Some of the important initiatives are as follows:
Cash incentive: In order to encourage export of commodities and services, cash incentive is being provided to the
exporters. Cash incentive is being provided from 2 percent to 20 percent in 43 products and services. This facility is
being extended to new products as well. As a result of this program, Bangladesh has been able to continue its growth
in the export of agricultural products and processed foods, frozen shrimp, potato, handicrafts, jute goods, leather
goods, light engineering products and other products sector.
Diversification of export products: The government is taking various initiatives to diversify the export product. Out
of these, significant activities are identified such as the potential products as 'highest priority sector' and 'special
development sector', declaration of ‘Product of the Year' and working closely with the expansion of the market of
these products and giving special facilities. In 2017 ‘leather products including footwear, in 2018 ‘Medicine including
raw materials’ and in 2019 ‘Agricultural and Agricultural Processed Products’, in 2020 ‘Light Engineering Products’
in 2022 ‘ICT Products and Services’ and in 2023 ‘Jute goods’ has been declared as ‘Product of the Year’. Besides,
various activities including financial incentives for the development of these sectors are being implemented. Along
with this, separate policies are being formulated in the relevant sectors to encourage sector-based exports. For example,
following the Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina’s deceleration of Jute Products as the Product of the year 2023, initiative
has been taken to form Jute products business promotion council.
Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients: Due to the patent waiver on pharmaceutical products for the LDCs up to
December 31, 2032 under the WTO TRIPS Agreement, it has opened up opportunities for the country for enhancing
production and export of pharmaceutical products. However, due to not having our own Active Pharmaceutical
Ingredient (API), about 95 percent of the APIs used for therapeutic needs to be imported. Indeed, pharmaceutical
industry will not be durable based on imported raw materials. Besides, there is a probability of increasing the price of
medicines in the end of the waiver period. That is why it is essential to produce raw materials of the medicine industry
in our country. In addition, the developed and developing countries, which have to give remediation to the rights
holders to create patented medicinal molecule in their own country, they will be interested to invest in Bangladesh to
take advantage of TRIPS waiver. Based on these contexts, in order to create business and investment-friendly
environment to increase productivity, diversify product line and to encourage domestic and foreign investment in the
pharmaceutical sector through sustainable industrialization in the API sector, the Ministry of Commerce has published
‘National Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients and Laboratory Reagent Production and Export Policy’. Activities are
currently being undertaken to implement the policy.
Export Promotion Activities: To increase exports through diversification of products as well as expansion of the
market trade delegation is being sent to different countries of the world, including the participation of international
trade fairs. There were such 11 participations in trade fairs in 2020-2021 and 20 participations in 2021-2022 (July -
February). Secondly, in order to encourage export growth and recognize the national exporters, the government started
to announce CIPs (Commercially Important Persons) (Export) in every year since 2014. So far, the government already
handed over 878 CIP (Export) cards. Not only that since 2013-14, National Export Trophy has been awarded to the
exporters of outstanding contribution. Since then, a total of 448 exporters have received National Export Trophy.
• Setting up commercial wing: At present 23 commercial wings under the Ministry of Commerce are performing
in 20 countries. Official from the
Ministry of Foreign Affairs usually takes the responsibility to serve the commercial interests of Bangladesh in those
missions where commercial wings are not established. With these officials, the Ministry of Commerce has continued
to make intensive business efforts to further accelerate the commercial activities. Currently, an initiative has been
taken to set up another commercial wing in Jakarta, Indonesia.

Chapter 6: External Sector | 82

Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

Annexure: 6.2
Major changes in foreign exchange regulations during FY 2022-23
Bangladesh Bank in its ongoing endeavor to further ease the foreign exchange regulations embarked upon
the following notable changes during FY 2022-23 (up to February, 2023):
• Import of capital machinery on usance basis: ‘Scrutiny committee on foreign loan/supplier’s credit
in private sector’ under BIDA has decided in its 166th meeting to accord general authorization for
extension of usance period/refinancing for maximum 360 days from the maturity date against import
of capital machinery by the industrial enterprises registered with BIDA and DOT under supplier’s/
buyer’s credit against LCs opened/to be opened or valid contracts initiated up to 31 December 2022,
subject to extended period not exceeding 31 December 2024.
• Repayment guarantees by importers against short term import finance under buyer’s credit:
Short term import finance under buyer’s credit is accessible in accordance with paragraph 33(b), chapter
7 of Guidelines for Foreign Exchange Transactions (GFET) for payments against eligible imports at
the prescribed interest rate. External lenders including offshore banking operations extend buyer’s
credit against usance import bills duly accepted by ADs. To facilitate short term import finance under
buyer’s credit, it has been decided that importers may extend guarantees like corporate guarantee,
personal guarantee, third party guarantee, etc. to foreign lenders making payments to suppliers under
buyer’s credit against admissible imports on sight letters of credit.
• Online reporting of import information to Bangladesh Bank web portal: As a part of import
monitoring, ADs are advised to submit import information to Bangladesh Bank Online Import
Monitoring System (OIMS) 24 hours prior to opening letters of credit (LCs) based on proforma
invoices/purchase contracts. The reporting requirement for the said transactions will be for import value
of US$ 5.00 million and above or its equivalent, excluding imports by the Government. ADs shall
finalize the report on completion of opening of the relative LCs.
• Extended limit from Export Development Fund (EDF): EDF limit for individual member mill of
BTMA and BGMEA was enhanced to US$ 30 million from US$ 25 million for disbursement of EDF
loans till 30 June 2022. It had been decided to extend the period of same facility till 31 December 2022.
• Settlement of loans against Export Development Fund (EDF): Disbursement of EDF loans is
required to be settled out of export proceeds/foreign currency funds held in respective pools in terms
of paragraph 3 of FE Circular No. 45, dated 31 December 2017. It has been decided that those customers
whose EDF liabilities have to be settled through funded facilities against disbursement from the date
of this circular letter will not be accessible for further EDF loan.
• Extension of usance period of import of industrial raw materials: It has now been decided to extend
the usance period to 360 days from 180 days effective till 31 December 2022. The extended usance
period will not be applicable for imports under EDF loans.

• Encashment of value added portion of repatriated export proceeds: To bring flexibility in trade
transactions, it has been decided that Authorized Dealers (ADs) may, on applications from exporters,
retain value added portion of export proceeds in foreign exchange for a maximum period of 15 days.
The fund so retained will be used through same ADs for settlement of other import obligations payable

Chapter 6: External Sector | 83

Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

by same exporters within this period. In case of the fund remaining unused, ADs shall encash the same
compulsorily in Taka just after expiry of 15 days. However, the unused fund can, on request from
exporters, be encashed before this allowable time.
• Retention quota facilities against local delivery under back to back LCs: According to paragraph
27(b), chapter 13 of the Guidelines for Foreign Exchange Transactions-2018, Vol.1 (GFET) regarding
retention quota facilities to local manufacturer-suppliers against inland back to back letters of credit
(BBLCs). While retaining foreign currency, Authorized Dealers (ADs) shall be ensured that foreign
currency is to be credited to retention quota accounts of eligible suppliers after settlement of the amount
against BBLCs. This is to clarify that retention quota accounts can be credited up to the permissible
limit in percentage of proceeds realized under inland BBLCs.
• Settlement of import liabilities out of export proceeds: To bring flexibility in trade transactions, it
has been decided to increase the retention time to 30 days from 15 days for utilization of the fund to
settle import liabilities of relevant exporters. The fund may also be transferable to other ADs, within
this prescribed time of 30 days, for settlement of import payments and/or EDF liabilities against
admissible bulk imports of relevant exporters. As usual, transferable funds need to be unencumbered.
Before transferring funds, ADs need to satisfy themselves of payment obligations by documentary
evidences. ADs transferring the fund will make foreign exchange available to relevant ADs through
foreign currency clearing accounts maintained with Bangladesh Bank.
• Partial repayment of loans against Export Development Fund (EDF): This is to clarify that
repayment against EDF loans can be made partially for maximum two times and the remainder, if any,
needs to be settled at one-go within the remaining admissible tenure.

• All-in-cost ceiling for short term permissible trade finance in foreign exchange: Considering the
global market trends, it has been decided to set all-in-cost ceiling per annum at SOFR + 3.50 percent
for short term trade finance in foreign exchange.

• Payments through Asian Clearing Union (ACU): In response to the self-motivated decision by the
Central Bank of Sri Lanka (CBSL) to remain temporarily suspended from ACU mechanism with effect
from October 14, 2022; all Authorized Dealers (ADs) are advised not to do any trade and trade related
transactions with Sri Lanka through ACU mechanism.

• Long Term Financing Facility (LTFF) under the Financial Sector Support Project (FSSP):
Revision of the interest rate has been made on the Long Term Financing Facility (LTFF) under Financial
Sector Support Project (FSSP). An indicative pricing range of 3.00 ~ 4.00 percent would be applicable
to the PFIs based on their CAMELS rating and the tenor.
• Interest rate on borrowing from Export Development Fund (EDF): It has been decided that interest
rate on EDF loans to ADs will be charged by Bangladesh Bank at 3.00 percent pa, while ADs will charge
interest to manufacturer-exporters at 4.50 percent per annum. Previously, ADs were charged by
Bangladesh Bank at 2.50 percent per annum and manufacturer-exporters were charged at 4.00 percent
per annum by the ADs under the same arrangement.
• Repayment of loans availed from Export Development Fund (EDF): Penal interest (compensation
in case of Shariah based Islamic Banking) will be charged by Bangladesh Bank to ADs at 4.00 percent
per annum above the prevailing interest rate on overdue amount of EDF loans for the delayed period.

Chapter 6: External Sector | 84

Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

Annexures 6.3
Bilateral Trade Agreement

To enhance bilateral trade, contain the opportunities of trade and investment and to overcome the trade
related challenges, Ministry of Commerce has signed 45 Bilateral Trade Agreements with different
countries. To explore new market and export diversified products, Bangladesh has formed Joint Working
Group (JWG) on Trade and Investment with United Kingdom, Canada, Russia, Uzbekistan, Belarus,
Thailand, Indonesia and Malaysia. In parallel, to overcome the challenges of LDC graduation, Ministry of
Commerce has initiated rigorous activities to sign CEPA, RTA, PTA and FTA with important countries. A
brief of those agreements is presented below:
A. Bilateral Preferential/Free Trade Agreement (PTA/FTA)
Bangladesh will lose duty-free access to developed and developing countries as a result of graduation from
the Least Developed Country Group to Developing Country Group. To address these challenges, Ministry
of Commerce has adopted steps to develop trade relation with different countries. As part of these,
initiatives have been taken to conclude Preferential Trade Agreement (PTA) and Free Trade Agreement
(FTA) with countries of commercial importance to Bangladesh. For that purpose, Regional Trade
Agreement (RTA) Policy, 2022 has been formulated with the aim of negotiating, signing and implementing
trade treaties to encourage free movement of goods and services. The Ministry of Commerce has already
completed feasibility study for signing PTA/FTA with 26 countries/blocs including Malaysia, South Korea,
Japan, Singapore, USA, Thailand, Lebanon, Morocco, Canada, and Association of Southeast Asian Nations
(ASEAN). Notable progress has been made in signing the Preferential Trade Agreement (PTA) with Nepal,
Sri Lanka and Indonesia. Bangladesh and Japan initiated Joint Feasibility Study of the proposed
Bangladesh-Japan FTA/EPA. Moreover, Bangladesh and Japan have been finalized a Memorandum of
Cooperation (MoC) titled ‘Bangladesh-Japan Industrial Upgradation Partnership’ with the intention of
boosting the productivity of domestically designated industries and promoting product diversification in
the context of FTA implementation. The Ministry of Commerce signed a Memorandum of Cooperation with
the Singaporean Ministry of Trade and Industry for boosting trade and investment between Bangladesh and
Singapore and there are expectations of starting CEPA negotiation with India, FTA negotiation with the
Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU) soon. In addition to those, the Ministry of Commerce has taken
initiatives for conducting feasibility studies to sign FTA/PTA with the potential African countries such as
South Africa, Morocco, Nigeria, Kenya, Sierra Leone, Senegal and Mauritius.
B. Preferential Trade Agreement (PTA) between Bangladesh and Bhutan
Bhutan is the first country to recognize Bangladesh as an independent and sovereign country. Bhutan thus
bears special significance to Bangladesh. Since 2010, duty-free trade facilities are being provided to 18
Bhutanese products in Bangladesh and 90 Bangladeshi products in Bhutan under special arrangements.
During the visit of Honorable Prime Minister of Bhutan H.E. Dr. Lotay Tshering's at the invitation of
Hon'ble Prime Minister of Bangladesh H.E. Sheikh Hasina during 12-15 April, 2019, both the Prime
Ministers agreed to provide duty-free trade facilities for additional 16 items proposed by Bhutan and
additional 10 items proposed by Bangladesh. After several meetings of the Trade Negotiating Committee
(TNC), finally, the Preferential Trade Agreement (PTA) between the People’s Republic of Bangladesh and
The Royal Government of Bhutan was signed on December 6, 2020 in presence of the Honorable Prime
Ministers of both countries. An SRO has been issued on 28th July 2022 to execute the agreement. Bilateral
trade between Bangladesh and Bhutan is increasing steadily. Bangladesh mainly imports boulder stone from
Chapter 6: External Sector | 85
Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

Bhutan which plays an important role in the infrastructure construction of this country. Other major import
items are fruits, raw materials for cement industry and vegetables. On the other hand, major export items
of Bangladesh to Bhutan are Knit and Woven garments, juice, plywood, melamine products, dry food,
beverages and pharmaceuticals.
C. Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement (CEPA) with India
Bangladesh and India signed bilateral trade agreement in 1972 which was later renewed in 2015 with some
amendments/modification. But this agreement is only facilitative in nature. However, being member of
SAFTA (South Asia Free Trade Agreement) and Asia Pacific Trade Agreement (APTA) Bangladesh is
enjoying duty benefits for trade in goods in India. During the Commerce Secretary level meeting held in
Dhaka in February 2018 both the countries agreed to explore the possibility of entering into a
Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement (CEPA) covering various aspects of trade such as trade
in goods, trade in services, investment, e-commerce, standardization etc. This issue was further discussed
during the Hon'ble Prime Minister's visit to India in October 2019. Accordingly, both the parties have
submitted report after conducting a Joint Feasibility Study. In light of the recommendations of the report,
the decision to initiate CEPA Negotiation was taken in Bangladesh-India Highest Level Meeting held on 6
September, 2022. The issue was later discussed at the Commerce Minister Level Meeting on 22 December,
2022. According to directives of these meetings, CEPA Negotiation is expected to be initiated very soon.
D. Trade and Investment Co-operation Forum Agreement (TICFA) with USA
The Trade and Investment Co-operation Forum Agreement (TICFA) was signed between Bangladesh and
the United States on 25 November 2013 to discuss bilateral trade and investment issues. The agreement
came into force on 30 January 2014. The TICFA agreement has become a forum for regular discussions
between the two countries. The sixth meeting of the Trade and Investment Co-operation Forum Agreement
(TICFA) was held on 6 December 2022 in Washington, USA. In this meeting Bangladesh proposed to USA
to provide technical assistance for implementing Trade Facilitation Agreement (TFA), provide preferential
market access for Bangladeshi products and services, and increased US investment and technology transfer.
E. Proposed Free Trade Agreement (FTA)/ Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement
(CEPA) with Japan
Japan is one of the largest trading partners of Bangladesh. Our export to Japan amounted to US$ 1,354
million during FY 2021-22 and import from Japan was US$ 2,410 million during the same period. Japan is
one of the major sources of FDI in Bangladesh. For this reason, the Ministry of Commerce has taken a
policy decision to sign a Free Trade Agreement (FTA)/Economic Partnership Agreement (EPA) with Japan.
Both Bangladesh and Japan jointly declared the initiation of Joint Feasibility Study of the proposed
Bangladesh-Japan FTA/EPA on 12 December 2022. Bangladesh side established Core Working Group for
conducting Joint Feasibility Study of the proposed Bangladesh-Japan FTA/EPA and informed Japanese side
through diplomatic channel.
Bangladesh has taken initiatives to sign and activate Free Trade Agreement (FTA)/ Preferential Trade
Agreement (PTA)/ Economic Partnership Agreement (EPA)/ Comprehensive Economic Partnership
Agreement (CEPA) with several other countries, such as China, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Malaysia and
Indonesia which are now at different stages of completion, e.g., either at feasibility study state or Trade
Negotiating Committee (TNC)/ joint working group formation stage or under discussion in the Trade
Negotiating Committee (TNC)/ joint working group level.

Chapter 6: External Sector | 86

Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

Annexures: 6.4
Regional Trade Agreement
A. South Asian Free Trade Agreement (SAFTA)
SAARC member countries are engaging to reduce sensitive lists and tariff reductions since July 1, 2006
under SAFTA Agreement. Member countries have reduced their sensitive list by 20 percent in the second
phase effected from January 1, 2012. In addition, India has given duty-free access to all products of the
SAARC Least Developed Countries, including Bangladesh, except 25 products. As a result, the trade deficit
is expected to be reduced with the increase in Bangladesh’s exports to SAARC countries including India.
It is mentioned that at present, as per WCO HS Code-2012, the number of products in the Sensitive List of
Bangladesh is 1,022 for LDCs and 1,033 for non LDCs. At a special meeting of the SAFTA Committee of
Export (CoE) held in Islamabad, Pakistan on July 4, 2015, Afghanistan proposed to reduce the number of
goods of the Sensitive List to 235 by 2030 in the counter proposal by Pakistan, India Bhutan and the
Maldives to bring down to 100 by mid-2020. Currently, a significant reduction of the number of goods in
the Sensitive List is underway among the member countries under the Phase-III program of Trade
Liberalization. It is noted that in terms of trade, Bangladesh is the second largest exporter after India under
SAFTA. Each of the SAARC countries has issued a notification for the purpose of removing Para-tariff
barriers. In this regard, a negotiation of the committee of Exports is going on to reduce/remove of these
obstacles gradually. The trade in this region will be more dynamic and implementation of Phase-III program
will be prompter if these obstacles are removed through this negotiation.
B. SAARC Agreement on Trade in Services (SATIS)

The SAARC Agreement on Trade in Services (SATIS) was signed by the SAARC member countries at the
16th SAARC Summit held in Thimpu, Bhutan on April 29, 2010. Member countries including Bangladesh
have exchanged their preliminary offer list and request list under this agreement. Bangladesh offered 10
service categories in telecom and tourism sectors to other member countries of SATIS. Moreover, the
schedule of commitments has been submitted. Negotiation is going on to finalize the schedule of
commitments of the member countries. There will be an increase investment in the service sector and trade
in this sector as well once the agreement is implemented. According to the latest meeting of the 11th Export
Group of SATIS held in Islamabad, Pakistan on Jul 5, 2015, all the member countries except Pakistan have
sent their preliminary schedule of commitments to the SAARC Secretariat. Trade in the service sector in
the SAARC region will increase if the agreement is implemented.

C. Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation (BIMSTEC)

Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation (BIMSTEC) is a regional
organization comprised the countries namely Bangladesh, India, Myanmar, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Nepal and
Bhutan. Primarily this economic organization named as BIST-EC (Bangladesh, India, Sri Lanka and
Thailand Economic Cooperation) was formed in 1997. In the same year as a result of Myanmar’s joining,
the alliance was renamed as BIMST-EC (Bangladesh, India, Myanmar, Sri Lanka and Thailand Economic
Cooperation). As Nepal and Bhutan joined this alliance, it was renamed as BIMSTEC Bay of Bengal
Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation) in 2004. A Framework Agreement was
signed in February 2004 with a view for forming BIMSTEC Free Trade Area. Later, the 20th meeting of
Working Group on Rules of Origin was held in Dhaka of Bangladesh on 10-11 January 2022. In addition,
the 5th BIMSTEC Summit was held in Colombo of Sri Lanka on 30 March 2022.

Chapter 6: External Sector | 87

Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

D. Asia Pacific Trade Agreement (APTA)

Under the initiatives of UNSCAP, seven countries in the Asia-Pacific region: Bangladesh, India, Laos,
South Korea, Sri Lanka, the Philippines and Thailand singed the Bangkok Agreement in 1975. The main
objective of the agreement is to expand inter-regional trade through mutual tariff benefits between APTA
member countries. Of the seven countries mentioned the Philippines and Thailand yet to ratify the
agreement. However, China’s accession, to treaty in 2001 gave it a new impetus. After China’s accession,
the third round of negotiations began and the agreement was renamed as the Asia Pacific Trade Agreement
(APTA). In these negotiations, member countries exchanged tariff concession on a significant number of
products. Mongolia joined APTA on 1 January 2021. Bangladesh has given 10 to 60 percent tariff exemption
(margin of preference) facility on 598 products to APATA countries and 20 to 50 percent on 4 more products
to LDCs. Bangladesh will get 33 percent tariff concession of 28 percent tariff lines of APTA countries.
China gave duty-free access to 8,256 Bangladeshi products on 1 July 2020.
E. Framework Agreement on Trade Preferential System among the Member States of the OIC (TPS-
OIC)
Bangladesh signed and ratified Framework Agreement on Trade Preferential System among the Member
States of the OIC (TPS-OIC) to increase and diversify trade amongst OIC member states. In continuation
with this Framework Agreement, Bangladesh signed and ratified Rules of Origin (RoO) and submitted
product list containing 478 tariff lines in the OIC secretariat. TPS-OIC came into force on 1st July, 2022
and Bangladesh implemented TPS-OIC on 21 July 2022 after circulating customs notification. At present,
13 OIC member states such as Bangladesh, Turkiye, Iran, Malaysia, Jordan, Morocco, Pakistan, Saudi
Arabia, United Arab Emirates, Kuwait, Bahrain, Oman and Qatar are the participatory states of the TPS-
OIC. As TPS-OIC has come into force, Bangladesh has greater access to export with 30 percent local value
addition.
F. Developing-8 Preferential Trade Agreement (D8 PTA)
D-8, also known as Developing-8, is an organization for development Cooperation among eight Muslim
developing nations, namely Bangladesh, Indonesia, Pakistan, Iran, Malaysia, Turkiye, Egypt and Nigeria.
It was officially established by an announcement through the Istanbul Declaration of Summit of Heads of
State/Government on June 15, 1997. The objectives of D-8 Organization for Economic Cooperation are to
improve member states' position in the global economy, diversify and create new opportunities in trade
relations, enhance participation in decision-making at international level, and improve standards of living.
D-8 Preferential Trade Agreement (D-8 PTA) was signed on 13 May 2006 and in continuation with D-8
PTA, Rules of Origin (RoO) was signed on 28 March 2008. Bangladesh ratified D8 PTA on 17 November,
2017 accepting 40 percent local value addition (LVA). Bangladesh implemented D-8 PTA by circulating
customs notification on 21 July, 2022 and offered duty free/ lesser duty access of 356 products under this
agreement. Apart from Bangladesh, Turkiye, Iran, Malaysia and Indonesia implemented D-8 PTA. As a
result, Bangladesh can export its products to these four countries on duty free/lesser duty access. It should
be mentioned that Hon’ble Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina is the present chair of the D-8 from April 2021.
G. Trade Agreement with South American Trade Block MERCOSUR
Southern Common Market commonly known as MERCOSUR is a South American trade bloc
comprising with Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay and Uruguay established by the Treaty of Asuncion (an accord
calling for the ‘free movement of goods, services, and factors of production between countries’) in 1991.
Chapter 6: External Sector | 88
Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

MERCOSUR represent a total GDP of over US$ 1.95 trillion and a population of around 270 million with
average per capita income at over US$ 18,987. MERCOSUR Countries especially Brazil and Argentina are
important trading partner of Bangladesh. Bangladesh has taken initiative to sign Preferential Trade
Agreement (PTA)/ Free Trade Agreement (FTA) with MERCOSUR for enhancing trade cooperation.
Feasibility study has already been completed to sign a PTA/FTA with the MERCOSUR. Honorable
Commerce Minister sent DO letter to MERCOSUR Secretary General and foreign ministers of
MERCOSUR countries through Ministry of Foreign Affairs to start discussion on signing PTA/FTA.
H. Regional Connectivity and Transit
Bangladesh- Bhutan Transit
The draft of Agreement on the Movement of Traffic-in-Transit and its Protocol between the Government of
the People's Republic of Bangladesh and the Royal Government of Bhutan has been finalized by the
representatives of both countries, which is currently under vetting at the Legislative and Parliamentary
Affairs division.
Bangladesh-Bhutan-India-Nepal Motor Vehicle Agreement (BBIN-MVA)
Bangladesh-Bhutan-India-Nepal Motor Vehicle Agreement (BBIN-MVA) is a Framework Agreement
which was signed between Bangladesh, Bhutan, India and Nepal on 15 June 2015. The member states of
BBIN will be immensely benefited through movement of passenger and cargo vehicles when it will be
operationalized. A meeting was held on 7-8 March, 2022 in New Delhi, India where two working groups
namely, Transport Working Group and Customs Working Group were formed to implement the agreement.
Working groups are working for finalizing passenger and cargo protocols to implement the agreement.

Chapter 6: External Sector | 89

Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

Annexures: 6.5
Bangladesh’s Relation with International Organisations, UN bodies and World Trade Organisation
(WTO)
A. Bangladesh-Commonwealth Relation
A conference of the Commerce Ministers of 53 Commonwealth countries was held on 9-12 October 2019
in London, United Kingdom. Hon'ble Minister of Commerce of Bangladesh clarified Bangladesh's position
and gave recommendations on digital transformation at the conference. In continuation of the meeting, the
Commonwealth Head of Government meeting was held in Kigali, Rwanda in 2022. Common Value and
agreed action policy to improve lives for the citizens of Commonwealth countries were reconsidered with
importance in the meeting. Commonwealth Senior Trade Officials Meeting (SToM) 2023 meeting was held
on 17-18 January 2023 on Online Platform. Co-operation to increase food security: the role of agricultural
trade and the green economy, co-operation on the digital economy: supporting MSMEs to create digital
jobs, support for the multilateral trading system, and Roadmap to the 2023 Commonwealth Trade Ministers
Meeting were the important agendas for discussion in that meeting.
B. Bangladesh- European Union Trade Relations

Seven Dialogues of Bangladesh-European Union Business Climate Dialogue have been completed so far
with the aim of increasing Bangladesh's trade and investment with European Union countries. The last
meeting (7th session) of the Business Climate Dialogue held on 23 June 2022 was hosted by the Ministry
of Commerce. Besides, the 10th meeting of the EU-Bangladesh Joint Commission was held on 20 May
2022 and the EU-BD Sub-group on Trade and Economic Cooperation meeting was held on 19 May 2022
in Brussels, Belgium.
C. Bangladesh- UNESCAP Relation
Bangladesh is actively engaged in the cross-border paperless trade, Asia-Pacific Trade Agreement, public-
private partnership networking, renewable energy and other initiatives of UNESCAP. Specially, Bangladesh
is one of the top five countries who signed the ESCAP Framework Agreement on Cross-border Paperless
Trade in Asia and the Pacific treaty in 2017 and then ratified in 2020. The agreement has come to force
from February 2021. The implementation of the agreement will reduce the time and cost of conducting
inter-country trade and make trade easier and faster. Entry into force of the treaty is an outstanding
achievement for our region of Asia-Pacific countries as well as it will play a vital role to construct ‘Smart
Bangladesh’.
D. WTO and Bangladesh
The World Trade Organization (WTO) is a rule-based non-discriminatory international organization.
Specific agreements and regulations of the WTO have made international trade possible to carry out easily
and efficiently in the shortest possible time. Bangladesh is a founding member of the World Trade
Organization (WTO). WTO wing of the of Ministry of Commerce is mandated to discharge all functions
related to the WTO on behalf of Ministry of Commerce. WTO wing is regularly undertaking various
activities to expand trade and facilitate trade in the country through proper utilization of the benefits of
multilateral trading system. Implementing WTO rules and regulations, commenting on consistency of the
newly drafted laws of Bangladesh with WTO agreements, availing of the opportunities and flexibilities
under the WTO, building trade capacities and protecting interest of the country in international trade regime,
inter alia, are some important responsibilities.
Chapter 6: External Sector | 90
Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

All these rules and regulations of the WTO have created a lot of opportunities; on the other hand, it has also
created responsibilities for each member country. A number of ministries and agencies of public sector
along with the private sector are involved in these issues. The WTO wing has been conducting activities to
inform related public and private bodies about the benefits and responsibilities of the WTO system, provide
feedback on various issues and make them aware of the rules and regulations of the WTO. The WTO wing
conducts workshops/training programs under the Technical Assistance Program to raise public awareness
and capacity in various aspects of the WTO. Workshops/trainings have already been organized on TRIPS,
SPS, TBT notification, trade in services, non-agriculture market access (NAMA). In addition, the WTO cell
is working to address the post-LDC graduation impact on Bangladesh and other challenges related to
international trade.
As a result of the WTO decision and Bangladesh's role played in various WTO Ministerial Conferences as
the LDC coordinator, all developed countries except the United States are providing almost 100 per cent
Duty-Free Quota-Free (DFQF) market access to all LDCs, including Bangladesh, under the GSP and other
schemes. Developing countries such as China, India, South Korea, Chile and Thailand also have endorsed
DFQF facilities., Under the Everything but Arms (EBA) scheme duty free access to all Bangladeshi
products (except arms and ammunition) has been given by all the EU countries. Moreover, all goods except
arms and ammunition under GSP from Australia, Norway, Switzerland and New Zealand, all products
except wheat, wheat flour and sugar from Chile under GSP; all goods except garments, arms and
ammunition from Turkiye under GSP, except for a small number of products and arms and ammunition,
Japan provides GSP to all other products to Bangladesh. Russia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and
Armenia provide GSP to 71 products. Thailand offers duty free access to 6998 products, under ‘Preferential
Tariff for Least Developed Countries South Korea provides this facility to 4802 products, China offers to
8256 new products under “Duty Free treatment granted by China”, Malaysia offers to 525 products under
GSP and Canada to all products except poultry, dairy, eggs, arms and ammunition under the General
Preferential Tariff (GPT).
Due to the successful negotiations of the Least Developed Countries (LDCs) including Bangladesh, the
existing exemption in intellectual property has been extended until 1 January 2033. As a result, the
development of the Pharmaceutical Industry in Bangladesh will continue and new horizons will be opened
in the export of medicines. Besides, access to medicines at an affordable price will be ensured for the all
walks of people. Moreover, it has been decided that subsidy will continue for the export of agricultural
products of least developed countries for market expansion, product processing and domestic and
international transport till 2030.
In order to increase the trade potential of the least developed countries, WTO finances Enhanced Integrated
Framework (EIF) Program. Ministry of Commerce implemented tier-1 of EIF entitled ‘Strengthening
Institutional Capacity and Human Resource Development for Trade Promotion project’. Under this project
two studies titled ‘Export Potentiality of Trade in Services of Bangladesh: Identifying Opportunities and
Challenges’ and ‘Identification of Non-tariff Barriers Faced by Bangladeshi Products in Major Export
Markets’ have been conducted. Currently, ‘Export Diversification and Competitiveness Development
Project’ is underway under EIF’s Tier-2 project. This project imparts training, workshop and other activities
to enhance the capacity to produce Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients. Under this project, entrepreneurs are
being trained to process five fruits with an intention to diversify export products. In addition to this, to
increase capacity in agro trade and agricultural negotiation, officers and personnel from both public and
private entities are provided trainings. For RMG industry, an Innovation, Efficiency and Occupation, Safety

Chapter 6: External Sector | 91

Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

and health (OSH) center has been established, other activities for the RMG industries are also being
implemented. The activities in RMG are expected add value and diversify garment products in Bangladesh.

Bangladesh signed and ratified the WTO Trade Facilitation Agreement (TFA) which came into force on 22
February, 2017. Bangladesh notified the WTO specifying the areas in which cooperation from the
development partners are required for the implementation of activities under category C. With the
implementation of activities related to Trade Facilitation Agreement, Bangladesh's position in Ease of
Doing Business will improve further and in turn, it will contribute in achieving the relevant indicators of
SDG by 2030.

The WTO wing is implementing a project titled Diagnostic Trade Integration Study Update (DTISU) of
Bangladesh: Trade Roadmap for Sustainable Graduation (TRSG). The main objective of this project is to
identify the key trade challenges of Bangladesh in terms of sustainable transition from an LDC country.
One of the main objectives of this project is to develop a specific trade roadmap to address trade related
challenges in various sectors such as readymade garments, knitwear, plastic products, leather industry,
shipbuilding and so on. The duration of the project is from 01 February 2022 to 1 June 2023. The project
cost is one crore seventy lakh taka. The project is funded by Enhanced Integrated Framework (EIF) of
WTO.

Chapter 6: External Sector | 92

Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

CHAPTER SEVEN
AGRICULTURE

As a result of the government's adoption of agriculture-friendly policies and strategies, it has been
possible to continue agricultural production and ensure food and nutrition security despite the impact
of reduction in arable land, food and nutrition needs of increasing population, climate change, Russia-
Ukraine crisis and corona epidemic. The government is working tirelessly to build sustainable, safe
and profitable agricultural systems to ensure food security. The government has been making all out
efforts for the overall development of the agriculture sector in the light of Vision 2041, 8th Five Year
Plan, National Agricultural Policy 2018, Sustainable Development Goals, Deltaplan-2100 and other
planning documents. At present, the government has adopted short, medium and long term action plans
to meet the future needs of the growing population, based on the agriculture sector's achievements in
various emergencies, including the impact of COVID-19. The total production target of food grains in
FY 2022-23 is 484.98 lakh metrictonnes (MT), which was 465.83 lakh MT in FY 2021-22. In the
revised budget of FY 2022-23, the target for domestic food grain procurement is 17.35 lakh MT. As of
February 2023, the country has imported 11.56 lakh MT of food grains under government
management. However, a total of 17.53 lakh MT (4.14 lakh MT of rice and 13.39 lakh MT of wheat)
was imported in the private sector. In FY 2022-23, a total of Tk. 21,066.51 crore was disbursed as
against the target of Tk. 30,911.00 crore till February 2023, which is about 68.15 percent of the target.
In order to increase the productivity in response to the effects of corona, subsidies on agricultural
inputs have been increased, agricultural inputs have been made available and the scope of agricultural
credit has been facilitated. With a view to increasing agricultural production, Tk. 16,000.00 crore has
been allocated for subsidising fertilisers and other agricultural activities and Tk. 150.00 crore has
been allocated for seed production activities to support the farmers in the budget of FY 2022-23. A
total of 47.59 lakh MT of fish was produced from inland water bodies and marine sources in FY 2021-
22 which is targeted 47.81 lakh MT in FY 2022-23. In order to prevent various diseases and reduce the
financial risk of diseases, 32.04 crore dose vaccines for 17 diseases of cattle and poultry have been
produced and applied in FY 2021-22.

Management of Agriculture Agricultural Development in the South,

Sustainable Development Goals, Deltaplan-2100
In addition to achieving self-sufficiency in food,
and other planning documents. At this time,
the main goals of the government are ensuring
Bangladesh has advanced one notch from fourth
safe and nutritious food, increasing productivity,
to third place in rice production in the world.
developing marketing systems and establishing
Moreover, Bangladesh is now self-sufficient in
profitable agricultural system. To attain these
grain crops, third in vegetable production and
goals, the government has taken timely policies,
seventh in mango and potato production.
action plans and steps. With the highest
consideration for the development of agriculture To ensure the food security of the country,
and the welfare of the farmers, the government is increasing the production of all types of crops
continuing its all-out efforts for the overall including rice and corn, developing the quality of
development of the agricultural sector in light of their seeds using biotechnology, ensuring
the Vision 2041, 8th Five Year Plan, National optimum use of surface water and solar-powered
Agriculture Policy 2018, National Agricultural irrigation, promoting application of organic
Extension Policy 2020, National Agricultural fertilisers to safeguard soil health, providing
Mechanisation Policy 2020, Master Plan for smart cards to all farmers and weather forecasting

Chapter 7: Agriculture | 93
Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

through climate smart agriculture system and situations including the impact of COVID-19, to
have been strengthened. In addition, continuing continue to increase agricultural production,
development assistance (subsidies) to agricultural develop agricultural marketing system and ensure
input like fertiliser and seeds, making available fair price of agricultural products.
agricultural machinery to the farmers, expanding
This action plan has a total of 97 short (1 year),
‘synchronised cultivation’ and collaborating in
medium (2-3 years) and long term (4-5 years)
the production, storage and marketing of a
plans. Increased agricultural subsidies, incentive
variety of vegetables and fruits are being
and support cards for other agricultural inputs
provided. Initiatives have been taken to increase
such as fertilisers and seeds, lower irrigation
the cultivation and production of crops through
prices, agricultural commodity transportation at
utilisation of fallow land.
reduced rates, agricultural rehabilitation
In addition, launching ‘Krishi Batayon’ to deliver assistance and special agricultural loan facilities
agricultural services to the doorsteps of farmers with low interest and easy terms have been
as many as 499 Agriculture Information and provided for rehabilitation assistance including
Communication Centres (AICCs) have been set regular agricultural rehabilitation assistance in
up in the country. Farmers can call hotline FY 2020-21, FY 2021-22 and FY 2022-23.
number 16123, from any mobile phone to get
Food Grains Production
agriculture information service. Moreover,
several mobile and web applications including According to the combine estimate of BBS,
Krishi Community Radio, Krishok Bondhu Ministry of Agriculture and Department of
Phone Seba-3331, e-Book, Online Fertiliser Agriculture Extension (DAE), the volume of
Recommendation, e-Irrigation Service, Rice food grains production in FY 2021-22 stood at
Knowledge Bank, Krishi Technology Repository, 458.96 lakh MT, of which Aus accounted for
e-Pesticide Prescription, Krishoker Janala 32.45 lakh MT, Aman 149.58 lakh MT, Boro
(Farmer’s Window), Farmer’s Digital Address, 209.77 lakh MT and wheat 10.86 lakh MT. In FY
and Community Rural Radio are now being used 2022-23 total food grains production target is
to offer agricultural information services to the 484.98 lakh MT, of which Aus 36.90 lakh MT,
farmers. In addition, two online agricultural Aman 163.45 lakh MT, Boro 215.34 lakh MT
market platform ‘Hortex Bazar’ and ‘Food for and wheat 11.60 lakh MT approximately. Table
Nation’, have been launched. Action plan of the 7.1 and Figure 7.1 shows the food grains
Ministry of Agriculture, 2020 has been production status.
formulated to deal with various emergency

Chapter 7: Agriculture | 94
Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

Table 7.1: Food Grains Production

(In lakh MT.)
Food Grains 2015-16 2016-17 2017-18 2018-19 2019-20 2020-21 2021-22 2022-23*
Aus 22.89 21.34 27.09 27.20 30.12 32.85 32.45 36.90
Amon 134.83 136.56 139.94 140.55 155.02 144.38 149.58 163.45
Boro 189.38 180.16 195.76 203.89 201.81 198.85 209.77 215.34
Total Rice 347.10 338.06 362.79 373.63 386.95 376.08 391.80 415.69
Wheat 13.48 13.12 10.99 11.48 12.46 10.85 10.86 11.60
Maize 27.59 35.78 38.93 46.99 54.02 56.63 56.30 57.68
Total 388.17 386.96 412.71 432.11 453.44 443.56 458.96 484.98

Source: Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics (BBS), Ministry of Agriculture.* target.

Figure 7.1: Food Grains Production

600

484.98
500 453.44 458.96
432.11 443.56
412.71 57.68
388.17 386.96 54.02 56.3 11.6
400 46.99 56.63
38.93 12.46 10.86
27.59 35.78 10.99 11.48 10.85
13.48 13.12
Matrictonnes

300 215.34
201.81 198.85 209.77
195.76 203.89
189.38 180.16
200

155.02 144.38 149.58 163.45

100 134.83 136.56 139.94 140.55

22.89 21.34 27.09 27.2 30.12 32.85 32.45 36.9

0
2015-16 2016-17 2017-18 2018-19 2019-20 2020-21 2021-22 2022-23*
Aus Amon Boro Wheat Maize Total

* target

Food Budget public food grains procurement has been set at

17.35 lakh MT (17.35 lakh MT). Against this
Internal Procurement of Food Grains
target, 11.25 lakh MT rice has been procured
In FY 2021-22 the revised budget of public food from Boro and Aman up to 28 February 2023.
grain procurement was 19.23 lakh MT (18.23
Food Grains Import
lakh MT rice and 1.00 lakh MT wheat). Out of
this targeted amount, 20.20 lakh MT rice was In FY 2022-23, the revised budget for
domestically procured from Boro and Aman government food grain import was 16.00 lakh
seasons. In FY 2022-23, the revised budget for MT (9.00 lakh MT rice and 7.00 lakh MT wheat).

Chapter 7: Agriculture | 95
Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

Out of the budget, a total of 11.56 lakh MT food Food Safety

grains (5.83 lakh MT rice and 5.73 lakh MT
Following the ‘Food Safety Act-2013’, the
wheat) was imported up to February 2023. On
Government of Bangladesh has established
the other hand, in private sector a total of 17.53
Bangladesh Food Safety Authority (BFSA)
lakh MT food grains (4.14 lakh MT rice and
which is in effect since February 2015 with a
13.39 lakh MT wheat) was imported during the
view to ensuring safe food for the people of the
same period. As a result, a total amount of
country. 2nd February in each year is being
imported food grain is 29.09 lakh MT (9.97 lakh
observed as National Food Safety Day since
MT rice and 19.12 lakh MT wheat).
2018. Bangladesh Food Safety Authority, as a
Public Food Distribution central coordinating body, conducts mobile
courts with awareness campaigns against food
Under the Public Food Distribution System
adulteration through coordination among all
(PFDS) government distributes food grains to
concerned government and non-government
prioritised groups of employees and the low-
stakeholders. It also conducts food safety and
income people through different channels. Under
quality testing, restaurant grading and monitoring
this programme, food grains are distributed
activities.
through monetised channel that includes
subsidised distribution programme such as - In FY 2021-22 February 2022, 1,447 food
Open Market Sale (OMS), Essential Priority samples were collected. Of the tested samples,
(EP), Others Priority (OP), Food friendly 1,298 were standardised and 149 were sub-
programme (Khaddya bandhob Kormosuchi), LE standardised by the government-recognised
programme and so on. On the other hand, non- accredited labs. Up to February in FY 2022-23,
monetised channels are all the social safety net 7,905 food establishments (hotels/restaurants,
programmes like Food for Work (FFW), Test sweets and confectioneries, bakeries and others)
Relief (TR), Vulnerable Group Feeding (VGF), were visited and given directions. Among these,
Vulnerable Group Development (VGD), 68 hotels-restaurants/food establishments were
Gratuitous Relief (GR) and others. given grading (A+, A, B and C) stickers. By
conducting 119 mobile courts from July to
In FY 2021-22, the government had a revised
February 2023 through BFSA's own magistrate
budget of 32.75 lakh MT food grains for
filed 104 cases against 104 persons and imposed
distribution and the actual distribution was 30.77
a fine Tk. 1.14 crore. Also 8,590 food workers
lakh MT (monetised 20.47 lakh MT and non-
have been trained to improve service quality of
monetised lakh 10.23 MT). In FY 2022-23, the
hotel/restaurant related businessmen and
government food grains distribution budget has
employees till February 2023. Up to February
been revised and set at 32.81 lakh MT. Against
2023, raising public awareness on food safety has
this budget, up to February 2023, total actual
been provided through seminars/workshops in
distribution was 19.36 lakh MT, where 13.90
196 educational institutions and 307
lakh MT was in monetised channels and 5.46
seminars/workshops were attended by public
lakh MT in non-monetised channel.
representatives at divisional/district/upazila level.
Food Grain Storage Capacity
Seed Production and Distribution
The total capacity of food godowns and silos in
One of the most important inputs for enhancing
the country till February 2023 in FY 2022-23
crop yield and ensuring food security is high-
stands at 21.59 lakh MT; which was 21.86 lakh
quality seed. Quality seed alone can contribute to
MT in the same period of FY 2021-22.
the increase of yield by 15-20 percent. At

Chapter 7: Agriculture | 96
Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

present, quality seed for different crops is being Likewise, BADC produces and supplies different
provided from public sector as per demand. A crop sapling, graft and gooties through 9
number of private seed producing organisations Horticulture Development Centres and 14 Agro
are also supplying hybrid rice, maize and Service Centres. At present, the number of
vegetable seeds. Bangladesh Agricultural farmers are 1,01,134 under 88 contract-growers
Development Corporation (BADC) is performing zones throughout the country, the area of land is
seed production activities through 24 cereal seed 2,59,825 acres. In FY 2022-23 seed production
production farms, 2 jute seed production farms, 2 target of BADC is 1.47 lakh MT as per demand
potato seed production farms, 4 pulse and oil of the country. Seed production and distribution
seed production farms, 2 vegetable seed by BADC in the FY 2020-21 to FY 2021-22 are
production farms and 88 contract growers’ zones. shown in the table 7.2

Table 7.2: Seed Production and Distribution

(in MT)
Name of seed 2020-21 2021-22 2022-23

Production Distribution Production Distribution Production Distribution*

(target)

Rice 93364 86266 94979 93210 92400 97980

Wheat 16228 14762 15801 16303 13300 15800
Maize 52 566 56 39 60 100
Potato 35148 32476 33352 33851 36500 31697
Jute 736 592 1301 911 1000 854
Pulse 1807 2029 1920 1856 1800 1911
Oil 1427 1621 1499 1479 1600 1690
Vegetable 88 102 120 112 115 89
Spices 154 158 285 355 225 140
Total 149004 138572 149313 148116 147000 150261

Source: Ministry of Agriculture. * Up to February 2023.

Fertiliser fertilisers for crop production is increasing day

by day to ensure increase in agricultural
To meet the increasing population's food needs,
production as the demand for food rises. The use
intensive farming with high yielding varieties and
of urea fertiliser alone is the highest in the
advanced technology should continue to increase
agriculture of the country. In FY 2022-23, a total
food production. Organic fertilisers as well as
of 68.25 lakh MT of fertiliser was used, of which
chemical fertilisers have to be used in the soil to
urea was 26.61 lakh MT. The year wise use of
meet the nutrient deficiencies required for these
fertilisers during the period from FY 2015-16 to
high yielding crops. The use of chemical
FY 2022-23 is shown in Table 7.3.

Chapter 7: Agriculture | 97
Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

Table 7.3: Use of Chemical Fertiliser

(In ‘000’metrictonn)
FY Name of Fertiliser Total

Urea TSP DAP SSP NPKS MOP AS Gypsum Zinc Others

2015-16 2291.00 730.00 658.00 0 39.59 727.00 9.96 229.42 53.43 0.00 4738.40
2016-17 2366.00 740.00 609.00 0 40.00 781.00 10.00 323.30 57.47 0.00 4926.77
2017-18 2427.46 706.62 689.90 0 50.00 789.47 10.00 250.00 80.00 90.00 5093.45
2018-19 2594.00 781.00 763.00 0 50.00 724.00 10.00 285.00 95.00 120.00 5422.00
2019-20 2505.00 660.00 953.00 0 42.00 715.00 6.00 360.00 115.00 101.00 5457.00
2020-21 2463.00 523.00 1424.00 0 40.00 798.00 4.00 550.00 141.00 130.00 6073.00
2021-22 2661.00 736.00 1685.0 0 30.44 890.00 3.049 539.64 138.27 142.152 6825.55
2022-23* 2286.00 674.00 1427.0 0 21.77 826.00 2.56 455.90 99.64 120.44 5913.31
Source: FFM, Ministry of Agriculture. * Up to February 2023.

Irrigation automatically. Data monitoring and analysis of

underground water is being made possible by
Through environmental conservation, agricultural
preparing digital data bank. By this time,
intensification, diversity and yield increase,
Groundwater Zoning Map has been prepared
efforts are being undertaken to ensure a
using those data and updating it on a regular
harmonious and well-planned use of the country's
basis. Where and which type of irrigation
groundwater and surface water. The government
equipment is required throughout the country can
has placed special emphasis on maintaining
easily be determined by this Ground Water
ecological balance and reducing irrigation costs
Zoning Map. Furthermore, irrigation charge can
by reducing the use of groundwater and
easily be collected by setting and using smart
increasing the use of surface water. The
card/prepaid meter. This has enabled the farmers
government is implementing various activities
to irrigate in optimum and timely manner.
for efficient micro-irrigation management.
Renewable energy such as solar operated pump
Rubber dam and Hydraulic Elevator Dam
has been installed by BADC. So far, 450 solar
projects have been taken in small and medium
powered irrigation pumps and 191 solar powered
rivers of prospective areas for using surface
dug wells have been installed in different districts
water. Removal of water logging, re-excavation
of the country. In addition, there are plans to
of canal, construction of surface irrigation
install solar powered irrigation pumps in area-
channel and underground irrigation channel,
based and centrally implemented projects. In FY
embankment, irrigation structure, installation of
2022-23, 11 irrigation projects and 01 irrigation
power pump, Deep Tube Well (DTW),
programmes are being implemented through
construction of Jhiribadh in hilly areas and
BADC. Through all these irrigation projects and
installation of artisan well are being
programmes re-exavation of 850 k.m.
implemented.
khal/canal/drain, construction of 600 irrigation
A total of 201 Auto Water Level recorders have infrastructures and 1,000 km irrigation channel,
been installed by BADC through survey and installation of 117 power pumps, electrification
monitoring project of minor irrigation in 433 irrigation schemes, installation of 102
development. Data of every moment is being solar powered irrigation pumps and 203 numbers
collected by Auto Water Level recorders nos solar powered dugwell, construction of 38

Chapter 7: Agriculture | 98
Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

km embankment, installation of 16 nos sprinkler from the Padma, Mohanonda and Atrai rivers
irrigation systems and 20 nos drip irrigation and supplied to the canal through buried pipe
system exhibition plots and supplying of line. About 22,500 hectares of land has brought
1,00,105 meter ribbon pipe will be completed by under irrigation by using 673 nos Low Lift
June 2023. Pumps (LLP) beside the cannel, river and other
water bodies. Alternate Wetting and Drying
Barind Multipurpose Development Authority
(AWD) irrigation system is introduced for saving
(BMDA) has expanded irrigation in all the
irrigation water. To motivate and encourage the
districts of Rajshahi and Rangpur divisions. In
farmers for cultivating profitable and less water
FY 2022-23 (up to February, 2023) about 4.70
consuming crop like, wheat, potato, bean and
lakh hactares of land has brought under
other pulse type crops, the authority undertook
controlled irrigation in Aus, Aman and Robi
some training and motivational programme for
seasons by using 15,496 nos. of Deep tubewells
the farmers.
(DTW) and 673 nos. of Low lift pumps (LLP).To
use surface water for irrigation BMDA has re- Area under irrigation continues to grow. The total
excavated 3,751 nos. khas ponds, 6 nos. water area under irrigation in FY 2016-17 was 55.27
bodies, 2,215.07 km. khas canal and to preserve lakh hectares, which increased to 56.88 lakh
the water in the cannel 750 nos. cross dam has hectares in FY 2021-22. The target area for
been constructed across the canals. As a result, irrigation in FY 2022-23 has been set at 57.20
about 1.10 lakh hectares of land has been brought lakh hectares. The irrigated land area during the
under supplementary irrigation. To increase the period from FY 2016-17 to FY 2022-23 is shown
use of surface water for irrigation the Authority in Table 7.4.
has introduced a system by which water is lifted

Table 7.4: Area under Irrigation

(Area in lakh hectare)

Irrigation method 2016-17 2017-18 2018-19 2019-20 2020-21 2021-22 2022-23*

LLP & others 13.88 12.21 12.48 12.70 12.87 13.10 13.33
Deep tube well 10.63 10.72 10.76 10.84 10.85 10.38 10.39
Shallow tube well 30.79 29.82 29.94 30.01 30.06 30.70 30.75
(surface/deep/very deep)
Others 1.97 2.82 2.69 2.72 2.76 2.70 2.73
Total 55.27 55.57 55.87 56.27 56.54 56.88 57.20
Source: DAE, BADC, BMDA, Ministry of Agriculture. * Target.

Jute Crop Production Increasing environmental awareness around the

world has increased the demand and market
About 3 percent of the country's total export
value of jute as a natural fiber to protect the
income comes from jute and jute products.
environment from the harmful effects of
Therefore, the contribution of jute sector in the
synthetic fibers, both nationally and
development of agriculture and socio-economic
internationally. Moreover, the government has
condition of this country is very important.
enacted ‘Mandatory Packaging Act-2010’ and

Chapter 7: Agriculture | 99
Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

‘Rules for Mandatory Packaging with jute bag- sector and rural areas, the distribution of
2013’. According to this rule, jute fiber agricultural and rural loans through banks and
packaging is compulsory for 17 items. As a financial institutions is continuing. Extended
result, demand of jute fiber is increasing at home agricultural and rural credit policy and
and abroad. Production and demand of jute is programme have been formulated by Bangladesh
also increasing. Increasing awareness on national Bank to ensure agricultural and rural credit
and international concern of environment and disbursement easier and hassle free. Like
interest on diversified jute products such as jute previous years, the agricultural and rural credit
sacks, floats, ropes, CBC etc. as well as modern policy and programme in FY 2022-23 is
products such as jute fabric, jute wool, blanket, formulated with a view to speed up the
prayer mat, carpet, paper, sanitary napkin, agricultural credit at the marginal level.
fireproof jute fiber, rot proof nursery pot, bio
In FY 2021-22 Tk. 28,834.21 crore has been
pulp, bio-composite, jute-geo textile etc. are
disbursed as agricultural and rural credit against
being produced. The world's renowned car
the target of Tk. 28,391.00 crore through all the
manufacturing company uses jute to manufacture
scheduled commercial and specialised banks,
the interior of the car. So, in this regard industrial
which is 101.56 percent of the target. Beside this,
research on jute is also important as agricultural
in FY 2022-23 Tk. 21,066.51 crore has been
research for developing new diversified jute
disbursed up to February 2023 as agricultural and
products. As a result, demand for jute fiber is
rural credit against the target of Tk. 30,911.00
increasing at home and abroad. The market price
crore, which is 68.15 percent of the target. Like
of raw jute in the recent years might play key role
the previous fiscal years agricultural credit is
in growing interest of farmers to increase area
increasing every year. The below table shows a
and production. In FY 2022-23, jute has beeb
summary of agricultural and rural credit
cultivated in 7.54 lakh hectares of land.
disbursement and recovery position during the
Agricultural Credit period from FY 2015-16 to February 2023 of FY
2022-23.
In order to strengthen the food security of the
country and to uplift the role of the agricultural

Table 7.5: Year-wise Disbursement and Recovery of Agricultural Credit

(In crore Tk.)
Fiscal Year Target Disbursement Recovery Balance
2015-16 16400.00 17646.39 17056.43 34477.37
2016-17 17550.00 20998.70 18841.16 39047.57
2017-18 20400.00 21393.55 21503.12 40601.11
2018-19 21800.00 23616.25 23734.32 42974.29
2019-20 24124.00 22749.03 21245.24 45592.86
2020-21 26292.00 25511.35 27123.90 45939.80
2021-22 28391.00 28834.21 27463.41 49802.28
2022-23 30911.00 21066.51 20985.53 51234.84
Source: Bangladesh Bank * up to February 2023.

Chapter 7: Agriculture | 100

Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

Development projects/programme • Establishment of Bangladesh Institute of

In the context of present global economic crisis, Research and Training on Applied Nutrition
the Ministry of Agriculture is taking and (BIRTAN) to reduce of nutritional problems,
implementing integrated activities in the to develop skilled Human Resources and to
irrigation and crop sub-sector under several create employment opportunities.
development projects to keep mobility in crop • Agriculture research organisations have
production as per the instructions of the invented flood, drought, salinity and high
Honorable Prime Minister, with the aim of not temperature tolerant crop varieties to cope
leaving an inch of land uncultivated. Ministry of with climate change effect.
Agriculture has been implementing different
• Introduction of crop zoning technology.
development projects/programmes in the field of
agricultural research and education, agricultural • Implementing projects on the marketing of
extension and training, marketing of agricultural agricultural products to ensure fair price for
products, agricultural support and rehabilitation, the farmers.
innovation, procurement and management of • Implementing projects on Farm
agricultural input and equipment, seed Mechanisation Technology to increase crop
production, storage and distribution, extension of production and minimize the seasonal labor
irrigation facilities, fertiliser management crisis.
activities, farm mechanisation and crop storage
• Ensuring supply of quality seed to farmers
etc. for ensuring long term food security. Some
through establishment of seed cold storage.
important reform activities are mentioned below:
• Modernisation of seed production, processing
• Implementing projects in haor areas to and distribution system to ensure quality seed
increase cropping intensity. supply to farmers.
• Ensuring nutrition security through year- • Developing sustainable agricultural business
round fruits production. and enhancing nutrition through Programme
• Implementing projects to reduce pressure on on Agricultural and Rural Transformation for
ground water and enhancing ground water Nutrition, Entrepreneurship, and Resilience
level through recharge wells. (PARTNER).

• Expansion of irrigation facilities and increase • Flood Reconstruction Emergence Assistance

of crop production through installation of for Agriculture (FREAR) project is in the
rubber dams on small and medium rivers. process of being implemented for the
expansion of crop production and technology
• Implementing projects on irrigation and
in areas prone to flash floods in Sylhet
conservation of rain water in the Barind
region.
Region in order to increase crop production
and promote minor irrigation facilities • The Kandal Crop Development Project has
through solar energy driven dug wells. been undertaken to increase the production
and marketing of exportable potatoes to a
• Raising awareness among farmers and
sustainable level.
personnel involved with agricultural
activities on the proper utilisation of arable • Promotion of agriculture and agriculture-
land, fertiliser and other agricultural inputs. based services through the development of
several online based activities such as Online

Chapter 7: Agriculture | 101

Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

Fertiliser Recommendation Software, development of Bangladesh is undeniable.

Bangladesh Rice Knowledge Bank etc. Bangladesh has achieved fish production self-
• Establishment of a call center at the head sufficiency through the adoption and
office of Agriculture Information Service implementation of timely plans for the
(AIS). production and management of inland open water
bodies, inland closed water bodies and marine
• Introduction of internet facilities to all
water bodies. The government is implementing
marketing offices at district level and
various programmes to ensure the supply of
publication of market prices and other
animal protein through increasing fish
information at the website
production. Fish farming in open water,
(www.dam.gov.bd).
conservation of endangered fish species,
• Establishment of Post-Entry Quarantine
establishment of fish breeding and breeding
Centre.
sanctuaries, conservation of Jatka, eco-friendly
• Promotion of organic pest control method shrimp farming and other activities are currently
and organic agriculture activities. underway. The Halda river, a natural fish
• Implementing a project on Genome breeding centre, has been declared a
Sequencing of Jute for selection of jute 'Bangabandhu Fisheries Heritage'. In addition,
cultivation area and extension of Ribbon quality control activities have been intensified to
Rating Technology. preserve and expand the market for export of fish
• Using solar energy for irrigation to save oil and fish products.
and electricity. As a result of successful implementation of far-
• Promoting participation of women in reaching planning and development projects
agricultural sector to alleviate poverty and undertaken by the government in the fisheries
create employment opportunities. sector, the fish production in FY 2021-22 stood
• Identification of pests and diseases of at 47.59 lakh metric tonnes, which is 1.56 times
vegetables, fruits and betel leaves. more than the total production (30.62 lakh MT)
• Adoption of synchronised cultivation. in FY 2010-11. According to FAO report ‘The
State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2022’,
• Establishment of family nutrition garden in Bangladesh ranked 3rd in inland open water
homestead and uncultivable fallow land. capture production and 5th in world aquaculture
Fisheries Sector production. Moreover, Bangladesh ranked 1st
among 11 Hilsa producing countries in the world
Fish Production
and ranked 4th in Tilapia production in the world
The contribution of the fisheries sector to food and 3rd in Asia. Table 7.6 shows the trend of fish
security, employment creation, expansion of production during the period from FY 2015-16 to
export, trade and above all the socio-economic FY 2022-23.

Chapter 7: Agriculture | 102

Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

Table 7.6: Fish Production Trends in Different Resources

(In lakh metrictonnes)
Sector Area 2015-16 2016-17 2017-18 2018-19 2019-20 2020-21 2021-22 2022-23*
(Lakh ha)
1.Inland
(a) Capture
(i) River & 8.54 1.78 2.72 3.21 3.25 3.29 3.37 3.43 3.68
Estuaries
(ii) Sundarban 1.78 0.17 0.18 0.18 0.18 0.21 0.22 0.24 0.20
(iii) Beel 1.14 0.95 0.98 0.99 2.00 1.00 1.05 1.06 1.09
(iv) Kaptai lake 0.69 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.11 0.13 0.12 0.18 0.11
(v) Flood plain 26.93 7.48 7.66 7.69 7.82 7.73 8.25 8.31 8.21
Sub-Total 39.08 10.5 11.64 12.17 12.36 12.49 13.01 13.22 13.29
(Open Water)
(b) Culture
(i) Pond 3.77 17.20 18.33 19.00 19.75 20.46 20.91 21.67 21.82
(ii) Baors 0.055 2.08 0.08 0.08 0.1 0.11 2.27 2.32 2.43
(iii) Seasonal 1.33 0.08 2.16 2.16 2.17 2.26 0.11 0.12 0.09
cultured water
bodies
(iv)Shrimp 2.756 2.40 2.47 2.54 2.58 2.7 2.79 2.87 2.84
/Prawn farms
(iv) Pen culture 0.833 0.13 0.13 0.11 0.12 0.13 0.14 0.15 0.11
(iv) Cage culture 0.001 0.02 0.02 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.04
(v) Crab 0.13 0.14 0.12 0.12 0.13 0.12 0.13 0.13
Sub-Total 8.75 22.04 23.33 24.05 24.88 25.83 26.39 27.31 27.46
(Culture)
Total (Inland) 47.83 32.52 34.97 36.22 37.24 38.32 39.40 40.53 40.75
2. Marine
Fisheries
(a) Industrial 1.05 1.08 1.2 1.07 1.15 1.19 1.37 1.30
(b) Artisanal 5.21 5.29 5.35 5.53 5.56 5.62 5.69 5.76
Total (Marine) - 6.26 6.37 6.55 6.60 6.71 6.81 7.06 7.06
Country Total 47.83 38.78 41.34 42.77 43.84 45.03 46.21 47.59 47.81
Source: Department of Fisheries, Ministry of Fisheries and Livestock. *projected.

Figure 7.2: Fish Production Trends in Different Resources

60

46.21 47.59 47.81

50 43.84 45.03
42.77
6.81 7.06 7.06
40 6.6 6.71
6.55
Lakh MT

30
25.83 26.39 27.31 27.46
24.05 24.88
20

10
12.17 12.36 12.49 13.01 13.22 13.29
0
2017-18 2018-19 2019-20 2020-21 2021-22 2022-23*

Inland Open Water(capture) Inland Open Water(culture) Marine Total

*Projected

Chapter 7: Agriculture | 103

Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

Production of Fish Spawn and Fish Fry • Arranging awareness building and fish act
At the moment, hatchery-produced seed/fry are implementation programme to stop Hilsa
meeting nearly hundred percent of total demand fishing, marketing and carrying for 22 days
for fish farming. However, it is often difficult to during the peak spawning season to protect
obtain quality fry from hatcheries due to Hilsa brood.
inbreeding issues. To overcome this problem, • Imposing 8 months (November-June) ban on
Department of Fisheries has continued its efforts Jatka fishing.
to ensure the quality of fry by producing quality • Imposing 65 days ban on all kind of fishing
brood in hatchery through collecting fry from in Bay of Bengal
natural sources. At present there are 143 • Developing the livelihood of Hilsa fishermen
government fish farm and 1,190 private farms by giving VGF (vulnerable group feeding)
and 17,478 nurseries are operating throughout the and AIG (alternative income generation).
country. As a result of the above-mentioned initiatives and
Conservation Programme for Jatka joint operations/mobile courts, conservation of
Jatka and implementation of Hilsa breeding
Hilsa is one of the bearers and carriers of the
protection activities, production and size of Hilsa
tradition and culture of Bangladesh. Bangladesh
have increased unexpectedly. In FY 2021-22, the
is a role model in Hilsa production in the world.
production of Hilsa was 5.67 lakh MT, which is
Hilsa alone accounts for 12.22 percent of the
66.76 percent more than the total production of
total fish production in Bangladesh. Hilsa
Hilsa (3.40 lakh MT) in FY 2010-11. Under the
contributes more than one percent to the
social security programme, In FY 2021-22, a
country's GDP. The contribution of Hilsa as a
total of 59,141.04 MT food assistance was
single species is the highest. Hilsa of Bangladesh
provided to 3.91 lakh Jatka families at the rate of
is appreciated in the world market with its own
40 kg/month. In 2022, special combing
identity after obtaining the Geographical
operations were conducted in 17 districts
Registration Certificate (GI Certificate) titled
(Barishal, Bhola, Patuakhali, Barguna, Pirojpur,
Bangladesh Hilsa. Bangladesh is known as the
Jhalokhathi, Chandpur, Noakhali, Cox’s Bazar,
country of Hilsa producing more than two-thirds
Chattagram, Laxmipur, Khulna, Bagerhat,
of the world. The government has taken the
Satkhira, Shariatpur, Madaripur and
following initiatives to increase the production of
Munhsiganj) to eradicate the misuse of illegal
Hilsa and ensure sustainable production:
nets for fishing.
• Formulating and implementing Hilsa Management of Marine Fisheries Resources
Fisheries Management Action Plan.
• Identifying 7,000 sq. km. major Hilsa The historic sea conquest under the leadership of
breeding area in Bay of Bengal. our government has paved the way for
• Establishment of a total of 6 Hilsa developing the country’s blue economy. In 2014,
sanctuaries in the upper and lower basins of a short, medium and long-term plan of action was
Padma, Meghna, Kalabadar, Andharamanik formulated in order to achieve the desired growth
and other coastal rivers including Tentulia in sustainably conserving, managing and
and strengthening of partnership extracting fish resources from the vast waters
management. obtained through sea conquest. For proper
management of fisheries resources and
• Declaring 3,188 sq. km. Marine Reserve
development of green economy in the marine
Area adjacent to Nijhum dweep.
waters of Bangladesh, 'Marine Fisheries Act-

Chapter 7: Agriculture | 104

Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

2020' and 'Marine Fisheries Policy 2022' have healthy and safe supply of fish and fish products
been formulated. to the domestic market as well as the
international market:
The Research and Survey vessel ‘RV Mean
Sandhani’ have conducted 44 survey cruises till • To ensure production of safe and quality fish
February 2023 in the Bay of Bengal and data has and fish products three international quality
been stored for biological analysis. A request fisheries quality control laboratories are
letter has been sent to FAO to conduct a full being run under the Department of Fisheries.
survey of the Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) of • Implementation of Good Aquaculture
Bangladesh for 30 days by the R.V. Dr. Fridtjof Practice (GAP) and Hazard Analysis and
Nansen. Activities for socio-economic Critical Control Point (HACCP) management
development of fishermen are underway by systems has been ensured at every step of
establishing 450 fishing villages to ensure co- production of fish and shrimp.
management of marine fisheries resources. The • Standard Operating Procedure Manual has
project is providing grants for mariculture and been formulated to ensure safe and quality
marine fisheries value chain development shrimp production in line with the demand of
through applied research to enrich the blue the international market.
economy through sustainable use of marine water • The Aquaculture Medicinal Products Control
resources. Guideline has been authorised to control the
National Plan of Action (NPOA) is being use of medications in aquaculture practices
implementing to prevent Illegal, Unwanted and As a result, the implementation of the above
Unreported (IUU) Fishing. All kinds of fishing mentioned activities, despite the financial
have been banned through all types of fishing recession in the world market, in the FY 2021-22,
vessels in the sea for 65 days since 2019. Bangladesh earned Tk. 5,191.75 crore by
Allocation of 26,083.42 MT of VGF among exporting 74,042.67 MT of fish and fish products
2,99,135 fishers families in 68 upazilas of 14 which is 26.96 percent more than last year. In FY
coastal districts for 65 days (20 May-23 July) 2022-23 (till January), Bangladesh earned Tk.
under the humanitarian assistance programme in 3,226.03 crore by exporting 43,117.49
FY 2021-22. Coastal fishing by seine nets metrictonnes of fish and fish products.
including other harmful nets is prohibited and
joint operations are being conducted in coastal Livestock
districts to reduce fishing pressure and The livestock sector makes an undeniable
sustainable fisheries management. The contribution to Bangladesh's economic growth,
government has also taken up a project called food and nutrition security, creation of self-
‘Pilot Project on Tuna and Similar Pelagic employment creation, and, most importantly,
Fishing in the Deep Sea’ which will open a new poverty alleviation. With the continuous efforts
horizon in the ocean economy. In FY 2021-22, of the government, Bangladesh has achieved self-
marine fish production was 7.06 lakh MT which sufficiency in meat and egg production and has
is 1.3 times higher than the total production in made promising progress in milk production. In
FY 2010-11 (5.46 lakh MT). attaining sustainable milk production,
Export of Fish and Fisheries Products comprehensive initiatives have been taken to
develop cattle breeds, milk marketing system,
Fisheries and fish products are one of the main quality control and easy access of dairy products
export sectors of Bangladesh. The Government as well as to improve milk consumption trend.
has taken the following initiatives to ensure

Chapter 7: Agriculture | 105

Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

Milk production in FY 2021-22 was 130.74 lakh capita availability reached at 147.84 g/day.
MT, which increases 4.4 times as compared to Higher growth rate in egg production has been
FY 2010-11; hence, per capita availability achieved due to development of climate adaptive
reached to 208.61 ml/day. Exponential layer breed, expansion of Grandparent stock,
investment and commercialisation in the poultry Parent stock and commercial farms including
sector has taken place in the context of huge investment in quality poultry feed
government’s policy support. Over the past few production. Egg production in FY 2021-22 was
years, commercial cattle fattening has greatly 2,335.35 crores, which was 3.8 times higher than
expanded due to restriction of illegal cattle trade. FY 2010-11 (607.85 crores) and now per capita
As a result, Bangladesh has become self- availability of egg rose to 136.01
sufficient in meat production. It is increased by number/year.The production statistics of milk,
4.65 times in the last one decade and reached to meat and eggs during the period from FY 2015-
92.65 lakh MT in FY 2021-22 as well as per 16 to FY 2022-23 are summarised in Table 7.7

Table 7.7: Production of Milk, Meat and Eggs

Production
Product
Unit 2015-16 2016-17 2017-18 2018-19 2019-20 2020-21 2021-22 2022-23*
Milk Lakh MT 72.75 92.83 94.06 99.23 106.80 119.85 130.74 95.68
Meat Lakh MT 61.52 71.54 72.60 75.14 76.74 84.40 92.65 66.70
Eggs crore 1191.24 1493.31 1552.00 1711.00 1736.00 2057.64 2335.35 1627.89
Source: Department of Livestock Services, ministry of Livestock and Fisheries, *Up to February 2023.

Artificial Insemination of Cattle government level in FY 2021-22. To prevent

trans-boundary diseases 24 animal quarantine
In order to increase the production and
stations are working at different river ports, land
productivity of cattle, artificial insemination
ports and airports. In addition, initiatives have
services are being provided across the country
been taken to establish Veterinary Public Health
through 15,389 artificial insemination sub-
Labs including modernisation of Central and
centres/points. Over the past decade, artificial
Field Disease Investigation Labs for control of
insemination coverage has increased from 28
Zoonotic Diseases to protect public health. In
percent to 56 percent. During the period under
FY 2021-22, 11.44 crore livestock and 54,129
review, semen production, artificial
pet services and 9,147 disease surveillance
insemination and crossbred calf production
activities have been conducted.
increased by 4.1, 4.3 and 5 times respectively. In
FY 2021-22, 120.29 lakh doses of quality semen Budget Allocation for Agriculture Sector
were produced and 105.38 lakh breed able
With the aim of building a self-sufficient and
cows/heifers are inseminated of which about
sustainable modern agricultural system, the
48.07 lakh crossbreed calves were born.
government is undertaking various activities for
Vaccination and Treatment the development of the agricultural sector. In
order to ensure the food security and to maintain
In order to prevent diseases and reduce the
normal agricultural production, a total of Tk.
financial risk of diseases, 32.04 crore doses of
33,698 crore has been allocated for the
vaccines for 17 diseases of cattle and poultry
agriculture, food security and fisheries and
have been produced and implemented at the

Chapter 7: Agriculture | 106

Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

livestock sectors in FY 2022-23, which is 4.97 bills for the use of electricity-driven irrigation
percent of the total budget allocation. With a equipment.
view to increasing agricultural production, Tk.
An incentive package of Tk. 3,220 crore has
16,000 crore has been allocated in the budget of
been allocated for distribution of agricultural
FY 2022-23 for subsidising fertilisers and other
machinery to modernise agriculture, increase
agricultural activities to support the farmers. Up
production, resolve labor crisis in major seasons
to February 2023 Tk. 12,660.77 crore has
and ensure overall food security. An agricultural
released to provide subsidy on fertilisers and
refinance scheme of Tk. 5,000 crore was set up
other Agriculture Inputs. Besides, an amount of
to facilitate access to credit by farmers for
Tk. 500 crore has allocated for agriculture
increasing agricultural production and food
rehabilitation assistance, out of which Tk.
security. An additional allocation of Tk. 3,000
366.24 crore has been released. In FY 2022-23,
crore was made under this package in the 2nd
Tk. 150 crores has allocated for seed production
phase from July, 2021 onwards. As a result, the
activities and a 20 percent rebate on electricity
size of this package stood at Tk. 8,000 crore.

Chapter 7: Agriculture | 107

Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

CHAPTER EIGHT
INDUSTRY

The cumulative contribution of Industry Sector to GDP is increasing in the economy of Bangladesh over
the last decades. As stated in BBS, the contribution of the broad industry sector to GDP has been
estimated at 37.56 percent in FY 2022-23 which was 36.92 percent in FY 2021-22. The government is
persistently taking synchronized and inclusive initiatives for flourishing of all industrial sectors of the
country such as manufacturing industry and fuel industry, agriculture and forestry industry, mineral
extraction and processing industry, tourism and service industry, construction industry and ICT based
industry through ensuring expansion of labor-intensive and export-oriented industries, fertilizer
production for food security, generation of skill manpower and employment with a view to becoming an
industrially developed middle income country .National Industrial Policy 2022 has been formulated for
economically enriching Bangladesh, increasing sector-wise productivity and achieving excellence in the
quality of manufactured products by embracing the technological advances of the fourth industrial
revolution along with labor-intensive industrialization through utilizing the domestic raw materials and
resources. Strengthening the infrastructure of the industrial sectors, building a social security system and
removing infrastructural barriers to accelerate private investment and economic growth, developing
human resources, making public institutions profitable, etc. have been prioritized by the government in
order to ensure the desired growth rate in the industrial sector. The government is relentlessly continuing
its all sorts of initiatives to achieve this goal by extending loans and other ancillary supports through
banks and other financial institutions. As a consequence, the volume of both distribution and recovery of
industrial loan is drifting to the increasement. Besides all these initiatives, the EPZs are playing pivotal
role in the context of promoting as well as enhancing rapid industrialisation and attracting foreign direct
investment substantially. Bangladesh Government has enacted "One Stop Service Act-2018" to facilitate
investment in Bangladesh, provide faster service and improve service quality.

Industry sector of Bangladesh economy has been manufacturing, electricity gas, steam and air
gradually and consistently expanding over the condition, water supply and construction. The
few years. According to Bangladesh Bureau of contribution of the manufacturing sector is the
Statistics (BBS) estimate, the contribution of the highest in GDP. In FY 2022-23 the contribution
broad industry sector to GDP stood at 36.92 of manufacturing sector to GDP is 24.95 percent
percent in FY 2021-22 which increased to 37.56 which decreased to 24.29 percent in FY 2021-22.
percent in FY 2022-23. Among the fifteen sectors The volume and growth performance of the
of GDP, the broad industry sector includes five manufacturing sector from FY 2015-16 to FY
sectors namely mining and quarrying, 2022-23 is shown in Table 8.1.
Table 8.1: Volume and Growth Rate of Manufacturing Sector
(At constant prices of 2015-16)
(Tk. In Crore)
Type of Industry 2015-16 2016-17 2017-18 2018-19 2019-20 2020-21 2021-22 2022-23*
Cottage Industry 72127 78829 84700 96704 100257 110557 122847 135985
(-) (9.29) (7.45) (14.17) (3.67) (10.27) (11.12) (10.69)
Small, Medium and Micro Industry 129108 142102 157882 174632 179325 204241 214126 234970
(-) (10.06) (11.10) (10.61) (2.69) (13.89) (4.84) (9.73)
Large Industry 221152 231388 257016 289885 291072 321967 372452 403948
(-) (11.08) (12.79) (0.41) (10.61) (10.61) (15.68) (8.46)
Total 422387 452319 499598 561220 570654 636765 709425 774903
(-) (7.09) (10.45) (12.33) (1.68) (11.59) (11.41) (9.23)
Source: Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics. Note: Figures in parentheses indicate rate of growth. * Provisional.

Chapter 8: Industry |109

Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

National Industrial Policy the industrial sector, building a social security

system and removing infrastructural barriers to
Considering industrialisation or industrial sector
accelerate private investment and economic
as the most important sectors, industrial policy,
growth, developing human resources, making
2016, was announced to speed up the pace of
government institutions profitable, etc. have been
industrialisation in the country and inclusive
prioritized in this policy. The government has
industrial growth through generation of
formulated the National Industrial Policy 2022 to
productive employment to create new
ensure the desired growth in the industrial sector.
entrepreneurs, mainstreaming women in the
industrialisation process and international market Leather and Leather Goods Industry is the second
linkage creation. To secure a sustainable largest foreign exchange earner sector of
development through economic, social and Bangladesh. The government has set a target of
environmental protection, the government exporting 5 billion US dollar from this sector by
declares small and medium enterprises as the key 2024. Government has formulated Leather and
sector for the growth of industrialisation. In Leather Goods Industry Development Policy
addition to that, the government also lays 2019 to achieve this goal as well as to attain
emphasis on heavy industry and few selected desired sustainable growth of this sector. As the
service sectors. second largest export sector, if we provide the
necessary facilities it will also be able to
The main objective of the National Industrial
contribute significantly to our economy.
Policy 2022 is to economically enrich
Bangladesh, increase sector-wise productivity Quantum Index of Production of
and achieve excellence in the quality of Manufacturing Industries
manufactured products by embracing the
The Quantum Index of Production is an
technological advantages of the fourth industrial
important indicator of the measurement of
revolution along with labor-intensive
product production in the manufacturing
industrialization using domestic raw materials
industry. According to the data of Bangladesh
and resources. The main basis for successful
Bureau of Statistics (BBS), the production index
implementation of this policy is to accelerate
of medium to large scale industries increased
domestic and foreign investment in private
from 213.22 in FY 2013-14 to 500.28 in FY
sectors and for this reason the government will
2022-23 considering base price of FY 2005-06.
play role to create an investment-friendly
Table 8.2 shows the index during FY 2013-14 to
environment. Strengthening the infrastructure of
FY 2022-23.

Table 8.2: Quantum Index of Production for Medium to Large Scale Manufacturing Industries
(Base: 2005-06)
Fiscal Year 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16 2016-17 2017-18 2018-19 2019-20 2020-21 2021-22 2022-23*
Medium to
Large Scale 213.22 236.11 267.88 297.89 342.47 392.82 398.35 447.60 501.68 500.28
Industries
Percentage 9.24 10.74 13.46 11.20 14.97 14.70 1.41 12.36 12.08 7.42
change
Source: Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics * July- September 2022

A Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) unemployment problem through new

employment generation. This sector has been
Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) are
playing a significant role in achieving economic
considered as a potential sector for solving

Chapter 8: Industry |110

Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

growth and earning foreign currency by in SME loan disbursement is considered as

encouraging and expanding the business yardstick for the approval of opening new
activities. For the expansion and development of branches and a criterion to determine CAMELS
the sector to enhance the standard of lifestyle of ratings of banks. Banks and NBFIs have come
the mass people and ensure women forward for financing and the development of
empowerment to reduce gender discrimination, SMEs sector under close monitoring and
Bangladesh Bank has been continuing its supervision of Bangladesh Bank. Total net
refinancing facilities in the year 2022 for Banks outstanding loans and advances in SME sector at
and Non-Bank Financial Institutions (NBFIs) the end of December, 2022 is Tk. 2,85,565.69
against their financing to SMEs. Steps have been crore. In year 2022 (up to December), Banks and
undertaken for the development of SMEs are NBFIs altogether have disbursed an amount of Tk.
given in annexure 8.1. 2,20,489.37 crore against 11,24,193 SMEs. On the
other hand, 1,47,102 women led SME enterprises
Disbursement of SME Loan received financing of Tk. 10,355.80 crore from
A self-determined year-wise lending target January to December 2022. Table-8.3 reveals the
(calendar year basis) in SMEs sector for banks and disbursement of category-wise SME credit from
NBFIs was first introduced in 2010. The success the year 2010 to 2022.

Table 8.3: Disbursement of SME Credit by Banks and NBFIs

(Tk. in Crore)
Actual Disbursement Women Achievement
Period Target
Trading Manufacturing Service Total Ent. (%)
2010 38858.12 35040.53 15147.72 3355.68 53543.93 1804.98 138
2011 56940.13 34382.64 15805.95 3530.85 53719.44 2048.45 95
2012 59012.78 44225.19 21897.33 3630.90 69753.42 2244.01 118
2013 74186.87 56703.72 24016.64 4602.89 85323.25 3346.55 115
2014 89030.95 62767.18 30246.20 7896.77 100910.15 3938.75 113

2015 104586.49 73551.78 30462.02 11856.68 115870.48 4226.99 112

2016 113503.43 90547.57 35168.63 16219.19 141935.39 5345.66 125

2017 133853.59 96934.79 42334.87 22507.66 161777.32 4772.99 121

2018 161031.89 66936.21 55739.61 36834.25 159510.07 5517.09 99.05

2019 176902.00 72522.37 58715.31 36732.99 167970.67 6108.99 94.95

2020 229153.21 83455.61 80843.34 425054.68 206803.63 8244.46 90.25%

2021 252760.64 87934.45 83007.29 44844.56 215786.30 8801.54 85.37%

2022* 285565.69 98548.19 95516.96 48311.62 242375.78 13744.57 84.88%

Source: Bangladesh Bank. *Up to December 2022. A target based lending to cottage, micro, small and medium enterprises has been initiated
since 2010. Until 2019, lending target calculation process was disbursement based. From 2020, lending target is being determined using net
outstanding based calculation process which initiated by SMESPD Circular No. 02: dated September 05, 2019.

Chapter 8: Industry |111

Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

Refinance Schemes 23,917.76 crore has been provided to different

Banks and NBFIs under different refinance/pre-
In addition to regular financing to SME
finance schemes up to February 2023 against
enterprises, Banks and NBFIs are also making
3,11,122 enterprises. These refinancing facilities
short to long term financing to SMEs through
have been helping for benefitting SMEs to
refinance and pre-finance schemes of Bangladesh
expand their business; and thereby, creating new
Bank. Presently, Bangladesh Bank is running 12
employment opportunities. The overall status of
funds and projects with the help of JICA, various
these funds as on February, 2023 has been
European development partners and its own
presented in Table-8.4.
funds in the SME sector. A total amount of Tk.

Table 8.4: Summary Information of SME Refinance Schemes

Amount of Refinance
SL. No Name of the Fund Financed Enterprises
(Tk. in Crore)
Refinance Scheme to support COVID-19 Economic Stimulus 231789
1 9352.10
Package
2 Refinance Scheme Against Term Loans to CMSMEs 1045.92 7655
Refinance Scheme for Setting up agro Based Product
3 2765.02 4178
Processing Industries in Rural Areas
Refinance Scheme for New Entrepreneurs in Cottage, Micro
4 208.45 3020
abd Small Enterprise Sector
5 Small Enterprise Refinance Scheme for Women only 6334.77 50034
6 Islamic Refinance Fund 696.55 1110
7 Urban Building Safety Project 99.37 8
Financial Sector Project for the Development of Small &
8 1373.14 2246
Medium sized Enterprise (FSPDSME)
Support Safety Retrofits and Environmental Upgrades in the
9 225.08 22
Bangladeshi Ready-Made Garments (RMG) Sector (SREUP)
COVID-19 Emergency and Crisis Response Facility
10 1357.48 9363
Project(CECRFP)
Supporting Post Covid-19 Small Scale Employment Creation
11 386.36 1577
Project (SPCSSECP)
12 Line of Finance to Support SMEs Project (LFSSP) 73.52 120
Grand Total 23917.76 311122
Source: Bangladesh Bank. Up to February 2023.

support, services and facilities to entrepreneurs in

Small and Medium Enterprise Foundation
FY 2022-23 (up to February 2023) are given
(SMEF)
below:
In line with the SME Policy-2019, Industrial
Investment and employment generation in
Policy-2016, 8th Five Year Plan, Vision-2021,
Small and Cottage Industries sector
SDG-2030 and Vision-2041, SMEF has been
implementing multifaceted activities. Some key During FY 2022-23 up to February 2023, the
activities of SMEF are given in Annexure 8.2. number of medium, small and cottage industrial
units established with direct and indirect
Bangladesh Small and Cottage Industries
assistance of BSCIC are 43, 1,383 and 2,888
Corporation (BSCIC)
respectively. Total investment in these industrial
For the development of small and cottage units is Tk. 1847.25 crore. Among these
industries in the private sector, Bangladesh Small investments, the amount of debt distributed by
and Cottage Industries Corporation (BSCIC) has banks, BSCIC and other financial institutions is
given a brief description of the contributions Tk. 200.09 crore. Entrepreneurs’ equity of 745.84
made to the national economy by providing crore and remaining 901.32 crore has been

Chapter 8: Industry |112

Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

invested entrepreneurs’ setting up industries in country. Among them 4,769 units are presently
their own initiatives. Through the above under production. Total investment in these 80
investment, a total employment of 35,295 industrial estates up to June 2022 is Tk.
persons has been created in the small and cottage 43,259.77 crore. These units had produced goods
industries sector. worth Tk. 76,410.16 crore in the FY 2021-22, out
of which products worth Tk. 46,293.37 crore had
Contribution of BSCIC Industrial Estates
been exported. Most of the exported items were
Up to February 2023, 10,607 industrial plots had hosiery products. The contribution made by the
been allotted in favour of 5,998 industrial units in industrial estates is summerised below:
80 Industrial Estates of BSCIC throughout the

Table 8.5: Investment, Production and Employment of BSCIC Industrial Estates

1. Total no. of Industrial Estates 80
2. Total no. of Industrial plots 11922
3. Total no. of plots allotted (Up to February 2023) 10607
4. Total no. of Industrial units allotted (Up to February 2023) 5998
5. Total no. of units under production (Up to February 2023) 4769
6. No. of export oriented units (Up to June 2022) 962
7. Total Investment (Up to June 2022) Tk. 43259.77 crore
8. Employment (Up to June 2022) 8.25 lakh Persons
9. Total sales price of the products produced (FY 2021-2022) Tk. 76410.16 crore
10. Total sales price of exported products (FY 2021-2022) Tk. 46293.37 crore
Source: MoI, BSCIC

Table 8.6: Yearly Investment, Production and Employment of BSCIC Industrial Estates

Financial Investment (Cumulative) Annual production Employment (from the beginning)

Year (Taka in Crore) (Taka in Crore) (In Lakh)

2012-13 17411 36097 5.04

2013-14 18897 42509 5.26
2014-15 19380 43858 5.50
2015-16 20178 45879 5.63
2016-17 20178 55262 5.64
2017-18 25418 59107 5.79
2018-19 27689 50682 8.24
2019-20 39217 136998 8.25
2020-21 41217 60945 8.25
2021-22 43260 76410 8.25
2022-23* 43260 - -
Source: MOI, BSCIC. (* UP to February 2023)

• BSCIC's loan assistance activities • Other activities

Through BSCIC’s Own Fund (BINIT) A part from the activities mentioned above,
programme for poverty alleviation, Tk. few more services were delivered by
10.26 crore has been disbursed in favor of BSCIC, which is presented below in
505 entrepreneurs in 64 districts under the comparison to previous few years:
Loan assistance activities of BSCIC till
February 2023 of FY 2022-23.

Chapter 8: Industry |113

Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

Table 8.7: Delivery of Services of BSCIC

Achievement (in number)
Sl.
Area of Assistance
no 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16 2016-17 2017-18 2018-19 2019-20 2020-21 2021-22 2022-23*

1. Registration of Medium - - - - 14 14 21 43 85 42
Industrial Unit Small 604 251 647 869 647 617 625 1912 2021 867
Cottage 1363 494 1329 2041 1838 1706 1,619 5404 5807 1944
2. Distribution of Design 2409 2409 2326 2448 2833 2939 2783 3571 2785 1492
3. Preparation of Project Profile 421 422 476 486 504 565 461 520 522 153
4. Marketing Study 381 411 396 423 436 416 387 423 404 78
5. Sub-Contracting Linkage 43 60 61 61 60 53 63 66 60 57
6. Arrangement of Fair 12 11 14 18 18 15 14 21 100 8
Source: BSCIC, *Up to February 2023.
taxes) of the national exchequer was Tk. 111.58
Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation
crore.
(BCIC)
Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation Name of the Running Factories in BCIC:
(BCIC) has made its highest effort ensure food
security of its people by producing more food 1. Chattogram Urea Fertiliser Ltd.
grains through scientific application of 2. Shahjalal Fertiliser Company Ltd.
agricultural inputs like fertiliser. It is the largest
public-sector corporation of the country. BCIC is 3. JamunaFertiliser Company Ltd .
now being run with 10 large and medium size 4. AshuganjFertiliser& Chemical Company
enterprises under its management including 4 Ltd (AFCCL).
5.
urea fertiliser factories, 1 DAP fertiliser factory,
TSP Complex Ltd.
1 TSP fertiliser factory, 1 paper mill, 1 cement 6.
factory, 1 glass sheet factory and 1 insulator and DAPFertiliser Co. Ltd.
7.
sanitary ware factory. 80% of BCIC's products Karnaphuli Paper Mills Ltd.
are chemical fertilisers, of which 70 percent is 8.
urea fertiliser and 10% is others fertiliser. There Chhatak Cement Company Ltd.
9.
are 10 organisations operating under Usmania Glass Sheet Factory Ltd.
10.
local/foreign joint venture partners with BCIC.
Bangladesh Insulator and Sanitary ware
During FY 2022-23 (Till February 2023) the
Factory Ltd.
running factories under BCIC produced 5,27,271
MT of urea fertiliser, 58,309 MT TSP, 81,028 Name of joint venture factories in partnership
MT DAP fertilizer, 772.68 MT of paper, 541.64 with BCIC:
MT of Sanitary ware, 305.39 MT of Insulator,
99.54 MT refractories and 9.95 lac Square Meter 1. Karnaphuli Fertiliser Co. Ltd. (KAFCO)
Glass-sheet. Until December 2022 in FY 2022- 2. Sanofis (Bangladesh) Ltd.
2023, the actual production has been Tk.1055.25
3. Bayer Crop Science Bangladesh Ltd.
crore against the target of Tk. 1904.90 crore in 10
factories of BCIC, which is 55.40% of the target. 4. Novartis (Bangladesh) Ltd.
At the same time the sales volume of the BCIC's
5. Syngenta (Bangladesh) Ltd.
factories Tk. 1198.42 crore, which is 62.91% of
the target. At the time the revenue (duties & 6. Dhaka Match Industries Co. Ltd.

Chapter 8: Industry |114

Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

The production, demand, sales and import

7. Bulk Management (BD) Ltd.
statistics of urea fertiliser from FY 2012-13 to FY
8. Miracle Industries Ltd. 2022-23 (up to February 2023) are given below In
9. Bangladesh Fertiliser and agro chemicals Ltd. Table 8.8:

10. Soudi Bangla Integrated Cement Co.Ltd.

Table 8.8: The Production, Demand, Sales and Import Statistics of Urea Fertiliser
(in Metric Ton)

Fiscal year Targets Actual Target Achieved Demand Actual Sales rate against Import
production (%) sales demand (%)
2012-13 1115000 1026999 92 2500000 2247116 90 1314703
2013-14 1012500 838628 83 2450000 2461681 100 1731057
2014-15 786056 878360 112 2700000 2638533 98 1880964
2015-16 1095000 1007498 92 2800000 2291452 82 1676165
2016-17 928000 922717 99 2500000 2365737 95 1153324
2017-18 943974 764006 81 2500000 2427467 97 1419149
2018-19 810000 788435 97 2550000 2594093 102 2045715
2019-20 900000 796598 89 2650000 2509726 95 1699764
2020-21 1160000 1033913 89 2550000 2463419 96.60 1307727
2021-22 1220000 1010304 82 2669100 2663082 99.77 1704701
2022-23* 1310000 527271 40 2600000 2289398 88.40 1661736
Source: Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation * up to February 2023

Bangladesh Sugar and Food Industries target of distillery unit had set a target to produce
Corporation (BSFIC) 58.00 lakh proof liter Sprit & Alcohol against
which 42.32 lakh proof liter has been produced
Bangladesh Sugar and Food Industries
up to February 2023. The target of Bio-fertilizer
Corporation operates activities of its 15 sugar
was 2200 M. Ton against which 1,350.00 M. Ton
mills, 1 distillery unit, 1 engineering factory, 1
has been produced and the target of Vinegar was
organic Bio-fertiliser and 2 commercial
22,000 liter against which 13,200.00 liter has
establishments. Annual production capacity of 15
been produced up to February 2023. The annual
sugar mills under the corporation is 2.10 lakh
production targets of engineering products have
MT. At present the annual demand of sugar is
been determined as 600 MT but up to February,
about 18 lakh MT in our country. Sugar
2023 about 352.50 MT products have been
production is insufficient in sugar mills based on
produced.
sugarcane, compared to the actual demand of
sugar in the country. As a result, the deficiency With the aim of increasing sugarcane production
of sugar is fulfilled by imported sugar and sugar in 09 sugar mills operating under Bangladesh
produced in the 5/6 sugar refineries, established Sugar and Food Industry Corporation, quality
in the private sector. sugarcane seed production activities have been
started in collaboration with Bangladesh Sugar
In the Financial Year 2022-23, BSFIC had set a
Crop Research Institute (BSRI). Bringing the
target for the rest nine sugar mills to produce
ICT facilities to the doorsteps of farmers of sugar
52,945.00 MT of sugar against which up to
mills under Bangladesh Sugar and Food
February 2023, 21,313.00 M. Ton. of Sugar has
Industries Corporation, E-Purji, Online Purji, E-
been produced. In the FY 2022-23 the production

Chapter 8: Industry |115

Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

Gazette and E-Payment systems are running assembling Bus, Truck, Jeep, Motorcycle etc.
successfully with the help of Access to Enterprises of BSEC also produce MS/GI/API
Information (A2I). Pipe, MS Rod and Safety Razor Blade.
Bangladesh Steel and Engineering From July 2022 to February 2023, products
Corporation (BSEC) worth Tk. 142.59 crore were produced in BSEC's
enterprises. According to the budget target for the
Bangladesh Steel & Engineering Corporation
FY 2022-23, it is expected that the manufacturing
Initially started functioning with 62 enterprises.
companies will produce goods worth Tk. 994.36
Enterprises under Bangladesh Steel &
crore. From July 2022 to February 2023,
Engineering Corporation have been playing
products worth Tk. 142.07 crore were sold in
important role in the economic development of
BSEC's enterprises. According to the budget
the country as they produce Electric Cables,
target for the FY 2022-23, it is expected that the
Transformers, Tube Light, CFL Bulb, LED Bulb,
manufacturing companies will sell goods worth
LED Tube Light and Super Enameled Copper
Tk. 1124.52 crore. BSEC has been able to
Wire etc. and thereby contribute a lot to
achieve an overall profit of Tk. 46.99 crore in the
electrification of the country. BSEC has also a
FY 2021-22. According to the provisional
share in the road transport sector since it has been
estimates, the overall net profit target for July
2022-February 2023 is Tk. 96.96 crore.
Table 8.9: Net Profit/Loss of BSEC Enterprises
Particulars 2014-15 2015-16 2016-17 2017-18 2018-19 2019-20 2020-21 2021-22 2022-23*
Profit 84.54 95.41 96.68 102.87 104.59 85.81 33.76 65.10 4.24
Loss (12.96) (9.19) (19.60) (23.91) (36.69) -31.66 -18.11 -16.19
-29.15
Net Profit/ 86.22 86.22 77.08 78.96 67.9 54.15 4.61 46.99 -11.95
(Loss)
Source: BSEC. *Up to February. 2023

Table 8.10: Statement of Revenue Deposited by BSEC

Particulars 2014-15 2015-16 2016-17 2017-18 2018-19 2019-20 2020-21 2021-22 2022-23*
Duties and Taxes: 330.06 256.24 239.61 359.4 614.26 309.00 144.52 203.52 89.39
Source: BSEC. *Up to February 2023

collection of woods from Chattogram hill tracts

Bangladesh Forest Industries Development
and economically life cycle lost rubber trees from
Corporation (BFIDC)
rubber garden of BFIDC, seasoning and treatment
Bangladesh Forest Industries Development of woods. The rest 5 units are engaged in
Corporation (BFIDC) is a profit-making state- manufacturing door, window, chowkat, dunnage,
owned enterprise. The activities of the chair, table, bench, sofa-set and high-quality
Corporation are divided into two sectors. The furniture commercially. In FY 2021-22 the
sectors are Industrial sector and Rubber Industrial unit earned profit Tk. 31.58 crore.
(agriculture) sector.
B. Rubber Sector:
A. Industrial Sector:
Since its inception, the BFIDC has planted rubber
The Industrial sector consists of 8 industrial plants in its 33,129 acres of land. BFIDC has been
units. Among them 3 units are engaged in playing an important role in the carbon

Chapter 8: Industry |116

 Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

sequestration, reducing degradation and erosion of rubber cultivation/plantation in both public

of land as well as creating employment and private sector. BFIDC produced raw rubber
opportunity, saving foreign currency and which is used in producing sandal, tire-tube of
generating economic activities in the remote rural light vehicle and rickshaw; hosepipe, bucket,
areas. The quantity of exported rubber in FY gasket, oil seal, textile and jute spare parts etc.
2021-22 is 2,479 MT. In the fiscal year 2013-14
The amount of revenue deposited in the
to 2020-21 the quantity of exported rubber is
government treasury in the last ten years is
53% of total production and earned Tk 258.70
presented in the Table 8.11.
crore. BFIDC is playing a vital role in extension

Table 8.11: The amount of Revenue Deposited in the Government Treasury in the last 10 years
(Taka in Lakh )

Item of Financial Year

Sl deposite 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16 2016-17 2017-18 2018-19 2019-20 2020-21 2021-22 2022-23*

1. VAT 770.94 633.49 528.15 716.00 946.28 827.30 1047.70 1898.86 2183.53 1031.06
2. Salse IT 180.30 33.21 56.77 47.49 96.40 6.22 4.75 10.74 28.94 49.29
Income
3. 0.11 - - - 5.95 4.92 10.89 7.70 6.38 4.00
Tax(Salary)
4. Royaltie 42.84 46.15 - - - - 138.93 - - -
Income tax
5. 3966.56 1564.47 1117.68 315.00 94.00 270.00 528.15 134.76 455.43 -
(corporation)
6. Other Taxes 305.02 136.66 233.22 441.40 123.07 300.00 - 720.50 1280.24 615.70
7. Dividends - 25.00 - - - - - - - -
Sub Total= 5265.77 2438.98 1935.82 1519.89 1265.70 1408.44 1730.42 2772.56 3954.62 1700.05
DSL (Main
8. - - - - - - - - -
loan)
Total= 5265.77 2438.98 1935.82 1519.89 1265.70 1408.44 1730.42 2772.56 3954.52 1700.05

Source: BFIDC. Up to December 2022

Textile Industry lakh meter fabrics. After closing the weaving

section of the composite mill under BTMC, the
The Department of Textiles was established in
production of fabrics had been also closed since
1978 as an attached department of Ministry of
FY 1996-97. From FY 1996-97 to FY 2017-18
Textiles. In FY 2021-22, Bangladesh
(October’17) BTMC has earned revenue Tk.
Approximately earned 42.61 billion US$ from
484.63 crore as service charge.
readymade garments sector which is
approximately 82% of the total export of the At present BTMC has 25 mills, out of which 02
country. mills are in operation under the rental system
from November 2017. To develop small and
Bangladesh Textiles Mills Corporation
medium-size textile industries, 01 mills is under
(BTMC)
process of setting up ‘Textile Polli’. They have
From FY 1972-73 to FY 2017-18 (October 2017) already started their work regarding these 4 mills.
BTMC produced 8,265.50 lakh kg. yarn, out of A comparative statement is provided below
which BTMC’s own production 7,282.92 lakh kg showing the installed capacity, utilisation
and 982.58 lakh kg produced under service capacity and production performances for the
charge system. BTMC had also produced 8149.98 period of FY 2009-10 to FY 2017-18.

Chapter 8: Industry |117

Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

Table 8.12: Year-wise Yarn Production

Financial Year Installed Capacity Capacity Utilisation Production

(%) (Lakh Kg.)
Spindles Spindles Yarn
2009-10 176512 11 11.46
2010-11 176512 43 24.05
2011-12 176512 20 9.36
2012-13 168968 16 16.68
2013-14 186264 20 19.80
2014-15 199608 20 20.48
2015-16 198792 23 22.37
2016-17 169472 29 20.47
2017-18* 152176 22 4.98
Source: BTMC, up to October 2017.
is a provision that the loan amount will be
Handloom Sector refunded to the Government after 5 years of
implementation period. Up to February, 2023 an
The handloom industry is the astringent of the amount of Tk. 7951.79 lakh has been disbursed
tradition of Bangladesh. The industry directly among 44,981 weavers against 67,599 looms.
and indirectly employs about 15 lakh people
throughout the year. According to the Weaving To find out Muslin cotton and the technology of
Census, 2018, the total number of looms in the Muslin yarn through extensive research, to revive
country is 2,90,282 and the annual production of and produce the Muslin yarn and Muslin fabrics
weaving is about 47.474 crore meters. The eventually “To bring back the lost glory, The
weaving industry is supplying more than 28 golden heritage of Bangladesh” project is under
percent of the country's domestic textile demand. implementation as per direction of the Honorable
The annual value added of this industry is about Prime Minister at an investment cost of Tk. 12.10
Tk. 2,269.70 crore. In the last 12 years, the crore. The research works for rejuvenating
amount of foreign exchange earned through Muslin are going on. The cotton for making
textile exports has been US$ 11.15 crore. Muslin 'Phuti Carpus' has been revived from this
research. Already The department of Patents
Bangladesh Handloom Board Designs And Trademarks has published ‘Dhakai
Bangladesh Handloom Board (BHB) has been Muslin’ as Geographical Indication (GI) product
implemented a number of development in journal no-9 in favor of Bangladesh.
projects/programs for the overall development of
the handloom sector. These projects/programmes To create citizen facilities for the handloom
have been contributing much to the promotion weavers ensuring favourable environment, to
and development of handloom sector in general improve living standard and socio-economic
and the weavers in particular. A project titled condition of the handloom weavers, poverty
‘Micro Credit Programme for the Weavers’ was alleviation and to ensure sustainable development
undertaken to provide working capital to the of handloom industry “Handloom Board.
weavers owning 1-5 looms by organising them in Establishment of Sheikh Hasina Tant Palli (1st
groups as per rules of Tanti Samity, 1991. There Phase)” project is under implementation at the
cost of Tk 307.45 crore. Cumulative financial

Chapter 8: Industry |118

Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

progress from the beginning of the project to Bangladesh Sericulture Development Board
February 2023 is 95.60 percent.
This industry has been playing an important
To create the midlevel textile technologist, to role in improving the living standards of the
provide appropriate training for upgrading skill hard core poor people of the villages. Presently
of the handloom weavers, to innovate new around 6.50 lakh people are directly and
designs depending on consumers preference and indirectly associated with silk industry across
changing market demand, to provide institutional the country. Most of them are women. The
marketing facilities, to ensure fair prices of sericulture activities are half agricultural land
handloom goods produced by the marginal and half industrial. In Bangladesh it is now 4
handloom weavers “Establishment of 5 Training times cropped high value agriculture in a year.
Centres, 1 Fashion Design Institute and 2 Market If we can make mulberry leaves available over
Promotion Centres under Bangladesh Handloom the year the cropping frequency may be
Board” project is under implementation at the multiplied up to 12 times in a single year.
cost of Tk 127.80 crore. Cumulative financial Overall activities of Bangladesh Sericulture
progress from the beginning of the project to Development Board are project dependent.
February 2023 is 23.86%. During the tenure of the present government,
6 development projects have been approved at
Sericulture and Silk Industry the cost of Taka 178.95 crore. Out of which 3
projects have been implemented at the cost of
Bangladesh Sericulture Development Board
Taka 73.84 crore and 3 projects at the cost of
(BSDB) has been formed in 2013 to integrate the
Taka 98.67 crore are in progress.
Bangladesh Sericulture Board, Bangladesh
Sericulture Research and Training Institute and After implementation of the two projects,
Bangladesh Silk Foundation for the integrated employment opportunities will be created for
development of sericulture. Under the direction 25,000 people and it will be possible to
given by the Honorable Prime Minister, silk produce 30 metric tons of yarn per year.
farming has been included in the ‘Amar Bari, Rajshahi Silk has received GI tag from the
Amar Khamar’ project. The survey has been Department of Patents, Designs and
conducted among 23,416 members at 99 Trademarks of Bangladesh for its unique
Upazilas of 34 districts under "Amar Bari, Amar features. Information on production of Disease
Khamar" project. So far, 2,624 members have Free Laying’s (DFLs), Cocoon, Silk Yarn,
been involved in mulberry cultivation and 697 of Imparting training and Small Loan
them have become financially solvent by selling Disbursement in public sector from FY 2011-12
cocoons produced by rearing silkworms. to FY 2022-23 (up to January 2023) is given in
Table 8.13.

Chapter 8: Industry |119

Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

Table 8.13: Production of Diseases Free Laying (DFLs) Cocoon, Silk Yarn and Microcredit
Disbursement
Fiscal Production Production Production of Silk Small Loan disburse
Years of DFLs of Cocoon Yarn in govt. (In Lakh)
( Lakh (MT) sector
Nos.) (MT) Silk Farmer Silk Weaver
2011-12 4.43 1.80 2.67 - -
2012-13 4.43 1.22 1.64 - -
2013-14 4.17 98.00 0.66 Disburse: 231.30 Disburse: 41.27
Recovery: 205.40 Recovery: 36.18
2014-15 2.65 56.00 0.64 Disburse: 231.30 Disburse: 41.27
Recovery: 206.07 Recovery: 36.48
2015-16 3.80 146.00 0.12 Disburse: 231.30 Disburse: 41.27
Recovery: 210.20 Recovery: 36.82
2016-17 4.39 130.00 0.36 Disburse: 231.30 Disburse: 41.27
Recovery: 222.13 Recovery: 37.09
2017-18 4.16 99.00 0.93 Disburse: 231.30 Disburse: 41.27
Recovery: 222.37 Recovery: 37.10
2018-19 4.31 183.00 1.02 Disburse: 231.30 Disburse: 41.27
Recovery: 222.37 Recovery: 37.10
2019-20 4.51 200.02 1.09 disburse: 231.30 disburse: 41.27
Recovery: 222.37 Recovery: 37.10
2020-21 4.00 145.00 0.56 disburse: 231.30 disburse: 41.27
Recovery: 222.37 Recovery: 37.10
2021-22 4.60 215.00 1.266 Disburse: 231.30 Disburse: 41.27
Recovery: 222.37 Recovery: 37.10
2022-23* 2.60 60.72 0.713 Disburse: 231.30 Disburse: 41.27
Recovery: 222.37 Recovery: 37.10
Source: Bangladesh Sericulture Development Board. (*Up to January 2023).

Jute Industry and re-opening of declared off production mills,

under private management lease system. EOI was
Bangladesh Jute Mills Corporation (BJMC)
initially called upon to lease 17 mills of BJMC.
In order to revive and modernize the jute sector In the meantime, 2 mills have been handed over.
as well as to pay the long accumulated arrears of 2nd EOI is invited on 07.02.2022 to lease 13
the workers and retired employees, the mills in second phase. The lease agreement in the
production activities including the termination of case of 3 mills has been signed and the process of
labour of 25 state-owned jute mills were declared signing the lease agreement of 1 mill is under
closed from 1 July 2020. 33,951 workers, out of process. In the third phase, EOI is invited on
total 34,757 retired and terminated workers were 02.11.2022 to lease a total of 13 mills. Leasing
paid Taka 1758.33 crore as 50% of the total activities are going on for rest of the mills. In FY
amount by their bank account and rest of the 50% 2020-21 BJMC exported 40,710 MT. (delivered)
is being repaid in the form of 3 months profit of jute goods valued at Tk. 310.17 crore, which
based savings certificates (Sanchaypatra) through was 35,000 MT. (delivered) valued at Tk. 300.46
the bank under social security. Besides, crore in FY 2019-20.
according to the government-approved policy
and work plan, BJMC has started modernization

Chapter 8: Industry |120

Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

Jute Diversification Promotion Centre (JDPC) fluctuate widely. In FY 2021-22, the country has
produced 93.18 lakh bales of raw and 7.40 lakh
JDPC has been established under the ministry of
MT of jute products. The export of raw jute and
Textiles and Jute in 2002 for accelerating and
jute products has earned 965.40 million US
extending uses of high value added diversified
dollars. In FY 2022-23 (up to December 2022),
jute products along with the conventional jute
the country has produced 70.64 lakh bales of raw
products. The objectives of JDPC also include
jute and 4.0 lakh MT of jute products. The export
revival of the past glory of jute with the idea of
of raw jute and jute products has earned 521.00
multifaceted and multidimensional uses of jute-
million US dollars.
through creating entrepreneurs, providing
training, supplying raw materials, design Investment Status in the Export Processing
development and helping marketing of jute Zones
products in domestic and international market. It
Bangladesh Export Processing Zones Authority
has set up 07 Jute Entrepreneurs Service Center
(BEPZA) has been engaged in attracting and
(JESC) and 2 Raw Material Banks (RMB) in
facilitating foreign and local investment in the
different districts of the country to promote
Export Processing Zones of the country. At
diversified jute products at the root levels,
present, there are 8 EPZs in the country, namely-
increase exports and provide entrepreneurial
Chattogram, Dhaka, Mongla, Cumilla, Ishwardi,
services. It has already established an
Uttara (Nilphamari), Adamjee and Karnaphuli
international standard exhibition and sales center
EPZ. Apart from that, the work of setting up an
for marketing of diversified jute products to
economic zone called BEPZA Economic Zone on
national and international buyers which is located
1,138 acres of land in Mirsarai upazila of
in the JDPC building. Moreover, it has
Chattogram district is at the final stage. 539
implemented various programmes including
industrial plots will be constructed under the
seminars, workshops, meetings and participated
project. Apart from this, establishment of an EPZ
in various national and international fairs with a
on 450 acres land of Rangpur Sugar Mills in
view to augmenting skilled manpower and public
Sapmara Union of Gobindganj Upazila of
awareness.
Gaibandha District, an EPZ on 503.40 acres land
Department of Jute in Prembagh Union of Abhaynagar Upazila of
Jessore District and an EPZ on 413.03 acres land
The overall activities of the Jute Department are
in Auliapur Union of Patuakhali Sadar Upazila
being conducted to control the trade of jute and
near Payra Seaport are under process.
jute products in the domestic and international
markets and to prevent irregularities in trade. As of February, 2023, 452 enterprises are in
Revenue is collected through production of jute operation and 93 enterprises are under
and jute products and licensing of various classes implementation. Among the enterprises in
of jute products. In addition, as per the decision operation, 150 industrial units are in Chattogram
taken by the government, since July 1, 1995, the EPZ, 89 industrial units are in Dhaka EPZ, 31
revenue fee at the rate of Tk. 2.00 per bale in case industrial units are in Mongla EPZ, 21 industrial
of raw jute export and Tk. 0.10 (ten paisa) per units are in Ishwardi EPZ, 48 industrial units are
100.00 in case of jute goods export value. in Cumilla EPZ, 23 industrial units are in Uttara
EPZ, 48 industrial units are in Adamjee EPZ and
The production of jute and jute goods mainly
42 industrial units are in Karnaphuli EPZ.
depend on internal and international demand and
market price. For this reason, production of jute As of February 2023, the amount of cumulative
and jute goods, export and prices thereof investment in the EPZs is US$ 6,296.24 million.

Chapter 8: Industry |121

Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

As per Annual Performance Agreement, the industrial establishments of EPZs under BEPZA.
target of investment for FY 2022-23 has been This is mentionable that
fixed at US$ 330 million. In the first 08 months
66 percent of Bangladeshi citizens working in
of FY2022-23, the amount of actual investment is
EPZ are women, which is playing an important
US$ 255.81 million. As of February 2023, the
role in women's empowerment.
amount of cumulative export from the EPZs is
US$ 101.23 billion. As per Annual Performance Information regarding EPZ-wise number of
Agreement, the target of export for FY 2022-23 operating industries, investment, export and
has been fixed at US$ 7,200 million. In the first employment up to February 2023 are shown in
08 (eight) months of FY2022-23, the amount of the Table 8.14. Up to February 2023, information
export from the EPZs stands at US$ 5,361.12 regarding Product-wise number of operating
million. It may be mentioned here that the export industries, investment and employment are
made from EPZ during the FY 2021-22 shown in the Table 8.15 and information
contributed about 16.61 percent of national regarding actual investment and export of
export. As of February 2023, 4,86,304 different EPZs are shown in Table 8.16.
Bangladeshis have been employed in the

Table 8.14: Zone-wise Statistics of Industries Investment Export and Employment of EPZs.

Number of Industry Investment Export Employment

Name of EPZs (US$ in M) (US$ in M) (No.)
Under
In Operation
Implementation

Chattogram EPZ 150 10 1999.45 39741.18 173440

Dhaka EPZ 89 6 1718.83 33826.67 76147

Adamjee EPZ 48 12 709.88 7501.09 58414

Cumilla EPZ 48 5 548.12 5298.34 44048

Karnaphuli EPZ 42 6 712.20 10132.05 73812

Ishwardi EPZ 21 20 233.97 1461.57 17045

Mongla EPZ 31 10 145.70 1070.73 11527

Uttara EPZ 23 6 226.78 2201.08 31871

BEPZA EPZ 0 18 1.30 0.00 0.00

Total= 452 93 6296.24 101232.71 486304

Source: BEPZA. (Up to February 2023)

Chapter 8: Industry |122

 Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

Table 8.15: Product-wise number of enterprises, Investment & employment

Enterprise Investment Employment
Sl Product
(Nos.) (Million US$) (Nos.)
1 Garments 140 2642.13 318409
2 Garment Accessories 85 819.84 15448
3 Textile 31 783.52 22454
4 Knitting & other Textile Ltd. 24 364.89 16171
5 Footwear & Leather goods 23 357.28 34499
6 Electronics & Electrical goods 16 173.00 3843
7 Tent 14 177.50 19332
8 Plastic goods 14 105.58 4217
9 Service Oriented Industries 11 58.06 1140
10 Metal Products 10 43.47 1545
11 Terry towel 8 29.10 1964
12 Chemical & Fertilizer 4 14.22 104
13 Caps 5 72.27 7014
14 Jute Products 4 33.62 819
15 Agro Products 4 2.46 12
16 Luggage/Bag 5 31.67 5577
17 Paper Products 3 5.11 195
18 Furniture 2 34.55 1058
19 Power Industry 2 159.11 188
20 Toys 2 59.37 4769
21 Yarn 2 12.76 371
22 Fishing Reel & Golf Equipment 1 44.84 1314
23 Miscellaneous 42 270.33 25862
Gr. Total 452 6296.24 486304
Source: BEPZA. (Up to February 2023)

Table 8.16: The Amounts of Investment & Export in the EPZs

(In Million US$)
EPZ 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16 2016-17 2017-18 2018-19 2019-20 2020-21 2021-22 2022-23*

Investment 125.79 84.02 80.63 70.12 68.69 76.14 88.50 80.26 71.07 42.06
Dhaka
Export 1937.50 1997.50 2183.90 2091.30 2200.30 2206.31 1814.56 1659.82 2122.87 1247.45
Investment 109.46 152.02 110.71 90.57 86.19 75.69 53.37 88.53 88.86 50.00
Chattogram
Export 2261.61 2383.76 2419.71 2254.16 2442.20 2391.69 2092.44 2119.46 2589.79 1628.62
Investment 5.10 8.27 18.98 6.15 11.78 10.14 16.15 3.74 18.68 37.98
Mongla
Export 77.28 84.26 74.65 45.79 52.55 89.44 91.86 93.65 158.24 100.11
Investment 23.39 23.41 30.18 29.32 31.51 31.08 38.43 61.02 67.46 34.62
Cumilla
Export 209.41 274.63 308.33 337.39 408.26 490.76 464.40 565.86 814.82 535.26
Investment 17.27 19.89 33.53 24.56 20.42 31.02 14.01 12.56 5.18 5.01
Uttara
Export 33.22 87.99 188.80 227.07 224.93 293.76 230.94 237.21 376.66 255.00
Investment 3.15 5.42 15.11 20.07 20.17 8.18 7.85 12.44 42.78 25.95
Ishwardi
Export 93.16 108.26 114.73 96.55 131.39 150.22 125.46 159.72 209.06 134.40

Adamjee Investment 73.75 48.51 54.70 50.36 50.16 50.22 31.73 45.25 70.62 40.36
Export 386.20 467.40 562.90 644.00 762.10 826.40 741.83 704.86 935.76 634.96
Investment 44.67 64.81 60.51 51.32 50.67 50.90 25.61 36.97 45.15 18.54
Karnaphuli
Export 526.85 709.74 823.28 853.08 976.85 1075.52 927.62 1096.49 1448.69 825.31
BEPZA Investment -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1.30
EPZ Export -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
Source: BEPZA. (*Up to February 2023)

Chapter 8: Industry |123

Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

So far, investors of 38 countries including Japan, workers and also to ensure improvement of
S. Korea, China, Malaysia, Indonesia, Singapore, working environment in the EPZs. To resolve the
U.S.A, U.K, Germany, France, Italy, Sweden, disputes between the owner and the worker, 3
Netherlands, India, Pakistan, Australia, Ireland, Conciliators and 3 Arbitrators have been
Turkey, Ukraine, Kuwait, Rumania, Marshal employed for 8 EPZs. The Government has
Island, Sri Lanka, Belgium, British Virgin Island, enacted a complete and separate “Bangladesh
and Bangladesh have already invested in the EPZ Labour Act, 2019” to ensure the rights and
EPZs of Bangladesh. welfare of the workers of the industries in the
EPZ.
Bangladesh Government has enacted "One Stop
Service Act-2018" to facilitate investment in Pharmaceutical Industry
Bangladesh, provide faster service and improve
After the liberation, Bangladesh was totally
service quality. Through BEPZA One Stop
dependent on import for medicine. People had to
Service (OSS), investors of EPZs get all
buy medicine at a very high price. Now we are
investment related services from a single center.
producing medicine 98 percent of our national
From July 2022 to February 2023, a total of
need. Very few high-tech products like bio
4,46,589 services have been provided from EPZs
similar products, anti-cancer medicines, vaccines
Regional One Stop Service Centers.
etc. are now imported to our country. Already
02 private Power Plants with the capacity of 200 Bangladesh has become an exporter country from
MW electricity have been set up in Dhaka EPZ an importer country and Bangladeshi medicines
and Chattogram EPZ and setting up of Power achieve goodwill in the whole world. At present,
Plants in other EPZs is under process. As per the pharmaceuticals companies are exporting in 157
power supply agreements, the Power Plants are countries. A brief picture of Bangladesh export
allowed to supply and sale their extra power to condition is shown in Table 8.17.
the national power grid after meeting the demand
of the EPZ enterprises. BEPZA has installed Table 8.17: Export of Drugs and Raw
Solar Panels with the capacity of supplying 229 Materials.
kilowatt electricity in the EPZs and also set up
(Taka in crore)
800 Solar Lights for the streets inside the EPZs.
Environmental Labs have been set up in Dhaka Year Total Export Countries
EPZ and Chattogram EPZ. For ensuring supply 2011 426.15 87
of treated water in the EPZs, Water Treatment 2012 551.22 87
Plants (WTPs) have been set up in Adamjee, 2013 619.93 87
Karnaphuli, Chattogram and Cumilla EPZs 2014 733.27 92
through private initiatives. Setting up of Water 2015 1008.08 113
Treatment Plants in other EPZs is under process. 2016 2247.05 127
Apart from that, Central Effluent Treatment 2017 3196.32 145
2018 3514.28 146
Plants (CETPs) have been established in
2019 4090.09 147
Chattogram, Dhaka and Cumilla EPZs through
2020 4155.47 151
Private initiatives. BEPZA has deployed 30
2021 6575.80 148
Environmental Counselors for regularly
2022 6637.7 157
monitoring of the waste management system of
Source: Directorate General of Drug Administration
the enterprises in the EPZs. BEPZA has deployed
60 social counselors to protect the rights of the

Chapter 8: Industry |124

Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

Industrial Credit has been providing industrial loans and other

ancillary supports through banks and financial
Rapid industrialisation is required to achieve a
institutions in the last few years. As a result, the
desired level of economic growth of an agro-
volume of industrial loan disbursement and
based developing country like Bangladesh. In
recovery has been increasing gradually. Year-
this context, the role of industrial sector is very
wise disbursement and recovery of industrial
crucial. To promote SMEs along with the large-
loans from FY 2010-11 to FY 2022-23 (up to
scale industries, the Government of Bangladesh
December 2022) is presented in Table 8.18.

Table 8.18: Disbursement and Recovery of Industrial Loans

(Tk in crore)
Disbursement Recovery
Fiscal Working Working
Year Term Loan Total Term Loan Total
Capital Capital
2010-11 71300.35 32163.20 103463.55 56694.99 25015.89 81710.88
2011-12 76674.98 35278.10 111953.08 64400.27 30236.74 94637.01
2012-13 103165.56 42528.31 145693.87 85496.14 36549.41 122045.55
2013-14 126102.59 42311.32 168413.91 113291.25 41806.69 155097.94
2014-15 159546.42 59783.70 219330.12 121853.99 47540.81 169394.80
2015-16 199349.21 65538.69 264887.90 149762.72 48225.29 197988.01
2016-17 238517.05 62155.08 300672.13 185532.77 52094.57 237627.34
2017-18 275629.05 70768.17 346397.22 202980.48 70193.08 273173.56
2018-19 319006.98 80850.08 399857.05 243194.05 76568.81 319762.87
2019-20 312134.01 74257.02 386391.03 256605.77 69723.89 326329.66
2020-21 324826.11 68765.26 393591.37 285477.80 58488.70 343966.50
2021-22 409156.22 72360.95 481517.16 309856.57 64862.59 374719.16
2022-23* 232798.40 48136.99 280935.39 187607.52 71164.66 258772.18

Source: Bangladesh Bank. * Data of Two Quarters (July-December, 2022) of FY 2022-23 provided here.

It has been observed that credit disbursement and Industry Related Activities
recovery showed upward trends from FY 2010-
Bangladesh Standards and Testing Institution
11 to FY2018-19. Credit disbursement fell
(BSTI)
sharply in FY2019-20 but recovery increased in
this period. In FY2020-21 and FY2021-22, both Bangladesh Standards and Testing Institution
disbursement and recovery were in an increasing (BSTI) is an autonomous body governed by the
trend also. In first two quarters of FY2022-23 the Bangladesh Standards and Testing Institution
amount of industrial credit disbursement and Act, 2018.
recovery was Tk. 2,80,935.39 crore and Tk. Significant ongoing activities
2,58,772.18 crore respectively. It is expected that
the incremental disbursement of industrial credit • 411 test parameters of BSTI's National
will contribute significantly towards maintaining Metrology Laboratory (NML),
the growth of the industrial sector of the country Chemistry, Food-Bacterology and
and will ensure a sustainable economic Materials Testing Laboratory have
development as well. acquired accreditation from Bangladesh
Accreditation Board (BAB).

Chapter 8: Industry |125

Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

• 239 products have been brought under formulate new Patent & Design acts instead of
BSTI's mandatory certification marks for century years old patent & Industrial Design Act
the public interest. -1911.
• Gold testing program has been From July 2022 to February 2023, the total
introduced to examine the purity of number of Patent, Design, Trademark
imported gold. applications filed with DPDT is 162, 746, 8780
• BSTI is issuing license/certificate/test respectively. Total amount of non-tax revenue
report with web based machine readable collected in FY 2022-23 (up to February 2023) is
QR Code to prevent unethical use of about 19.65 crore.
license/certificate/test report.
Office of the Chief Inspector of Boilers
• By enacting new rules at Bangladesh
Bangladesh
Standards and Testing Institutions
Regulations, 2022 for the expansion of Office of the Chief Inspector of Boilers is a
export of products, BSTI is issuing service-oriented technical department under the
“Halal Certificates” accordingly. Ministry of Industries. To facilitate the service
• A project titled “Expansion and for stakeholders 07 new zonal offices have been
Modernization of BSTI Physics and established in Khulna, Rangpur, Mymensingh,
Chemistry Testing Laboratory” has been Sylhet, Gazipur, Narayanganj and Narsingdi
taken up. A total of 67 labs including 38 districts along with the number of inspectors
labs of chemistry wing and 29 labs of have been increased. At present boiler related
material testing wing will be built under services are delivering from total 10 zonal
this project. offices. Activities have been taken to update
boiler act and rules for standard boiler
Department of Patents Designs and
manufacturing, import and use. In order to
Trademarks (DPDT)
prevent boiler accidents standard, safe, fuel
The Department of Patent, Design & Trademarks efficient and environmental friendly boiler design
is a specialized department under the purview of has been invented for using at rice mill (Chatal)
Ministry of Industries has been administering instead of low quality boiler.
Intellectual Property related activities in
In fiscal year 2022-2023 up to February' 23 total
Bangladesh since 2003. The department is
506 Boilers were registered, 86 numbers of
entrusted to grant patent for new and novel
locally manufactured Boilers were certified.
inventions, make registration of Industrial
During this period Tk. 4.12 crore is collected as
Designs for new and original designs as per
revenue and 22 meetings are held for awareness
Bangladesh Patent Act 2022, Patent and Design
of Boiler operation.
Act 1911 and also Patent & Design Rules 1933.
Registration of Trademarks & Service Marks is Bangladesh Accreditation Board (BAB)
done by the department as per Trademark Act BAB is contributing to the economic
2009 (amended in 2015) & the Trademark Rules development of the country by increasing
2015 and registration of Geographical Indications
consumer confidence, helps in the protection of
of goods (GI) done as per GI (Registration & consumer right and trade facilitation through
Protection) Act 2013 & the GI (Registration & enhancing the quality of products and services.
Protection) Rules 2015. Considering the BAB, since its first accreditation in 2012, has
importance of Intellectual Property & the world
accredited 108 local and multinational
current scenerio, it has been taken steps to organisations by February 2023. BAB by

Chapter 8: Industry |126

Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

February 2023 has arranged 29 Assessor Courses (SEPA), Phase-2" is under implementation.
and 46 other technical courses on different During the implementation period of the project
international standards such as ISO/IEC 17025, technical training is running in 9 different trades
ISO15189, ISO/IEC 17021, ISO/IEC 17020, against the target of total 15000 trainees.
ISO/IEC 17043 etc. A total of 2300 persons from
National Productivity Organisation (NPO)
different technical disciplines have been trained
by BAB who, becoming skilled and competent In this age of national economic development
manpower are contributing to developing and industrialization, the National Productivity
national quality infrastructure. In FY 2022-23, Organisation (NPO) is efficiently implementing
BAB has earned Tk. 88 lakh from its various public welfare programs undertaken by
accreditation and training services. the present government to create skilled
manpower in industrial factories/service
Bangladesh Industrial Technical Assistance
establishments as well as to transform them into
Centre (BITAC)
profitable enterprises. it is necessary to create
Since its establishment, BITAC has been new industrial factories for the development of
working to provide skilled manpower for industry, increasing productivity is also essential
industrial sector, enhance productivity and render for the transformation of these factories into
technical knowledge, introduce modern technical profitable enterprises by increasing their
training to maintain machinery of the factory and efficiency and profitability. In order to accelerate
to manufacture world-class sophisticate spare the national economic development of
parts. BITAC is engaged in research and Bangladesh, NPO has been implementing
innovation work to create various import activities such as training, seminars / workshops,
substitute machinery parts for various industrial consultancy services, technical assistance etc. in
plants and power plants. It is possible to alleviate various sectors, sub-sectors and cottage industries
poverty by creating skilled manpower through including SMEs and industrial / service
the technical training to the poor, unemployed establishments.
and unprivileged youth and women in the
NPO provides international quality consultancy
backward areas of society.
services as the focal point of the Asian
Productivity Organization (APO) in Japan. Also,
With a view to expanding the training,
as per the announcement of Hon'ble Prime
production and other related activities of BITAC
Minister, "National Productivity and Quality
the project entitled "Establishment of 6 centers of
Excellence Award" is being given every year in
BITAC in Gopalganj, Sunamganj, Barisal,
recognition of the best entrepreneurs of industry /
Rangpur, Jamalpur and Jessore districts" is under
service organization to turn productivity into
implementation. Allotment of 10 acres of land at
national movement, to observe "National
Bangabandhu Industrial Park at Mirsarai is
Productivity Day" on 2nd October every year and
approved from BEZA to establish a modern
above all to strengthen this activity.
BITAC center suitable for the 4th Industrial
Revolution. A total of BDT 4.30 crore has been To accelerate national economic development,
paid to BEZA for Land Lease Agreements (LLA) NPO performed the many Productivity
and The LLA of 10 acres of land was signed Development activities during FY 2022-23. NPO
between BEZA and BITAC on December 21, arranged 40 training courses where training of
2021. The project titled "Extension of BITAC for 1,295 participants are completed. NPO also
Self-Employment and Poverty Alleviation organized 8 workshops with 380 participants, 4

Chapter 8: Industry |127

Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

seminars on Productivity Development with 400 training to 744 people in 45 short training
participants. Around 1,18,000 awareness leaflets programmes. In addition 455 participants were
have been distributed. graduated from 2022 session of 5 diploma
courses of one-year duration. Apart from that 567
Bangladesh Institute of Management (BIM) participants enrolled in 2023 academic sessions.
BIM has launched 3 new trainings in this regard
BIM conducts short training programmes of
titled “Online based Digital Transformation in
various types, 1-year long post graduate diploma
Government offices, Data Analytics and Data
courses and 6-month long diploma programmes
Driven Decision Making, Digital Office Solution
along with its specialized training and
with Google Tools” in the mentioned period.
consultancy projects. Since its inception in 1961
Sessions of short courses, PGD courses,
to February 2023, BIM has trained about 77,118
admission of PGD courses, exams, term paper
people in different disciplines of management. In
activities are running online through Zoom in
FY 2021-22, BIM has imparted training to 1,899
collaboration with BdREN (Bangladesh Research
people in 84 short training programmes and up to
and Education Network) under the Bangladesh
February 2023 of FY 2022-23 BIM has imparted
University Grants Commission.

Chapter 8: Industry |128

Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

Annex: 8.1 Annexure

Steps have been undertaken for the development of SMEs

• Net outstanding based target for SME loans of Banks & FIs has been introduced instead of
previously used distribution based target. Banks & FIs are instructed to achieve at least 25 percent as
SME out of their net outstanding amount of all loans & advances by 2024 while maintaining a
minimum 1 percent enhancement in each year.

• In order to encourage women entrepreneurs for taking SME loans and recover that in due time BB
has taken incentive programs for both Bank/Financial institutes and SME Women entrepreneurs.
Under this program both Bank/Financial institutes and entrepreneurs will get 2 percent (1 percent + 1
percent incentive respectively) on the principle amount after the loan fully recovered within expiry
date. This facility will be applicable for the loans disbursed within 1 July 2021 to 31 December 2024.

• Banks and FIs are instructed to disburse 50 percent of the total SME loan to Cottage, Micro and
Small sector by 2024.
• Banks and FIs are instructed to provide 3 to 6 months grace period for 1 to 5 year medium to long
term loan based on banker-customer relationship.

• To enhance SME activities, quarterly monitoring meeting is being held with SME heads of Banks
and FIs regularly. Also, SME monitoring cell has been established in all branches of Bangladesh
Bank including SME and Special Programmes Department. Banks and FIs are also performing 3
tiers SME monitoring for better outcome.

• New Entrepreneurs Refinance Scheme allows collateral security free financing more than Tk. 1.00
million on case to case basis and collateral security supported financing up to Tk. 2.5 million for
New Entrepreneurs.

• To expedite cluster-based financing to SME Sector, Banks & FIs are advised to formulate a cluster
development policy for strengthening existing clusters and developing new clusters.

• Banks & FIs have been instructed to maintain at least 15 percent of the net outstanding of total loans
and advances for women entrepreneurs and to establish separate ‘Women Entrepreneurs Dedicated
Help Desk’ in each branch to ensure loan facility for women entrepreneurs. If possible, they are also
advised to employ a female official in the desk to provide suggestions and services towards women
entrepreneurs regarding project preparation, loan application process etc.

• Instructions were given to Banks & FIs to consider sanctioning loan up to Tk. 2.5 million to women
entrepreneurs without collateral security but against personal guarantee under the refinance facilities
provided by Bangladesh Bank.
• A borrower friendly loan application form (in Bengali) has been introduced to expedite the
application procedure for entrepreneurs.
• All Banks and FIs are advised to find out and train at least three (03) prospective SME Women
entrepreneurs who have not received any financing yet per branch and finance at least one (01) of
them in each year.

Chapter 8: Industry |129

Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

• To provide access to finance at affordable/reasonable cost and flexible terms and conditions for the
SMEs, Bangladesh Bank established a fund amounting Tk 25,000 crore which is being channeled to
entrepreneurs through eligible (based on specific criteria) participating financial institutions (PFIs).
• To support credit expansion and reduce liquidity constraints of SMEs brought on by the COVID-19
pandemic, a new Refinance Scheme named ‘COVID-19 Emergency and Crisis Response Facility
Project (CECRFP)’ has been introduced by Bangladesh Bank. Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank
(AIIB) is providing USD 300 million to implement this project.
• Considering the adverse economic impact of COVID-19 on the returning migrant workers,
unemployed youth and rural entrepreneurs with a special focus on women entrepreneurs BB has
taken a fund named “Supporting Post COVID-19 Small Scale Employment Creation Project
(SPCSSECP)” amounting USD 150 million, funded by Asian Development Bank (ADB).
• The Government of Bangladesh (GoB) has taken a project titled ‘Skills for Employment Investment
Program (SEIP)’ with the assistance of Asian Development Bank (ADB) and Swiss Agency for
Development and Cooperation (SDC). Under this project, as of February 2023, total 12,287 trainees
received market demanded training and 11,989 are certified.
• Interest rate for pre-financing under ‘Support Safety Retrofits and Environmental Upgrades in the
Bangladeshi Ready-Made Garments (RMG) Sector (SREUP)’ has been re-fixed to a maximum 5
percent per annum instead of existing 7 percent per annum.

Chapter 8: Industry |130

 Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

Annexure
Annex: 8.2
Some key activities of SMEF
• SME Foundation has identified 177 SME cluster across the country. Among them, assessments of 90
SME clusters have been conducted to design intervention program. Foundation has arranged 143
capacity building programs for 40 clusters to improve skill of the cluster based SME entrepreneurs.
• In order to create new SME entrepreneurs and make SMEs more competitive, SME Foundation is
organizing training programs. 1,303 training programs have been organized for 40,070 entrepreneurs &
workers of whom about 60 percent are women. A training institute has been established to provide
trainings to SME entrepreneurs.
• To provide easy credit support, from 2009 SMEF is operating Credit Wholesaling Program through
banks and non-bank financial institutions. Under the program, Foundation has distributed Tk. 1.22
billion collateral free loan at single digit interest rate among 2,126 SMEs (524 women) at 31 SME
clusters and cliental group.
• SME Foundation has disbursed Tk. 1.75 billion from the “Revolving Fund” among 1,156 entrepreneurs
from remote area of whom 16% were female.
• To make national budget SME-friendly, a total of 467 SME-friendly recommendations were sent to
National Board of Revenue (NBR) & other related govt. agencies and 76 recommendations were
accepted partially/fully.
• To improve quality and enhance productivity, 5,472 SMEs have been supported through technology
promotion, up-gradation and different related awareness building programs.
• In order to positioning women entrepreneurs into the mainstream business 10,650 women entrepreneurs
have been supported directly through 350 special programs like capacity building, skill development
and new business creation programs. Foundation also organized buyer-seller matchmaking programs
and workshop for the women entrepreneurs, where about 8,100 women SMEs are benefitted.
• To create and develop 3000 women ICT freelancer in 64 districts, a 3-year project titled ‘Women ICT
Freelancer and Entrepreneur Development Program’ has been implemented.
• SME Foundation has launched 'SME E-database' program an initiative to create a database of small and
medium enterprises (SMEs), aiming to provide hassle-free services to the entrepreneurs and ensure
overall development of the sector.
• To expand market of SME products, SMEF has been organizing SME Fairs since 2012. Ten (10)
National SME Fairs in Dhaka and 87 regional (district level) SME product fairs have been organized
with participation of 7,076 entrepreneurs, out of which 60 percent are women. SME Entrepreneurs sold
products worth of Tk. 87crore in cash and Tk. 107crore as order.
• Aiming to promote local handloom products and connect the handloom weavers and designers with
local and foreign buyers, SMEF has organized four (04) Heritage Handloom Festivals in Dhaka.
• SME related 208 seminars and workshops have been organized to promote & encourage SMEs as well
as to aware the related stakeholders. To promote and expand the country's SME products abroad, SMEF
has signed 04 Memorandum of Understanding (1 Multilateral & 3 Bilateral) with the similar SME
development Agency of D-8 Countries, Bulgaria, South Korea and Turkey respectively.

Chapter 8: Industry |131

Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

CHAPTER NINE

STATE-OWNED ENTERPRISES
The contribution of SOEs is very important specially in power and gas, transport, communication and
service sector. During FY 2017-18, the total operating revenue of all existing SOEs was Tk. 1,74,361.14
crore which was increased to Tk. 2,27,953.26 crore in FY 2021-22. However, considering factors
factoring into the production cost, the amount of value addition in FY 2017-18 was Tk.19,375.24 crore
which stood Tk. 22,788.68 crore in FY 2021-22. According to the revised estimation in FY 2021-22 the
SOEs made a net profit of Tk. 4,808.55 crore. On the other hand, the SOEs that earned profit contributed
Tk. 879.84 crore to the national exchequer during the same period. According to the estimation of Finance
Division, the total Debt Service Liabilities (DSL) stood at Tk. 1,83,170.36 crore up to 28 February 2023 in
FY 2022-23. Outstanding state owned commercial bank loan against 30 SOEs stood at Tk. 59,730.96 crore.
Out of this, the classified loan stood at Tk. 184.76 crore. Though the operating profit on total assets of
SOEs was 1.50% in FY 2017-18. This profit reached to 0.73% in FY 2021-22. The net profit on operating
revenue was 0.75% in FY 2021-22. The rate of dividend on equity stood at 0.44% in FY 2021-22.
Considering the turnover of assets, the efficiency of resource utilisation during FY 2021-22 was increased
in comparison with the level of efficiency in FY 2019-20.

In accordance with Bangladesh Standard

State owned enterprises play significant role in
Industrial Classification (BSIC), 48 state-owned
increasing national productivity, value addition,
non-financial enterprises in the country have been
employment and revenue income. Scope and
categorised into 7 sectors. Both the economic and
intensity of investment from state owned
financial achievements of these sectors have been
enterprises for expansion of local industry and
analysed in this chapter. Classification of these
trade is also increasing as well as the investment
enterprises shown in table 9.1.
of the private sector.

Table 9.1: Non-Financial Public Enterprises

Sl. Sector No. of Title of Enterprises (Non-financial)

No Enterprises
1 Industry 6 Bangladesh Textile Mills Corporation (BTMC), Bangladesh Steel
& Engineering Corporation (BSEC), Bangladesh Sugar & Food
Industries Corporation (BSFIC), Bangladesh Chemical Industries
Corporation (BCIC), Bangladesh Forest Industries Development
Corporation (BFIDC), Bangladesh Jute Mills Corporation (BJMC).
2 Power, gas and 6 Bangladesh Oil, Gas & Mineral Corporation (PETROBANGLA),
water Bangladesh Power Development Board (BPDB), Dhaka Water Supply
and Sewerage Authority (WASA), Chattogram Water Supply and
Sewerage Authority, Khulna Water Supply and Sewerage Authority
and Rajshahi Water Supply and Sewerage Authority.

Chapter 9-State Owned Enterprises|133

Bangladesh Economic Review 2023
Sl. Sector No. of Title of Enterprises (Non-financial)
No Enterprises
3 Transport and 7 Bangladesh Shipping Corporation (BSC), Bangladesh Inland Water
communication Transport Corporation (BIWTC), Bangladesh Road Transport
Corporation (BRTC), Chattogram Port Authority (CPA), Mongla Port
Authority (MPA), Bangladesh Land Port Authority (BLPA) and
Bangladesh Bridge Authority (BBA).
4 Trade 3 Bangladesh Petroleum Corporation (BPC), Trading Corporation of
Bangladesh (TCB), and Bangladesh Jute Corporation.
5 Agriculture 2 Bangladesh Fisheries Development Corporation (BFDC),
and Fisheries Bangladesh Agricultural Development Corporation (BADC).
6 Construction 6 Rajdhani Unnayan Kartipaksha (RAJUK),
Chattogram Development Authority (CDA),
Rajshahi Development Authority (RDA),
Khulna Development Authority (KDA),
Cox’s Bazar Development Authority (Cox DA) and
National Housing Authority (NHA).
7 Service 18 Bangladesh Muktijoddha Kalyan Trust (BMKT), Bangladesh Film
Development Corporation (BFDC), Bangladesh Parjatan Corporation
(BPC), Bangladesh Small and Cottage Industries Corporation
(BSCIC), Civil Aviation Authority of Bangladesh (CAAB),
Bangladesh Inland Water Transport Authority (BIWTA), Bangladesh
Rural Electrification Board (BREB), Bangladesh Export Processing
Zone Authority (BEPZA), Bangladesh Handloom Board (BHB),
Bangladesh Sericulture Board (BSB), Bangladesh Tea Board (BTB),
Bangladesh Telecommunication Regulatory Commission (BTRC),
Export Promotion Bureau (EPB), Bangladesh Sericulture Research and
Training Institute (BSRTI), Bangladesh Energy Regulatory
Commission (BERC), Bangladesh Standard and Testing Institution
(BSTI), Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Novo Theatre,
Bangladesh Industrial Technical Assistance Centre (BITAC) and
Bangladesh Economic Zone Authority (BEZA).
Source: Monitoring Cell, Finance Division.

Production and Factor Income of SOE Sector amount of value addition in FY 2017-18 was Tk.
19,375.24 crore which increased to Tk. 22,788.68
In FY 2017-18, the total operating revenue of all in FY 2021-22. Incremental growth in value
existing SOEs stood at Tk. 174,361.14 crore which addition was 4.14%. In FY 2017-18, the operating
rose to Tk. 227,953.26 crore in FY 2021-22. surplus of the SOEs stood at Tk. 6,492.28 crore
During this period the average annual growth rate which decreased to Tk. 4,827.00 crore in FY 2021-
was of 6.93%. At the same time, the value of 22. Table 9.2 shows the growth rate of revenue,
purchase of goods and services boosted up to value addition and production income of non-
10.95%. According to the production cost, the financial SOEs during FY 2017-18 to FY 2021-22.

Chapter 9-State Owned Enterprises|134

Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

Table 9.2: Growth Rate of Revenue, Value Addition and Production Income of Non-financial SOEs
(Taka in Crore)
Growth
Rate from
2017-18 2018-19 2019-20 2020-21 2021-22*
2017-18 to
2021-22
Operating revenue 174,361.14 179,630.54 166,722.20 184,150.87 227,953.28 6.93
Purchased goods and
154,985.90 161,553.65 142,487.11 160,460.34 234,853.50 10.95
services
Value addition by
19,375.24 18,076.99 24,235.09 23,690.52 22,788.68 4.14
production cost
Pay and allowances 6,050.99 6,901.25 6,851.64 6,308.35 6,169.75 0.49
Depreciation 6,831.97 7,694.64 11,696.88 10,490.61 11,761.93 14.55
Operating surplus/Loss 6,492.28 3,481.10 5,686.57 6,891.57 4,827.00 -7.14
Value Addition 19,375.24 18,076.99 24,235.09 23,690.52 22.788.68 4.14
Source: Monitoring Cell, Finance Division.

the revised estimation, the contribution of SOEs

Net Profit/Loss
to the public exchequer is Tk. 982.73 crore in FY
The net loss of SOEs was Tk. 2,604.73 crore in FY 2022-23 up to 2 May 2023. The dividend
2012-13. The net profit of the SOEs was Tk. contribution of non-financial state-owned
3,531.14 crore in FY 2013-14. Since then SOEs enterprises to national exchequer is shown in
earned profit consecutive years. According to the Appendix-22.1 and 22.2.
revised estimate the net profit stood at Tk.
Government Grant/Subsidy
1,708.06 crore in FY 2021-22. During this period
Bangladesh Telecommunication Regulatory In FY 2021-22, the government provided
Commission (BTRC) made the highest net profit grant/subsidy amounting to Tk. 1,407.26 crore to
of Tk. 3,830.67 crore, followed by Chattogram 16 public entities which decreased to Tk. 1,422.30
Port Authority. On the other hand Bangladesh crore according to revised estimation of FY 2022-
Power Development Board (BPDB) made the 23. Among all SOEs BIWTA took the highest
highest net loss of Tk. 3,240.28 crore in FY subsidy amounting to Tk. 532.85 crore in FY
2021-22. The net profit/loss of SOEs is shown in 2022-23. BADC received the second largest
Appendix-21.1 and 21.2. amount which was Tk. 488.72 crore in FY 2022-23.
In addition, the Government approved Tk. 190.74
Contribution to Public Exchequer
crore as subsidy in favour of BSCIC in FY 2022-
The SOEs contributed Tk. 1,424.21 crore to the 23. Table 9.3 shows the government grant/
public exchequer in FY 2019-20 which decreased subsidy provided to different SOEs during FY
to Tk. 879.85 crore in FY 2021-22. According to 2016-17 to FY 2022-23.

Chapter 9-State Owned Enterprises|135

Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

Table 9.3: Government Grant/Subsidy

(Taka in Crore)
Organisation 2016-17 2017-18 2018-19 2019-20 2020-21 2021-22 2022-23*
Provisional (Revised)
BJMC
55.04 77.29 35.84 41.35 37.51 - -
(export subsidy)
BIWTC 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50
RDA 0.50 1.50 4.00 3.00 3.00 3.18 4.00
BIWTA 419.06 417.31 427.59 504.79 507.85 519.26 532.85
BSCIC 144.04 163.34 208.49 193.98 197.00 194.06 190.74
BSB 22.37 23.07 26.94 30.50 33.70 30.06 26.67
EPB 27.95 34.84 28.69 26.18 24.30 25.41 23.90
BADC 376.98 405.95 415.74 477.29 456.00 456.30 488.72
NHA 17.00 19.00 20.00 18.77 19.00 18.72 19.02
BEJA 10.00 14.00 73.99 73.99 44.13 44.13 32.83
Khulna Wasa 14.10 14.50 15.50 15.50 16.00 16.00 14.00
Rajshahi Wasa 15.91 27.60 23.73 22.27 23.64 24.16 20.21
BSRTI 5.56 6.11 6.19 6.56 - - -
BSMRN - 4.59 5.13 5.71 5.10 5.57 5.60
CBDA - 6.65 12.00 12.00 7.55 7.55 5.19
BITAC - 45.29 57.40 62.58 62.58 62.36 58.07
Total 1,109.01 1,261.54 1,361.73 1,494.97 1,437.86 1,407.26 1,422.30
Source: Monitoring Cell, Finance Division *up to 27.04.2023.

Debt Service Liabilities (DSL) crore), BPDB (Tk. 6,827.08 crore), TCB (Tk.
DSL Branch of Finance Division has provisionally 6,091.55 crore), BBC (Tk. 4,859.95 crore), and
estimated the total debt service liabilities of 132 BIWTC (487.76) crore). On the other hand the
SOEs. According to this estimate, the total Debt SOEs which have classified loan are- BJMC (Tk.
Service Liabilities (DSL) against 132 SOEs stood 132.12 crore). BADC (Tk. 27.21 crore), BTMC
at Tk. 1,83,170.36 crore in FY 2021-22. The total (Tk. 24.9 crore). The cumulative amount of
DSL liabilities and recovery SOEs is shown in outstanding bank loans and the classified loans of
Appendix-23. SOEs is illustrated in Appendix 24.
Bank Loan Financial Performance of SOEs
At the end of 28 February, 2023, the outstanding Almost all assets and loans belonging to the SOEs
bank loan against 30 state-owned enterprises of Bangladesh are provided either by Government
(SOEs) stood at Tk. 59,730.96 crore. Out of this or by State-owned Commercial Banks (SCBs).
amount, the classified loan accounted to Tk. Therefore, the rate of profit on total assets is
184.76 crore. The SOEs which own an important benchmark for judging the financial
substantial amount of debt to State-owned performances of these entities. Table 9.4 shows the
Commercial Banks (SCBs) are: BADC (Tk. profit earned by SOEs during the period from FY
13,878.42 crore), BCIC (Tk. 9,068.51 crore), BPC 2017-18 to FY 2021-22.
(Tk. 8,569.28 crore), BSFIC (Tk. 7,807.71

Chapter 9-State Owned Enterprises|136

Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

Table 9.4: Profit Earned by the SOEs from FY 2017-18 to 2021-22

(In Crore Taka)
Rate of Growth
Items 2017-18 2018-19 2019-20 2020-21 2021-22* from FY 2017-18
to FY 2020-21

1. Operating revenue 174,361.14 179,630.64 166,722.20 184,150.87 227,953.26 6.93

2. Operating surplus 6,492.28 3,481.10 5,686.57 6,891.57 4,827.00 -7.14

3. Non-operating revenue 4,038.02 4,689.28 5,234.60 5,670.43 5,321.99 7.15

4. Employee participatory
91.00 77.26 75.51 70.75 74.30 -4.97
fund

5. Interest 3,405.43 3,851.38 3,956.69 4,076.21 4,651.99 8.11

6. Net profit/loss(before
6,793.92 12,115.80 14,293.10 20,272.75 4,808.55 -8.28
tax)

7.Tax 1,621.16 1,438.57 3,582.14 5,113.14 3,100.49 17.60

8. Net profit after tax(7-8) 5,172.76 10,677.23 10,710.96 15,159.61 1,708.06 -24.20

9. Dividend 1,010.78 920.06 1,424.21 1,278.81 879.84 -3.41

10. Retained earnings (9-10) 4,161.98 9,348.53 9,286.75 13,455.02 828.22 -33.21

11.Total investment/fund 433,588.16 509,651.05 555,780.27 587,843.44 661.007.74 11.12

12. Equity 71,883.13 122,192.71 178,092.62 209,965.09 202,135.49 29.50

13. % of operating profit on

1.50 0.68 1.02 (4.35) 0.73 -16.43
total assets.(2/12)

14.% of net profit on

2.97 5.94 6.42 6.69 0.75 -29.11
operating revenue (9/1)

15.% of dividend on equity

1.41 0.75 0.80 0.61 0.44 -25.41
(10/13)

16.Turn over on total assets

0.40 0.35 0.30 0.39 0.34 -3.77
(1/12)

Source: Monitoring Cell, Finance Division. * indicates provisional

Table 9.4 shows that in FY 2017-18 the decreased to 0.44 percent in FY2021-22 from 1.41
operating profit on total assets of SOEs was percent in FY2017-18. It appears from the
2.97 percent which declined to 0.73 percent in turnover of assets that the efficiency of resource
FY 2017-18. The net profit on operating revenue utilisation increased in FY 2021-22 (0.34 percent)
was 6.21 percent in FY 2015-16. However, in FY compared to that in FY 2019-20 (0.30 percent).
2021-22 such profit turned into 0.75 percent. The
rate of dividend on equity

Chapter 9-State Owned Enterprises|137

Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

Figure 9.1: Financial Performance of SoEs

2

0
2017-18 2018-19 2019-20 2020-21 2021-22

-1

-2

-3

-4

-5

percentage of operating profit of total asset percentage of divident on equity

Source: Monitoring Cell, Finance Division.

Chapter 9-State Owned Enterprises|138

Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

CHAPTER TEN
POWER AND ENERGY

The role of sustainable, reliable and cost effective power generation and supply is immense for
sustaining the sustainable growth of GDP and growing economy of the country. After
implementation of various power plans adopted by the government, the install capacity of the
country has been increased to 23,482 MW in FY 2022-23 till January 2023, which stands at
26,700 MW including captive and renewable energy. Out of this capacity, the maximum
generation yet so far was 14,782 MW on 16 April 2022. Total net electricity production was
85,607 million kilowatt-hours in FY 2021-22 and in the first six months of FY 2022-23 up to
December 2022 total net electricity production stood at 44,633 million kilowatt-hours. Out of total
net generation, 39.89 percent power was generated by public sector, 42.26 percent power from
private sector, 7.83 percent from joint venture and 10.02 percent from power import. In addition,
total system loss of transmission and distribution of electricity substantially declined to 9.30
percent in FY 2022-23 up to December 2022 from 14.73 percent in FY 2010-11. At present, the
total distribution line is 6.29 lakh kilometer and total consumer is 4.45 crore. Government has
brought all the citizens under 100 percent electricity facility in 2021. According to Power System
Master Plan (PSMP) 2016, the government has set a target to increase installed electricity
generation capacity to 40,000 MW by 2030 and 60,000 MW by 2041. On the other hand, natural
gas met almost 59 percent of the country's total commercial use of energy. A total of 28 discovered
gas fields cumulative gas production is about 19.94 trillion cubic feet up to December 2022 and
net recoverable reserves in January 2023 is 8.68 trillion cubic feet. Besides, the country has about
13.60 lakh metric tons reserve fuel oil. Considering the country’s energy security and fuel
diversification plan, government is generating power from coal, LNG, dual-fuel, nuclear and
renewable energy alongside establishing gas and liquid fuel-based power plants. Furthermore,
electricity is being imported through regional and sub-regional cooperation.

Power Sector
through intensive supervision, provision of
Government has prioritised the power sector right incentives and incentives to attract domestic and
from the beginning and undertaken immediate, foreign investment in the private sector and
short, medium and long-term plans to meet the measures for import of power on the basis of
increasing demand of electricity. At present, the regional cooperation. At present government has
installed generation capacity of the country has brought all its citizen under 100 percent
been increased to 26,700 MW including captive electricity facility. As per vision 2041,
and renewable energy. Per capita power government is working towards the
generation has increased to 609 kWh. The power implementation of power generation capacity of
distribution line has increased to 6.29 lakh km 40,000 MW by 2030 and 60,000 MW by 2041 as
and the number of consumers has increased to per Power System Master Plan (PSMP).
4.45 crore. The system loss has come down to
Power Generation
9.30 percent till December of FY 2022-23 which
was 14.73 percent in FY 2010-11. Extensive Power Generation Capacity
development in the power sector is due to timely
Total grid based installed capacity was 22,482
and realistic planning and implementation
MW in FY 2021-22 including 10,130 MW in

Chapter 10-Power and Energy |139

Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

public sector, 1,244 MW in JV, 9,948 MW in has been reached to 26,700 MW including captive
private sector and 1,160 MW from cross-border and renewable energy. Against the demand,
power import from India. Till January 2023, the maximum 14,782 MW power (16 April 2022) has
total grid based installed capacity is 23,482 MW been generated.
including 10,246 MW in Public Sector, 1,861
The installed capacity of power generation by
MW in JV, 10,215 MW in Private Sector and
fuel type and ownership in FY 2022-23 (up to
1,160 MW power imported from India. As a
January 2023) is shown in Figures 10.1 and 10.2
whole, total installed power generation capacity
respectively.

Figure 10.1: Installed Capacity (by Fuel Type) Figure 10.2: Installed Capacity (By Sector)

Furnace Oil Private Public

Diesel Sector
26.95% Sector
5.49% 43.50% 43.63%
Coal
11.46%

Renewable
Energy
2.08%
Power Natural Gas Power
Import JV 7.93%
49.07% Import
4.94% Total Installed Capacity: 23482 4.94% Total Installed Capacity: 23482

Source: Power Division (*Up to January 2023).

power was generated by public sector power
Power Generation (Million kWh)
plants, 7.83 percent from JV power plants, 42.26
The total 80,423 MkWh net electricity was percent from private power plants, and 10.02
generated during FY 2020-21 and during FY percent from power import. Of the total grid
2021-22 it was 85,607 MkWh which is 6.45 based generation, 50.32 percent gas-based, 9.87
percent higher than the previous FY. In the FY percent coal-based, 28.11 percent liquid fuel
2022-23 till December 2022, the net generation is based, 10.02 percent imported electricity and
44,633 MkWh amongst which 17,804 MkWh 1.69 percent renewable. Fuel wise and sector
from public sector, 3,496 MkWh from JV and wise net energy generation in FY 2022-23 up to
23,333 MkWh from private sector power plants. December 2022 are shown in figure 10.3 and
Out of the total net generation, 39.89 percent 10.4 respectively.
Figure 10.3: Energy Generation (National) by Fuel Figure 10.4: Energy Generation (National) by Sector
Liquid Fuel Public
28.11% 39.89%
Coal 9.87% Power
Import
10.02%
Renewable
Energy
1.69% JV 7.83%
Natural Gas Private
Power 50.32% 42.26%
Import
10.02% Total Net Generation: 44633 MkWh Total Net Generation: 44633 MkWh
Source: Power Division (*Up to December 2022).

Chapter 10-Power and Energy |140

Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

Maximum Power Generation FY 2021-22 (16 April 2022). The installed

capacity and maximum generation since FY
In FY 2010-11 maximum power generation was
2010-11 are presented in Table 10.1.
4,890 MW, which is increased to 14,782 MW in

Table 10.1: Installed Capacity and Maximum Generation

Fiscal Year Installed capacity MW Maximum generation MW

2010-11 7264 4890
2011-12 8716 6066
2012-13 9151 6434
2013-14 10416 7356
2014-15 11534 7817
2015-16 12365 9036
2016-17 13555 9479
2017-18 15953 10958
2018-19 18961 12893
2019-20 20383 12738
2020-21 22031 13792
2021-22 22482 14782
2022-23* 23482 13985
Source: Power Division, (*up to January 2023)

Fuel Consumption for Power Generation fuel to produce electricity since the FY 2005-06.
The total consumption of coal for electricity
The natural gas consumption in public sector
generation was 2.24 million ton up to December
power plant was 150 billion cubic feet in the FY
2022 in the FY 2022-23. The consumption of
2010-11 which reached to 219 billion cubic feet
natural gas and liquid fuel since FY 2010-11 to
during the FY 2021-22. In the FY 2022-23 (till
FY 2022-23 (till December 2022) are given in
December 2022), the amount of gas consumption
Table 10.2.
is 107 billion cubic feet. Coal has been used as

Table: 10.2: Fuel Consumption by Public Sector Power Plants

Natural gas Coal Liquid Fuel (Million Liter)

Fiscal Year
(Billion cft) (Million Tonne) Furnace Oil HSD, SKO & LDO
2010-11 150 0.41 119 138
2011-12 151 0.45 182 60
2012-13 175 0.59 266 35
2013-14 183 0.54 424 175
2014-15 180 0.52 378 291
2015-16 207 0.49 439 238
2016-17 215 0.59 513 348
2017-18 211 0.82 615 795
2018-19 274 0.57 484 385
2019-20 268 1.24 301 12
2020-21 243 2.25 389 74
2021-22 219 2.52 523 154
2022-23* 107 2.24 344 187
Source: Power Division (* up to December 2022)

Chapter 10-Power and Energy |141

Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

Power Generation Programme and Future have also been included in this plan. As per this
Plan plan, coal, nuclear, gas/LNG based combined
cycle power plant will be used as base load
Government has prepared Power System Master
power plants. Imported LNG will be used as
Plan (PSMP) including the reform activities to
complementary as there is a limitation of local
meet the growing demand. As per the plan,
gas. The integrated power and energy master plan
power generation capacity will be 40,000 MW by
is in final stage in line with the upgradation of
2030 and 60,000 MW by 2041. In order to secure
PSMP.
fuel supply, government has planned for fuel
diversification. Electricity generation from Table 10.3 shows power sector development and
gas/LNG, liquid fuel, coal, nuclear, hydro, future plan of the government up to 2041.
renewable and import from neighboring countries

Table 10.3: Power Sector Generation Future plan

Year
Year Year
SL Description 2023
2030 2041
(Feb’23)
1. Installed Capacity (MW) 26700* 40000 60000
2. Electricity Demand (MW) 15500 33000 52000
3. Transmission Line (Ckt. KM) 14546 27300 34850
4. Grid Substation Capacity (MVA) 58076 120000 261000
5. Per Capita Power Generation (KWh) 609 815 1475
6. Access to Electricity (%) 100% 100% 100%
Source: Power Division (*Including Captive and RE)

Under Construction Power Generation • Rupsa 880 MW

Projects
• Mymensingh 360 MW CCPP
At present, a number of power plants are under
• Matarbari 1,200 MW coal-based power plant
construction in both public and private sector.
The expected power generation targets under Joint Venture
ongoing projects are summarised in Table 10.4.
• Patuakhali (2nd Phase) 1,320 MW coal
Table 10.4: Power Generation Projects (Under based (BCPCL)
Construction)
• Patuakhali 1,320 MW coal-based power
Sector No. of Projects Capacity (MW) plant (RNPL)
Public Sector 11 3939
JV 2 3108 • Rooppur 2x1,200 MW nuclear based power
Private Sector 20 5047 plant.
Total (Under 33 12094 Private Sector
Construction)
Source: Power Division • Meghnaghat (Summit) 583 MW CCPP
Among them mentionable projects are: • Meghnaghat (Reliance) 718 MW CCPP
Public Sector • Meghnaghat (Unique) 584 MW CCPP
• Khulna 336 MW CCPP
• Ghorasal 3rd & 4th Unit Repowering

Chapter 10-Power and Energy |142

Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

B. Transmission System back station with total capacity of 1,000 MW, 6

nos. of 400/230 kV grid substations of 6,370
Power Grid Company of Bangladesh Ltd.
MVA, 4 nos. of 400/132 kV grid substation of
(PGCB)
2,470 MVA, 29 nos. of 230/132 kV grid
Power Grid Company of Bangladesh Ltd. substations of 15,775 MVA, 5 nos. of 230/33 kV
(PGCB) is responsible for operation, grid substations of 1,390 MVA, 167 nos. of
maintenance and development of transmission 132/33 kV grid of 32,071 MVA capacity.
system all over Bangladesh. At present, power Moreover, 450 MVAR capacitor bank at 132 kV
generated in different power plants is transmitted level and 1,340 MVAR capacitor bank at 33 kV
to the national grid through 400 kV, 230 kV and level has been added throughout the country. In
132 kV transmission lines. In 1996, when PGCB the past year (February 2022-January 2023), a
was formed, the total lengths of 230 kV and 132 total of 1,334 ckt. km transmission lines and 7
kV line were 838 ckt km and 4,755 ckt km nos. of grid substations of 2,769 MVA capacity
respectively. As a result of the improvement of have been newly added to the national grid at
transmission infrastructure, 400 kV transmission different voltage levels. Now the total number of
lines of 1,897 ckt. km, 230 kV transmission lines transmission lines has been increased to 14,547
of 4,186 ckt. km and 132 kV transmission lines circuit kilometers till January, 2023. Table 10.5
of 8,464 ckt. km has been constructed in total till shows year wise transmission system and sub-
January 2023. Now there is one HVDC back-to- station infrastructure developed by PGCB.

Table-10.5: Transmission System and Substation Infrastructure by PGCB

Fiscal Transmission System (ckt km) 400 kV 400/230 kV 230/132 kV & 132/33 kV
Year HVDC & 400/132 230/33 KV Substation
Substation KV Substation
Substation
400 kV 230 kV 132 kV No MW No MVA No MVA No MVA
2010-11 - 2647 6018 - - - - 13 6675 81 8437
2011-12 - 2647 6080 - - - - 13 6675 83 8737
2012-13 - 3021 6080 - - - - 15 6975 84 9705
2013-14 165 3045 6120 01 500 - - 18 8775 86 10714
2014-15 165 3171 6359 01 500 01 520 19 9075 89 11964
2015-16 221 3171 6397 01 500 01 520 19 9375 90 12420
2016-17 560 3313 6504 01 500 02 1690 19 9675 91 13365
2017-18 560 3325 6796 01 500 03 2210 19 9675 91 15046
2018-19 698 3372 7329 01 1000 05 3900 26 13135 132 22642
2019-20 861 3500 7758 01 1000 06 5070 27 13385 145 25885
2020-21 950 3658 8228 01 1000 06 5070 31 16145 153 29189
2021-22 1494 4018 8377 01 1000 09 7800 34 17165 165 31717
2022-23* 1897 4186 8464 01 1000 10 8840 34 17165 167 32071
Source: Power Division (*up to January 2023)
3. Dhaka Power Distribution Company (DPDC)
C. Power Distribution System
4. Dhaka Electric Supply Company (DESCO)
At present the following six organisations are
responsible for electricity distribution: 5. West Zone Power Distribution Company
(WZPDC)
1. Bangladesh Power Development Board
(BPDB) 6. Northern Electricity Supply Company Ltd
(NESCO)
2. Bangladesh Rural Electrification Board (BREB)

Chapter 10-Power and Energy |143

Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

Inter-Utility Energy Import and 132 KV level during FY 2021-22 and FY

2022-23 (up to December 2022) respectively.
The distribution utilities have purchased 80,285
The purchased electricity of different utilities is
MKWh and 41,952 MKWh electricity at 33 KV
shown in the figure10.5 and 10.6:

Figure 10.5: Inter Utility Energy Import Figure 10.6: Inter Utility Energy Import
FY (2021-22) FY (2022-23*)
WZPDCO
DESCO WZPDCO
4.70% BPDB DESCO
7.80% 4.70%
12.60% 8%
BPDB
12.80%
NESCO NESCO
5.50% 5.50%

DPDC DPDC
12.60% 12.70%

BREB BREB
56.40% 56.30%

Source: Power Division (* up to December 2022)

System Loss
such as continuous performance monitoring of
System loss is one of the key performance
the power sector reforms and target-oriented
indicators of the distribution entities. To achieve
measures are being implemented to reduce the
desired performance of the sector, system loss
system loss. The system loss from FY 2010-11 to
needs to be further reduced. Various measures,
FY 2022-23 (up to December 2022) is shown in
Table 10.6 and in figure10.7

Table 10.6: Year- wise System Loss Statistics

Fiscal Year Transmission Loss (%) Distribution Loss (%) Total Loss (T&D)%
2010-11 1.98 12.75 14.73
2011-12 2.35 12.26 14.61
2012-13 2.33 12.03 14.36
2013-14 2.17 11.96 14.13
2014-15 2.19 11.36 13.55
2015-16 2.14 10.96 13.10
2016-17 2.21 9.98 12.19
2017-18 2.27 9.60 11.87
2018-19 2.61 9.35 11.96
2019-20 2.5 8.73 11.23
2020-21 2.41 8.48 11.11
2021-22 - 7.74 10.41
2022-23* - 6.58 9.30
Source: Power Division (* up to December 2022)

Chapter 10-Power and Energy |144

Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

Figure 10.7: Year Wise System Loss Statistics

13.55
14 13.1
12.19 11.87 11.96
11.36 10.96 11.23 11.11
12 10.41
9.98 9.6 9.35 9.3
10 8.73 8.48
7.74
8 6.58
6

0
2014-15 2015-16 2016-17 2017-18 2018-19 2019-20 2020-21 2021-22 2022-23*
Distribution Loss (%) Distribution & Transmission Loss (%)

Source: Power Division. (*Up to December 2022)

Accounts Receivable
Figure 10.8: Year Wise Accounts Receivable
To improve financial viability and efficiency of
the sector, the government adopts a financial 2.5 2.01 2 1.95 1.87
action plan to maintain power sector receivables 2 1.71 1.58
1.46 1.36 1.45
at no more than 2 months' billed amount 1.5
equivalent and reduce receivables from 1
autonomous, public entities and private 0.5
customers to an acceptable limit. From FY 2010- 0
11 to FY 2022-23 (up to November 2022) year
wise accounts receivables are shown in Table
10.7 and in Figure 10.8.
Accounts Receivable (Equivalent Months)

Source: Power Division (*Up to November 2022)

Table 10.7: Year wise Accounts Receivable
Pre-Paid Meter
Fiscal year Accounts Receivable
(Equivalent Months) To improve power distribution system, 52,41,721
2010-11 2.22
prepaid meters have been installed by different
2011-12 2.21
2012-13 2.06
entities. Till January 2023, BPDB, BREB,
2013-14 2.04 DPDC, DESCO, WZPDCL and NESCO have
2014-15 2.01 installed 16,51,197, 13,10,564, 6,61,396,
2015-16 2.00 6,28,727, 4,89,837 and 5,00,000 numbers of
2016-17 1.95 prepaid meters respectively. Moreover, due to
2017-18 1.71
introduction of prepaid meters, system loss has
2018-19 1.58
2019-20 1.87 been reduced significantly and consumption
2020-21 1.46 pattern has also been changed. Power Division
2021-22 1.36 has set a target to bring all large and medium
2022-23* 1.45 consumers under prepaid meter. The list of
Source: Power Division *Up to November 2022.
installed prepaid meters up to January 2023 has
been shown in table 10.8.

Chapter 10-Power and Energy |145

Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

Table:10.8: Installation of prepaid meters Projects under Implementation of BREB

Utility Single phase Three phase Total Bangladesh Rural Electrification Board is
BPDB 1610014 41183 1651197 running 2 projects in the FY 2022-23 with the
REB 1296464 14100 1310564 aim of making the government's 100 percent
DPDC 603243 58153 661396
electrification programme a success. Moreover, 4
DESCO 552962 75765 628727
475608 14229 projects of BREB have been approved recently.
WZPDCO 489837
467200 32800 If these projects are implemented, BREB will
NESCO 500000
ensure quality, affordable, uninterrupted power
Total 5005491 236230 5241721
supply to the customers under BREB by
Source: Power Division.
developing a cost-effective, reliable, sustainable
D. Bangladesh Rural Electrification Board and modern electricity distribution system.
(BREB) Mentioned that 5,642 km of new lines have been
Up to January 2023, Bangladesh Rural constructed/renewed against the target of 8,000
Electrification Board has connected total 3.45 km. new line construction/renewal, against the
crore of consumers by constructing 5.31 lakh km target of 27 (390 MVA) electrical substations
distribution lines through 80 Palli Bidyut construction/capacity building a total of 20 (250
Samities. Among them 3.09 crore are residential, MVA) substation construction/capacity building
4.11 lakh irrigations, 23.40 lakh commercial, work has been carried out and a total of 1,298
2.75 lakh industrial, 5.26 lakh others. The total substations have been constructed with a capacity
number of electricity consumers all over of 17,460 MVA. Already, a total of 1.55 lakh
Bangladesh is about 4.75 crore, out of which the consumers have been provided electricity
total consumers of BREB are 4.45 crore which is connection by installing submarine cables in 646
about 72 percent of the total consumers of the off-grid areas and 5,717 solar home systems in
country and the consumers of BREB consume 59 29 areas. Due to BREB’s nationwide
percent of National Electricity Generation. comprehensive programme and sincere efforts,
Target and achievement of line construction and 3.45 crore consumers of various categories have
consumer connection of BREB from FY 2010-11 been provided electricity in a total of 462
to FY 2022-23 (up to January 2023) is shown in upazilas including off-grid areas.
Table 10.9.
E. Sustainable Energy Development
Table 10.9: Physical Target and Achievement
of BREB Renewable Energy
FY Distribution Line Consumer
(Km) Connection Government has taken steps to promote
Target Achive- Target Achieve- renewable and clean energy alongside fossil fuel.
ment ment
2010-11 2095 3028 - 259548 In the PSMP, due importance has been given to
2011-12 7700 10049 - 723713 utilize renewable energy resources. Government
2012-13 10222 10279 - 304417
2013-14 16971 17544 - 758932 has established ‘Sustainable and Renewable
2014-15 18750 18698 - 1839064 Energy Development Authority’ (SREDA) in
2015-16 20000 31612 1500000 3597883
2016-17 25000 36554 2000000 3511573 2014 under Sustainable and Renewable Energy
2017-18 30000 54886 3200000 3851143 Development Authority Act, 2012 to facilitate
2018-19 25000 71326 2000000 3045593
2019-20 50000 50166 2000000 2405312 sustainable energy/renewable energy as well as
2020-21 30000 32736 1300000 2461134 energy efficiency. To fulfill the government
2021-22 10000 12091 800000 1880214
2022-23* 8000 5642 800000 843905 target of generating electricity from renewable
Source: Rural Electrification Board (REB) (*Up to January energy sources, SREDA is mandated to provide
2023)

Chapter 10-Power and Energy |146

Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

any sorts of assistance within its purview to Achievement in Energy Efficiency

implement renewable energy projects. At present, Improvement:
1,158.59 MW renewable energy system has been
• Preparation of Energy Efficiency and
installed. Bangladesh has formulated ‘Net
Conservation Master Plan up to 2030.
Metering Guideline, 2018’ to promote rooftop
solar system in the country. This guideline • ‘Energy Efficiency and Conservation Rules
encourages consumers to become prosumer by 2016’ has been formulated.
the utilization of free space in their buildings for
• Formulation of Energy Efficiency and
solar power generation. So far, 1,821 systems
Conservation Rules 2018.
have been installed under Net Metering Scheme
with total capacity of 60.034 MW. Moreover, • Conducting Training and Examination to
2,777 solar irrigation system which has total prepare Energy Auditors and certifying them.
capacity of 51.076 MW has been implemented. • Starting energy audit in state-owned
Table 10.10 shows the progress of renewable industries and in public buildings
energy:
• Conducting Energy Efficiency &
Table 10.10: Progress of Renewable Energy
Conservation Promotion Financing Project,
Technology Off-grid On-grid Total to facilitate low interest (4-6%) loan for
(MW) (MW) (MW) industry, building and residential sector for
Solar 356.69 567.81 924.5 purchasing energy efficient machineries;

Wind 2.00 0.9 2.9 • Introduction of awareness raising campaign

Hydro - 230 230 for Energy Efficiency and Conservation.

Biogas 0.69 0 0.69 Renewable Energy Programme of BREB

Biomass 0.4 0 0.4 The first Solar Home System (SHS) was installed
Total 359.78 798.71 1158.49 by BREB in 1993 with the financial assistance
Source: Power Division
from France. Till now Bangladesh Rural
Electrification Board has installed 5,717 solar
Energy Efficiency (EE) and Energy home systems in off-grid areas, with a maximum
Conservation (EC) peak capacity of .251 MWp, the number of
In order to consolidate the sustainable energy rooftop solar home systems installed at customer
system, SREDA has been working to achieve the end in grid areas is 96,389; with a peak capacity
energy saving targets set out in the 8th Five-Year of about 18.57 MWp, 40 solar irrigation pumps
Plan of Bangladesh, along with the formulation (0.237 MWp) and 14 solar charging stations
of various rules, regulations, guidelines and (0.303 MWp) have been installed. 21 rooftop
policies on energy efficiency and conservation. solar home systems have been installed in
SREDA has formulated ‘Energy Efficiency and various Palli Bidyut Samities with own funding
Conservation Master Plan up to 2030’ and of the respective PBS; Its maximum peak
working according to the plan to achieve the capacity is 0.044 MWp. An ADB-funded project
goal. The Master Plan has set a target of is also underway to provide agricultural irrigation
improving 20 percent energy intensity by 2030 through solar-powered pumps. Through this
(compared to FY 2013-14). project 2,000 solar irrigation pumps will be
installed within the project period (2024). The
total capacity of these pumps will be

Chapter 10-Power and Energy |147

Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

approximately 19.30 MWp. Among them, 190 construction and equipment installation work of
solar irrigation pumps have been installed till Unit-1 in June 2023.
January 2023, with a maximum peak capacity of
1.67 MWp. All preparations are being made to take delivery
the first batch of nuclear fuel of Unit-1 from the
F. Rooppur Nuclear Power Plant (RNPP) Russian Federation to the project area by October
The Rooppur Nuclear Power Plant with a 2023. In the first half of next year 2024, the
capacity of 2,400 MW in two units is being target of performing cold and hot phase test of
constructed to meet the growing demand of Unit-1 and conducting reactor physical startup
electricity in the country. The Rooppur Nuclear activities has been set. After the construction of
Power Plant construction project is underway in transmission line, establishment of physical
the midst of the global corona virus epidemic. protection system, construction of offsite
Land development, soil stabilization, concrete telecommunication infrastructure for Rooppur
bedding under all infrastructures and construction Nuclear Power Plant is properly completed by
of residential buildings have already been 2023, it will be possible to add Unit-1 of
completed in the project area. Construction of Rooppur Nuclear Power Plant to the national
jetties and embankments along the banks of the power grid as per the schedule.
Padma river and construction of an artificial
Construction progress of second unit:
water channel in the project area have been
completed to facilitate the transportation of heavy About 70 percent of the physical construction
machinery and fuel by waterways. The reactor is work of Reactor Building of Unit-II of Rooppur
equipped with molten core catcher, reactor Nuclear Power Plant has been completed.
pressure vessel, steam generator and a full scale Preparations are being made to place reactor
analytical simulator at the training center. Other pressure vessel, steam generator, coolant pump of
plant-equipment manufacturing activities are 2nd unit in design position. The reactor auxiliary
underway in various factories of the Russian building is approximately 55 percent completed.
Federation. It is expected that power connection The construction of the turbine building is
from this power plant to the national grid will be approximately 65 percent completed. The
possible by 2024. construction of the first and second cooling tower
of the second unit has been completed up to the
Construction progress of the first unit:
height of +145 meters and +126 meters
About 90 percent of the physical construction respectively. The overall progress of physical
work and more than 60 percent of the installation construction work of Unit-II is approximately 55
work of the reactor building of Unit-1 of percent. The power generation target of Unit-2 is
Rooppur Nuclear Power Plant with a capacity of set after one year of Unit-1.
1,200 MW has been completed. Overall
Regional Power Cooperation
implementation progress including physical
construction and installation of machinery is To enhance the development of power sector,
approximately 80 percent. Turbine building Bangladesh Government is working with
completion is approximately 88 percent and neighboring countries as well as SAARC,
physical construction of first cooling tower up to BIMSTEC, SASEC and D-8 for regional
+175m height is completed. Commissioning cooperation. Collaboration effort with the
work will be started after completion of physical SAARC countries is continuing. Also Bangladesh
has taken initiative in cross border trade of

Chapter 10-Power and Energy |148

Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

electricity through bilateral cooperation with of Electricity’ and ‘BIMSTEC policy for Trade,
Nepal, Bhutan and India. Bangladesh has been Exchange of Electricity and Tariff Mechanism’
working for the overall development of the are going on.
power sector as an active member of the China cooperation in Bangladesh power sector
Regional, Sub-Regional Cooperation and various and investment opportunity
Cooperation Forums.
A Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) has
Electricity import from India been signed between Bangladesh and China on
21 October 2012 to enhance cooperation in
A joint steering committee has been working for
power sector. As a result, cooperation and
regional cooperation between Bangladesh and
investment opportunity in Bangladesh power
India power exchange. An inter-regional grid has
sector will be enhanced. For this, both the
been established to import electricity from
countries will contribute to uplift the trade and
Baharampur, India to Bheramara, Kustia. At
economic cooperation. Electricity generation,
present, 1,000 MW electricity has been imported
transmission, distribution, energy efficiency,
through 400 KV transmission line and 160 MW
renewable energy has been identified as the scope
electricity also imported from Tripura, India to
of cooperation.
Cumilla, Bangladesh. Initiatives have been taken
as per N-1 contingency rule to import 1,000 MW Oil, Gas and Mineral Resources
electricity through Bheramara- Baharampur 400 The main purpose of oil, gas and mineral
KV transmission line. A contract has been signed resource sector is to meet energy demand of the
with Adani group, India to import 1,600 MW (net country by undertaking exploration, production,
1,496 MW) from Jharkhand coal based power development and appraisal of oil and gas fields
and it is expected to receive power from India and subsequent energy reserve enhancement. The
very soon. main aim of the sector is to reduce extreme
Electricity import from Bhutan dependence on natural gas through
diversification of energy-mix and
An initiative has been taken to import hydro
alternative/renewable energy resource usage,
power from Bhutan. A Tripartite MoU is at the
balanced and synchronised development of gas
final stage between Bangladesh, India and
production, transmission and distribution
Bhutan in order to construct a power plant
activities, encourage participation of private
through joint investment.
entrepreneurs in oil and gas exploration,
production and distribution.
Electricity import from Nepal
Natural Gas Reserves
An initiative has been taken to import power
from Nepal. A Memorandum of Understanding Natural gas accounts for 59 percent of the
(MoU) has been signed with GMR group, India commercial energy of the country. Till now, 28
and NTPC Vidyut Vyapar Nigam Ltd (NVVN) in gas fields have been discovered in the country.
order to import 500 MW electricity from Nepal. According to the latest estimation of Petrobangla
total initial gas in place (GIIP) is 40.23 trillion
BIMSTEC’s cooperation
cubic feet (TCF), out of which 28.62 TCF is
An initiative has been taken for regional recoverable in proven and probable categories.
cooperation through BIMSTEC. In this regard, a From 1960 to December 2022, total 19.94 TCF
Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) has been gas was produced leaving 8.68 TCF recoverable.
signed. In order to foster cooperation, drafting of Status of field-wise gas production and reserves
two policies- ‘BIMSTEC policy for Transmission is presented in Table 10.11.

Chapter 10-Power and Energy |149

Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

Table 10.11: Status of Gas Production and Reserve

(Billion Cubic Feet)
Prod GIIP Product. Cumulative Remaining
ucing (Gas Reserves
L. No. Fields Well initially in Recoverable Reserve FY Production w.r.t 2P
2021-22 (Dec, 2022)
(PW) place) (Jan, 2023)
1P 2P 3P
A. PRODUCING
1 Titash 22 8148.9 5384.0 6367.0 6517.0 143.51 5217.90 1149.10
2 Habiganj 7 3981.0 2787.0 2787.0 3096.0 56.85 2689.15 97.85
3 Bakhrabad 6 1701.0 1052.9 1231.5 1339.0 12.66 880.82 350.71
4 Koilashtila 3 3610.0 2390.0 2760.0 2760.0 11.31 757.97 2002.03
5 Rashidpur 5 3650.0 1060.0 2433.0 3113.0 16.12 691.55 1741.45
6 Sylhet/Haripur 3 370.0 256.5 318.9 332.0 2.23 221.86 97.04
7 Meghna 1 122.1 101.0 101.0 101.0 2.62 81.39 19.61
8 Narshingdi 2 369.0 218.0 276.8 299.0 9.90 239.62 37.18
9 Biyanibajar 2 230.7 150.0 203.0 203.0 2.70 113.92 89.25
10 Fenchuganj 2 553.0 229.0 381.0 498.0 5.09 171.84 209.16
11 Salda 3 379.9 79.0 279.0 327.0 1.13 96.39 182.61
12 Shahbajpur 5 918.1 - 642.7 488.0 22.89 132.83 509.85
13 Semutang 1 653.8 151.0 317.7 375.1 0.28 14.18 303.52
14 Sundalpur 1 62.2 25.0 35.1 43.5 2.78 22.94 12.16
15 Srikail 4 240.0 96.0 161.0 161.0 15.23 132.40 28.60
16 Begumganj 1 100.0 14.0 70.0 0.0 3.07 11.25 58.75
17 Jalalabad 6 1534.1 1567.0 1567.0 - 69.14 1566.95 -
18 Moulavibazar 2 1053.0 405.0 428.0 812.0 5.56 344.44 83.56
19 Bibiyana 26 8350.0 4415.0 5755.4 7084.0 440.33 5421.99 333.44
20 Bangura 5 1198.0 379.0 714.0 941.0 20.69 532.49 181.51
Sub-total A: 107 37224.8 20759.4 26829.1 28489.6 844.11 19341.70 7487.39
B. NON-PRODUCING
21 Kutubdia 65.0 45.5 45.50 45.5 0.0 0.0 45.50
22 Bhola North 621.9 0.0 435.32 - 0.0 0.0 435.32
23 Zakiganj 75.9 - 53.13 - 0.0 0.0 53.13
Sub-total B: 762.8 45.5 534.0 45.5 0.0 0.0 533.95
C. PRODUCTION SUSPENDED
24 Rupganj 48.0 - 33.6 - - 0.68 32.92
25 Sangu 1039.0 265.0 474.0 727.0 0.0 26.46 447.54
26 Chattak 71.8 50.3 50.3 50.3 0.0 21.1 29.20
27 Kamta 185.2 125.0 125.0 175.0 0.0 62.4 62.60
28 Feni 899.6 544.4 577.8 638.7 0.0 487.91 89.85
Sub-total C: 2243.6 984.7 1260.7 1591.0 0.0 598.5 662.11

Grand Total, A+B 40231.2 21789.6 28623.70 30126.1 844.11 19940.25 8683.45
BCF +C
Grand Total, 40.23 21.79 28.62 30.13 0.84 19.94 8.68
TCF
Source: Energy and Mineral Resources Division.

Natural Gas Production and Sector-wise consumption was 1,017.5 billion cubic feet.
Consumption Then, in FY 2021-22 total gas supply including
RLNG was 1,080.4 billion cubic feet and total
Natural gas is used for electricity generation,
gas consumption was 1,001.3 billion cubic feet.
fertilizer production, transportation, industries,
Year-wise/sector-wise natural gas production and
domestic sector and commercial purpose. In FY
consumption are shown in Table 10.12 and sector
2020-21 total gas supply including RLNG was
wise gas consumption pattern are given in Figure
1,104.1 billion cubic feet and total gas
10.9 and Figure 10.10.

Chapter 10-Power and Energy |150

Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

Table 10.12: Production of Natural Gas and its Consumption by Sector

(In billion cubic feet)
FY Production Consumption
(including
Power Captive Fertiliser Industry Tea Com. Dom CNG Total
R-LNG)
Power Estate .

2010-11 708.9 275.8 121.6 58.9 122.1 0.8 8.5 87.4 38.5 713.6
2011-12 743.7 302.5 124.2 58.5 128.3 0.8 8.6 89.2 38.3 750.4
2012-13 800.6 328.8 134.1 60.0 135.7 0.8 8.8 89.7 40.2 798.1
2013-14 820.4 337.4 143.8 53.8 141.9 0.8 8.9 101.5 40.1 828.1
2014-15 892.2 354.8 150.0 53.8 147.7 0.8 9.1 118.2 42.9 877.3
2015-16 973.2 399.6 160.8 52.6 156.0 0.9 9.0 141.5 46.5 966.9
2016-17 969.2 403.6 160.5 49.1 163.1 1.0 8.7 154.4 47.0 987.3
2017-18 968.7 398.6 160.5 43.0 166.6 0.9 8.2 158.0 46.2 982.0
2018-19 1077.7 450.9 157.5 57.7 164.5 1.0 7.9 158.9 43.4 1041.8
2019-20 1085.61 455.9 151.6 54.6 155.7 1.1 6.7 132.7 36.1 994.4
2020-21 1104.1 425.8 169.1 64.7 181.7 0.9 6.0 134.2 35.1 1017.5
2021-22 1080.4 402.0 175.7 60.4 191.0 1.1 6.0 127.8 37.3 1001.3
Source: Energy and Mineral Resources Division.

Figure: 10.9: Category-wise Gas Consumption Figure: 10.10: Category-wise Gas Consumption
FY2020-21 FY 2021-22

Captive Captive
power 17% power 17%
Power 40%
Fertilizer Power 42%
Fertilizer
6% 6%
Industry
18% Industry
19%

Tea 0.10% CNG 4%

Tea 0.10% CNG 3%
Commer- Domestic Domestic
Commercial
cial 1% 13% 13%
1%

Total:1017.5 BCF Total: 1001.3 BCF

Source: Petrobangla.
in the industrial sector is considered to become
Sector wise Gas Demand Forcast
1,169 mmcfd in FY 2022-23 and 1,575 mmcfd in
The gas demand in the Power sector is increasing FY 2025-26. Moreover, demand for gas in
with the steady industrialisation in the country. Commercial and Tea sectors is considered to
According to Gas Sector Master Plan Bangladesh become 38 mmcfd in FY 2022-23, and is
2017 (Scenario C), total Gas demand is expected expected to remain the same up to FY 2025-26.
to rise up to 4,787 mmcfd in FY 2022-23, 4,931 Sector-wise gas demand forcast is given in table
mmcfd in FY 2023-24, 5,079 mmcfd in FY 2024- 10.13.
25 and 5,257 mmcfd in FY 2025-26. Gas demand

Chapter 10-Power and Energy |151

Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

Table 10.13: Sector-wise Average Gas Demand Forecast

(mmcfd)
Sector 2022-23 2023-24 2024-25 2025-26
Power 2266 2279 2285 2315
Captive 389 350 315 283
Fertiliser 316 316 316 316
Industry 1169 1299 1435 1575
Domestic 457 490 524 557
Comercial & tea 38 38 38 38
CNG 152 159 166 173
Total 4787 4931 5079 5257
Source: Energy and Mineral Resources Division.
term LNG import contracts and install more
Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG)
FSRUs in Moheshkhali, Coxsbazar and in Payra,
To minimize the demand-supply gap, Patuakhali.
government decided to import LNG. As per the
Petroleum Products
decision, two Floating Storage and Re-
gasification Units (FSRU) is installed at deep sea Bangladesh Petroleum Corporation (BPC)
near Moheshkhali, Cox’sbazar having storage imports, acquires, stores and markets petroleum
capacity of 1,38,000 m3 LNG and regasification products. It develops and maintains storage
capacity of 500 MMSCFD each. The first FSRU facilities to preserve sufficient stock of petroleum
installed by Excelerate Energy Bangladesh products. The current storage capacity of
Limited (EEBL) was commissioned on August petroleum products is around 13.69 lakh metric
2018. The second FSRU installed by Summit tonnes. BPC has taken initiative to set up a new
LNG Terminal Co. (Pvt.) Ltd. was commissioned unit of existing refinery named ERL Unit-2 and
on April 2019. Imported LNG is being re- total crude oil processing capacity will be 45 lakh
gasified by these two Floating terminals and metric tonnes of both units. Construction of the
supplying Regasified LNG (RLNG) to the project Installation of Single Point Mooring
national gas grid. To import LNG on long-term (SPM) with double pipelines is going on. It will
basis, Petrobangla signed two separate LNG Sale be possible to discharge annually 90 lakh metric
and Purchase Agreement (SPA) with Ras Laffan tonnes crude and refined petroleum through
Liquefied Natural Gas Company Limited of pipeline directly for mother tanker. A project is
Qatar and Oman Trading International of Oman going on to construct pipeline for transporting
respectively on 2017 and 2018. Additionally, diesel from Chattogram to Dhaka. Another
Petrobangla signed Master Sale and Purchase pipeline construction is in progress to transport
Agreement (MSPA) with 21 companies for aviation fuel from Pitolganj to Kurmitola
importing LNG from spot market. Considering Aviation Depot, Dhaka. A pipeline about 131.50
the increasing future gas demand, government km will be constructed from Shiliguri, India to
has decided to set up a land-based LNG terminal Parbotipur depot, Bangladesh to import diesel
with regasification capacity of 1,000 MMSCFD from India to ensure fast, smooth and
at Matarbari, Cox’sbazar on BOOT (Build Own uninterrupted supply of petroleum to northern
Operate & Transfer) basis. Necessary works are region of Bangladesh. Information regarding
in progress in this regard. Considering the imported crude oil and refined petroleum
increasing energy demand of the country, products during FY 2010-11 to FY 2022-23 is
government is planning to execute more long- shown in Tables 10.14 and 10.15

Chapter 10-Power and Energy |152

Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

Table 10.14: Import of Crude Oil

FY Quantity (Metric tonnes) C and F Value/ Crore Taka
Million US$
2010-11 1409302 978.81 7037.00
2011-12 1085937 919.26 7053.51
2012-13 1292102 1060.30 8536.70
2013-14 1176693 968.55 7957.29
2014-15 1303194 734.00 5739.35
2015-16 1093120 336.15 3225.92
2016-17 1391629 514.10 4132.35
2017-18 1173647 565.99 4603.81
2018-19 1361877 721.28 6080.39
2019-20 1151963 455.91 3854.64
2020-21 1434613 584.64 4966.52
2021-22 1366085 896.84 7855.92
2022-23* 984023 1246.94 7308.85
Source: Energy and Mineral Resources Division (* Up to February 2023)

Table: 10.15: Import of Refined Petroleum Products

FY Diesel, Lubricating Base Oil Furnace Oil Merin Fuel

Octane and Jet A-1
Quantity Value Quantity Value Quantity Value Quant CFR
(Metric (Crore Taka) (Metric (Crore Taka) (Metric tonne) (Crore ity Value
tonne) tonne) Taka) (Metric (Crore
tonne) Taka)
2010-11 2488456 21403.69 4749 43.75 230524 1123.17
2011-12 3409934 27111.24 4980 53.11 680982 3819.07
2012-13 2827160 21949.10 4853 38.56 803603 4367.26
2013-14 3158343 23485.56 - - 1016101 5144.68
2014-15 3403890 18569.62 - - 691705 2714.30
2015-16 3337426 11110.31 - - 335150 660.52
2016-17 3871432 14433.91 - - 521199 1240.66
2017-18 4892089 23300.67 - - 650540 2091.52
2018-19 4281958 23376.50 - - 318634 1282.49
2019-20 3873131 17045.18 - - 175694 687.04
2020-21 4144762 16694.40 - - 47924 151.41 29964 111.24
2021-22 4809132 38277.75 - - 316086 1710.86 16506 101.06
2022-23* 3044857 32667.72 - - 159354 729.82 14996 121.17
Source: Energy and Mineral Resources Division (*Up to February 2023)

Subsidy for Petroleum Products as well as custom duty in the domestic market in
conformity with increases of oil price in the
Bangladesh Petroleum Corporation (BPC)
international market. As a result, government had
imports crude and refined oil every year
to give remarkable amount of subsidy for
according to country’s demand. There are ups
importing petroleum products. Since November
and downs of refined and crude oil prices in
2014, due to the price of oil has fallen in the
international market. So BPC has continuously
international market, Government did not give
incurred losses due to non-adjustment of oil price

Chapter 10-Power and Energy |153

Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

any subsidy in the FY 2015-16, 2016-17, 2017- mainly used in thermal power plant for electricity
18, 2018-19, 2019-20 and 2020-21. However, in generation and also as fuel in brick field, steel
the FY 2021-22 due to the global situation industry and various other industries. At present
created by the Ukraine-Russia war and the price coal is being produced from the central basin area
of fuel oil increased in the international market, of Barapukuria coal field by Underground
BPC made a loss of Tk 2,705.64 crore. Table Mining method with an average production of 0.8
10.16 shows the amount of subsidy given to million metric tons per year. A coal-based
BPC. thermal power plant with a capacity of 525 MW
has been set up near the mine from which
Table 10.16: Amount of Subsidy given to BPC
electricity is being regularly supplied to the
by the government
(In Crore Taka)
national grid.
FY Amount of Subsidy As the coal layer appears at a comparatively
2010-11 4000.00
shallow depth in the north and southern part of
2011-12 8550.00
2012-13 13558.00 Barapukuria coal basin, there is a plan to conduct
2013-14 2478.00 a study project to verify the feasibility of open pit
2014-15 600.00 mining from that part. If it is possible to develop
2015-16 0.00 an open pit coal mine in the north and southern
2016-17 0.00 part of Barapukuria basin, about 170 million tons
2017-18 0.00
of coal can be extracted in 28-30 years at a rate of
2018-19 0.00
2019-20 0.00
6-10 million tons per year.
2020-21 0.00 Besides, a feasibility study for the development
2021-22 0.00 of Dighipara coal field in Nawabganj upazila of
2022-23* 0.00
Source: Bangladesh Petroleum Corporation (*Up to February 2023)
Dinajpur district has been completed in 2020.
According to the study report, out of the 706
Mineral Resources
million tons of coal in the Dighipara coal field, a
The Bureau of Mineral Development (BMD) total of 90 million tons could be extracted in 30
issues exploration license and grants mining lease years at an annual rate of 3 million tons by
and quarry lease for different minerals like coal, underground mining method. Table 10.17 shows
hard rock, peat, mineral sand, metallic minerals, the location, depth and estimated reserve of the
white clay, silica sand, ordinary sand, mixed coal fields.
stone, limestone, clay etc.
Table 10.17: Location, depth and estimated
Coal reserve of the coal fields
Five coal fields discovered in Bangladesh till Sl. Coal field Year of Depth Estimated
now. The total estimated reserves of these No Discovery Reserve
1. Barapukuria 1985 118-509 410
discovered coal fields are about 7,823 million
2. Dighipara 1995 328-455 706
tons, which is equivalent to 185 TCF of Natural 3. Phulbari 1997 141-270 572
gas. 4. Khalaspir 1989 222-516 685
5. Jamalgonj 1962 640-158 5450
Out of these 5 coal fields, coal is being
Total 7823
commercially extracted only from the Source: Energy and Mineral Resources Division
Barapukuria coal field from September 2005.
The total amount of coal has been extracted till
December 2022 is 13.47 million tons. Coal is

Chapter 10-Power and Energy |154

Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

Hard Rock Among the mineral sands zircon, garnet,

leucoccine, monazite, rutile, ilmenite and
The total reserve of hard rock is 174 million
magnetite are predominant. Such Heavy Minerals
metric tons of which 73 million metric tons of
is very valuable and has multiple uses.
rock is extractable. The Bureau of Mineral
Development issued a license of lease to develop Iron ore
the hard rock mine in the area of 54 square km in
Iron ore has been discovered in Alihat area under
Parbatipur and Nawabganj upazillas of Dinajpur
Hakimpur upazila of Dinajpur district in an area
district. Total 8.48 million metric tons of rock has
of about 10 square kilometers (1,000 hectares).
been produced and total 8.01 million metric tons
At present, exploration is ongoing in that area.
of rock has been sold during the year May 2007
to February 2023. According to the result of Mineral Resources (Except Oil and Gas)
already completed feasibility study almost total Investigation, Exploration and Evaluation
113.70 million metric tons of granite rock can be GSB is the only government organisation under
possible to produce during 40 years in the ministry of Power, Energy and Mineral resources
proposed new mining area of 2.25 square to expedite the exploration of Mineral Resources
kilometers. except oil and gas, and also evaluate of that
Ordinary stone/sand mixed stone resources and carrying out geoscientific research
works. GSB has implemented various
In Sylhet, Sunamganj, Panchagarh, Lalmonirhat
development projects to strengthen the
and Bandarban hill district there are 60 gazetted
exploration and evaluation of mineral resources
ordinary stone/sand mixed stone quarries/areas
in the country. As a result, skilled manpower has
with a total area of about 1,965 hectres.
been developed with foreign training under
White Clay various projects of this department and research
facilities has made by procuring modern
White Clay is available in Netrakona,
equipment to work in the petrology-mineralogy,
Mymensingh, Sherpur, Habiganj, Moulvibazar
engineering geology, sedimentology and clay
and Chittagong districts. It is widely used in
mineralogy, remote sensing and GIS,
insulator, refractories, medicine, glass and paper
micropaleontology, geophysics and analytical
industries in addition to various household items,
chemistry laboratories. Besides these, GSB has
ceramic products, tiles etc.
discovered Peat, Glass Sand, White Clay,
Silica Sand Construction Sand, Gravel, Limestone, Heavy
There are a total of 78 silica sand quarries in minerals in different parts of the country. Coal
Sylhet, Moulvibazar and Habiganj districts of and Peat discovered by GSB is now used in
Bangladesh with a total area of 332.28 hectres. power generation and household activities.
At present silica sand is being extracted from Recent Achievements of GSB
silica sand quarries in Habiganj district. Silica
sand is used as a raw material in glass and • In FY 2021-22 Geological and
ceramic industries as well as in construction. geomorphological mapping have been
completed of 6,407 sq. km.
Heavy Mineral
• 852 sq. Km. areas of geo-physical survey,
Heavy Minerals are found in Cox's Bazar, approximately 60 line Km. areas of seismic
Teknaf, Maheshkhali, Patuakhali, Bhola i.e. survey and 85 sq. Km. areas of presence and
coastal areas and riverside areas of the country.

Chapter 10-Power and Energy |155

Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

quantity of chemical substance has been of lives and assets. Issuance of expert-opinion by
completed. examining the evidence related to the case filed
by Law Enforcing-agencies in the Speedy-Trial
• GSB has discovered 30 meters thick
Tribunal as per the provisions of the Explosive
limestone in 675 meters depth in Tajpur area
Substances Act, 1908. This organisation also
of Bilasbari union of Badalgachi upazila
furnishes expert-services to Armed Forces.
under Naogaon district.
Regulatory Functions in Energy Sector
• Recently, GSB has also discovered a
magnetic rock (magnetic, hematite) of 30 To expedite long term development of the energy
meters thick at a depth of 430 meters at sector, the Bangladesh Energy Regulatory
Hakimpur Upazila under Dinajpur district. Commission (BERC) is carrying out activities for
creating favorable environment in electricity
• By the project titled ‘Identification and
generation, energy transmission, transportation
Economic Assessment of the Valuable
and marketing as well as for management and
Minerals in the River Sands of Bangladesh’
operation of this sector. In addition, the BERC
collection of different sand samples from
has been working to ensure transparency in tariff
Brahmapurta, Meghna, Someshawri river
fixation, protect consumers’ interests and create
basin and analyses of these samples, valuable
competitive market. Major activities of
minerals like Zircon, Monazite, Ilmenite,
Bangladesh Energy Regulatory Commission are
Rutile, Leocoxin, Kayanite, Garnet,
given below:
Magnetite etc. has been identified. The
average percentage of heavy mineral is 8.92 Tariff Determination
percent which is internationally acceptable. The Commission determines the wholesale (bulk)
Hydrocarbon Unit tariff for electricity generation entities, electricity
transmission tariff for electricity transmission
Hydrocarbon Unit provides technical support to
company, retail tariff for electricity distribution
Energy and Mineral Resources Division to
entities, gas transmission tariff for gas
provide views/comments on different policies
transmission company, gas distribution charge
including Coal policy, MoU, preparation of
and gas tariff at consumer level for gas
SDG’s Action plan, Gas demand, Gas sector
distribution companies as per BERC Act 2003
development, Future plan of Gas Sector, Attend
and tariff regulations. The Commission has fixed
PSC's JRC/JMC's meeting, Supervision and
life-line (1-50 units) tariff for low-cost supply of
Monitoring of Production Sharing Contract
electricity to the people of small means for their
(PSC) and other Contracts; Petroleum Refining
households. The minimum electricity and gas
and Marketing Management, Mines and Minerals
bills have been rescinded considering the interest
Development related Rules and Regulations.
of the common consumer. The affordable super
Control of Explosives and Safety Management off-peak rates have been introduced in the
country to facilitate battery mounted electric
Department of Explosives is assigned to
vehicles for its charging stations and to provide
discharge its responsibility in controlling
low-cost power supply to medium pumps for
manufacture, importation, storage, transportation,
irrigation. The price of Liquefied Petroleum Gas
transmission and use of Dangerous Goods
(LPG) is being adjusted monthly at the consumer
Substances (DGs) such as Explosives, Gas,
level according to the order of the Hon'ble High
Petroleum, Flammable Liquids, Combustible
Court Division.
Solids and Oxidizing Substances to ensure safety

Chapter 10-Power and Energy |156

Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

Gas Development Fund: A Sustainable Issuance of License (Gas & Petroleum

Financing of Gas Sector Development License)
To augment the financial capacity for exploration A total of 533 gas licenses have been issued by
and production of gas by the nationalised the Commission in various categories of gas
companies, the Commission formed ‘Gas sector from FY 2010-11 to 2022-23 (up to
Development Fund’ on July 30, 2009. An amount February 2023). Commission issued a total of
of Tk. 17,530.22 crore has been provisioned to 981 petroleum licenses in various categories of
the Gas Development Fund up to June 2022. petroleum sector from FY 2010-11 to FY 2022-
23 (up to February 2023).
Power Sector Development Fund: Alternative
Financing for Power Sector Development Arbitration Activities
In order to increase the efficiency and capability The Bangladesh Energy Regulatory Commission
of Bangladesh Power Development Board is authorized to settle disputes among licensees
(BPDB), the Commission formed ‘Power Sector and between licensees and consumers of the
Development Fund’ on February 01, 2011 with energy sector. Till now Commission has resolved
5.17 percent of existing average rate of bulk 269 cases out of 413 cases.
tariff. The Commission has re-fixed the rate of
Establishing Transparency and Accountability
deposit 0.15 taka on selling price of per kWh by
the November 23, 2017 w.e.f. December 1, 2017. The Commission has taken initiative to introduce
The cumulative provision in this fund up to Uniform System of Accounts to prepare financial
October 2022 is Tk 13,661.92 crore. account statements in the same standard for the
transparency and accountability of utilities. The
Energy Security Fund: Creative Financing for
Commission has issued an order for the
Augmenters Energy Security
implementation of uniform accounting procedure
With a view to ensuring the energy security in for all licensees of the gas sector. The order
Bangladesh, the Commission formed ‘Energy includes guidelines to accounting, permanent
Security Fund’ on September 01, 2015 through asset and inventory management for each
raising of gas tariff Tk 1.01 per cubic meter. Up financial transaction. The Commission has also
to June 2022 Tk. 13,543.93 crores have been formulated a uniform accounting system for
accumulated in this fund. Meanwhile, ‘Energy power sector. From the feedback of power
Security Fund Guidelines 2018’ has been distribution companies/organisation, the
formulated on April 02, 2018. A revolving fund Commission has undertaken necessary steps for
worth Tk. 13,227.44 has been ratified to meet the review and amendment of the system to
LNG import cost. accelerate speedy implementation of the system.
The Commission has taken initiatives to
Providing License (Power License)
introduce uniform accounting method in all gas
A total of 2,765 power licenses have been issued and power utilities through computerised/web
by the Commission in various categories of based software. In order to purchase Uniform
power sector from FY 2010-11 to FY 2022-23 System of Accounts system (Computerised/web-
(up to February 2023). based software) for gas companies/utilities is
under processed.

Chapter 10-Power and Energy |157

Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

Preservation of Consumer’s Rights Bangladesh Power Development Board have

already prepared energy audit related information
The Commission is working sincerely to protect
and sent to the BERC in the prescribed form.
the consumer’s rights. With a view to
establishing the consumer’s right, the E-licensing activities
Commission regularly organise outreach
In order to make the licensing process easily
program, conducts open meeting and public
accessible and fast to the service recipients,
hearing in fixing tariff as well as to preparing
online e-licensing system software has been
regulations and guidelines in order to protect
installed and training has been provided to the
consumer interest. Others important steps taken
concerned officers/employees. From October 1,
by the Commission are pre-paid meter system,
2019, the application and issuance of licenses for
introduction of mobile billing system, online
various categories of energy sector is being
customer services and issuing bill clearance
maintained through e-licensing system. This
certificates yearly.
reduces the time and cost for service recipients to
Energy Auditing obtain a license. As a result, service seekers are
able to receive services without any hassle and
The Commission believes that energy auditing
harassment.
will ensure energy efficiency in the energy sector
by use of appropriate and improved technologies. Research Activities
Energy audit will provide the Commission with
To find out problems, solutions and prosperity of
the opportunity to review and regulate the energy
power and energy sector, the Bangladesh Energy
waste through setting standard for machineries
Regulatory Commission has conducted some
and instruments. Three power plants of
activities in research sector.

Chapter 10-Power and Energy |158

Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

CHAPTER ELEVEN
TRANSPORT AND COMMUNICATION

For the socio-economic development of a country, a sophisticated and well-planned transport and
communication system plays a vital and immeasurable role. It is very much necessary to make a
developed and integrated transport and communication system that will connect Bangladesh with
international and regional road network as well as with other ICT networks. The total length of highways
in the country is 22,476 km up to February 2023. Government has taken various initiatives for ensuring a
disciplined road transport sector and controlling road accident by applying modern technology to
national highways. From this point of view, Padma Bridge, Metro-rail, Bus Rapid Transit, Dhaka
Elevated Expressway, Karnaphuli Tunnel and some other mega-projects are being implemented on
priority basis. To operate Railway as an environment-friendly, safe, affordable and dependable means of
transport, total number of 230 projects costing of Tk. 5,53,662.00 crore have been included in newly
approved railway master plan and those projects are being implemented at six stages from July 2016 to
June 2045. At present, total length of railway is 3,101 km. Several measures have been taken for
development and maintenance of navigability of different river routes, ensuring safe movement of water
crafts, development of inland river ports, creating infrastructure facilities to carry container goods in
inland waterways etc. About 92 percent international trade is happening through Chattogram seaport. In
the FY2021-22 the average growth rate of import-export was 3.77 percent for cargoes and 7.16 percent
for containers. As national flagship carrier Biman Bangladesh Airlines Limited is conducting 7 national
and 21 international flights in different routes. In FY2021-22 Biman has carried 22.77 lakh passengers
and 43,975 tons of cargo. At present Bangladesh Submarine Cable Company Limited (BSCCL) alone is
satisfying about 60% demand in the case of the country's overall internet bandwidth, whose amount is
about 2524 Gbps (Gigabyte Per Second) up to 29 March 2023.Various development projects and
programs are in progress to ensure the application of information and communication technology based
on four pillars of information technology infrastructure development, human resources development in
information technology, establishment of e-governance and development of information and
communication technology industry.

A modern and planned transport and constant price during FY 2021-22 and FY 2022-
communication system is a vital physical 23 respectively considering the base year 2015-
infrastructure which acts as a prerequisite for the 16. In this context, for implementation of 8th
socio economic development of a country. The Five Year Plan, Perspective Plan keeping
high importance of connectivity with the regional consistency with the targets of SDG-2030, the
and international transport networking is government has taken various development
unanimously admitted in the context of initiatives over the years.
globalization and modern market economy.
A. Roads Communication
According to Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics
(BBS), the contribution of the transport and Roads and Highways Department (RHD)
communication sector to GDP is 7.34 percent and There are about 22,476 km highways of various
and 7.32 percent at constant price during FY types under the management of Roads and
2021-22 and FY 2022-23 respectively and the Highways Department. Out of this highway
rate of growth is 5.75 percent and 5.99 percent at network, 18 percent is National Highway, 22
percent is Regional Highway and remaining 60

Chapter 11: Transport and Communication | 159

Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

percent is Zilla roads. In addition, RHD has ferry ghats of which 12 ferry ghats got
4,404 bridges and 15,084 culverts under its administrative clearance. 35 ferry ghats are also
control. Even though the length of road network under the process of administrative approval.
under RHD has not increased significantly during Currently the ferry service is provided by 148
last few years, the standard and the width of numbers of ferry boats, 140 numbers of pontoons
different important road segments have been and 114 numbers of gangways. The Table 11.1
improved including improvement to 4, 6 or 8 provides a thirteen-year time series data on RHD
lanes. RHD is currently operating 57 numbers of road lengths.

Table 11.1: Various Categories of Roads under Roads and Highways Department
( Length in kilometer)

Year National Highway Regional Highway Zilla Road Total

2010 3478 4222 13248 20948

2011 3492 4268 13280 21040

2012 3538 4276 13458 21272

2013 3570 4323 13678 21571

2014 3544 4278 13659 21481

2015 3813 4247 13242 21302

2016 3813 4247 13242 21302

2017 3813 4247 13242 21302

2018 3813 4247 13242 21302

2019 3906 4483 13207 21596

2020 3906 4767 13423 22096

2021 3944 4883 13592 22419

2022 3991 4898 13545 22434

2023* 3991 4898 13587 22476

Source: Roads and Highways Department; Ministry of Road, Transport and Bridges. *Up to February 2023
of the public sector as well as private sector for
A total number of 144 development projects have the development of road network. Among these
been included in the Annual Development projects, six important projects are under
Program (ADP) of Roads and Highways implementation.
Department for FY 2022-23. An amount of Taka
Road Safety
22,675.86 crore is allocated for these projects. Of
this, GoB component is Taka 18812.16 crore and RHD is going to construct restrooms with
project aid is Taka 3863.70 crore. There are parking facilities for truck drivers on 4 National
twenty projects under the RHD which will be Highways, at Cumilla on Dhaka-Chattogram
implemented on PPP basis through participation Highway, Habiganj on Dhaka-Sylhet Highway,

Chapter 11: Transport and Communication | 160

Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

Sirajganj on Dhaka-Rangpur Highway and 111 recommendations of National Road Safety

Magura on Dhaka-Khulna under a project named Council are being implemented to create a work
"Construction of restrooms with parking facilities plan with a view to ensuring a disciplined road
for truck drivers on 4 National Highways". The transport sector.
cumulative implementation progress of the
Toll Collection under RHD
project is 48.61% up to February/2023. As a
result, these facilities will reduce road accident An amount of Taka 1021.14 crore was collected
due to restlessness and fatigue of driving for long as toll for the transportation of vehicle by road,
hours. bridge and ferry under RHD during the previous
FY 2021-22. While an amount of Taka 725.51
The project named as “Improving the Reliability
crore is collected up to February during FY 2022-
and Safety in National Highway corridors of
23.
Bangladesh by Introducing of Intelligent
Transport System (ITS) with the assistance of Local Government Engineering Department
Korean International Cooperation Agency (LGED)
(KOICA) is under implementation with a view to A long term Master Plan over a period of 2005-
develop a modern, safe and integrated road 2025 has already been prepared for successful
infrastructure on National Highways by using implementation of rural infrastructures and other
Intelligent Transportation System. Real Time programmes by LGED aiming at balanced
Monitoring of vehicle movement will be possible development across the country and is being
through ITS which will facilitate identification of implemented accordingly. In the last 15 years
vehicle for breaking speed limit, illegal parking, (2009 to March 2023) through the successful
congestion, road accident and instance action will implementation of various projects, LGED has
be possible in this connection. developed about 73,514 km road. Through the
Highway Police, RHD Field Offices and a Study successful implementation of various projects
project identified 252 number of black spots on 3,40,312 meters of bridges/culverts have been
RHD Road Network. Counter measures have constructed on rural roads. Besides these, LGED
already been taken under development project has developed 4,892 growth center/village
and local arrangement for the treatment of 172 markets, built 3,487 Union Parishad Complex
number of Black Spots on the highway. A project Bhaban, 425 upazila Complex Bhaban and 1,889
named as “Road Safety Development on National cyclone center.
and Regional Highways” to be implemented by Sustainable urban development is one of the
RHD with GoB Fund is under process to develop prerequisites for the overall economic and social
the remaining 80 black spots. The main objective development of the country. In this regard, LGED
of the project is to make necessary sign-signal has constructed about 13,541 km roads/footpaths
and road marking, identify accident prone spots and 21,144 m of bridges/culverts in cities through
and develop the dangerous accident prone various projects for sustainable transportation in
corridors with a view to improve the overall road urban areas during the last 15 years (2009 to
safety on National and Regional Highways. March 2023).
Road Safety Audit of 255 Kilometer has been GIS based development of Rural Road Master
completed. In the meantime, safety audit was Plan activities are being implemented under the
completed of 500 kilometer highway in FY 2017- Rural Connectivity Improvement Project (RCIP).
18 and 300 kilometer highway in FY 2020-21. Under this, a GIS based road prioritization
system will be prepared for the purpose of

Chapter 11: Transport and Communication | 161

Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

construction of new roads and maintenance of The table 11.2 depicts achievements in transport
old roads. National Spatial Data Infrastructure infrastructure under various development projects
(NSDI) is being prepared under the supervision of LGED up to March 2023 of FY2022-23.
of Bangladesh Survey Directorate as a uniform
platform for sharing GIS data national.

Table 11.2: Achievement in the Development of Transport Infrastructure under LGED

Activities 2010- 2011- 2012- 2013- 2014- 2015- 2016- 2017- 2018- 2019- 2020- 2021- 2022- Total**
2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023*

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

Paved Road 4614 4905 6639 6549 5990 4813 5200 8534 5400 5500 3100 4450 3797 73514
(km)
Bridge/ 38502 26415 27057 32707 29000 28500 32000 29700 30000 7978 18000 20000 15390 340312
Culvert (m)

Construction 70 468 717 698 1315 1110 1037 1256 1746 2332 710 1560 430 13541
of road &
footpath at
urban area
(km)
Construction 791 627 784 1011 1240 915 795 1167 3615 2538 3857 1804 1750 21144
of bridge &
culvert at
urban area
(m)

Source: LGED * up to March 2023. ** from FY 2009-10 to FY 2022-23.

LGED is implementing 'Climate Resilient Rural Bangladesh Road Transport Authority

Infrastructure Project' (1st Revised) in 24 (BRTA)
upazilas of 06 coastal disaster prone districts.
With a view to bring about discipline in the road
This project has developed 843.00 kilometers
transport sector since its inception Bangladesh
rural road, 79.89 kilometers HBB road, 735.00
Road Transport Authority (BRTA) has been
meters drain, 56.84 kilometers canal
entrusted with the task of ensuring overall
excavation/re-excavation and 86.14 kilometers
supervision, proper management and effective
tree plantation.
control. At present, the organization is running its
LGED is also implementing Multipurpose operation through its 57 district circle offices and
Disaster Shelter Construction Project (MDSP) to 5 metro circle offices. Issuance of registration
protect the lives and property of people in coastal and fitness certificates of vehicles, route permit
rural areas from natural disasters like cyclones and driving license is the main responsibility of
and tidal surges. The coastal districts are Barisal, this organization. BRTA is playing an important
Bhola, Patuakhali, Pirojpur, Chittagong, Cox's role in overall development of transport sector as
Bazar, Feni, Noakhali and Laxmipur. So far, 323 well as establishment of discipline in the sector.
new cyclone shelters are constructed through this
Following measures have been taken to enhance
project and 211 cyclone shelter construction
standard of service, prevent environment
work is ongoing, and 396 existing cyclone shelter
pollution and reduce traffic jam:
is being upgraded.

Chapter 11: Transport and Communication | 162

Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

• A central platform named ‘BRTA the applicant has to come to the BRTA
Service Portal (BSP)’ has been launched center once instead of at least 4 (four)
to bring all BRTA services to the times to provide bio-enrollment and
doorsteps of the people. The services of participate in the examination. The e-
BRTA such as learner driving license paper driving license with the QR code
print, Ridesharing Service Provider downloaded and printed from the
Enlistment Certificate and Ridesharing customer's own BSP account or
Motor Vehicle Enlistment Certificate displayed as a soft copy on the mobile
Print, taking appointment for renewal of phone is permissible to use temporarily
motor vehicle fitness from BRTA Dhaka for driving the motor vehicle. After the
Division and Chattogram Circle office, completion of smart card printing
payment of motor vehicle tax and fees, process, the driving license smart card is
submitting online application for motor delivered by post to the address given by
vehicle registration and publication of the applicant.
driving license test results etc. are now
provided online through the BRTA Up to February 2023 in FY2022-23, BRTA
Service Portal (BSP). collected revenues of Tk. 1,303.35 crore against
the target of Tk. 3,054.00 crore. The figures of
• In order to renew the fitness certificate of
motor vehicles in an automated manner target and actual collection of revenues from
FY2010-11 to FY 2022-23 are given in table 11.3
with the financial and technical
below:
assistance of a Korean international
organization, BRTA is renewing fitness Table 11.3: Revenue Target and Collection of
certificates at Dhaka Metro Circle-1, BRTA
Mirpur, through a 2 (two) lane Vehicle ( Taka in Crore)
Inspection Center (VIC) since October Fiscal Target Collection Percentage of
2016. Recently, an initiative has been year Amount Collection (%)
taken to set up a VIC with 12 (twelve) 2010-11 908.56 685.60 75.46
lanes in the same office. 2011-12 903.59 642.37 71.09
• A modern central Data Center has been 2012-13 1101.25 769.86 69.91
established for preserving different 2013-14 1156.60 952.25 82.33
vehicle and driving license data
2014-15 1249.23 1062.29 85.04
• National Road Safety Strategic Action 2015-16 1354.01 1619.02 119.57
Plan 2021-24 draft has been prepared to 2016-17 1771.84 1469.86 82.96
reduce the number of injured and death
2017-18 1805.51 1545.07 85.57
in road accidents. National Safe Roads
2018-19 1834.14 1825.83 99.55
Day has been celebrated on 22 October
2019-20 2017.92 1681.67 83.34
2023 under the theme "Obey the speed
limit, prevent road accidents". 2020-21 2235 1627 72.79

• In order to facilitate driving license 2021-22 2400 1823.87 75.99

related services easier, an online-based 2022-23* 3054 1303.35 42.68

application has been introduced through Source: BRTA * Up to February 2023

BRTA Service Portal (BSP) from

November 16, 2022. Under this process

Chapter 11: Transport and Communication | 163

Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

Bangladesh Road Transport Corporation for the working women of different

(BRTC) sectors to facilitate their safe journey in
Dhaka City.
‘Bangladesh Road Transport Corporation
(BRTC)’ plays an important role to ensure
• BRTC is providing free transport service
modern, fast, efficient, economic, comfortable to the designated and war-wound
and safe road transport system through a freedom fighters. In addition, BRTC
controlled mechanism for better quality service reserves 15 seats in each bus of city
and reasonable fare/freight. At present, there are service for women, children, physically
1350 buses and 585 trucks in the fleet of BRTC as disabled people and freedom fighters.
well as there are 22 bus depots and 2 truck “No smoking” sticker has been given
depots. inside each bus of BRTC.
• Now International Bus Service is running
Some progressive activities of BRTC in recent in Dhaka-Kolkata-Dhaka, Dhaka-
time are given below: Agartala-Dhaka, Agartala-Dhaka-
• BRTC has 24 Training Units (04 Kolkata-Agartala, Dhaka-Sylhet-Shilong-
Training Institutes and 20 Training Guwahati and Dhaka-Khulna-Kolkata
Centers) to provide training in driving, routes.
auto-mechanic, welding etc. Through this • Besides this, “Vehicle Tracking System”
training center 14,794 and 7,843 trainees is introduced in 663 buses and 334 truck
(men and women) have been trained in procured in 2019. “Vehicle Tracking
the fiscal year 2021-22 and 2022-23 (till System” will be introduced gradually in
January 2023) respectively. all buses and trucks of BRTC.
• Under the project “Modernization and
• Procurement of 340 CNG and 50 Strengthening of 03 Training Institutes
Electric Single Decker AC buses and 17 Training Centers of BRTC to
from Korea and 100 Electric Double develop the skills of drivers” modern
Decker AC buses from India are equipment is being procured for
under process. modernization and strengthening of 25
training units through construction of 21
• Through "Amader BRTC" mobile
training centre buildings.
Apps, passengers are now able to
know about the schedule and specific • Through the project “Skills for Employment
location of buses at the 13 routes of Investment Program (SEIP)” under Finance
BRTC. Division, Ministry of Finance, an initiative
has been taken to create 01 lakh skilled
• To make comfortable journey to the
drivers in the next 05 years. BRTC will train
government and semi-government
47,500 drivers in 05 years to develop their
employees including the students of
skill. 14,700 trainees in 1st phase, 8,100
different universities, BRTC deployed
trainees in 2nd phase, 17,700 trainees in 3rd
402 staff buses to 47 institutions.
phase have completed their trainings and
Moreover, 10 number of Double Decker
buses running in Chattogram City under training of 2749 trainees is in progress.
the supervision of Zilla Parishad for The financial statement of BRTC from
which the students of schools are FY2010-11 to FY 2022-23 is given in the
benefited. BRTC has introduced 07 buses Table 11.4:

Chapter 11: Transport and Communication | 164

Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

• In order to reduce traffic congestion in

Table 11.4: Revenue Target and Collection of Dhaka city through improvement of
BRTC intersections and introduction of Intelligent
(Taka in Crore)
Financial Operating Operating Operating Traffic System (ITS) in 4 Intersections
Year Income Expenditure Surplus (Paltan, Gulshan-1, Gulistan and
2010-11 115.11 109.84 5.27
2011-12 173.60 171.90 1.70
Mohakhali), a pilot project ‘Dhaka
2012-13 201.70 198.48 3.22 Integrated Traffic Management Project’ is
2013-14 243.11 233.53 9.58 being implemented. The physical work of
2014-15 234.07 230.51 3.56
2015-16 266.36 258.31 8.05
the project will be completed very soon.
2016-17 262.55 267.60 -5.05 Under this project Action Plans and
2017-18 253.18 256.10 -2.92 Manuals will be prepared by the Japanese
2018-19 258.88 259.82 -0.94
2019-20 349.28 324.43 24.85
expert team which will be finalized based on
2020-21 324.46 299.68 24.78 the information obtained after setting up
2021-22 475.91 440.15 35.76 ITS.
2022-23* 372.64 339.04 33.60
Source: BRTC * Up to January 2023 • Through the project named “Bus Depot and
Dhaka Transport Coordination Authority Terminal Feasibility Study and concept
(DTCA) Design” 10 locations are identified around
Dhaka City for the construction of inter-
Dhaka Transport Coordination Authority
district and city bus terminals.
(DTCA) was established in 2012 to provide a
coordinated and modern transport system for • According to DTCA Act, there is a
Dhaka city and its adjacent districts. DTCA provision for approval of the design
jurisdiction covers 7,400 square kilometers that regarding circulation and movement of
includes- districts of Dhaka, Narayangonj, vehicles from DTCA before the
Munshigonj, Manikgonj, Gazipur and Narsingdi. construction of a multi-stored building or
As a matter of fact, DTCA plans, approves, residential project. DTCA issues NOC
coordinates and monitors the transport related based on Traffic Impact Assessment (TIA).
infrastructure projects within its jurisdiction.
• A six-member road safety cell has been set
Progress of Important Activities of DTCA up in DTCA on the recommendation of the
National Road Safety council.
• As a part of transport planning, DTCA starts
• According to Revised Strategic Transport
a project “Preparation of Comprehensive
Plan (RSTP), a project titled “Feasibility
Transport Master Plan for Narayanganj and
Study on Dhaka Outer Ring Road: Eastern,
Gazipur City Corporation” in Gazipur and
Western, Northern Part Project” has been
Narayanganj.
taken to evaluate the feasibility of Dhaka
• In order to ensure hassle free and seamless
Outer Ring Road to connect different
travel by different modes of transport:
regions of Bangladesh bypassing Dhaka
Metrorail, Bus Rapid Transit, Bangladesh
region.
Railway, BRTC Bus, Marine Transport of
BIWTC and Non-government contract buses Dhaka Mass Transit Company Limited
etc. by using SMART card under e-ticketing (DMTCL)
system, e-Clearing House at DTCA office With a view to alleviate Traffic congestion and
has been established in 2017. Smart card is to improve the environment in Dhaka
being used as ‘Rapid Pass’. Metropolitan City and its adjoining areas, Dhaka

Chapter 11: Transport and Communication | 165

Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

Mass Transit Company Limited (DMTCL), a MRT Line-1

government owned company has laid out the
With the target for the completion of Line-1 by
following time bound action plan to build a
2026, the progress of Tendering process of 12
network of 6 Metro Rail systems by 2030.
packages is at different stages for the
The time bound action plan is given in the Table construction of the total 31.241 kilometers long
11.5: MRT Line-1 consisting of 19.872 kilometers
long underground route from Airport to
Table 11.5: Time Bound Action Plan, 2030 of
DMTCL
Kamlapur and 11.369 kilometers long elevated
route from Notun Bazar to Pitolganj Depot and
Name of the Phase Probable Type also for the construction of 21 Stations in
MRT Line Completion
between. A Consulting Firm has been appointed
Year
to supervise the construction works. A Contractor
MRT Line-6 First 2025 Elevated
has been appointed for the Pitolgonj Depot Land
MRT Line-1 2026
MRT Line-5; 2028
Development works under package CP-01. 8 lakh
Second people will be able to move daily if MRT Line-1
Northern
Route is in operation by 2026.
Elevated and
MRT Line-5; MRT Line-5 (Northern Route)
Underground
Southern Third
Route 2030 The feasibility study, basic design and land
MRT Line-2 acquisition for 20 km long MRT Line-5
MRT Line-4 (Northern Route) (13.50 km underground and
Source: Road Transport and Highways Division. 6.50 km elevated) having 14 stations
(underground 9 and elevated 5) from Hemayetpur
Dhaka Mass Rapid Transit Development
to Vatara has been completed. Detailed design
Project (MRT) Line-6:
and tendering process are ongoing and at
Under the revised action plan, construction works different stages. Appointment of a Contractor for
of 21.26 km long MRT Line from Uttara to the land development works at Hemayetpur depot
Motijheel is ongoing. MRT Line-6 consisting of under CP-01 is at the final stage. There is a plan
17 stations has the capacity of transporting 60 to inaugurate the construction works of MRT
thousand passengers per hour. The overall Line-5: Southern Route in July, 2023. Upon
progress of works up to 31 December, 2022 is completion of MRT Line-5 in December 2028,
92.52%. Honorable Prime Minister publicly 12,30,000 people will be able to move daily.
inaugurated the commercial operation of MRT
Line-6 from Uttara to Agargaon section on 28 MRT Line-5 (Southern Route)
December, 2022. The progress of the civil
construction works from Agargaon to Motijheel With the target for the completion of Line-5 by
is 91.02%. Construction works are ongoing for 2030, the Feasibility study has been completed to
the 1.16 kilometers extension of the route from construct the 17.40 kilometers long MRT Line-5:
Motijheel to Kamlapur. Inauguration of the Southern Route comprising of 12.80 kilometers
Motijheel to Kamlapur section has been planned long Underground line from Gabtoli to Aftab
for June, 2025. Nagar West and 4.60 kilometers long elevated
line from Aftab Nagar Center to Balurpar.
Different surveys and engineering design works
are currently ongoing. Preparation of DPP for

Chapter 11: Transport and Communication | 166

Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

this investment project is underway based on the Bridges Division

feasibility study. Upon completion the works in
Bridges division is responsible for
2030,9,24,500 people will be able to move daily.
implementation and maintenance of bridges and
MRT Line-2 tunnels, elevated expressway (which are 1,500
meter and above in length), flyover, causeway,
The Government of Bangladesh has signed a
link road and so on. The main activities of
Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) with the
‘Bangladesh Bridge Authority’, the only
Government of Japan to construct the about 24
organization of Bridges Division, are as follows:
km long MRT Line-2 comprising of elevated and
underground sections from Gabtoli to Bangabandhu Bridge
Chattogram Road by 2030 under G2G through
4.8 kilometer long Bangabandhu bridge was built
PPP basis. 65 hectares of land for construction of
in 1998 over Jamuna river in order to accelerate
Depot and Depot access corridor of MRT Line 2
the country’s overall political, social,
at Demra area of Dhaka city between Green
economical, administrative and cultural
Model Town and Amulia Model Town has been
development. Agricultural production is
identified preliminarily.
increased to a great extent in northern region
after the construction of the bridge and farmers
MRT Line-4 are getting the fair price of their products.
Currently, searching for a development partner is Furthermore, industries have flourished in that
ongoing to conduct the feasibility study for the region too. The revenue earnings for the period
construction of 16 kilometers long MRT Line-4 of FY2010-11 to FY 2022-23 (up to February
consisting of Elevated and Underground sections 2023) from this bridge are shown in Table 11.6.
from Kamlapur to Madanpur of Narayangonj via
Signboard by 2030. Table 11.6: Description of the toll collected
from Bangabandhu Bridge
Transit Oriented Development (TOD) Hub (Taka in Crore )

From the experiences of different countries in the Financial Year Revenue collection
world it is observed that Metro Rail cannot run
profitably with the collection of fare alone. Under 2010-11 267.66
this circumstances, plans have been made to 2011-12 304.66
establish TOD Hubs at the lands adjacent to the 2012-13 325.20
Uttara Center Station of MRT Line-6 and Gabtoli 2013-14 323.38
Station of MRT Line-5: Northern Route to 2014-15 349.08
generate Non-Fair Business revenue. The TOD 2015-16 402.43
land near the Uttara Center Station of MRT Line- 2016-17 484.42
6 has been designated as a Green Field and the 2017-18 543.80
TOD land adjacent to the Gabtoli Station of MRT 2018-19 575.41
Line-5: Northern Route has been designated as a 2019-20 560.28
Brown Field under a project taken up by RAJUK. 2020-21 654.82
Under this project, a Draft Concept Plan is
2021-22 704.55
ongoing now.
2022-23* 439.68
Source: Bangladesh Bridge Authority, * Up to February 2023

Chapter 11: Transport and Communication | 167

Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

Padma Bridge been completed. Also, installation of 1426 I-

girders and 58 bridge decks has been completed.
The Padma Multipurpose Bridge at Mawa-Janjira
Progress of 1st phase of the project is 94.35%,
point (6.15 km long) will play an important role
2nd phase 48.30%, 3rd phase 3.23% and overall
to establish an integrated communication
progress is 58.73%. Highest efforts are being
network for southern region with other regions of
given to complete the construction of this
the country. Padma Bridge, the country’s largest
expressway by June 2024.
infrastructure built with Bangladesh
Government’s own fund at an estimated cost of Construction of Tunnel under the River
BDT 30,193.38 crore was inaugurated by Karnaphuli
Honourable Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina on 25
The implementation work of 3.40 km long tunnel
June 2022 and the bridge was opened to traffic
under the river Karnaphuli is about to finish. To
movement on 26 June 2022. Till February 2023,
connect the west part of Chattogram city to east
a total of BDT 545.59 crore tolls has been
part, reduce traffic jam, ease direct road
collected since the bridge was opened to traffic.
communication among Dhaka- Chattogram-
River training works of the project is ongoing.
Cox’sbazar and transport goods from Chattogram
Progress of River training works is 97.50% and
sea port and proposed deep sea port, the tunnel
overall physical progress of the project is
will contribute 0.166 percent to the national GDP
97.00%.
growth. Casting of all the 19,616 tunnel segments
Vehicles is running through the upper part of the has already been completed. The completion of
Padma Bridge and rail will run through its lower the South Tube of the tunnel was celebrated on
part. More than 30 million people in an area of 26 November 2022. Till February 2023, 96.50%
about 44,000 square kilometer or 29% of the total physical work of the project has been completed.
area of Bangladesh will be directly benefited 2nd revised DPP of the project has been
from the bridge. Moreover, this bridge will bring approved in the ECNEC meeting held on 17
revolutionary changes in the communication January 2023. As per 2nd Revised DPP the total
system in the South Asian regions as well as in estimated cost of the project is BDT 10,689.71
the internal communication system due to its crore and project period is from 01 November
alignment in the Asian Highway (AH-1). 2015 to 31 December 2023.
Construction of Dhaka Elevated Expressway Construction of BRT Lane (Elevated Section)
A total of 46.73 km (with ramp) long Dhaka Steps have been taken to construct 20 km long
elevated expressway from Hazrat Shah Jalal (R) Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) lane at the cost of Tk.
international airport to Kutubkhali on the Dhaka- 2,039.85 crore from Gazipur to Shah Jalal
Chattogram highway will be constructed on International (R) Airport. Bangladesh Bridge
Public Private Partnership (PPP) basis for Authority (BBA) is responsible for
reducing the traffic jam in Dhaka city. An implementation of 4.5 km elevated section. The
agreement was signed with the investor on 15 implementation work is progressing and 87.78%
December 2013. Till February 2023, construction of physical work has already been completed by
of 1482 piles, 326 pile caps, 323 columns, 320 February 2023. 3rd revised DPP of the project
cross-beams, 3048 I-girders of the 1st phase has has been approved on 26 December 2022.
been completed. Also, 2974 I-girders and 317
bridge decks have been installed. Construction of
1575 piles, 315 pile caps, 299 columns, 268
cross-beams and 1541 I-girders of 2nd phase has

Chapter 11: Transport and Communication | 168

Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

Construction of Dhaka-Ashulia Elevated 9.06 km elevated expressway. Agreements have

Expressway been signed with contractor and consultant. Land
acquisition activities are currently underway.
About 24 km long Dhaka-Ashulia Elevated
Expressway with the estimated cost of Tk. Construction of an Elevated Road from
16,901.32 crore was approved on 24 October Mithamain Upazila Sadar of Kishoreganj to
2017 to connect Hazrat Shah Jalal (R) Morichkhali of Karimganj Upazila
International Airport to EPZ through Ashulia. To To construct 15.31 km long elevated road from
construct the expressway on G-to-G basis, Mithamain Upazila Sadar of Kishoreganj to
commercial agreement was signed with a Morichkhali of Karimganj Upazila, DPP of
Chinese government nominated company on 29 estimated cost BDT 5651.14 crore has been
November 2017. The loan agreement was signed approved at the ECNEC meeting held on January
with China Exim Bank on October 26, 2021 and 17, 2023. The project period is 01 March 2023 to
has become effective since 10 May 2022. The 30 June 2028.
land acquisition, preparation of the detailed
design and pile construction of the project are in Construction of bridge over Meghna river on
progress. Physical progress of the project is Bhulta-Araihazar-Bancharampur road
2.75%. This expressway connecting Asian Steps have been taken to build a 1.7 km long
Highway Network and almost all National bridge over the Meghna River on the Bhulta-
Highways will reduce traffic congestion in Araihazar-Bancharampur road between
Abdullahpur-Ashulia-Baipail-Chandra corridor. Narayanganj and Brahmanbaria districts. The
After construction of the project GDP growth activities of the Transaction Advisor appointed to
rate will increase by 0.217%. build the bridge on a G2G PPP basis with a
Construction of bridge over Payra river on consortium from South Korea is in progress.
Kachua-Betagi-Patuakhali road Feasibility study, LAP, RAP EIA and Traffic
Study have been completed. Updated Feasibility
The project of costing Tk. 1,042 crore was Study Report, RFP & PPP Contract have been
approved in the ECNEC meeting on 10 March submitted.
2020 for the construction of 1,690 meter long
bridge over the Payra River on the Kachua- Preparation of master plan of Bangladesh
Betagi-Patuakhali-Lohalia-Kalia road as part of Bridge Authority and conducting feasibility
the development of road communication network study for construction of new bridges and
in the south. The agreement has been signed with inner elevated expressways
contractor on March 2022 to construct this Bangladesh Bridge Authority has taken steps to
bridge. Land acquisition and preparation of formulate a 25 year master plan with the aim of
detailed design are currently underway. The final achieving sustainable development by 2030 and
report of RAP and EIA and Environmental making Bangladesh a developed and prosperous
Clearance of the project has already been country by 2041. In order to ensure integrated
received. The construction of this bridge is and uninterrupted transport system and to
expected to be completed by 2025. develop the road communication network of the
Road widening and construction of two-lane country, short, medium and long term projects
road from Panchabati to Muktarpur Bridge will be identified, adopted and recommended in
the said master plan. Besides, feasibility study
DPP of estimated cost Tk 2,242.06 crore has will be conducted on Meghna river at Chandpur-
been approved at the ECNEC meeting on Shariatpur location, on Laxmipur-Bhola road and
08/12/2020 for widening of 10.75 km road from on construction of Dhaka Inner Elevated
Panchabati to Muktarpur Bridge and constructing

Chapter 11: Transport and Communication | 169

Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

Expressway. The study project is being these development activities which will help to
implemented at an estimated cost of BDT 371.90
improve the overall transport facilities of the
crore with the own funding of Bangladesh Bridge
country including decrease in the traffic
Authority.
congestion of Dhaka.
B. Railway Communication
Achievements of Bangladesh Railway since 2009
To ensure railway communication as a reliable, are construction of 650.11 km new rail line,
affordable, environment-friendly and publicly conversion of 280.28 km railway line from meter
transport in Bangladesh, Railway Division has gauge to dual gauge, construction of 126 new
upgraded to a separate Ministry named as station buildings, construction of 732 new
Ministry of Railways (MoR) in December 2011. railway bridges.
The improvement of rail communication and
Ongoing important projects of Bangladesh
transport services has been included as a priority
Railway are Padma Bridge Rail Link Project,
sector in the national document on 8th Five-Year
Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Railway Bridge
Plan and Perspective Plan, Vision-2021 and more
Construction, Construction of Single Line Dual
budget has been provided for the development of
Gauge Railway Track from Dohazari to Cox's
the railway than that of the previous years. Total
Bazar via Ramu and Ramu to Gundum Near
Number of 230 projects costing of Tk
Myanmar, Construction of Dual Gauge Double
5,53,662.00 crore have been included in newly
Rail Line and Conversion of Existing Rail Line
approved railway master plan for implementing
into Dual Gauge Between Akhaura and Laksam,
those projects at six stages from July 2016 to
Construction of Khulna-Mongla Port Rail Line,
June 2045.
Construction of 3rd & 4th Dual Gauge Line in
Bangladesh Railway has around 3,101 km of Dhaka-Tongi and Dual Gauge Double Line in
network which connects 43 districts and almost Dhaka-Joydevpur Section of Bangladesh
all the important places of the country. Necessary Railway, Construction of Dual Gauge Railway
steps have been taken for renovation of existing Line from Bogra to Shahid M. Mansur Ali
rail tracks, purchase of new locomotives, wagons Station Sirajganj, Construction of Broad Gauge
and coaches, repair of old locomotives and Line From Madhukhali to Magura Via
wagons, expansion and rehabilitation of existing Kamarkhali, Construction of a Dual Gauge Line
rail tracks, modernization of the signaling system Parallel to the existing Meter Gauge Line in
and level crossing gates. As per instruction of Dhaka-Narayanganj Section, Conversion of
Honorable Prime Minister the activities are Meter Gauge Line into Dual Gauge Line from
continuing to promote Bangladesh Railway to 4 Parbatipur to Kaunia Section, Construction of
zones and 8 divisions. In financial year 2022- Khulna-Darsana Double Line.
2023, around 33 investment projects and TA
Table 11.7 présents year wise data on overall
projects are being implemented by the ministry.
performance of Bangladesh Railway over the
New districts will be brought under the rail
period from FY2010-11 to FY2021-22.
network and national and international
connections such as Trans Asians Rail Network,
SAARC rail network will be established through

Chapter 11: Transport and Communication | 170

Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

Table 11.7: Overall Performance of Bangladesh Railway

Total operating Total operating
Passenger Kms Freight Ton Kms
Financial Year revenue expenses
(Million) (Million)
(Tk. in Crore) (Tk. in Crore)
2010-11 8051.92 692.64 747.70 1491.82
2011-12 8787.23 582.11 726.42 1567.12
2012-13 8253.42 525.37 804.26 1562.38
2013-14 8135.00 677.35 800.17 1601.69
2014-15 8711.36 693.84 935.45 1808.29
2015-16 9167.18 675.09 904.02 2229.22
2016-17 10,040.66 1052.67 130.37 2835.52
2017-18 12993.91 1236.50 1486.15 2918.02
2018-19 14334.76 913.48 1406.58 3050.66
2019-20 9577.68 1002.04 1225.85 3188.97
2020-21 10455.60 1042.00 1182.00 3284.00

2021-22* 10455.60 1042.00 1182.00 3284.00

Source: Ministry of Railway. *Provisional
1,280.00 crore and expenditure upto February
C. Water Transport
2023 is Tk. 395.51 crore. BIWTA has procured
Waterway is an affordable, environment-friendly 45 nos. dredgers and 255 nos. ancillary vessels,
and secure communication system. The Ministry 12 nos. Longbum exavator, 02 nos. demolition
of Shipping has been developing, maintaining, exavator, 05 nos. emphibian exavator, 03 nos.
managing and controlling the internal water cabin crusar, 23 nos. pontoon and 12 nos. fork
transport infrastructure of Bangladesh to lift. Table 11.8 shows the year wise income and
maximize the use of these waterways. In order to expenditure of BIWTA during the period from
achieve overall economic development of the FY2010-11 to FY2022-23.
country by providing modern ports management,
Table 11.8: Income and Expenditure of
ensuring safe and uninterrupted shipping, human
BIWTA
resources development and providing efficient ( Tk. in Crore)
and affordable water transport services, the Fiscal Income Actual Profit/Loss
Year Expenditure (+-)
activities of various departments/organisations 2010-11 237.53 239.10 -1.57
under the Ministry of Shipping are described 2011-12 290.78 272.91 +17.87
below: 2012-13 349.09 329.40 +19.69
2013-14 320.04 377.61 -57.57
Bangladesh Inland Water Transport 2014-15 358.02 382.31 -24.29
2015-16 500.80 518.88 -18.08
Authority (BIWTA) 2016-17 614.46 699.67 -85.21
2017-18 625.35 689.33 -63.98
Bangladesh Inland Water Transport Authoirty 2018-19 679.38 698.50 -19.12
(BIWTA) is responsible for development, 2019-20 759.13 762.66 -3.53
2020-21 772.91 802.23 -29.32
maintenance and conservation of inland water 2021-22 809.07 878.61 -69.54
transportation system. 14 development projects 2022-23* 513.75 571.07 -57.32
of BIWTA are included in the Revised Annual Source: BIWTA, Ministry of Shipping. *Up to February 2023.

Development Programme (RADP) in the BIWTA performs development and maintenance

FY2022-23. Total RADP allocation is TK. dredging in every year for smooth transportation

Chapter 11: Transport and Communication | 171

Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

of passenger and cargo. The volume of Achievements of BIWTC:

development and maintenance dredging during
• Two Shallow Draft Oil Tanker and one
the period from FY2010-11 to FY 2022-23 is
floating workshop are added to its fleet
presented in Table 11.9.
very recently.
Table 11.9: Development and Maintenance
• Eight (08) nos. of wreckers are engaged
Works of BIWTA
Fiscal Dredging Quantity (In Lakh Cubic Meter)
in different ferrys at a cost of Tk 16.25
Year Development Maintenance Total crore to ensure smooth ferry operation.
Dredging Dredging
• Automation system has been introduced
2010-11 25.54 40.16 65.70
2011-12 24.47 43.61 68.08 at Paturia-Daulatdia ferry terminal from
2012-13 56.03 44.65 100.68 March 2019. It will be introduced for all
2013-14 47.02 57.90 104.92
2014-15 120.15 50.77 170.92
vehicles gradually.
2015-16 178.22 104.79 283.01
2016-17 158.79 117.37 276.16
• 4 container vessels constructed under
2017-18 211.89 134.98 346.87 development projects are engaged in
2018-19 278.84 139.63 418.47 transporting containers from Chattogram
2019-20 152.96 280.73 433.69
2020-21 220.76 226.33 447.09 Port to Pangaon Container Terminal and
2021-22 265.91 226.67 492.58 from Chattogram to Kolkata.
2022-23* 65.71 128.02 193.73
Source: BIWTA, Ministry of Shipping, * Up to January 2023. Table 11.11 shows the income and expenditure of
the organization since FY2010-11 to FY2021-22.
Hydragrafic Survey during the FY2015-16 to
2022-23 are showned in table11.10:
Table 11.11: Income and Expenditure
Statement of BIWTC
Table 11.10: Year wise Hydragrafic Survey (Taka in Crore)
FY Income Actual Net Profit
FY Inland water Costal waterways Expenditure
ways (sq km) (sq km) 2010-11 211.99 153.81 32.08
2015-16 2751.34 1000.00 2011-12 229.68 183.48 19.28
2016-17 2750.00 1200.00 2012-13 272.21 216.13 56.08
2017-18 2700.00 1000.00
2013-14 297.35 235.08 62.27
2018-19 1864.40 700.00
2019-20 1992.25 750.00 2014-15 326.72 269.43 57.29
2020-21 1712.19 2100.00 2015-16 359.18 310.96 48.22
2021-22 1533.00 1677.00 2016-17 356.95 329.71 27.24
2022-23* 1556.25 106.00 2017-18 371.91 287.36 84.55
Source: BIWTA, Up to January 2023. 2018-19 380.13 307.62 15.16
2019-20 371.32 312.40 -5.63
Bangladesh Inland Water Transport
2020-21 410.98 390.10 20.88
Corporation (BIWTC) 2021-22 438.59 440.86 -2.27
Source: Bangladesh Inland Water Transport Corporation.
To enhance the service quality in different
sectors, BIWTC has constructed 70 different Chattogram Port Authority (CPA)
types of vessels (23 ferrys, 21 auxiliary vessels
Chattogram Port Authority, as the principal sea
(pontoon), 4 Sea-trucks, 12 water buses, 2 Inland
port of Bangladesh, handles nearly 92 percent of
Passenger vessels, 2 Coastal Passenger vessels, 2
international trade of the country. With the
Oil tankers and 4 Container vessels) during the
increasing trend of export-import of the country,
period of 2009 to 2022 (February) under
Chattogram Port Authority handled a total of
development projects.
32,55,358 TEUs of containers and 11,81,74,160

Chapter 11: Transport and Communication | 172

Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

MT of cargo in FY 2021-22, with the aid of than 1.50 crore MT of cargoes, 1 lakh TUEs of
newly constructed yards and terminals. In the containers and 20 thousand of cars annually.
fiscal year 2021-22, the growth rate of imports Table 11.13 shows the income and expenditure of
and exports on an average was 3.77 percent in the Mongla Port from FY2010-11 to FY2022-23.
case of cargo and 7.16 percent in the case of
Table 11.13: Income, Expenditure and
containers. To manage the rising volume of
Profit/Loss of Mongla Port
containers, the Chattogram port presently
(Taka in Crore)
possesses a fleet of 153 container handling
Fiscal Net Income/
equipment and 248 cargo handling equipment Income Expenditure
Year Loss (+/-)
including Quay Gantry Cranes and Rubber Tired
Gantry Cranes. Furthermore, the Chattogram port 2010-11 85.52 63.69 21.83

is procuring 104 nos. of equipment to enhance its 2011-12 105.81 71.66 34.15
operational capabilities. 2012-13 138.08 94.13 43.95
2013-14 155.73 102.10 53.63
Table 11.12 shows the income and expenditure of
CPA. 2014-15 170.17 109.48 60.69
2015-16 196.62 131.90 64.72
Table 11.12: Income and Expenditure of CPA 2016-17 226.56 155.15 71.41
(Taka in Crore) 2017-18 276.14 166.81 109.33
Fiscal Rev. Rev. Rev. Surplus
2018-19 329.12 196.12 133.00
Year Income Expenditure (Before Tax)
2019-20 338.19 221.01 117.18
2010-11 1453.15 634.13 819.02
2020-21 348.35 217.27 131.08
2011-12 1529.92 652.62 877.30
2021-22 317.08 219.99 97.09
2012-13 1570.37 803.00 767.37
2013-14 1634.32 815.65 818.67 2022-23* 207.93 152.93 55.00
2014-15 1876.82 860.95 1015.87 Source: Mongla Port Authority * Up to February 2023.
2015-16 2029.25 1065.83 963.42
From FY 2010-11 to FY 2019-20, handling of
2016-17 2407.65 1352.54 1055.11
ships increased by 12.23%, Cargo 14.75% and
2017-18 2661.76 1390.52 1271.24
2018-19 2892.86 1610.53 1282.33 Container 5.59% and revenue income 13.17%
mvgwqK
2019-20 2924.99 1716.29 1208.70 respectively. However, in the FY 2020-21,
2020-21 3070.36 1892.75 1177.61 Mongla port handled 970 ships, 119.45 lac m.ton
u
2021-22* 3585.01 1934.30 1650.71 cargo, 43959 TEUS container. Moreover, in the
2022- 2078.60 907.81 1170.79 FY2020-21 revenue income was Tk 340 crore.
Source: Chattogram Port Authority *Provisional **Up to January 2023.
23** Payra Port Authority
Mongla Port Authority (MPA)
Payra Port started its journey as third sea port of
Mongla Port is being turned into a modern the country on 19 November 2013. In order to
facilitated seaport gradually by implementing engage the port in operational activities on a
different development projects. At present, limited scale within clinker, fertilizer and other
Mongla port has the capacity to berth more than bulk carrier vessels at outer anchorage and
47 ships at a time, 6 in own jetties, 14 in private discharge the cargo by inland vessels for
jetties, 3 in mooring and 24 in anchorages hinterland transport. For hassle free foreign and
respectively. There are 2 warehouses, 4 transit inland vessels movement fare way and mooring
shed, 1 staffing and un-staffing shed, 6 container buoys have been laid to earmark navigational
yards, 2 car yards that can accommodate more channel. Very High Frequency (VHF) Base

Chapter 11: Transport and Communication | 173

Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

station is also installed with telecommunication Table 11.14: Income and Expenditure of
equipment. The customs and shipping facilities Bangladesh Land Port Authority
(Taka in Crore)
have also been established. As per requirement of Fiscal year Income Expenditure Surplus (+/-)
International Association for Ports and Harbor,
2010-11 41.20 32.38 8.82
International Ship and Port Facility Security
2011-12 42.08 31.91 10.17
(ISPS) code has been implemented and UN
2012-13 47.78 35.82 11.96
locator code has been allotted for Payra Port by 2013-14 61.31 51.06 10.25
United Nations to ensure security of the port. 2014-15 70.52 47.38 23.14

5,390 acres of land has been acquired to establish 2015-16 83.20 55.36 27.84
2016-17 111.51 75.02 36.49
various infrastructures and support facilities for
2017-18 148.33 95.53 52.80
the port. An immediate maintenance dredging
2018-19 210.94 144.25 66.68
project was undertaken for about 9.75 million
2019-20 208.77 160.03 48.74
cubic meters of dredging. As a result, ships with
2020-21 264.83 174.73 90.10
a capacity of 25,000 DWT are being able to enter
2021-22 272.32 252.26 20.06
the Rabnabad Channel regularly. Moreover, The
2022-23* 128.31 91.38 36.93
Capital and Maintenance Dredging of the
Source: Bangladesh Land Port Authority* Up to December 2022
Rabnabad Channel was inaugurated by the
Honorable Prime Minister on October 27, 2022 During the FY 2022-23, a total of 06
to facilitate the arrival of ships with the capacity development projects/activities are being
of 50,000 DWT. Payra Port has earned Tk. 71.40 implemented under Bangladesh Land Port
crore (including Vat) by handling 1,302 national Authority at the cost of Tk 1424.00 crore. During
and international vessels so far. It is expected that this fiscal year, development activities of 3 land
the flow of ships will be doubled by March, ports named Bilonia, Sheola and Dhanua-
2024. Kamalpur will be completed and operation of the
ports will be commenced. A Project to construct
Bangladesh Land Port Authority (BLPA) Cargo Vehicle Terminal on 41.00 acres of land is
At present, total number of land ports are twenty being implemented at Benapole Land Port at the
four (24); among those fifteen (15) land ports are cost of Tk 329.00 crore and progress of the
project is 40%. In the fiscal year 2022-23,
in operation. Out of fifteen (15) land ports
International Passenger Terminal in Ramgarh
Benapole, Bhomra, Akhaura, Burimari,
Land Port has been constructed in Ramgarh
Nakugaon, Tamabil, Sonahat, Gobrakura-
Upazila of Khagrachari district with the financing
Koroitoli, Belonia and Ramgarh Land Ports are
of World Bank. As a result passenger movement
being operated by own management of BLPA
with Tripura state will start through this port very
while Sonamoshjid, Hilli, Teknaf, Banglabandha
soon.
and Bibirbazar Land Ports are being operated on
Build Operate Transfer (BOT) basis. Table 11.14
Department of Shipping (DOS)
shows year wise income and expenditure of
BPLA during the period from FY2010-11 to The training and examination procedures for the
FY2022-23. seafaring officers and crews of the ocean-going
vessels plying on the international routes have
been streamlined in accordance with the related
international convention. As a result, Bangladesh
is included in the ‘White List’ of the International

Chapter 11: Transport and Communication | 174

Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

Maritime Organization (IMO) under the Bangladesh Shipping Corporation (BSC)

provision of the STCW Convention in respect of
Providing safe and efficient shipping services in
maritime training, examination and certification
international sea routes and carry out all forms of
of the seafarers. For this reason, the job
activities connected with or ancillary to shipping,
opportunities of the Bangladeshi seafarers have
Bangladesh Shipping Corporation (BSC) has
been expanded in the global shipping market
been playing an important role. Despite the
through employing them in foreign ships all over
limitations of resources, BSC is able to acquire a
the world. A Long Range Identification Tracking
total of 44 ships through continuous efforts and
(LRIT) system has been implemented for
patronization of the government since
observing movement of the national flag ships
establishment. At present there are 8 vessels. in
plying on the international maritime routs.
BSC fleet. Table 11.16 shows year wise income
Seafarer Biometric Machine Readable Identity
Documents (SID) are being issued to the and expenditure of BSC during the period from
Bangladeshi seafarers with a view to facilitating FY2010-11 to FY2021-22.
them to travel through all countries of the world Table 11.16: Statement of Income-
to join their appointed ship which further helps Expenditure and Profit-Loss of BSC
them to get job opportunities abroad. Bangladesh (Taka in Crore)
Fiscal Total Total Net Profit
has ratified and implemented the Maritime Year Income Expenses
2010-11 266.66 264.79 1.87
Labour Convention 2006 and the Seafarers 2011-12 282.01 280.55 1.46
Identity Document (SID) Convention (revised) 2012-13 328.59 326.96 1.63
2013-14 171.14 167.77 3.37
2003, as amended adopted by ILO. 2014-15 130.01 124.67 5.34
2015-16 118.81 112.08 6.73
In order to enhance maritime safety, security and 2016-17 116.55 107.89 8.66
2017-18 126.52 114.00 12.52
to facilitate rescue operation as a mandatory 2018-19 230.31 175.08 55.23
2019-20 322.84 281.37 41.47
requirements of international conventions, the 2020-21 322.97 250.95 72.02
Department of Shipping has undertaken a 2021-22* 257.52 131.21 126.31
Source: BSC * Up to February 2022.
development project named ‘‘Establishment of
Global Maritime Distress and Safety System and Bangladesh Marine Academy
Integrated Maritime Navigation System’’ with an Since the establishment Bangladesh Marine
estimated cost of Tk. 687.03 core and its Academy, Chattogram has trained about 5,090
activities are under implementation. The professionally skilled, environmentally
statement of incomes and expenditures of this conscious, intelligent and smart marine cadets
organization is shown in the Table: 11.15. (including 85 female cadets since 2012) in
Table 11.15: Income and Expenditure of the accordance with ‘IMO STCW Convention’. The
Department of Shipping academy has recently been accredited by the
(Taka in Crore)
Nautical Institute, London and the Institute of
Fiscal Revenue Revenue Expendi-
year income Target income ture Marine Engineering, Science and Technology,
2010-11 10.25 12.55 5.53
2011-12 12.71 13.26 5.54 London, and the Merchant Navy Training Board,
2012-13 14.26 12.95 14.63 London. Australian Maritime College (University
2013-14 15.26 14.43 10.12
2014-15 15.99 18.21 9.33 of Tasmania), recognitions of European
2015-16 17.29 29.03 11.63
2016-17 19.72 33.46 16.37 Commission, Singapore Maritime
2017-18 37.93 38.98 16.56
2018-19 36.54 43.80 17.53 Administration, UK Merchant Navy Training
2019-20 41.81 38.12 15.66 Board, Nautical Institute, London, IMarEST
2020-21 41.33 39.62 15.01
2021-22 47.75 49.94 19.60 London and South Asian Business Excellence
2022-23* 45.75 45.46 09.95
Source: Department of Shipping* up to February 2023 Award 2017.

Chapter 11: Transport and Communication | 175

Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

National Maritime Institute National River Conservation Commission

(NRCC)
National Maritime Institute is the only Technical
Training Centre for Bangladeshi seafarers The national River Conservation Commission
(ratings). Unemployed youths are selected for was established on 5th August under the National
training from all over the country under a River Conservation Commission Act, 2013. The
standard selection procedure. They are trained Commission is responsible for ensuring
here as per the syllabus in accordance with the multidimensional use of the river for socio-
STCW convention of IMO to develop them into economic development including preventing
competent maritime manpower. Temporary illegal possession of rivers, water and
branch of NMI has been established at environmental pollution, illegal construction and
Madaripur. A project for construction of various irregularities and also responsible for
buildings & provision of other facilities has been restoration of normal flow of rivers, proper
taken. maintenance of rivers and the development of the
river as a transportable.
The Directorate of Seamen and Emigration D. Air Transport
Welfare
Civil Aviation Authority of Bangladesh
The Directorate of Seamen and Emigration (CAAB)
welfare is a regulatory body for the welfare and
wellbeing of seafarers under the control and To regulate and develop aviation facilities in
supervision of the Ministry of Shipping. The Bangladesh for national and international air
Directorate has been playing an important role to transportation Civil Aviation Authority of
solve the seafarers problem at homeport and Bangladesh (CAAB) renders its services. CAAB
foreign port where Bangladesh seafarers face installs, maintains and operates aerodromes, air
problem with the coordination to the concerning traffic, air navigation, aviation related ground
authorities. The Directorate of Seamen and services and telecommunication services and
Emigration Welfare is exclusively welfare facilities. At present CAAB operates 3
orientated government organization. It only international airports, 7 domestic airports and 2
source of income is seat rent collection from Short Take-Off and Landing (STOL) ports. Out
seafarers those who stay in the seamen’s hostel of these, 8 airports are in operation. Due to
and certain portion (15 percent) of Levy inadequacy of passengers, no flight is operating
Collection under the Levy Collection Rule-2013. at 2 other domestic airports and 2 STOL ports.
The financial position of CAAB during the
period from FY2010-11 to FY 2022-23 is shown
in Table 11.17.

Chapter 11: Transport and Communication | 176

Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

Table 11.17: Financial Position of CAAB

(Taka in Crore)
Fiscal Year Revenue Revenue Total Expenditure Net Profit
Income Expenditure (Revenue and others)
2010-11 653.89 316.87 623.84 30.05
2011-12 731.05 378.54 838.44 -107.39
2012-13 795.21 330.34 644.53 150.68
2013-14 1150.29 423.33 976.86 173.43
2014-15 1410.32 497.67 1277.22 133.10
2015-16 1504.17 506.85 1256.76 247.41
2016-17 1518.14 571.56 1424.17 93.97
2017-18 1659.65 594.16 1766.04 -106.39
2018-19 1690.79 620.73 1708 -17.21
2019-20 1554.54 630.94 2165.97 -611.43
2020-21 1159.44 666.03 1451.30 291.93
2021-22 1910.98 759.73 1900.03 10.95
2022-23* 1057.61 404.02 973.25 84.36
Source: Civil Aviation Authority * Up to February 2023.
Table 11.18: Income and Expenditure of
Biman Bangladesh Airlines Limited Biman Bangladesh Airlines Limited
(Taka in Crore)
At present, Biman Bangladesh Airlines Limited, Fiscal Net Profit/
the national flag carrier, is operating flights to 7 Revenue Income Expenses
Year Loss (+/-)
domestic and 21 international destinations. 2010-11 3343.93 3568.09 -224.16
Among the international destinations, 03 SAARC 2011-12 3823.67 4417.88 -594.21
destinations, 3 in South East Asia, 02 East 2012-13 3951.89 4237.52 -285.63
Asia,10 in Middle East, 02 in Europe and 01 in 2013-14 3816.94 4102.56 -285.61
North America are still operating. Bangladesh 2014-15 4772.79 4448.65 324.13
Biman transported a total of 22,76,737 2015-16 4965.53 4730.03 235.50
passengers and 43,975 tonnes of cargo in fiscal 2016-17 4551.52 4504.63 46.90
year 2021-22. 2017-18 4931.64 5133.11 -201.47
2018-19 5794.92 5577.11 217.81
For providing better services to the valued
2019-20 5044.45 5125.58 -81.13
customers or passengers, Biman has started Call
2020-21 4,128.39 3,969.99 158.40
Center Services. Besides Biman has started
2021-22 6935.28 6495.50 439.78
online Web-Site as well as Mobile apps. Biman
2022-23* 5454.23 4937.34 516.89
has introduced web check-in service for Source: Biman Bangladesh Airlines Limited, *up to February 2023.
Domestic and International passengers at Hazrat
Shahjalal International Airport for the first time E. Information and Communication
in the country's history. Year wise income and Technology Technology
expenditure of Biman during FY2010-11 to FY Bangladesh Telecommunication Regulatory
2022-23 is shown in Table 11.18. Commission (BTRC)
Bangladesh Telecommunication Regulatory
Commission (BTRC) is working to ensure

Chapter 11: Transport and Communication | 177

Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

reliable, affordable and sophisticated telecom telephone exchanges with high speed internet
services. At present, it is working on the connection at district / upazila levels and strong
development of internet, especially broadband telecommunication network will be established
internet, across the country through efficient across the country. In addition, a project titled
utilization of resources of government and non- "Switching and Transmission Network
government organizations. Price of internet Development for Strengthening Digital
bandwidth has been decreased appreciably in the Connectivity” for the installation of high capacity
last 10 years. Besides optical fibre network switching exchanges and transmission equipment
coverage has been expanded throughout the at a cost of Tk 155.38 crore is being
country to ensure quality internet service. To implemented. BTCL is implementing
ensure the impact of this huge backbone network Telecommunication Network Establishment
development, BTRC has launched a new internet Project in Chattogram Mirsarai Economic Zone
tariff named “One Country One Rate”. For this at a cost of Tk 61.90 crore, Broadband Wifi
reason, people across the country are getting expansion project for disadvantaged people in
access to quality internet service at affordable Haor, Baor and remote areas at a cost of Tk
prices. 459.85 crore and “BTCL’s Internet Protocol (IP)
Network Development and Expansion” project at
Bangladesh Telecommunication Regulatory
a cost of BDT 945.50 crore to expand and
Commission (BTRC) has collected Tk 1676
improve the quality of high speed broadband
Crore as revenue up to March, 2023 during FY
internet services across the country.
2022-23. The "Ad Hoc-Digital Security Cell"
was formed through its own manpower of BTRC. The project titled “Establishment of
This cell is constantly conducting various state Telecommunication Networks in Economic
security and public safety monitoring activities Zones (Phase I)” at a cost of BDT 95.12 crore is
on social media. Besides, it removes these being implemented for setting up
harmful content from social media. Various telecommunication networks in 5 economic
internet giants- Facebook and Google-YouTube zones under BEZA. In order to provide modern
have started paying VAT including necessary and uninterrupted telecommunication services
registration. In order to ensure cyber security for with 5G readiness across the country, BTCL's
telecommunication sector related organizations project titled "Development of 5G-compliant
and to provide necessary assistance in mitigating Optical Fiber Transmission Network of BTCL" at
cyber security risks in any situation of the state, a cost of BDT 1059.10 crore is under
BTRC- CSIRT is formed in combination with implementation. The project titled 'Establishing
Posts & Telecommunications Division, BTRC, External Telecommunication Network for
Department of Telecom, Digital Security Agency Rooppur Nuclear Power Plant' is under
and related other organizations. implementation by BTCL for establishment of
state-of-the-art and high speed dedicated external
Bangladesh Telecommunications Company
telecommunication network for Rooppur Nuclear
Limited (BTCL)
Power Plant. Table 11.19 shows the revenue
At present the project titled ‘Modernization of targets, revenue income and expenditure of BTCL
Telecommunication Network for Digital during the period from FY 2010-11 to FY 2022-
Connectivity’ is being implemented at a cost of 23.
BDT 3314.94 crore through which modern

Chapter 11: Transport and Communication | 178

Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

Table 11.19: Year wise Income and Expenditure of BTCL

(Taka in Crore)
Fiscal Year Target Revenue Earned Expenditure
2010-11 1566 1640 1976
2011-12 1760 2186 2203
2012-13 2498 1761 1756
2013-14 1306 1005 1385
2014-15 848 821 1106
2015-16 784 1242 1578
2016-17 982 1258 1442
2017-18 1148 1260 1652
2018-19 1200 1060 1428
2019-20 1087 922 1246
2020-21 895 854 1102
2021-22 1116 933 926
2022-23* - 464 434
Source: BTCL * Up to December 2022.

Bangladesh Submarine Cable Company 27,000 per Mbps (Mega bit per second) in 2009
Limited (BSCCL) to less than Tk. 300 in 2023.
Although the initial bandwidth capacity of Under upgradation process of the SEA-ME-
BSCCL through SEA-ME-WE 4 submarine cable WE 4 submarine cable a contract agreement
system was only 7.5 Gbps, by joining various has been signed with the supplier, Ciena and
upgradation programs and establishing with this upgradation, the total capacity of
connectivity with the SEA-ME-WE 5 submarine SMW4 Submarine Cable System will be 4600
cable system in 2017, it presently stands at 3420 Gbps. Bangladesh’s 3rd Submarine Cable
Gbps. At present BSCCL alone is satisfying about installation work is in progress under the
60% demand in the case of the country's overall SEA-ME-WE 6 (SMW6) consortium. The
internet bandwidth, whose amount is about 2524 supplier selected by the consortium started its
Gbps (Gigabyte Per Second) as per data collected job from 15/02/2022 and completed the
on 29 March 2023. Various initiatives taken by Desktop Study and the Route Survey work of
the government to reduce the cost of internet has Bangladesh portion.
made it affordable for the mass people. Due to
Table 11.20 shows year wise revenue iincome of
the relentless effort of the present government,
BSCCL during the period from FY2010-11 to FY
bandwidth price has been reduced from Tk.
2021-22.
Table 11.20: Income and Expenditure of Bangladesh Submarine Cable Company Limited
(Taka in Crore)
Particulars 2010- 2011- 2012- 2013- 2014- 2015- 2016- 2017- 2018- 2019- 2020- 2021-
2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
Revenue 83.78 121.45 124.84 75.37 54.07 61.86 103.67 140.5 195.57 249.86 344.85 441.74
Earned
Net Profit 54.48 83.13 109.59 48.81 13.90 17.87 38.95 29.39 77.90 125.20 239.98 320.10
(before
tax)
Net Profit 30.51 74.48 87.21 36.23 12.91 16.55 31.82 7.33 58.58 95.60 190.73 250.02
(after tax)
Source: BSCCL

Chapter 11: Transport and Communication | 179

Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

Bangladesh Post Office • The National Data Center (Tier-III) set

up by the Bangladesh Computer
Bangladesh Post Office is dedicated to deliver a
Council is providing various services
wide range of basic postal service and financial
such as Mail Domain, Web Site and
& ICT based digital postal service with its
Application Hosting, VPS Service,
countrywide network. Bangladesh Post Office
Cloud Service and G-Drive
is committed to ensure a speedy, reliable and
uninterruptedly to more than 731
affordable service to the people of all walks of
government offices. The number of
life. It always focuses on bringing people’s
service recipients from data centers is
happiness through pragmatic & innovative ideas more than 10 crore. The National Data
as well as uplifting of this department to a Center is providing support for a2i's e-
profitable one. A total of 1863 post offices nothi server and network migration.
are converted to ICT based rural post offices
• High speed internet connection has been
under the project ‘onstruction of ICT based
established through the optical fibre
rural post office’. Besides daily transaction
cable in 18434 government offices
of banks in 71 main post offices are (ministries, departments, districts and
operated on digital system under the project Upazila levels);
‘Process Automation of Bangladesh Postal
• 893 video conferencing systems have
Department’. Bangladesh Post Office has
been set up across the country. WiFi
taken various initiatives for its continuous
network has been set up in Bangladesh
development and as a result there are some
Secretariat and ICT towers to make
future planning such as extensive internet accessible. Solar power
introduction of agent banking and cash facilities are provided in 487 UNO
services in rural areas, Introduction of offices. 254 agricultural information
International Remittance Service, Centers and 25 telemedicine centers
construction of technology based mail have been set up;
processing and e-commerce hub by 2026, • Network and WiFi services of 17,380
renovation of old post offices and expansion offices are provided so far under the
of EMTS services etc. central monitoring system of the
Information and Communication Technology National Network Operations Center
(ICT) Division (NOC). The latest technology 4K Multi
Conferencing Unit (MCU) has been
To achieve the goal of establishing Bangladesh installed in BCC to modernize the video
into a developed state by 2041, Information and conferencing system. WiFi-6 with 5G
Communication Technology (ICT) Division is technology including Agile Controller
working ceaselessly. is installed to ensure WiFi network
Activities taken: security;

• Union Information Service Center • To connect India, Nepal, Bhutan and

(UISC) with solar power has been set Bangladesh by optical fiber cable and
up in 1013 unions where there is no increase the data exchange capacity,
electricity. These centers were renamed BTCL has installed 56 km of optical
the Union Digital Center (UDC); fiber cable from Panchagarh district to

Chapter 11: Transport and Communication | 180

Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

Banglabandar Noman's Land to connect • Implementation of G-Cloud is

with the NOC established in Siliguri underway by setting up DRCC to
under Regional Network (RN) of South ensure data sovereignty using world-
Asia Sub Regional Economic class Oracle Cloud Technology here.
Cooperation Information Highway Besides, it will be possible to provide
(SASEC IH) project. Transmission services to all public/private
Equipment have been set up at BTCL organizations from June, 2023 by
Chuadanga, Meherpur, Magbazar, setting up the state owned cloud called
"Meghna Cloud". "Center of
Panchagarh and Thakurgaon to connect
Excellence" will be ensured through
Siliguri with NOC via Kolkata
collaboration between the data center
• IP camera based surveillance system has industry and universities under the
been set up to make Sylhet a "Safe Meghna Cloud Agreement along with
City" under the 'Digital Sylhet City' the establishment of Artificial
project. Intelligence, Big Data Analytic
Platform.
• iDEA Fab Lab: An iDEA Fab Lab has
• Information and Communication
been set up at the project office with
Technology Act, 2006 (Amended-2009),
world class advanced devices to
Digital Security Act 2018, One Stop
facilitate research and testing in the
Service (Bangladesh Hi-Tech Park
production of innovative products by
Authority) Rules 2019, National
startups. In this lab, young
Information and Communication
entrepreneurs, startups and stakeholders
Technology Policy 2018, Government E-
will be able to take advantage of testing
mail Policy 2018, 333-related guidelines-
and research at various stages of
2021, Made in Bangladesh Strategy
production of their innovative products.
2021, National Strategy for Robotics,
• Digital Forensic Lab, "Cyber Range", Bangladesh National Digital Architecture
Cyber Defense Training Center and 15 (BNDA) guidelines etc. have been
Critical Information Infrastructure formulated.
cyber sensor technologies have been set
up under the BGD eGov CIRT project.
• Honorable Prime Minister Sheikh
Hasina inaugurated the world's seventh
largest Uptime Institute "Four Tier
National Data Center" at Bangabandhu
Hi-Tech City, Kaliakair, Gazipur on 28
November 2019 and is now operating
as the company named Bangladesh
Data Center Company Limited
(BDDCL);

Chapter 11: Transport and Communication | 181

Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

CHAPTER TWELVE

HUMAN RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT

Human resource development is the government's principal goal, in addition to generating rapid growth,
through increasing the living standards of disadvantaged and underprivileged people. To combat the
long-term impacts of the coronavirus, the government is making continuous efforts to ensure the basic
needs of the people through economic restructuring with priority on life and livelihood, as well as to
improve the living standards of the disadvantaged and poor people. As a result through implementation
of various development programmes, Bangladesh is gradually improving in the Human Development
Index (HDI). According to the ‘Human Development Report-2021’ the position of Bangladesh has been
improved to 129 which is 4 steps ahead from 133 rd place in 2020. In FY 2022-23, the government has
spent about 23.88 percent of the total budget for the sectors related to human resource development such
as education and technology, health and family welfare, women and children, social welfare, youth and
sports development, culture, labour and employment etc. Multiple programmes have been adopted in the
light of the 'National Education Policy 2010' with the aim of creating opportunities for admission at all
levels of education and creating skilled and qualified human resources by improving the quality of
education. In order to ensure education for all in primary schools, special emphasis has been laid on
increasing school enrollment, pre-primary education, stipends and student-teacher connectivity hours. In
order to build skilled manpower to meet the challenges of the Fourth Industrial Revolution, maximum
emphasis has been laid on technical education. Bangladesh has achieved Millennium Development Goal
(MDG) related to health sector, prior to the stipulated time due to undertaking many priorities based
programmes in health, nutrition and population sector. Remarkable progress has been achieved in
reducing child and maternal mortality and in increasing average life expectancy. The National
Deployment and Vaccination Plan has already been formulated under the Extended Immunisation
Programmme (EPI) to protect lives and prevent deaths from the COVID-19. Through this initiative, work
is underway to vaccinate 70 percent of the population against COVID-19. Various development
initiatives, programmes, and other activities are being undertaken, as well as necessary legislation and
regulations for the creation of equal rights in all aspects of state and public life and the elimination of all
types of discrimination against women. The government is carrying out various activities for the welfare
of the poor, disadvantaged, neglected, special needs and orphans. Various reform initiatives, including
financial sector reform, anti-corruption and preventative actions are being adopted and executed in order
to promote balanced development and to establish good governance.

conducted by BBS, the economically viable

The main goal of the government is to achieve
workforce above the age of 15 years is 7.3 crore.
high growth through sustainable and inclusive
The government is implementing different types
development as well as qualitative change in the
of development programmes to accumulate
living standards of the people by alleviating
demographic dividend by utilising the huge
poverty and reducing inequality. It is necessary to
number of working age people. Under this
build a skilled population to accelerate the
circumstance, the government has taken
economic development of the country by tackling
relentless efforts and various initiatives for
the long term effects of COVID-19 and the
human resource development of the country
challenges of the 4th Industrial Revolution.
through improving the standard of living of the
According to the labor force survey 2022,

Chapter 12: Human Resource Development | 183

Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

under privileged and impoverished segments of SAARC countries, such as India (132), Nepal
the population. This has resulted in progress in (143), Myanmar (149), Pakistan (161) and
the Human Development Index (HDI). Afghanistan (180) are below the ranking of
According to the ‘Human Development Report- Bangladesh in HDI. Allocations of human
2021’ the position of Bangladesh is 129. Among development related sectors have been boosted
South Asian Association for Regional up day by day. Position of Bangladesh in the HDI
Cooperation (SAARC) countries, Sri Lanka (73), of recent few years have been presented to the
Maldives (90) and Bhutan (127) are ahead of Table 12.1.
Bangladesh (129) in respect of HDI. Other

Table 12.1: HDI Position of Bangladesh

Year 2000 2010 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021
Index value 0.485 0.553 0.602 0.612 0.622 0.635 0.644 0.655 0.661
Source: Human Development Report- 2021. UNDP

Public Expenditure for Human Resource government is providing adequate allocation

Development every year in the national budget for the
The government is committed to ensure the development of education and health sector. In
basic needs of the people as well as human FY 2022-23, a total of Tk. 1,18,312 crore has
resource development through economic reform been allocated in these two sectors, which is
focusing on life and livelihoods to combat the 19.59 percent of the total budget. As a result of
long-term effects of the coronavirus. More the execution of practical initiatives in the
investment is essential in social sectors education and health sectors, the government is
including education and health for human playing an effective role in education, health,
resource development. This is why the and family welfare. As a consequence, gender
government is gradually increasing the budget balance has been achieved by elimination of
allocation for the sectors related to human discrimination in the primary and secondary
resource development such as education and education levels. Human resource development
technology, health and family welfare, women process is going on through achieving
and children, social welfare, youth and sports significant progress in reduction in fertility rate,
development, culture, labor and employment. reduction of child and maternal mortality rate,
Particular emphasis has been placed on prevention of spread of Tuberculosis and AIDS.
strengthening the health sector infrastructure, Sports and youth development can also
increasing the area of social security, developing contribute to human resource development. For
human resources and establishing good that reason, budget allocation is also increased in
governance in government institutions. these sectors. Table 12.2 and Figure 12.1 present
the total allocation in operating and development
In FY 2022-23, about 23.88 percent of the total budget in the social sector during FY 2012-13 to
budget has been allocated for the sectors related FY 2022-23. It is noteworthy that in the last one
to human resource development, which was decade, the total budget allocation in this sector,
24.93 percent in FY 2021-22. The education and including the operating and development
health sectors are considered as the mainstay of budgets, has been steadily increasing.
human resource development. Therefore, the

Chapter 12: Human Resource Development | 184

Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

Table 12.2: Allocation (Operating and Development) of Selected Ministries

(Taka in Crore)

Sector 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16 2016-17 2017-18 2018-19 2019-20 2020-21 2021-22 2022-23

Education, Science & ICT 21561 28272 33499 34370 52914 65444 67935 79488 85762 94877 99978
Health and Family Welfare 9130 9955 11537 12695 17486 20652 23,383 25733 29247 32731 36863
Youth, Sports and Culture 976 1061 1068 1199 1343 1803 2008 2063 2057 1709 1919
Labour and Employment 134 192 226 302 308 262 227 313 350 365 357
Social Welfare, Women’s 4091 4730 5962 7613 9433 11394 13343 15083 16285 19658 21474
Affairs and Liberation War
Affairs
Chittagong Hill Tracts 583 633 684 779 840 1150 1309 1194 1235 1182 1338
Affairs
Total Allocation 36475 44843 52976 56958 82324 100705 108205 123874 134936 150522 161929
(Operating and
Development)
Sources: Finance Division, Ministry of Finance. (*Figures are based on budget)

Figure 12.1: Trend of Government Allocation in the Social Sector of Selected Ministries

180000 161929
150522
160000
134936
140000 123874
120000 108205
100705
Taka in Crore 100000 82324
80000
52976 56958
60000 44843
34718 36475
40000
20000
0
2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16 2016-17 2017-18 2018-19 2019-20 2020-21 2021-22 2022-23

Sources: Finance Division, Ministry of Finance (*Figures are based on Budget)

Education and Technology in Vision 2021. The cardinal objective of policy

is to foster humanity among the future citizens of
The government is taking various steps to ensure
the country and to grow them as creative,
inclusive and science-based modern education
rational, tolerant to others opinion and liberal
system along with implementation of inclusive
who will be able to lead the country towards
and science-oriented education activities and
inclusive development and progress.
development of infrastructure in order to
accelerate the development of education by Primary and Mass Education
overcoming the crisis of COVID-19. The
As a consequence of the government's prompt
government has approved the ‘National
actions to promote inclusive and equitable quality
Education Policy 2010’ as a step towards
education for all and create opportunities for
implementing a time befitting technical education
lifelong learning, success in primary education
system in the country which will help to establish
has been achieved in different indices and human
digital Bangladesh where the main goal is set out
resource development has been expedited. In line

Chapter 12: Human Resource Development | 185

Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), madrassa) in 2021. Number of enrolment and
target has been set to ensure quality pre-primary ratio of female students is increasing
education for all children and quality primary consistently. Rate of enrolment of female
education for all school-going children by 2030. students is more than the male students. In 1991,
Government is implementing Stipend project, 4th the male-female student’s ratio was 55:45.
Primary Education Development Programme Currently, the ratio is about 50:49. Table 12.3
(PEDP-4), Reaching Out of School (ROSC) shows students’ enrolment rate and percentage of
project, School Feeding programme for poor male-female students at primary levels from 2010
areas, need based government and newly to 2021. Some students are compelled to leave
nationnalised primary school development the school before completion of primary
project (1st phase), Basic Literacy project and education for various reasons. Rate of drop out is
some other projects for attaining the goals of consistently decreasing as the government has
SDG. Number of primary schools in the country taken several realistic steps. Table 12.4 shows
was 49,539 in 1991. The number has increased to remarkable changes of drop-out scenario of
1,18,891 (different NGO schools, child welfare students at primary level during the period 2010
and Madrassa/Mosque based centre/Qawmi to 2021.

Table 12.3: Boys- Girls Enrolment at Primary Level

Net Enrollment
Year Total Boys (%) Girls (%)
Rate (%)
83.95 85.63
2010 169.58 94.8
(49.50) (50.50)
91.39 92.93
2011 184.32 94.9
(49.60) (50.40)
94.63 95.40
2012 190.03 96.7
(49.80) (50.20)
97.81 98.04
2013 195.85 97.3
(49.94) (50.06)
96.39 99.14
2014 195.53 97.7
(49.30) (50.70)
93.69 96.99
2015 190.68 97.9
(49.14) (50.86)
92.28 93.75
2016 186.03 97.96
(49.60) (50.40)
85.08 87.47
2017 172.55 97.97
(49.32) (50.68)
85.39 87.99
2018 173.38 97.85
(49.25) (50.75)
99.69 101.53
2019 201.22 97.34
(49.55) (50.45)
105.60 109.91
2020* 215.51 97.81
(49.00) (51.00)
101.42 99.59
2021* 201.01 97.42
(50.46) (49.53)
Source: Ministry of Primary and Mass Education (* With pre-primary)

Chapter 12: Human Resource Development | 186

Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

Table 12.4: Year wise Drop-out Rate at Primary Level

Year 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021
Dropout
39.8 29.7 26.2 21.4 20.9 20.4 19.2 18.8 18.6 17.9 17.2 14.15
rate (%)
Source: Annual Primary School Census, 2021, Directorate of Primary Education.

2020 and 2021 has been postponed. The two

Important Activities in Primary Education
football tournaments of 2022 has been held
• ‘4th Primary Education Development in 2023.
Programme (PEDP-4)’ has been
• Since 2009, terminal examination in Grade-5
implemented to develop the quality of
has been held based on unique questionnaires
primary education. Through various activities
throughout the country. Ebtedayee madrasas
under this programme, priorities have been
have been included under terminal
given to increase enrolment and attendance
examination system since 2010. The final
of school-going children, reduce drop-out
examination was not held in 2020 and 2021
and enhance school contact hour.
due to Covid-19 pandemic.
• The Government of Bangladesh has been
• To increase enrolment and to retain the
distributing books free of costs among the
enrolled student, “School feeding programme
students of the primary schools every year at
in poverty prone area” has been implemented
the first day of the academic session through
for the period July 2010 to June 2022 at an
a book distribution festival. In 2023, 63.29
estimated cost of Tk. 4991.97 crore. Fortified
lakh for pre-primary level students, 9.66
biscuits were distributed in each school day
crore for primary level and 2.12 lakh reading
among the 29 lakh students of 104 upazillas.
materials/Textbook for students (1st-3rd
The project has been completed on June
class) of 5 minor ethnic groups (Chakma,
2022. Feasibility study is ongoing to initiate
Marma, Tripura, Garo, Sadri) have been
a new project of school feeding at large scale.
distributed.
• In order to ensure quality primary education,
• Decentralisation of administrative and
recruitment of teachers for vacant/created
financial power in primary education has
posts in government primary schools is in
been implemented. As a step towards
progress. 37,574 assistant teachers have been
decentralisation, ‘School Level Improvement
recruited on January, 2023 through
Plan (SLIP)’ and ‘Upazila Primary Education
publishing appointment circular in 2020 and
Plan (UPEP)’ have been implemented phase
35,017 assistant teachers joined among the
wise.
selected. Notification has been issued for
• 'Bangabandhu Gold Cup Primary School another more vacant posts.
Football Tournament' for boys and • Under PEDP-4, implementation of ‘Second
‘Bangamata Sheikh Fazilutunnesa Mujib Chance Education’ programme will offer
Gold Cup Primary School Football primary education to 10 lakh deprived
Tournament’ for girls has been arranged children, aged 8-14 years who are out of
every year with a view to enhance physical • schools and dropouts. Institutional teaching
and mental strength and to create a programme of 1 lakh children has been
competitive attitude among the students. completed and centre opening for the rest 9
Due to COVID-19 pandemic, the two lakh learners is under process.
football tournaments scheduled to be held on

Chapter 12: Human Resource Development | 187

Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

• "Basic Literacy Project (64 districts)" from Development including beautification of

February, 2014 to June, 2022 has been Govt. Primary Schools in Dhaka City and
implemented in 250 Upazilas of 64 districts Purbachal project”. Master plan of 41 schools
under 7 divisions to provide basic literacy to have been approved and development of 10
4.5 million illiterate adolescents and adults in schools are ongoing.
15-45 age group. Secondary Education
Physical Infrastructure Facilities at Primary The government has been giving the highest
School Level importance to the expansion of sustainable and
Infrastructure development activities have been quality secondary and higher secondary
undertaken for increasing the quality of primary education. To sustain the success achieved in the
education. Infrastructure development scenario is rate of secondary education together with the
as follow in FY 2022-23, till February, 2023: gender parity, emphasis is being placed on the
implementation of various programmes like
• During 2010 to February, 2022, a total of general, science and technology based education
1,15,588 classrooms have been constructed and training, provision of financial assistance for
in 29,962 schools. students and teachers, various talent development
activities, providing supportive policies and
• Under PEDP-4, 50,000 additional classrooms
environment, and building capacity and
and 10,500 head teachers' rooms will be
constructing and developing the infrastructure of
constructed. So far, construction of 12,741 government secondary schools. Activities, such
classrooms has been completed in 3,273 as providing financial benefits to teachers of
schools. In addition, 29,000 separate wash MPO-enlisted private educational institutions,
blocks will be constructed for students and distributing free textbooks, introducing e-books,
pure drinking water supply system will be and setting up of Upazila ICT training and
installed in 15,000 schools. resource centres are underway.
• Under Need-based Infrastructural
Establishment of educational institutions and
Development of Government Primary School
development of physical infrastructure
(1st phase), project 40,000 additional
classrooms will be constructed. Therein, Quality, participatory and universal education is
construction of 26,516 classrooms, 3,481 essential to build a developed and prosperous
wash blocks and installation of 3,950 tube- Bangladesh. And for this, the construction of
well have been completed. Besides, under standard and modern education infrastructure is
Need-based Infrastructure Development of required. From the previous year 2009-10 to the
present period, 27,213 buildings have been
Newly Nationalized Primary School (1st
included in the project. Out of this, 13,113
phase), project 25,000 additional classrooms
buildings construction/extension works have
will be constructed. Besides Construction of
been completed and 14,100 buildings are under
22,140 classrooms have been completed.
construction. Under the “Physical Infrastructure
Furthermore, construction of 2,518 wash
Development of Selected Private Secondary
blocks and establishment of 3,199 tube-well Schools (1st Revised)” project, construction of 1-
have been completed. storey academic building with 4-storey
• 356 Government schools will be foundation has been completed in 3,000
constructed/renovated under the educational institutions. Under the project
“Establishment & Infrastructure "Construction of Academic Buildings of Selected
Private Madrasahs" of 1-storey academic

Chapter 12: Human Resource Development | 188

Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

buildings with 4-storey foundation have been learners by uploading on web site. The e-
completed in 1,000 madrashas. 11 government learning modules for 6 subject textbooks of
secondary schools have been established in grade 7 and 8 and e-learning materials for 6
Dhaka city. Academic activities have already textbooks for grade 9-10 have been
started in educational institutions. 05 new improvised and uploaded.
universities and 03 engineering colleges have
• Prepared audio visual training content for
been set up. Construction of 07 new government
secondary schools in Khulna, Barisal and Sylhet teachers for proper conduct of class activities
in all subjects of class 6th and 7th in light of
cities has been completed. 14,698 repair and
new curriculum and training provided to all
renovation works have been programmed in
government/private educational institutions. teachers.
Among them, 10,883 repair and renovation • MyGov service has been launched. With the
works have been completed. Modern easy adoption of digital applications by
computer/ICT labs have been constructed in citizens through a service platform, it has
secondary schools, madrasas and technical become possible for government services to
education institutes. At the college level, ICT reach the doorsteps of the people.
buildings, ICT Learning Centers, Teachers
Training Institute (TTC) buildings have been • Online entry of secondary schools under the
constructed. Department of Secondary and Higher
Education is in progress. Field level offices
Use of information technology in education and educational institutions are being
Considering the importance of science and monitored under the Digital Monitoring
technology based education, especially the System (DMS) app.
Fourth Industrial Revolution, a number of
initiatives have been taken to leverage ICT and Providing stipends to students
digital technology in education management and Under the Prime Minister's Education Assistance
education programme. Trust, Tk. 1321.77 crore was distributed for
• In the light of the new National Curriculum stipends and tuition fees among 48.47 lakh poor
framework-2021, Digital Technology subject and meritorious students at secondary level
has been introduced in class 6 and class 7 in disbursed through Mobile Banking and Online
the academic year 2023. As a result of Banking.
uploading e-books on the website of National Free text books distribution among students
Curriculum and Textbook Board, anyone
Free text books are distributed among students
living in different countries of the world
for ensuring the opportunity of education for both
including Bangladesh can download and use
rich and poor, preventing drop outs and making
the textbooks from anywhere in the world.
education standard, comprehensive and effective.
Audio clips of Listening Texts of English for
First day of the year is celebrated as the
Today textbooks for 6th to 9th-10th class
‘Textbook Day’. Free textbooks are distributed
have been created and uploaded on NCTB'
among primary and secondary students on this
website.
day across the country at the same time. A
• In order to make the use of textbooks easy
number of 33.48 crore textbooks were distributed
and attractive in the context of technological
in 2023 under this programme.
development digital content of 21 textbooks
of primary level and Interactive Digital Text Technical Education
(IDT) of 16 textbooks of class 6 have been Various initiatives have been taken to
completed and have been made accessible for mainstream technical education in preparation for

Chapter 12: Human Resource Development | 189

Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

the Fourth Industrial Revolution. At the same of madrasa teachers will continue through the
time, opportunities for quality technical 'Development of Scheduled Madrasas' project.
education have been expanded to create skilled As part of the integration of madrasa education
manpower suitable for the domestic and into the mainstream of education, steps are being
international labor market. For example, taken to ensure transparency in the funding
infrastructure development for the purpose of available from various sources in the private
enrolling more students, project implementation sector for the development of madrasas. At
for capacity building of 64 TSCs, training of present, there are 8,229 MPO registered
English and Mathematics teachers. madrasas in the country. Curriculum on Quran,
There are a total of 10,856 technical education Aqeedah and Fiqh, Arabic and Hadith has been
institutions in government and private developed from 1st to Alim class in order to make
educational institutions approved by the Madrasa education up-to-date. In line with the
Bangladesh Technical Education Board. In the existing general education curriculum and
last 10 years, progress was made in the field of syllabus formulated by the National Curriculum
technical education. In 2021, the enrollment rate and Textbook Board (NCTB) for general
in technical education was 15.79 percent. In that compulsory and optional subjects except Arabic
continuity, various projects/programmes have subjects up to secondary level for madrasa
been taken to improve the enrollment in technical education are being followed. Textbooks on all
education by 30 percent by 2030. subjects are being printed and distributed through
NCTBA.
Again, necessary steps have been taken to
implement National Technical and Vocational Higher Education
Qualifications Framework (NTVQF) at all levels.
During last decade radical change has been
To eliminate inequality in technical and
accomplished in higher education sector in
vocational education, stipends are being provided
Bangladesh. The government has taken a number
to the students, free textbooks are being
of significant steps through the Bangladesh
distributed, and one-time grants are being
University Grants Commission (UGC) to expand
provided to the poor and meritorious students and
and enhance the quality of higher education. A
teachers. Several programmes, such as setting up
public university has been established in almost
of 1 technical school and college (TSC) in each
every old district of the country. At present,
of 100 Upazilas, establishment of 1 women's
number of public universities stands to 53, 50 of
polytechnic institute in 4 divisional cities (Sylhet,
which started academic programme and out of
Barisal, Mymensingh, Rangpur), establishment
110 private universities, 102 already started
of Polytechnic Institutes in 23 districts and
academic activities. For improvement of higher
establishment of 1 Engineering College in each
education and research activity, ‘Strategic Plan
of 4 divisions (Chattogram, Khulna, Rajshahi,
for Higher Education in Bangladesh: 2018-2030’
Rangpur) are underway.
has been formulated as well as initiatives taken to
Madrasah Education implement it by UGC.
The government has undertaken extensive Institutional Quality Assurance Cell (IQAC) has
activities for the development and modernisation been set up in 119 (public 41 and 78 private)
of madrasas. To enhance the quality of madrasa universities to evaluate the activities of each
education, construction of new buildings for department and institute of the country's
1,800 madrasas, setting up of multimedia rooms universities and to ensure quality teaching and
for existing 653 madrasas and capacity building the cells are being closely monitored. Instructions

Chapter 12: Human Resource Development | 190

Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

have been issued by the Commission for the build a healthy, strong and functioning
establishment of IQAC in the remaining population, the government has intensified its
universities. The Bangladesh National efforts to ensure affordable and quality healthcare
Qualifications Framework (BNQF) formulated by for all citizens through development of health,
the Commission has been approved by the nutrition and population sectors. Significant
government and has been sent to all the progress has been made in the health sector as a
universities for necessary purposes. Curriculums result of taking various activities. As a
of all the private universities are being updated consequence of prompt intervention of the
on the basis of OBE Template from 01 Junuary government, significant progress has been made
in lowering the fertility rate and mortality rate,
2023 in a bid to make the higher education time-
improving average life expectancy, and lowering
befitting, modern and world-class. Through this,
infant and maternal mortality rates.
a radical change of taking place in tertiary
education. Besides, academic activities are being The expansion and quality of health services has
conducted laying emphasis on vocational, science improved and significant success has been
and IT education in private universities. achieved in controlling infectious diseases due to
the health and social protection programmes
Development of Health and Family Welfare adopted by the government. In addition, due to
Sector the development of food security system,
The government is making continuous efforts to expansion of women's education, the standard of
address the global pandemic of coronavirus living of the people has improved and life
properly and to overcome its economic impact by expectancy has also increased. Table 12.5 shows
giving priority to life and livelihood. In order to the trend of health indicators from 2014 to 2021.

Table 12.5: Recent Trends in Health Indicators

Indicator Level 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021*
National 18.9 18.8 18.7 18.5 18.3 18.1 18.1 18.8
Crude Birth Rate
Urban 17.2 16.5 16.1 16.1 16.1 15.9 15.3 16.4
(per 1000 population)
Rural 19.4 20.3 20.9 20.4 20.1 20.0 20.4 19.5
National 5.2 5.1 5.1 5.1 5.0 4.9 5.1 5.7
Crude Death Rate 4.9 4.8
(per 1000 population) Urban 4.1 4.6 4.2 4.2 4.4 4.4
Rural 5.6 5.5 5.7 5.7 5.4 5.4 5.2 6.0
Male 24.9 25.3 25.2 25.1 25.5 25.3 25.2 25.3
Average Age at Marriage
Female 18.3 18.4 18.4 18.4 18.9 18.9 19.1 19.1
Both 70.7 70.9 71.6 72 72.3 72.6 72.8 72.3
Life Expectancy at Birth (year) Male 69.1 69.4 70.3 70.6 70.8 71.1 71.2 70.6
Female 71.6 72.0 72.9 73.3 73.8 74.2 74.5 74.1
National 30 29 28 24 22 21 21 22
Infant Mortality Rate (<1 year) 20 21
Urban 26 28 28 22 21 20
(per 1000 live births)
Rural 31 29 28 25 22 22 21 22
National 38 36 35 31 29 28 28 28
Under 5 Mortality Rate (per 1000 live Urban 30 32 32 27 27 26 26 26
births) 28 29
Rural 40 39 36 33 31 29
National 193 181 178 172 169 165 163 168
Maternal mortality Ratio
Urban 182 162 160 157 132 123 138 140
(per lakh live births)
Rural 196 191 190 182 193 191 178 176
Contraceptive users rate (%) 62.2 62.1 62.3 62.5 63.1 63.4 63.9 65.6
Total Fertility Rate
2.11 2.10 2.10 2.05 2.05 2.04 2.04 2.05
(per women, 15-49 years of age)
Source: Report on Bangladesh Sample Vital Statistics-2021.

Chapter 12: Human Resource Development | 191

Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

Community Clinic (CC) based Primary and about 1 lakh normal deliveries have been
Health Care Services completed so far in this system which has been
started gradually since 2009.
Community Clinic (CC) is the first tier public
health facility to provide primary health care Extended Programme on Immunisation (EPI)
services to the people at periphery, especially in
Government is continuing vaccination
remote and very hard to reach areas. At present
programme against vaccine preventable diseases
14,200 CCs are functional all over the country at
(VPD) through the expanded programme of
the union level. These community clinics have
immunization (EPI) to protect the children
become fully operational by recruiting
against those diseases. EPI is providing vaccines
community health care providers (CHCPs) based
against 10 vaccine preventable diseases named:
on community clinics to provide them with
Tuberculosis, Diphtheria, Pertussis, Tetanus,
appropriate training to develop their skills and
Hepatitis-B, Haemophyllus Influenza-type-B,
distribute adequate medicine and family planning
Pneumococcal Pneumonia and Measles and
materials. It is estimated that an average of 38
Rubella. As a result of successful implementation
patients per day receive service from each CC
of EPI, World Health Organization (WHO)
and 95 percent of them are women and children.
declared Bangladesh as Polio free country and
Beneficiaries from the CCs from 2009 to
this position is maintained. To achieve the year
February, 2022 are the rural people getting
wise coverage, EPI programme has procured and
services through around 114 crore visits. During
disbursed routine vaccination for children and
the same period, about 1 crore emergency and
women of 68186.34 lakh for the year 2021-22
complicated patients were referred to centres
and for this current year 2022-23 FY the process
with higher facility for better management.
of procurement of 92402.08 lakh of routine
About 4,000 community clinics across the
vaccines are ongoing.Table 12.6 shows the yearly
country are providing normal delivery services
EPI coverage.
Table 12.6: Vaccination under EPI Programme

OPV- 1 OPV-2 OPV-3 Penta-1 Penta- 2 Penta-3 Measles

Year BCG (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) MR- 1 MR-2 All vaccines
(%)

2012 99.0 99.0 97.7 95.1 99.0 97.6 90.0 88.5 - 82.9

2013 95.0 95.0 94.0 92.0 91.0 93.0 92.0 86.0 81.0

2014 99.2 95.1 94.2 94.0 91.0 93.0 93.0 86.6 - - 81.6

2015 99.2 94.0 94.7 92.7 92.6 93.3 86.6 86.6 - - 81.6

2016 99.5 97.8 97.0 90.1 97.8 97.0 90.1 87.5 - - 82.3

2017 101.3 100.1 99.3 97.9 100.1 99.9 98.5 98.8 97.7 86.3 98.8

2018 100.6 99.3 98.2 97.7 98.7 97.3 96.6 97.6 97.1 95.3 97.6

2019 102.3 101.4 100.3 99.3 101.4 100.3 99.3 99.0 98.7 96.8 97.1

2020 97.3 95.9 93.9 92.6 95.7 93.7 92.5 91.4 92.8 91.8 92.0

2021 103.2 102.1 101.0 99.9 102.1 100.9 99.7 99.7 99.1 97.2 99.3

2022 104.2 103.3 102.5 101.6 102.8 101.8 101 - 101 98.2 99.9

Source: *Bangladesh EPI Census 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, DHIS2 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020, 2021.2022

Chapter 12: Human Resource Development | 192

Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

COVID-19 Vaccination Strategy, in each upazila every month. At present there are
Management and Initiatives 43 colonoscopy centres in Bangladesh at district
and upazila level.
The National Deployment and Vaccination Plan
has already been formulated under the Extended The Maternal Health Voucher Scheme has
Immunization Programme (EPI) to protect lives provided services to 50,472 poor mothers in 55
and prevent deaths from the COVID-19 Upazilas of the country from July, 2021 to June,
epidemic, through which the World Health 2022 and provided cash incentives and travel
Organisation (WHO) targets 70 percent of the allowances through Tk. 1071.32 lakh through
population to be vaccinated against COVID-19. mobile banking. The government has provided
At the initiative of the Department of Health short-term training for community based skilled
Services, age and authority based registration is birth attendant (CSBA) and midwives and
introduced through the web portal deployed them to the remote and rural areas. Till
www.surokkha.gov.bd. So far, 114,328,048 to date 12,510 CSBAs have been trained to
(73%) people have registered for the vaccine provide maternal health care services at the rural
against the target. The government has stocks of level. 3 years midwifery training course is going
vaccines required to provide vaccines with on and 3,000 posts have been created for
booster to the target population. midwives and 2,550 midwives are posted in
different health facilities.
Maternal and Neonatal Health Services
Nutrition
As special priority to the improvement of
Maternal and Child Health, many activities have To expand the nutrition service throughout the
been undertaken at the national level. Various country, the Operational Plan (OP) ‘National
training programmes are being introduced to Nutrition Services (NNS)’ has been taken up
improve the skills of physicians, nurses, under 4th HPNSP. It’s being implanted by the
midwives, and other professionals who offer Directorate of Health. The main purpose of the
emergency maternity care, encourage programme is to provide up to date and scientific
institutional delivery, and provide maternal and nutrition service to the vulnerable population,
child health services. The government has awareness building for the food habit changing
launched Emergency Obstetric Care (EmOC) in and nutrition induced life style and reducing
each district with the help of various maternal and child mortality by prevention of
development partners to provide emergency malnutrition.
maternity services. At present Comprehensive To provide nutrition services to children
Emergency Obstetric Neonatal Care (CEmONC) suffering from acute malnutrition, activities are
services are available in all Medical College being done out in all District Hospitals, Medical
Hospitals, 59 District Hospitals, 03 General College Hospitals, and Upazila Health Complex
Hospitals, 132 Upazila Health Complexes and 63 410 Severe Acute Malnutrition (SAM) units. At
Maternal and Child Welfare centres. Rest of the the grassroots level, 412 Integrated Management
Upazila Health Complexes is providing Basic of Childhood Illness (IMCI) and Nutrition
Emergency Obstetric Neonatal Care (BEmONC) Corners have been set up to prevent child
service. Expansion of EmONC services has malnutrition. In order to provide nutrition
reduced maternal mortality to 163 per lakh live services to the people in slums, remote areas of
births and neonatal mortality to 28 per thousand villages especially in char, haor area, NNS is
live births. In addition, more than 200 mothers conducting nutrition services activities in
are being screened for cervical and breast cancer coordination with various Ministries/Division

Chapter 12: Human Resource Development | 193

Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

/Departments and local and foreign private aid Comprehensive Competency Nutrition Training
agencies. Guideline on COVID-19 has been (CCTN). In addition, 108 episodes of the weekly
formulated and guidelines have been distributed programme titled 'Nutrition Prosperity' have been
among all health and family planning aired on BTV World. Table12.7 shows a whole
officers/service providers. About 62,000 picture of nutrition status of Bangladesh.
officers/service providers have been trained on

Table 12.7: Nutrition Status of Bangladesh

2011 2014 2018 Target 2023 Remark

Index
(%) (%) (%) (%)

Underweight child (0-59

36.4 32.6 22 25 On Track
month’s)
Stunted child (0-59 month’s) - 36.1 31 25 On Track
Wasting (0-59 month’s) - 14.3 8 <10 On Track
Low birth weight - 22.6 - <18 On Track
Exclusive breast feeding 47.1 50.8 69 60 On Track

Rate of breast feeding child 64 55.3 65 65 On Track

Rate of Anemic pregnant
- - - On Track
women
Less than one-
Rate of Anemic adolescence girl - - - third decrease On Track

Rate of Anemic child - - - On Track

Night blindness - 0.2 - <1 On Track
Usage rate of Iodine salt at Less than one-
82 - On Track
household level third decrease
Rate of Vitamin-A capsule
60 92 79 >90 On Track
intake (6-59 month’s)
Source: Ministry of Health and Family Welfare.

Health Information System and E-health Programmes regarding admission in medical and
dental colleges, human resources management in
MOHFW has drawn global attention for the
the health sector, leave and deputation of the
successful utilisation of IT in the health sector.
doctors, every type of training and higher study
Laptops and Android Tablets have been provided
management have been digitalised.
at the community clinics and other grass root
level workers. Programmes are active for A call centre named 'Swasthya Batayan-16263
enrolling information related to each pregnant has been set up to provide health services to the
mother and under-5 children. A uniform 'Health people. Health services are being provided
identifier Code' is being provided to every citizen through mobile phones from every district and
which will be used to make the permanent health upazila level government hospital in the country.
record software design linking with the national Advanced telemedicine services are being
ID card database. A draft of national E-Health provided from 96 hospitals. Video conferencing
Policy and Strategy has been finalised. systems have been installed in all Divisional and

Chapter 12: Human Resource Development | 194

Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

District Health Offices, District Hospitals, In addition, to facilitate women to receive the
Medical Colleges and Hospitals, and Upazila health services from the government health
Hospitals in collaboration with the Department of facilities more easily, the establishment of district
Health. hospitals as “Women Friendly Hospitals” is
underway. Up to February, 2023, 21 district
Shashtho Shurokkha Karmashuchi (SSK)
hospitals have been recognized as “Women
The government has developed the 'Strategy for Friendly Hospitals”, as well as 19 other district
Finance in the Health Sector: 2012-2032' in order hospitals are underway in the process of
to provide universal health care in the country by recognizing as “Women Friendly Hospitals”
2030. The 'Shashtho Shurokkha Karmashuchi according to the operational plan objectives.
(SSK)' has been developed in accordance with
Addressing the COVID-19 pandemic and
the policy to fund healthcare services for those
Protecting Public Life
living in poverty. The pilot programme under the
SSK has been initiated to reduce the out-of- The main scheme was approved on 18 April 2020
pocket expenses of the poor population and to provide health services and prevent future
protect them from the catastrophic health epidemics with emergency loan assistance as part
expenditure in receiving hospital-based services. of the government's response to the Covid-19
While receiving inter-departmental services from pandemic.
hospitals, every family holding a card gets free
The scheme covers the procurement of the
treatment including costs of diagnosis and
COVID-19 vaccine, transport costs of the
medicines.
vaccine, procurement of 11 crores of auto
Specialised Health Care disposable (AD) syringes for administering the
vaccine, and other incidental expenses. Also, a
The project is being implemented to set up a 100
vaccine testing lab (WHO maturity level-3) has
bed full-fledged cancer treatment unit at the
been set up for strengthening the National
Government Medical College Hospital in the
Control Laboratory of Drug Administration
divisional town to facilitate the treatment of
Directorate.
cancer patients. In addition, Currently, under the
“Hospital Services Management (HSM)” The procurement of a cold chain system for
operational plan, there are a total of 35 “Shishu vaccine supply and storage is underway and will
Bikash Kendras” in the country’s 21 medical be completed soon. And as a result, the immunity
college hospitals and 14 district hospitals. Shishu of the people of the country due to coronavirus
Bikash Kendras provide medical services to increases, and the adverse reaction to the disease
children diagnosed with autism and decreases. Five-function beds, emergency
neurodevelopmental disorders. In each center, ventilators, pulse oximeters, compact gas-
Child Health Physicians, Child Psychologists and powered ventilators, oxygen concentrators, and
Developmental Therapists provide the other necessary equipment and MSRs are
specialized services aimed at the physical and provided to various healthcare institutions on an
mental development of children. At the same urgent basis for the treatment of Covid-19
time, for the purpose of improving the health care patients. Liquid medical oxygen systems have
of newborns, SCANU services are currently in been installed and oxygen is being supplied to 30
place in 59 health facilities in 50 districts. In hospitals to meet the urgent medical oxygen
addition to the development/expansion of these needs of Covid-19 patients. In addition,
SCANU, the process of establishment of these construction of 10-bed ICU and 20-bed Isolation
services in the remaining 14 districts is ongoing. has already been completed in 10 Medical

Chapter 12: Human Resource Development | 195

Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

College Hospitals, 10-bed ICUs, and 20-bed 53.8 percent. In 2021, Total Fertility Rates (TFR)
Isolation units in 13 district hospitals with the has been declined sharply from 3.0 in 2011 births
aim of permanently increasing the capacity of to 2.04 in 2021.
health services. In addition, the construction of a
About 9.43 lakh adolescents have been
10-bed ICU and 20-bed isolation, ICU in 2
counselled about prevention of child marriage,
infectious disease hospitals is underway in 30
and prevention of adolescent motherhood. As a
more district hospitals. These activities will
result, the rate of child marriage and adolescent
strengthen the intensive care programme for
pregnancy has decreased from 59% to 52% and
other patients including Covid-19.
from 31% to 22% respectively. 500 Model Union
RT-PCR Kits, Antigen Kits have been provided Health and Family Welfare Center service has
urgently for the identification of patients with the been establish for maternal Child Reproductive
Covid-19 virus. Additionally, the construction of Adolescent health services and free ambulance
27 modern microbiological laboratories and 2 service has been introduced for maternal health
biosafety level-3 laboratories is in progress. services. Fund has been allocated for another 40
During the COVID period, additional patient care Health Center. Administrative approval has been
and identification activities are provided to received for the manpower of 159 newly
various healthcare institutions by recruiting
constructed 10-bed Maternal and Child Welfare
manpower in various positions including doctors,
Centers (1,590 in total in 06 categories), out of
nurses, and lab consultants on an emergency
which 121 Mothers and Child Welfare Centers
basis. Also helping in contact tracing and active
have launched limited services. 1,250 officers
case identification process, providing health
have been brought under digital monitoring till
protection materials (PPE, KN95 mask, hand
January, 2023 for smooth management of family
gloves), and raising social awareness to eliminate
planning-maternal and child health activities at
misconceptions about Coronavirus.
field level. Besides, Clinical Contraception
Also, in order to deal with future epidemics, a Services Delivery Program unit has recruited
total of 07 medical screening units are being set 3,866 PPVs (Paid Peer Volunteers) in 100
up at 05 ports of entry, 20 medical waste Upazilas of 28 districts (hard to reach and low
management plants are being set up, and performing areas) to motivate & counsel young
infection prevention and control units are being married couples & perform domiciliary court
set up in 62 districts hospitals, and yard meetings.
epidemiological units are being set up in 64 civil
surgeon offices. In addition, the two specialized hospitals under
the DGFP, Maternal & Child Health Training
Family Planning Services and Reproductive
Institute (MCHTI), Dhaka and Mohammadpur
Health
Fertility Services and Training Center (MFSTC),
The family planning programme has achieved Dhaka have been brought under the service
significant success as a result of various effective automation including e-ticketing, drug
initiatives taken by the government. In 2001, distribution and medical services to the service
Bangladesh’s population growth rate was 1.57 recipients are provided through automation
percent, which is now 1.37 percent. At the same where medical records are electronically stored.
time, the number of birth control users has Besides, Service information on family planning,
increased. At present, 65.6 percent of couples are maternal and child health, nutrition, adolescent
using birth control methods, but in 2001 it was health and reproductive health services is being

Chapter 12: Human Resource Development | 196

Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

published using the online software 'Monthly curriculum of medical education have been
Service Statistics Report' and 'Monthly Logistics updated.
Report'. Ministry of Health and Family Welfare
Health in Private Sector (MOHFW) is currently implementing Health,
Population and Nutrition Sector Programme
The government has taken various effective
(HPNSP) starting from January, 2017 to June,
initiatives to ensure the health services desired by
2023. The HPNSP is the 4th Sector Wide
the people. The government as well as the private
Approach (SWAP). It is being implemented
sector and NGOs are being encouraged to
through 31 Operational Plans (OPs). Expansion
provide quality health services through open
of quality health-education, technology-based,
competition. For that purpose, 4,544 private
research-based health-education is needed to
hospitals, 9,178 diagnostic centers and 177 blood
sustain the achievements of the health sector and
banks have been licensed in the country. The role
increase its ability to recover from future
of NGOs as well as the government in health
epidemics. Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical
services, especially hygienic sanitation, supply of
University, the country's first medical university
clean drinking water and elimination of other
established in 1998, is progressing in parallel
infectious diseases including covid-19, diarrhea,
with medical education and services, as well as
dengue, is worth mentioning. Also, several
research activities. Bangladesh Medical Research
domestic and foreign NGOs are actively working
Council (BMRC) is involved in research
in addition to government initiatives to reduce
activities related to medical science.
child and maternal mortality rates significantly
under health, population and nutrition programs. Nursing Services
Opportunities for public-private partnership At present, 42,176 nurses are serving in
(PPP)-based investment in the health sector have government health service and nursing institutes.
been created. In order to improve the quality of nursing and
Medical Education midwifery education and services, Bachelor of
Science in Nursing (4 Years’ Course) has been
The government's multiple endeavors to reform
started in 13 government nursing colleges where
the medical education system have resulted in
1,200 seats exist. Diploma in Nursing Science
significant changes in medical education. Under
and Midwifery (3 years’ course) is being
the direction of Hon'ble Prime Minister, an
conducted in 46 government nursing institutes
initiative has been taken to set up a Medical
where 2,730 seats exist. Diploma in Midwifery (3
University in each division. After the
years’ course) is being conducted in 62
commencement of activities of Rajshahi,
government nursing institutes where 1,825 seats
Chattogram and Sylhet Medical Universities, the
exist. It is to be noted that in addition to these
establishment of Sheikh Hasina Medical
educational institutions at the government level,
University, Khulna is in progress. Besides, the
for pursuing higher education in Nursing, 10
effort for expansion of modern and updated
Nursing Colleges are running 02-year Post Basic
education in medical sciences is continued.
B.Sc. in Nursing and Nursing in Public Health
Initiative has been taken to expand the
and 01 institutions are conducting 2-year MSc
opportunities to improve Medical Education. For
Nursing courses. Nurses and midwives are at the
these reason post-graduation courses have been
frontline fighter of global corona risk
started both in specialized institutions and
management. The Directorate General of Nursing
different Medical colleges. Besides this different
and Midwifery has successfully deployed nurses

Chapter 12: Human Resource Development | 197

Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

and midwives in conjunction with Covid-19 Suppression (Amendment) Act-2020 and The
dedicated hospitals to provide quality nursing and Child Daycare Act-2021 have been enacted.
midwifery services. Deputation of students of
An incentive package has been implemented for
Post Basic B.Sc. in Nursing College and National
women to enable them to address the ongoing
Institute of Advanced Nursing Education and
impact of COVID-19 and facilitate economic
Research (NIENER) has been cancelled and they
recovery. Maternity allowances and working and
have been assigned to corona patient care and
lactating mother allowances have been provided
teachers have been given the responsibility to
to meet the health and nutritional needs of poor
monitor it. 5,045 nurses were recruited on an
pregnant women in rural and urban areas and
urgent basis and deputed to the Covid-19
ensure complete development of the child, and
dedicated hospitals across the country. In order
micro-credit activities have been running to
to improve the quality of nursing and midwifery
ensure self-employment of women. A total of 67
services, the government has undertaken various
programmes, such as- Nurse Expert Exchange One-Stop Crisis Cells (OCCs) have been set up
with different countries, foreign training, creation in 47 District Sadar Hospitals and 20 Upazila
of higher education opportunities at home and Health Complexes under the Multisectoral
abroad etc. Programme to provide services to women and
children victims of persecution across the country
Programmes for Women and Child and 13 One-Stop Crisis Cells have been set up in
Development Government Medical College Hospitals. These
The government is committed to women's One-Stop Crisis Centers and One-Stop Crisis
political, economic, and social empowerment, as Cells have provided services to a total of
well as the abolition of gender inequality, the 1,74,209 abused women and children as of
establishment of child rights, and their February, 2023. Initiatives have been to make
integration into the mainstream of overall less educated, poor and helpless women self-
development. The role of women in reliant by providing income generating training
empowerment and development in Bangladesh and IT training. Projects for the establishment of
has been strengthened as a result of the Community Nursing Degree College for Women
government's timely execution of policies and in Dhaka, and the ‘Promotion of Women
plans. Necessary laws and regulations have been Entrepreneurs for Economic Empowerment at
formulated for the establishment of equal rights Grassroot Level’ are in progress. Under the
in all spheres of state and public life and project, 56,122 women have been trained in 6
elimination of all forms of discrimination against trades (beautification, catering, fashion design,
women and various development projects, interior design and event management, baby care
programmes and other activities are being and housekeeping) till February, 2023 in 80
implemented. National Women Development training centers in 78 Upazilas in 5 years.
Policy-2011, National Child Policy-2011, Government is conducting various activities for
Comprehensive policy on Initial Care and psychological and cultural development as well
Development of Child-2013, Prevention and as flourishing the latent genius of the children
Protection of Domestic Violence Act-2010 and with an objective to developing them as
Rules-2013, Dowry Prevention Act-2018, Child competent citizens of the country. Among them-
Marriage Prevention Rules-2018’, Shishu safety and social security of child from embryo to
Academy Act-2018, Women and Child Abuse 8 years of age, establishment and operation of
Shishu Bikash Kendro for children of 4 years of

Chapter 12: Human Resource Development | 198

Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

age, expansion of activities of Shishu Bikash implementation of service-oriented projects in

Kendro for the ultra-poor and separated children, private enterprises.
vocational training for student of qawmi
In the country, 85 Sarkari Shishu Paribar are
madrassas in the rural areas, establishment of
operating for the upbringing of non-parental
day care centres for female workers of tea garden
children, instilling a sense of responsibility and
and garments, safe internet, safe children etc. are discipline in them, as well as rehabilitation
significant. There are six Shishu Bikash Kendro through training and education. There are 6
(child development centre) in the country institutions (Chotomani Nibash) in 6 districts of
including one for female children in Azimpur and the country for the upbringing, maintenance,
two for male children in Keraniganj and Gazipur sports and general education of abandoned
and also three in Rajshahi, Khulna and children aged 0-7 years without parental identity.
Chattogram divisions. One Shishu Bikash 03 child development centres for correction of
Kendro and one pre-primary education centre has disobedient children of parents to prevent social
been established in 71 offices including 64 degradation, 06 government shelters for
districts and 6 Upazilas. Children of 4-5 years of rehabilitation of nomads and homeless persons
age are being developed for admission to primary with appropriate training and ‘safe home’
schools through these centres. More than 900 operations for nurturing, training, treatment,
books for children have been published by Shishu recreation and rehabilitation of women and
Academy for developing reading habit in children detained in the police station/jail are
children. being conducted in Barisal, Sylhet, Rajshahi,
Social Welfare Chattogram, Bagerhat and Faridpur districts. In
addition, probation and after care service are
The government is carrying out various activities being conducted with the aim of providing
for the welfare of the poor, disadvantaged, casework, correction, socialisation and other
neglected, special needs and orphans. The Social legal support under the supervision of probation
Security Programme is a successful programme officers, without convictions for first-time
of the Ministry of Social Welfare (MOSW). offenders and minor offenders, or for
Currently, different types of allowances and food incarcerated offenders through 70 units. In
assistance activities are running under social addition, Sheikh Russel Child Training and
security programmes of the MoSW. Old age Rehabilitation Centers are working across the
allowance, destitute women allowance, widow country to protect all disadvantaged and
and husband deserted women allowance, endangered children.
insolvent disability allowance, education stipend
The government is conducting various
for students with disabilities, development programmes for the welfare and protection of the
projects of the marginalised people, financial rights of persons with special needs and for their
support programmes for patient with cancer, rehabilitation. Such as integrated visionary
kidney and liver cirrhosis, stroke paralysis, education programme, schools for the visually
congenital heart diseases and thalassemia, impaired, institution for children with mental
rehabilitation of beggars and alternative disabilities, vocational training, employment and
employment programme etc. are the most notable rehabilitation centre for physically handicapped
social security programmes of MoSW. Apart and so on. A total of 103 'Disability Services and
from government activities, financial grants are Help Centres' have been set up in 64 districts and
being provided for the adoption and 39 Upazilas of the country to provide therapeutic

Chapter 12: Human Resource Development | 199

Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

services to the challenged people in remote areas Youth Development

of the country. All these centres provide free
The government is implementing training
therapeutic, counseling and referral services and
programmes and development projects through
assistive devices to people with autism and other
the Department of Youth Development to engage
disabilities in remote areas of the country. The the youth in national development by providing
project 'Construction of Sports Complex for them with the right direction, practical, technical
Persons with Special Needs' has been undertaken knowledge and skill-enhancing training.
by the National Disability Foundation under the Considering the all-out welfare of the youth,
Ministry of Social Welfare for the socio- training, self-employment, micro credit, poverty
economic development of persons with alleviation and other motivational activities are
disabilities in the country and to ensure their continuing at all Upazilas and districts of the
facilities in sports. The Department of Social country.
Services is implementing 05 poverty reduction
programmes for the purpose of socio-economic The Department of Youth Development has
development through providing micro credit to imparted skill enhancement training to a total of
the poor, helpless, neglected, backward and 33.11 lakh youth in various trades till January,
backward people living in rural/urban areas of 2023 for the purpose of employment and self-
the country. These are-rural social services, rural employment of youth and young women. Among
mothers centre, urban community programme, the trained youths, 7.54 lakh have been engaged
rehabilitation programme for the burnt and in self-employment. Under the credit scheme,
people with disabilities and loan programme in and amount of Tk. 2057.15 crore was disbursed
ashrayan project. (including the revolving fund) to 12.1 lakh
beneficiaries since inception till December, 2022
Freedom Fighter Welfare to establish and expansion of self-employment
The contribution of the freedom fighters, the enterprises. The government is implementing the
finest child of the nation is everlasting in the National Service Programme through the
service of motherland. The government has Department of Youth Development with the aim
undertaken various activities to honor them and of creating employment for the educated
expand the spirit of Bangabandhu and Liberation unemployed youth of the country. To date, 138
War to the grassroots level by providing overall Upazilas in 47 districts of the country have been
welfare to the families of war wounded heroic brought under the National Service Programme.
freedom fighters, dead war wounded heroic Sports Development
freedom fighters, titular heroic freedom fighters,
dead heroic freedom fighter families and families The government has been formulating and
of martyred heroic freedom fighters. In addition, implementing policies and strategies to improve
government has undertaken to provide the quality of sports in the national and
honorarium and other allowances for all the international arenas. Construction and
valiant freedom fighters through the G2P system development activities of modern stadiums,
directly from Bangladesh Bank to the beneficiary gymnasiums, swimming pools and sports
banks by creating the Management Information infrastructure are being carried out across the
System containing a complete database for country with a view to increase sports
freedom fighters. To improve the socio-economic opportunities. The government continues to play
condition of the valiant freedom fighters, a total a significant role in motivating children and
of Tk. 2 crore has been allocated in FY 2022-23 adolescents to participate in sports at the
grassroots level, producing national and

Chapter 12: Human Resource Development | 200

Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

international standard players, expanding social activities related to Bangla language and
security in sports, preventing drug abuse, raising literature, compilation of dictionaries, various
health and environmental awareness, researches and publications as well as arranges
empowering women, and enhancing athletes' book fair in the month of February and celebrates
social status. Free sports equipment is being different significant days every year. Besides,
provided for organising and conducting sports in Bangladesh Shilpakala Academy is working to
educational institutions and sports clubs. develop, preserve, spread and encourage national
Bachelor of Physical Education (BPED) culture through fine arts, drama, music etc. 07
education is being imparted to young men and organisations are working under the Ministry of
women with bachelor's degree through 06 Cultural Affairs to preserve and develop the
Government Physical Education Colleges and traditional and colorful cultures of 12 small
Masters of Physical Education (MPED) is being ethnic groups living in the greater Chattogram
imparted through Dhaka Government Physical Hill Tracts region and to integrate those small
Education College. The ‘Bangabandhu ethnic cultures into the mainstream of national
Krirashebi Kalyan Foundation’ was established culture. Initiatives have been taken to implement
by enacting the ‘Bangabandhu Krirashebi development projects on preservation of Rose
Kalyan Foundation Act 2011’ to realise the Garden, various regional archeological
cherished dream of Father of the Nation monuments.
Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman with the
Bangladesh National Museum is devoted to
aim of providing financial assistance to indigent,
archaeological, classical, decorative and
injured and disabled sportsmen and sports
contemporary art, history, natural history,
organisers. In FY 2022-23, steps have been taken
ethnography and world civilisation. It has
to provide grants to a total of 1,500 indigents,
continued to collect different kinds of important
injured and disabled athletes and sports
archaeological artifacts from the remote areas of
organisers through the said foundation.
the country for the purpose of exhibiting
Cultural Affairs hundreds of thousands of visitors to the museum.
A project titled '1971: Construction of Genocide-
The government has been providing necessary
Torture Archive and Museum Building' is being
patronage for the betterment of all branches of art
implemented running at an estimated cost of Tk.
and culture including Bengali language and
32.22 crore. The copyright registration process
literature, music, art, drama, film and creative
has been automated. The project titled
publishing. Various activities are being carried
‘Bangladesh copyright Building construction’ is
out for the development, preservation and
ongoing for the construction of it’s own
expansion of culture of Bangladesh through 18
copyright office building. Different initiatives
departments/agencies under the Ministry of
have been taken to implement special programme
Cultural Affairs. The Department of Archeology
activities related to identification, collection,
is carrying out developmental activities including
evaluation and preservation of folk cultural
survey, excavation, renovation and preservation
expressions. The project titled 'Nationwide
of important archeological sites and monuments
Mobile Library' is being implemented by the
for the purpose of proper preservation and
Department of Public Libraries with the aim of
presentation of archeological resources and
sustaining the activities of the mobile library. 76
monuments of the country.
mobile libraries are providing mobile library
In order to achieve cultural excellence, the services at the doorsteps of readers across the
Bangla Academy conducts various notable country. The project titled 'Establishment of

Chapter 12: Human Resource Development | 201

Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

Bangabandhu and Liberation War Corner' in the Development of Chattogram Hill Tracts
libraries of the country, 'Expansion of online
The Chattogram Hill Tracts is an integral part of
service activities of government public libraries'
our culture and heritage. The government is
is underway.
working tirelessly for the development of
Religious Affairs marginalised communities in the hilly areas. The
government is implementing various
Pilgrimage to Saudi Arabia was halted in 2020
development projects and technical projects for
and 2021 due to the global COVID-19. In 2022
the development of the hill people and for
pilgrims from Bangladesh have performed Hajj
preserving their glorious culture. A total of 1,936
smoothly. In 2022 pilgrims from Bangladesh
projects/schemes have been taken up in the three
have performed Hajj smoothly. In order to apply
hill districts (16 under ADP and 1,920 schemes
the maximum application of information
under development assistance) in the budget for
technology in Hajj activities, database
the FY 2022-2023 at a cost of Tk 932.18 crore.
management and the issuance of biometric visa
These projects aim to improve education,
have been incorporated in the system. In FY
healthcare, agriculture, social welfare, information
2022-23 Imam and Muajjin welfare Trust of
technology, electricity, communication,
Islamic Foundation has distributed tk. 2.65 crore
infrastructure, mixed fruit and spice gardens, basic
as aid to its 8,832 members and tk. 1.20 crore
healthcare services for 4,500 Para centers, provide
interest free loan to its 600 members. In the
safe drinking water, and promote sports, culture,
current fiscal year Hindu Religious welfare Trust
and development through various economic and
has targeted to disburse total tk. 4.80 crore for
social activities, it’s progress is very promising.
development of Monastery/Temple/Crematory
and as aid to its poor people. Buddhist religious Broadcast
welfare Trust has disbursed tk. 30 lakh as yearly Information on the overall activities of the
grant for building and repairing of Buddhist government including development activities is
institutions. Endowment fund of the Christian transmitted from the Ministry of Information and
religious welfare Trust has disbursed tk. 20 lakh Broadcasting to various print and electronic
as grants to its Churches/prayer houses. Islamic media including the top level of the government.
Foundation press, as a self -sufficient division of The government is taking various
Islamic Foundation is an authorised entity for projects/activities for the modernisation and
printing Islamic books, keeps on contributing to development of the media. The government is
the proclamation and expansion of Islam from its currently implementing various projects aimed at
establishment. Since July, 2022 the Islamic modernising Bangladesh Television and Radio
Foundation press has printed books of 85 titles Centre and developing digital broadcasting
from other divisions of Islamic Foundation. Halal system. The number of ongoing projects of the
Sonod division of Islamic Foundation has issued Ministry of Information and Broadcasting in FY
halal certificates as per Islamic law to 67 2022-23 is 13. All of these projects/activities are
commercial institutes of our country in FY 2022- designed to propel Bangladesh forward in the
23. The application of ICT is gradually rising for unparalleled development of communication
the monitoring of all religious education networking with global media, in keeping with
management for the children and its teacher technological advancement and excellence in the
administration system across the country. context of globalisation and that Bangladesh is
going ahead in this development. In addition, to
being aware and involved in the 10 special

Chapter 12: Human Resource Development | 202

Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

initiatives of the Hon'ble Prime Minister, Redress System, E-governance and Innovation,
education, health, nutrition, development of Right to Information and citizen charter action
women and children, climate change, counter- plan.
militancy, migration, making people positively
Apart from nominating suitable candidates for
aware of various issues and promoting the
the service of the Republic through the
development of rural communities to achieve
Bangladesh Public Service Commission,
various goals strengthening projects are being
recommendations are also given on formulation-
implemented. In order to develop the film
amendment and disciplinary matters relating to
preservation system, facilities have been created promotion and appointment. From 2010 to 2023,
for the restoration and preservation of old films, the Commission has recommended 35,662
scientific documentation and research, including candidates for recruitment in different cadres
the creation of state-of-the-art facilities in the through 12 consecutive B.C.S. examinations.
film archiving system. After the successful
completion of first phase of construction of The Independent Anti-Corruption Commission
Father of the Nation Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib (ACC) was established to curb and prevent
Film City project, the second phase of this corruption and corrupt practices in the country.
project has been taken. Under the ongoing The Commission is implementing multifaceted
project, initiatives have been taken to expand the programmes such as conducting enquiry and
number of FM based radio stations of investigation against allegations of corruption as
Bangladesh Betar and to modernize the existing well as building honesty and integrity in the
stations by installing digital broadcasting society by raising public awareness against
equipment. Besides, the projects for corruption. With the launch of Toll Free Hotline
modernization of central broadcasting system of (106), the daily complaints of public corruption
Bangladesh Television, and Introduction of can be easily presented directly to the ACC.
digital terrestrial broadcasting across the country Besides, ISD number +8809612106106 has been
are running properly. launched for receiving complaints. The
Enforcement Unit of ACC is constantly
Reforms and Good Governance conducting immediate operations in various
departments on the basis of specific allegations.
Aside from achieving high growth, various
As of July, 2022 to February, 2023, a total of
reform measures are being taken and
2,417 instant operations were conducted. Under
implemented to ensure sustainable and inclusive
the project ‘Investigation and Prosecution
balanced development, such as improve service,
Management System (IPMS)’ software has been
and good governance, the implementation of the
launched through which it has become possible
Right to Information (RTI) Act, the formulation
to automate the enquire, investigation and
and amendment of employment-related rules,
prosecution activities of corruption starting from
financial sector reform, and anti-corruption and
complaints of corruption received by the Anti-
prevention activities, etc. In order to strengthen
Corruption Commission. In addition the Anti-
good governance and accountability, the Annual
Corruption Commission has currently a total of 3
Performance Agreement (APA) of the
ongoing research projects to formulate more
ministry/department/agency has incorporated
effective corruption prevention strategies.
National Integrity Strategy (NIS), Grievance

Chapter 12: Human Resource Development | 203

Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

CHAPTER THIRTEEN
POVERTY ALLEVIATION

Despite the global economic downturn triggered on by the effects of the Russia-Ukraine war and the
COVID-19 Pandemic, Bangladesh's poverty rate has decreased as a result of the implementation of the
government's planned policies According to the preliminary report of the ‘Household Income and
Expenditure Survey (HIES) 2022’, the poverty rate in the country is currently 18.7 percent and the extreme
poverty rate is 5.6 percent. Notably, the rates of poverty and extreme poverty were 24.3 and 12.9 percent
respectively according to the Household Income and Expenditure Survey (HIES) 2016. However, poverty
has decreased at a lower rate in urban areas than that in rural areas (rural areas 5.9 percentage point,
urban areas 4.2 percentage point). According to the preliminary report of the 2022 survey, income has
increased marginally compared to expenditure and consumption at the national level. On the other hand, the
Gini co-efficient increased to 0.499 percent in 2022 from 0.482 percent in 2016. That is, income inequality
has increased slightly. Government's all-out efforts are continuing in the light of Vision 2041, 8th Five Year
Plan, Sustainable Development Goals (SDG), Delta Plan-2100 and other planning documents to reduce
poverty as well as income inequality. The government is working tirelessly to adopt and implement bold,
strong, people-centric and inclusive policies for poverty alleviation besides adopting multifaceted
development projects aimed at structural transformation of the economy. The accumulated achievement in
poverty reduction through the pursuit of appropriate poverty reduction strategies, such as enhancing social
safety nets for people vulnerable to poverty, financial incentives, encouraging micro-savings, effective
disaster risk reduction programmes and creating resilience against the effects of climate change, etc. has
conspicuously drawn global attention. Various public and private institutions, as well as autonomous bodies,
are carrying out various activities, including introducing microcredit in order to expedite the government’s
efforts of poverty reduction. Furthermore, the government is taking steps for the welfare of the country's
poor people by including old age allowance, widow allowance, and destitute women allowance in social
security provisions. In the revised budget for FY 2021-22, the allocation for the social security sector was
Tk. 1,11,467.00 crore, which increased by 1.89 percent to Tk 1,13,576.00 crore in FY 2022-23. This
allocation is 16.75 percent of the total budget and 2.55 percent of GDP.

Poverty Situation in Bangladesh 8th Five Year Plan (2020-2025) to reduce the
poverty rate to 15.6 percent by 2025. Despite the
Bangladesh has achieved significant stride in
global economic downturn imposed on by the
poverty alleviation through the concerted efforts
consequences of the Ukraine war and the Covid
of government development activities, private
epidemic, poverty rate of Bangladesh has
investment and multiple social enterprises.
According to Household Income and Expenditure decreased as a result of the government's planned
Survey (HIES) 2016, poverty rate declined to initiatives being put into action. Special emphasis
24.3 percent in 2016, which was 40.0 percent in has been placed on strengthening health,
2005. According to the preliminary report of the investment, production, employment, human
'Household Income and Expenditure Survey resource development, poverty alleviation and
(HIES) 2022', the current poverty rate in the social protection programmes to overcome the
country is 18.7 percent and the extreme poverty crisis of COVID-19 and advance the pace of
rate is 5.6 percent. Continuing this pace of development of the people. In order to transform
poverty alleviation, a target has been set in the the economy structurally, the government is
undertaking multifaceted development projects,

Chapter 13- Poverty Alleviation | 205

Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

while at the same time expanding the social 24.3% to 18.7%) during 2016-2022 period as
safety net's coverage in order to combat measured by the high poverty line. The
inequality and poverty and promote inclusive compound rate of poverty reduction during this
growth. In addition to the large development period averaged 4.27 percent. However, poverty
programmes, multi-faceted programmes are has decreased at a lower rate in urban areas than
being conducted simultaneously to meet the basic in rural areas (rural areas 5.9 percentage point,
needs of the backward, poor and helpless people urban areas 4.2 percentage point). On the other
of the society. hand, income poverty at the national level
decreased by 7.2 percentage points (from 31.5%
Trends of Poverty to 24.3%) during the period 2010-2016. The
According to the preliminary report of the annual compound rate of poverty reduction
'Household Income and Expenditure Survey during the same period was 4.23 percent. The
(HIES) 2022', income poverty at the national trends of poverty are depicted in Table 13.1.
level decreased by 5.6 percentage points (from

Figure 13.1: Trends in poverty reduction

60

48.9
50

40
40
34.3
31.5
(%)

30
25.1 24.3

17.6 18.7
20
12.9

10 5.6

0
HIE S 2 0 0 0 HIE S 2 0 0 5 HIE S 2 0 1 0 HIE S 2 0 1 6 HIE S 2 0 2 2
Poverty Extreme Poverty

Source: BBS, HIES-2022 Key Findings.

Chapter 13- Poverty Alleviation | 206

Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

Table 13.1: Trend of Income Poverty

Annual Change Annual Change Annual Change

2022 2016 (%) 2010 (%) 2005 (%)
(2016 to 2022) (2010 to 2016) (2005 to 2010)

Head Count Index

National 18.7 24.3 -4.27 31.5 -4.23 40.0 -4.67
Urban 14.7 18.9 -4.10 21.3 -1.97 28.4 -5.59
Rural 20.5 26.4 -4.13 35.2 -4.68 43.8 -4.28
Poverty Gap

National 3.8 5.0 -4.47 6.5 -4.28 9.0 -6.30

Urban 2.9 3.9 -4.82 4.3 -1.61 6.5 -7.93
Rural 4.2 5.4 -4.10 7.4 -5.12 9.8 -5.46
Squared Poverty Gap

National 1.2 1.5 -3.65 2.0 -4.68 2.9 -7.16

Urban 0.9 1.2 -4.68 1.3 -1.33 2.1 -9.15
Rural 1.3 1.7 -4.37 2.2 -4.21 3.1 -6.63
Source: BBS, HIES-2022 Key Findings.

Figure 13.2: Trend of Income Poverty

(National, Urban and Rural Areas)

43.8
40
35.2
31.5
28.4
26.4
(%)

24.3
21.3 20.5
18.9 18.7
14.7

2005 2010 2016 2022

National Urban Rural

Chapter 13- Poverty Alleviation | 207

Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

Household Income, Expenditure and 1995-96 to 2022 have been provided in Table
Consumption 13.2.
The statistics of household nominal income,
expenditure and consumption from the surveys

Table 13.2: Monthly Household Nominal Income, Expenditure and Consumption Expenditure by
Residence
(Taka)

Average monthly
Average monthly Average monthly
Year of Survey Residence Consumption
Income Expenditure
Expenditure
National 32422 31500 30603
2022 Rural 26163 26842 26207
Urban 45757 41424 39971
National 15988 15715 15420
2016 Rural 13398 14156 13868
Urban 22600 19697 19383
National 11479 11200 11003
2010 Rural 9648 9612 9436
Urban 16475 15531 15276

National 7203 6134 5964

2005 Rural 6095 5319 5165
Urban 10463 8533 8315
National 5842 4881 4537

2000 Rural 4816 4257 3879

Urban 9878 7337 7125

National 4366 4096 4026

1995-96 Rural 3658 3473 3426
Urban 7973 7274 7084
Source: BBS, HIES-2022.

the new survey of 2022, it has increased to

The Table 13.2 expresses that,
Tk. 32,422.
• Household nominal income, expenditure and
• Expenditure and consumption expenditure
consumption expenditure have been
also increased along with income. In 1995-
increased gradually.
96, the per capita monthly expenditure at the
• In 1995-96, the monthly household nominal national level was Tk. 4,090, in 2016 this
income was Tk. 4,366; which boosted up expenditure was Tk. 15,715. In 2022, it
3.66 times and rose to Tk. 15,988 in 2016. In increased to Tk. 31,500.

Chapter 13- Poverty Alleviation | 208

Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

• On the other hand, consumption expenditure • In rural areas, spending began to outstrip
at the national level in 1995-96 was Tk. income for the first time in 2016; this pattern
4,026. In HIES 2016, it increased to Tk. persisted in 2022.
15,420. In HIES 2022 survey, the average
Deciles Distribution of Income and Gini Co-
consumption expenditure per household has
efficient
increased to Tk. 30,603.
According to the surveys conducted in 2010 and
• In a general analysis it is found that there 2016, the ratio of income by deciles groups and
has been a slight increase in income Gini co-efficient in rural and urban areas are
compared to expenditure and consumption at presented in Table 13.3.
the national level from 1995-96 to 2022.

Table 13.3: Percentage Distribution of Income According to Households in Groups (Deciles) at

National Level and Gini Co-efficient

2016 2010
Household Income Group
National Rural Urban National Rural Urban
100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00
Lower 5% 0.23 0.25 0.27 0.78 0.88 0.76
Decile-1 1.02 1.06 1.17 2.00 2.23 1.98
Decile-2 2.83 2.99 3.04 3.22 3.53 3.09
Decile-3 4.05 4.36 4.1 4.10 4.49 3.95
Decile-4 5.13 5.52 5.00 5.00 5.43 5.01
Decile-5 6.28 6.58 6.15 6.01 6.43 6.31
Decile-6 7.48 7.89 6.88 7.32 7.65 7.64
Decile-7 9.06 9.52 8.88 9.06 9.31 9.30
Decile-8 11.25 11.80 10.4 11.50 11.50 11.87
Decile-9 14.86 15.51 13.47 15.94 15.54 16.08
Decile-10 38.09 34.78 41.37 35.85 33.89 34.77
Top 5% 27.82 24.19 32.09 24.61 22.93 23.39
Gini Co-efficient 0.482 0.454 0.498 0.458 0.431 0.452
Source: HEIS, 2016. Note: Details for 2022 are yet to be released.

• The percentage share of income of the lowed

Through a common analysis of Table 13.3, it is
5 percent households slightly decreased in
observed that-
2016 compare to 2010. It was 0.23 percent in
• Despite 50 percent of the total population HIES 2016 whereas 0.78 percent in 2010. The
belongs to decile-1 to decile-5, the income income shares of top 5 percent households
share of the households jointly shares only increased 3.21 percent in 2016.
19.27 percent of total income, Conversely, the • The Gini Co-efficient was 0.458 percent in
share of these five deciles was together 20.33 2010, which increased to 0.482 percent in
percent of total income in 2010. This points 2016. According to the preliminary report of
out that share of income by the lower five the 'Household Income and Expenditure
deciles comprising lower 50 percent people is Survey 2022', the Gini Co-efficient increased
1.06 percent lower in 2016 than that of 2010. to 0.499 percent. That is, the inequality

Chapter 13- Poverty Alleviation | 209

Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

between the rich and the poor has increased inequality between the rich and the poor has
somewhat in terms of income. decreased slightly in the rural areas, but it has
• In 2022, the Gini Co-efficient in rural areas increased in the urban ones.
decreased slightly (0.431% in 2010, increased Deciles Distribution of Consumption and Gini
to 0.454 % in 2016 and slightly decreased to Co-efficient
0.446 % in 2022). On the other hand, in urban
areas, the Gini Co-efficient increased to 0.539 The Table 13.4 points out deciles distribution of
percent in 2022 from 0.498 percent in the consumption of HEIS 2016 and 2010 by
2016 survey. That is, in terms of income, the residence for the surveys.

Table 13.4: Deciles Distribution of Consumption by Residence HIES 2016 and 2010

2016 2010
Household Expenditure Group
National Rural Urban National Rural Urban
Total/ Deciles 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00
Decile-1 3.7 4.00 3.44 3.85 4.36 3.40
Decile-2 4.94 5.28 4.75 5.00 5.57 4.66
Decile-3 5.80 6.14 5.67 5.84 6.41 5.54
Decile-4 6.64 6.96 6.55 6.63 7.22 6.42
Decile-5 7.51 7.81 7.51 7.48 8.03 7.37
Decile-6 8.54 8.79 8.60 8.48 8.97 8.48
Decile-7 9.84 9.94 10.07 9.73 10.01 10.01
Decile-8 11.59 11.58 11.91 11.49 11.63 12.03
Decile-9 14.61 14.15 15.26 14.59 14.07 15.06
Decile-10 26.83 25.35 26.23 26.90 23.63 27.03
Gini Co-efficient 0.324 0.300 0.330 0.321 0.275 0.338
Source: BBS, HIES-2016. Note: Details for 2022 are yet to be released.

words, the inequality between the rich and

Table 13.4 discloses that,
the poor in terms of consumption has
• Consumptions of families belonging to decreased slightly in rural areas.
deciles 1, 2, 3 and 10, reduced a little in 2016
• On the other hand, the Gini Co-efficient in
than 2010. Conversely, consumptions of
urban areas decreased slightly in 2016, but in
other deciles groups increased slightly.
the preliminary report of the HIES 2022, it
• The Gini Co-efficient increased slightly increased slightly (in 2010 it was 0.338%, in
during the same period (from 0.321% in 2016 it decreased slightly to 0.330%, in 2022
2010, increasing to 0.324% in 2016). The it increased to 0.356%).
Gini Co-efficient increased to 0.334 percent
in 2022. Poverty rates in 8 Divisions
• In 2022 the Gini Co-efficient in rural areas The head count ratio of incidence of poverty in
decreased slightly (in 2010 it was 0.275 %, in eight administrative divisions using CBN method
2016 it increased to 0.300 %, in 2022 it is described in Table 13.5.
decreased slightly to 0.291 %). In other

Chapter 13- Poverty Alleviation | 210

Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

Table 13.5: Division wise Incidence of Poverty (HCR) by CBN Method (in percentage)

Divisions 2016 2010

Using the Upper Poverty Line

Total Rural Urban Total Rural Urban
Dhaka 16.0 19.2 12.5 30.5 38.8 18.0
Sylhet 16.2 15.6 19.5 28.1 30.5 15.0
Chattogram 18.4 19.4 15.9 26.2 31.0 11.8
Barishal 26.5 25.7 30.4 39.4 39.2 39.9
Khulna 27.5 27.3 28.3 32.1 31.0 35.8
Rajshahi 28.9 30.6 22.5 29.8 30.0 29.0
Mymensing 32.8 32.9 32.0 - - -
Rangpur 47.2 48.2 41.5 42.3 44.5 27.9
Using the Lower Poverty Line
Dhaka 7.2 10.7 3.3 15.6 23.5 3.8
Chattogram 8.7 9.6 6.5 13.1 16.2 4.0
Sylhet 11.5 11.8 9.5 20.7 23.5 5.5
Khulna 12.4 13.1 10.0 15.4 15.2 16.4
Rajshahi 14.2 15.2 10.7 21.6 22.7 15.6
Barishal 14.5 14.9 12.2 26.7 27.3 24.2
Mymensing 17.6 18.3 13.8 - - -
Rangpur 30.5 31.3 26.3 27.7 29.4 17.2
Source: BBS, HIES-2016. Note: Details for 2022 are yet to be released.

Strategies to reduce poverty and inequality

Table 13.5 indicates that,
Making Vision 2041 a Reality: Perspective
• Except Rangpur division poverty rate reduced
Plan of Bangladesh 2021-2041
in all other division in 2016 compare to 2010.
The Vision 2041 seeks to eradicate extreme
• Rangpur division has the highest incidence of
poverty by 2030 and to reach upper middle-
poverty at 47.2 percent. On the other hand,
income country by 2031; and to eliminate
Dhaka division has the lowest incidence of
poverty by reaching high income country. Two
poverty at 16.0 percent.
principal visions that underpin the PP204l
• Incidence of poverty has appreciably declined include — (i) Bangladesh will be a developed
in Dhaka division compared to other country by 2041, with per capita income of over
divisions. The reduction rate is almost half US$ 12,500 in today’s prices, and fully in tune
(16% in 2016 from 30.5% in 2010). with the digital world, (ii) Poverty will become a
thing of the past in Sonar Bangla. The 20-year
• In Barisal, Khulna and Sylhet division,
long-term plan will pursue the following
poverty rate is higher in urban areas than rural
strategic objectives as essential components of
and
economic policy:
• Urban poverty in Sylhet and Chattogram
• Eradication of Extreme Poverty by 2031;
division increased in 2016 though the average
reducing Poverty to less than 3 percent by
poverty rate decreased compare to 2010.
2041;

Chapter 13- Poverty Alleviation | 211

Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

• Towards Upper middle-income country by for the period from July 2020 to June 2025. 8th
2031 and High-income country by 2034; Five Year Plan would be instrumental in
• Structural Transformation of attaining Sustainable Development Goals
Industrialization with export-oriented (SDGs), realising Bangladesh Delta Plan (BDP)-
manufacturing; 2100 for a smooth transition following the LDC
• Ensuring nutrition and food security by graduation. The plan blends the COVID-19
paradigm Shifts in Agriculture; recovery strategies in the macroeconomic
• Transformation of the rural agrarian framework and develops sectoral strategies. The
economy to a primarily industrial and digital 8th FYP focuses on two key themes – promoting
economy by providing bridge form future prosperity and inclusive growth. In line with the
service sector; development principle of ‘Leaving No One
• Sustainable Urban transition; Behind’, the plan has taken targeted strategies
• Efficient Energy and sustainable and activities for the communities and regions
Infrastructure; lagging behind in various economic and social
• Building a Bangladesh resilient of climate development indicators. The 8th Five Year Plan
change; has set a target of bringing down the poverty rate
to 15.6 percent using the high poverty line and
• Establishing Bangladesh as a knowledge hub
7.4 percent of extreme poverty using the low
and skilled-based society.
poverty line by 2025. Table 13.6 shows the
The 8th Five Year Plan (8th FYP) projection of poverty alleviation under the 8th
The 8th Five Year Plan is being implemented by Five Year Plan.
various Ministries/Departments/Organisations

Table 13.6: Projection of Poverty Alleviation during 8th Five Year Plan

Poverty Line 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025

Reduction of Moderate Poverty

Poverty Elasticity to GDP - - 1.20 1.20 1.20
Upper poverty line (% of population) 23.0 20.0 18.5 17.0 15.6
Reduction of Extreme Poverty
Poverty Elasticity to GDP - - 1.40 1.40 1.40
Upper poverty line (% of population) 12.0 10.0 9.10 8.30 7.40

Source: General Economics Division. Planning Commission.

Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and implementing the SDGs, the universality and
Bangladesh integrated-multidimensional natures of SDGs
have been taken into consideration. Innovative
The United Nations has announced the
and knowledge-based initiatives are applied, and
Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) for the
the highest priorities are given to the extreme-
period 2016-2030. SDGs have been announced
vulnerable poor communities. The government
with 17 goals and 169 targets and 241 indicators
adopted a whole-of-society approach to
to be implemented within the stipulated time. The
implementing SDGs.
Government of Bangladesh is firmly committed
to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals Reviewing the progress of SDGs indicates that
(SDGs) announced by the United Nations. While Bangladesh has already achieved considerable

Chapter 13- Poverty Alleviation | 212

Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

progress in certain areas of SDGs. According to Development of the Living standards of the Bede
the preliminary report of the Household Income community; Development Programmes for the
and Expenditure Survey 2022, the poverty rate in quality of life of backward community;
the country is currently 18.7 percent and the Disability Identification Survey Programme;
extreme poverty rate is 5.6 percent. Bangladesh Rehabilitation and alternative employment for
has made remarkable progress in reducing the people involved with begging; Financial support
number of women who die from any cause Programmes for patients with cancer, kidney and
related to pregnancy or childbirth per 1,00,000 liver cirrhosis, stroke paralysis, congenital heart
live births. Bangladesh has successfully reduced disease and thalassemia and Life Improvement
the Maternal Mortality Ratio (MMR), which Programme for Tea Workers. In FY 2022-23 a
dropped to 163 per 1,00,000 live births in 2020 total of Tk. 1,13,576 crore has been allocated for
from 447 in 1995. It has been possible to bring social safety net programmes. The allocation is
down the under-5 mortality rate from 125 per 16.75 percent of the budget and 2.55 percent of
lakh in 1995 to 28 in 2020. Bangladesh has GDP of the same fiscal year.
achieved equality in ensuring access to education
Important Social Safety-net programmes in
across gender and geographical areas. The
FY2022-23:
country has made remarkable progress over the
last two decades by raising the gross enrolment • Government has allocated a total of Tk.
ratio at the pre-primary level from 17 percent in 74,64.77 crore for Old Age Allowance,
2000 to around 34 percent in 2016. Bangladesh allowance for the Widows and Husband
has achieved Gender Parity Index (GPI) value Deserted Women, allowance for the Persons
higher than one at the primary and secondary with Disabilities and Stipend Programme for
levels. However, in technical education and the Students with Disabilities under the
disability, the value of GPI is 0.37 and 0.64, coverage of Social Safety Net programmes in
respectively. In addition to this, according to the FY 2022-23, which is 8.89 percent more
Global Gender Gap Report 2022 by World than the previous financial year.
Economic Forum, Bangladesh is placed 71 out of • The number of elderly beneficiaries of Old
146 countries. It has remained the best- Age Allowance is 57.01 lakh, Widows and
performing South Asian country for eight Husband Deserted Women is 24.75 lakh and
consecutive years. According to the data Stipend Programme for the Students with
available, Bangladesh is on the right track in Disabilities is 1 lakh in FY 2022-23 under
implementing the SDGs. Social SafetyNet programmes.
• Number of disability allowance beneficiaries
On-going Social Safety-net Programmes
increased from 20.08 lakh to 23.65 lakh in
The government has been continuing the social FY 2022-23 and monthly allowance
safety net programmes with a view to alleviating increased from Tk. 750 to Tk. 850.
poverty through the improvement of socio- • At present, the total number of beneficiaries
economic condition of the ultra-poor. Notable of these four programmes under the social
among the social security programmes are- Old security programme is 106.41 lakh, which is
age Allowance Programme; Widow and Husband about 3.47 percent more than the total
deserted Women Allowances; Disability beneficiaries of the previous financial year.
Allowance Programme; Education Stipend for • With the aim of building a digital
Students with Disabilities; Development of the Bangladesh, allowances are currently being
Living standards of the Hijra community; given to all individuals under the digital

Chapter 13- Poverty Alleviation | 213

Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

management system for the convenience of • Efforts are being made to speed up circulation
the beneficiaries. 106.41 lakh beneficiaries of existing revolving microcredit funds with
under social security programme are institutions like Rural Development Board,
receiving benefits through G2P system Department of Youth Development,
through MFS institutions 'Nagad', 'Bkash' Department of Social Welfare, Department of
and agent banking. Women Affairs, Department of Fisheries,
• Necessary efforts have been taken to Department of Livestock, BSIC etc.
continue the speed of microcredit and The budget allocation for the FY 2021-22 and
investment fund which are deposited to Palli FY 2022-23 for the social security and social
Karma Sahayak Foundation (PKSF) and empowerment sector is presented in Table 13.7
Social Development Foundation (SDF). with the aim of implementing the above-
mentioned initiatives.

Table 13.7: Allocation Pattern of Social Safety-net Programmes and Social Empowerment
(In Crore Taka)
Programmes 2021-22 2022-23
(Revised) Budget
Various allowances 35917.30 41821.30
Food Security and Employment Generation Programmes 15766.90 15407.71
Stipend Programmes 4306.52 4416.96
Cash/Transfer of Materials (Special Programmes) 25267.31 27105.80
Credit Support Programmes 1622.48 78.00
Assistance for Special Communities 625.10 690.43
Various Funds and Programmes 15403.28 10496.46
Ongoing Development Projects/programmes 11970.02 12801.61
New Projects/Programmes 528.00 756.24
Total 111467.00 113576.00
Source: Finance Division

Cash Transfer under Social Safety-net who are 65 and in case of women who are 62
Programmes will be under this programme. In FY 2022-23
an amount of Tk. 3444.54 crore has been
The government provides cash transfer under
allocated and the number of beneficiaries has
social safety-net programme along with food
been increased from 49 lakh to 57.01 lakh, who
assistance, food for work, OMS and so on. In
will receive Tk. 500 as monthly allowance.
FY 2022-23 an amount of Tk. 41,821.30 crore
has been allocated in the revised budget for Allowance Programme for Widow, Deserted
Various allowances programmes. Some selected and Destitute Women: In order to protect and
cash transfer programmes under the empower the poor, risky and disadvantaged
overallsocial safety-net programmes are women,the government of Bangladesh
described in brief below: introduced the 'Widow and Husband Deserted
Women Allowance' programme in 1998-99.
Old Age Allowance Programme: This
Initially, under this programme, 4.03 lakh
programme was initiated in 1997-98. At the
women received Tk. 100 as monthly allowance.
outset 5 men and 5 women per ward were paid
The number of beneficiaries has been increased
Tk. 100 the number of beneficiaries and
to 24.75 lakh in FY 2021-22, who are receiving
allowance rate has been increased gradually.
Tk. 500.
Poor and risky elderly people, in case of men

Chapter 13- Poverty Alleviation | 214

Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

Maternity Allowance for Poor Mother: This FY 2018-19, every Freedom Fighter who is
programme introduced as social safety-net alive has been given Tk. 5,000 as Victory Day
programme in FY 2007-08 in order to provide Allowance and for all Freedom Fighters,
financial assistance to the poor mother. It not 2,000 Tk of the honorarium has been given
only gives allowance facilities but also arranges as Bangla New Year allowance. In the revised
different types of awareness building training budget FY 2021-22, there was an allocation of
related to health and nutrition. Earlier, a poor Tk. 4,603.35 crore for freedom fighter
mother gets Tk. 500 each month under this honorarium allowance. This allocation has
programme. From the FY 2018-19, the increased to Tk. 4,653.35 crore in FY 2022-23.
allowance increases into Tk. 800 per month.
Honorarium and Medical Allowance for
The number of beneficiaries is 7.70 lakh in FY
Injured Freedom Fighters and Shaheed
2021-22.
(Martyr) Families: The government is also
Working Lactating Mother Assistance Fund: working for the welfare of the family of martyrs
This programme started from FY 2010-11. This and war-wounded freedom fighters. Separate
allowance is provided to working poor mothers programmes have been initiated for the
in urban areas to support maternal health and treatment and honorarium of martyr’s family
full development of their unborn child or new and war-wounded freedom fighters. This
born child. Dhaka, Narayanganj and Gazipur programme was introduced with a view to
garment industrial areas and all city improving living standards and retains the
corporations/municipalities of the country have sound health of the wounded freedom fighters
been included in this programme. Earlier, a and member of shaheed families. Under this
mother used to get this support for 24 months programme, Tk. 4,603.35 crore have been
by paying Tk. 500 per month. Both the amount allocated in FY 2021-22. The allocation for 0.13
and duration of allowance have been increased lakh beneficiaries has been increased to Tk.
from FY 2018-19. A mother gets this support 472.45 crore in FY 2022-23. The programme is
for 36 months by paying Tk. 800 per month. In playing a role in improving the quality of life
FY 2021-22, an allocation of Tk. 276.65 crore and maintaining good health of the freedom
has been made for this sector and the number of fighters.
beneficiaries is 2.75 lakh.
Training and Microcredit Programme for
Honorarium Programme for Freedom the Freedom Fighters and their Dependents
Fighters: The government has been working Self-employment: This programme has been
relentlessly for improving the lifestyle of implemented to provide skill development
freedom fighters, the heroes of the training to the insolvent freedom fighters and
nation. At present, a freedom fighter gets Tk. their dependents. It improves the living
20,000 per month as honorarium. Two festival standards and creates employment opportunities
Allowance of each Tk. 10,000 per years also for them. Microcredit is delivered to them with
awarded. Besides, Monthly honorarium and a view to creating self-employment by utilising
Two festival Allowance of each Tk. 10,000 per the training skill. From FY 2003-04 to FY
years Allowance is given to the gallantry 2020-21, a total of Tk. 41.25 crore allocated for
Freedom Fighters. At present, Tk. 35,000 for this programme as revolving fund. In FY 2022-
Bir Shresthas, Tk. 25,000 for Bir Uttams, Tk. 23, Tk. 2 crore allocated for this programme.
20,000 for Bir Bikrams and Bir Pratiks are Moreover, it has been estimated to distribute
given as monthly allowances. Moreover, from

Chapter 13- Poverty Alleviation | 215

Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

Tk. 8.50 crore as loan and to recover Tk. 10.00 Development of the Living standards of the
crore during FY 2022-23 under this programme. Bede community: This programme was
implemented as a pilot in 7 districts of the
Allowance for the Financially Insolvent country namely Dhaka, Chattogram, Dinajpur,
Disabled Citizens: The Insolvent Disability Patuakhali, Jessore, Naogaon and Habiganj
Allowance Programme was introduced in FY districts in FY 2012-13. Currently, this
2005-06. Under this program, an allowance was programme is being implemented in a total of
given at the rate of Tk. 200 to 1,04,166 disabled 64 districts. The amount allocated in FY 2021-
people. The number of beneficiaries has 22 is Tk. 9.23 lakh and the number of
increased from 20.08 lakh to 23.65 lakh and in beneficiaries is 9,314.
FY 2022-23 monthly allowance has increased
Living Quality Improvement Program for
from Tk. 750 to Tk. 850, who are receiving
Backward Communities: In FY 2019-20, this
Tk.750 as monthly allowance and Tk. 2,429.18
program is being run as a separate programme
crores have been allocated for this programme.
called ‘Living standards development program
Stipend for the Disabled Students: With the for the backward people’. In FY 2022-23, the
aim of ensuring education for the children with total number of beneficiaries is 68,363,
disabilities that they can participate in national including 45,250 elderly/special beneficiaries of
development through higher education, the backward beneficiaries, 2,1903 receiving
Government launches 'Education Scholarship educational allowances at 4 levels, 1,210 person
Programme for Students with Disabilities' receiving socio-economic training. The amount
through the Ministry of Social Welfare in the allocated in FY 2022-23 is Tk. 57.87 crore.
FY 2007-08. Initially, the number of Programme for Improving the Livelihood of
beneficiaries under this programme was 12,209 Transgender (Hizra) People: The government
people. Under this programme in FY 2022-23, works for the transgender (Hizra) people, the
monthly stipends of Tk. 750, Tk. 800, Tk. 900 neglected community of the society. In
and Tk. 1,300 are being provided at the primary, FY2012-13, the government started this
secondary, higher secondary and higher levels programme at seven districts as pilot basis.
respectively. In FY 2022-23, the number of Now, the programme is executing whole of the
stipend recipients is 1 lakh and the budget has country. In FY 2022-23, a total of Tk. 5.56
allocated Tk. 95.64 crore for this programme. crore has been allocated for this programme. It
Capitation Grant for Non-government is estimated that 5,745 transgender people
directly benefited through this programme.
Orphanage: A capitation grant is provided for
up to 50 percent of orphans in institutions where Programmes under Food Assistance
minimum 10 orphans are housed in private Food Friendly Programme: In 2016, the
orphanages registered by Department of Social branding programme of Honorable Prime
Services. Out of a total budget allocation of Tk. minister ‘Food Friendly Programme’ was
280 crore in FY 2022-23, a capitation grant of launched. Under this programme, 50 lakh ultra-
Tk. 140 crore has been provided at the rate of poor families (Widows, elderly, women led
Tk. 2,000 per person (from July 2022 to family, women led downstream poor families)
December 2022) for the maintenance of living in the union level are enlisted. The
1,16,666 residents in 4,143 private orphanages. families enlisted in this programme are
distributed 30 kg rice per month in the workless

Chapter 13- Poverty Alleviation | 216

Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

month/lean season at Tk. 10 kg. In the current programme. Under the Rural infrastructure
FY 2021-2022 (up to 17 February, 2022), 4.50 Reform (Kabikha-Kabita) programme, Tk.
lack MT of rice have been distributed under this 826.44 crore and Tk. 1,500 crore have been
programme and the allocation for this sector allocated in the revised budget for FY 2021-22
was Tk. 2,816.72 crore and the beneficiaries under the food for work (kabikha) and taka for
were 62.50 lakh people. In FY 2022-23 Tk. work (kabita) programmes respectively. In FY
2,543.88 crores have been allocated for 62.50 2022-23, this allocation has been increased to
lakh beneficiaries Tk. 876.27 crore in Kabikha and Tk. 1,500 crore
has been kept unchanged in Kabita.
Initiatives Open Market Sale (OMS): This
programme is initiated to ensure the food Vulnerable Group Feeding (VGF)
security of the low-income people. As a result, Programme: This assistance is usually
people of low and limited income can purchase provided to the affected families in the post-
flour and rice. In FY 2021-22 (up to 17 February, disaster period until the livelihoods of the poor
2022), 2.98 lakh MT of rice and 2.83 lakh MT of people are restored. 20-40 kg monthly per
flour have been distributed. In the revised budget of family is given this support for 2 to 5 months.
FY 2021-22, the allocation for this sector was Apart from this, fishermen refraining from
Tk.1,943.58 crores and in FY 2022-23 this harvesting mother hilsa and jatka also get VGF
allocation has been Tk.1,720.13 crores. assistance. Poor people also get VGF assistance
during various religious festivals. In FY 2021-
Distribution of Fortified Rice under
22, the allocation for this sector was Tk. 961.96
Vulnerable Group Development: Ministry of
crore and in FY 2022-23, the allocation has
Food started the distribution of Pushti Chal or
been Tk. 991.07 crore.
fortified rice from the first half of 2014 in Five
(05) upazilas of three districts. On the occasion Test Relief (TR) programme: TR assistance is
of the golden jubilee of independence, Fortified provided as emergency cash to poor people
Rice has been being distributed in 170 during calamities. In FY 2021-22, an amount of
upazilla’s including 70 new upazillas under the Tk. 1,450 crore has been allocated under this
VGD programme in 2021. Fortified rice is being programme. This allocation remains unchanged
distributed in 170 upzillas still now. in FY 2022-23. The number of beneficiaries
under this program is 3.69 lakh.
On the other hand, Fortified rice enriched with
vitamin-A, vitamin-B-1, vitamin B-12, folic Employment Programme for Ultra-Poor:
acid, iron and zinc to meet the micronutrient This programme was first started in FY 2008-09
requirement of vulnerable people. In the FY as 100 days job creation. Later, from FY 2009-
2016-17, the Distribution of Fortified Rice 10, this programme was started all over the
under Food Friendly Program (FFP) was started country by giving priority to the extremely poor
as a pilot project in Kurigram Sadar and and working unemployed people in the rural
Fulbari upazilas. On the occasion of the golden areas. The objective of the programme is to: (a)
jubilee of independence, fortified Rice has been Increase employment and purchasing power for
distributed in 100 upazilla including 50 new the poorest unemployed people in Bangladesh;
upazilla in Food Friendly Programme (FFP) in (b) Create wealth for the population and the
2021. Fortified rice is being distributed in 251 country in general; and (c) Improve
upzialla still now. infrastructure and communication development,
proper maintenance and development of
Food For Work (Kabikha) and Taka For
environment. In FY 2022-23, the allocation for
Work (Kabita) Programmes: Ministry of
this sector is Tk. 1,830.00 crore and the number
Disaster Management and Relief conducts these
of beneficiaries is 5.18 lakh.

Chapter 13- Poverty Alleviation | 217

Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

housing loan to the beneficiaries for a maximum

Ongoing Programmes/Projects under the
period of 7 years at 5.50 percent simple interest.
Social Safety-net
At present, housing loan activities are being
Ashrayan-2 (Poverty Alleviation and carried out through 669 institutions across the
Rehabilitation) Project country with a ceiling of Tk. 1,30,000 per
Ashrayan project was commenced in 1997 for household. The construction work of 99,172
rehabilitating the landless, homeless and houses has been completed through
rootless families. About 1,68,048 families have disbursement of loans of Tk. 536.60 crore up to
been rehabilitated by Ashrayan project through February 2023.
construction of barrack houses of 2,172 project As a part of the measures taken by the
villages across the country and 1,53,853 government to deal with the situation caused by
families through constructing houses on their Covid and to recover the economy, the
own land, and 600 families through specially installments of loans payable to the
designed homes (Tong Ghar in three hill organizations implementing the home loan
districts and Barguna). Cyclone Amphan and program and the beneficiary borrowers from
river erosion affected 1,100 families have been 01/04/2020 to 31/12/2020 have been suspended
settled by constructing houses funded by and the interest on the installments for the
Bangladesh Bank's housing fund (Grihayon period has been waived by 50 percent. On the
Tohobil). On the occasion of Mujibborsho, 2 occasion of Mujibborsho, a special loan
percent Khas land settlement has been allocated allocation of Tk 130.00 crore has been provided
for housing construction of 2,37,831 families in favor of 61 organizations for the construction
through the construction of two-room semi- of 10,000 houses, from which 5,440 houses
pucca single houses. have been completed through February 2023
through Tk. 70.72 crore loan concession.
On July 23, 2020 the Hon’ble Prime Minister
Sheikh Hasina, as a gift of Mujibborsho, Apart from housing construction activities, a
provided 640 flats to 640 climate refugee 12-storey women's hostel has been constructed
families in 20 multi-storied buildings under The Dept. of Women Affairs to
constructed in the first phase of the Khurushkul accommodate 744 women workers at Ashulia in
Special Ashrayan Project. Rehabilitation Savar under Dhaka district at a cost of Tk.
activities of 3,769 families are in progress in the 24.61 crore with the funding of Grihayan
second phase of the Khurushkul Special Tahobil for housing of poor women garment
Ashrayan Project. According to future plan of workers. Besides, construction of hostel at a
the Hon’ble Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina, the cost of Tk. 26.27 crore has been completed for
rest of the homeless and landless families will the accommodation of women workers working
be rehabilitated phase by phase. in industrial establishments at Mongla EPZ
under BEPZA. The hostel has accommodated
Grihayan Tahabil 1,008 female workers. Besides, 191 houses have
Grihayan Tahabil was launched in FY 1997-98 been constructed by Bangladesh Krishi Bank
considering the housing problem along with named a project ‘Ghore Phera’. Apart from the
reducing poverty of homeless poor and low- implementation of loan activities, a grant of Tk.
income rural people. The Housing Loan 29.92 crore has been distributed among the
Implementing Agency borrows only 1.5 percent families affected by various natural calamities.
simple interest from this fund and disburses In addition to the implementation of the loan

Chapter 13- Poverty Alleviation | 218

Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

programme, Tk. 29.92 crore have been farmers, creating stability of commodity prices,
distributed among the families affected by creating employment opportunities through
various natural disasters. providing training and services, improving the
quality of life of the backward and backward
Poverty Alleviation Activities of Rural
populations, and especially human
Development and Co-operative Division
development. Co-operative societies spread
A number of projects and Programmes are across the country are conducting various
being implemented by various Departments and economic activities and have a special role in
Organisations of Rural Development and Co- the economic development of themselves and
operative Division (RDCD) to reduce poverty the entire country. In Bangladesh, cooperative
and to make rural people self-dependent through societies are organized at four levels, primary,
micro-credit activities for increasing economic central, national and nationwide. At present (Up
growth, employment and enhancing human to September, 2022), the total number of
resource development. The poverty alleviation registered cooperatives in the country is
and social security projects of RDCD and the 1,92,050. Among them, the number of primary
activities of some organisations and foundations co-operative societies are 1,90,585, the central
affiliated to the department are summarised co-operation number are 1,211, the national
below: association are 22 and nationwide societies are
Comprehensive Village Development 232. The total number of members of the
rd
Programme (CVDP) 3 Phase cooperative societies are 1,21,47,838 people,
the share capital is about Tk. 2696.01 crore, the
The project ‘Comprehensive Village savings deposit amount is Tk. 14253.56 crore
Development Programme (CVDP)-3rd phase’ is and the working capital is Tk. 22640.14 crore.
being implemented to reduce the level of With a view to making co-operative activities
poverty and to improve the quality of life of the fruitful and dynamic in the country the
people in the poverty-stricken area of rural Department of Co-operative implement
Bangladesh. During the project period (January, different projects/programmes time to time. At
2018 to December, 2023), a total of 6,68,230 this moment two projects tilled ‘Establishment
members of the cooperatives (both men and of Bangabandhu Model Village in the Light of
women) will be trained for different duration. Bangabandhu's People-Oriented Cooperative
Targeted output/physical targets of the project Thought’ and ‘Expansion of Cooperative
are: number of Society formation 10,035 and Activities in Jessore and Meherpur Districts to
number of member enrolment 14,50,000. Till Create Rural Employment through Dairy and
February, 2023 about 9,256 Societies have been Meat Production’ and 'Extension of Dairy
formed and 9,28,108 members have been Cooperative Activities in Milk Shortage
enrolled. Through the project some 4,25,610 Upazilas' are implementing by the department.
members have been trained with different types
of training like special training, income Bangladesh Rural Development Board
generating activity training and monthly joint- (BRDB)
meeting and E-Learning.
Bangladesh Rural Development Board (BRDB)
Department of Co-operatives is playing a vital role in rural development and
Cooperatives have been playing an important poverty alleviation sectors. BRDB is
role in increasing agricultural production, mainstreaming small, medium and marginal
ensuring fair value of the products produced by farmers, assetless male and female of rural areas

Chapter 13- Poverty Alleviation | 219

Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

in developing activities through locally action researches. At present, BARD has been
organizing, intensive training and motivation, conducting research on various diversified
formation of own capital, asset and technology fields of rural development like post Training
transfer, micro and SME credit disbursement utilization study on Training Courses of
and product-based village development. BRDB Comprehensive Village Development
has successfully completed 118 Programme (CVDP), The 4th Industrial
projects/programmes all over the country. At Revolution (4 IR) and the Changing Patterns of
present, BRDB is operating 7 ADP listed Employment: Readiness of Rural Youth in
projects/ programmes regarding to poverty Bangladesh, Occupational Participation of
alleviation and social empowerment. These are: Women: Trends in Last Three Decades, No-till
(a) Employment Guarantees Scheme for Poor of Agricultural Mechanisation and Collective Farm
the Northern Region (UDKONIK)-2nd Phase; Management: A Study in the Light of Empirical
(b) Participatory Rural Development Project-3 Research by BARD, Divorce in rural
(PRDP-3); (c) Gaibandha Integrated Rural Bangladesh: Remedy and development etc.
Poverty Alleviation Project; (d) Poverty
Rural Development Academy (RDA), Bogura
Reduction through High Valued Nutritious
Minor Crops Production and Marketing Rural Development Academy (RDA), Bogura
Programme; (e) Rural livelihood Programme arranges training courses on modern
(RLP)-3rd Phase; f) Integrated Rural technology transfer, skilled development and
Employment Support Programme for the Poor human resource development. This academy
Women (IRESPPW)-2nd Phase and g) has organised 174 training courses during the
Comprehensive Village Development March 2022 to December 2022 where 31,314
Programme (CVDP) (BRDB’s Part). Besides, 6 participants were attended and total 6,50,231
programmes including poverty alleviation, participants attended from the beginning
women's empowerment, credit programmes are (June 1974). From March 2022 to December
ongoing under BRDB's own management. Up to 2022, a total 9 number of research studies
February 2023, BRDB cumulatively disburses have been completed by RDA and a total of
Tk. 21,810.45 crore. On the contrary, a total of 537 research and 47 action research projects
have been completed since its inception. At
Tk. 19,731.18 crore has been recovered at the
present, 4 ongoing action research projects are
same period.
implementing by RDA in various locations of
Bangladesh Academy for Rural Development Bangladesh. RDA, Bogura and Bangabandhu
(BARD) Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural
BARD has been conducting training to University, Gazipur have jointly launched 'Post
government and non-government officials, local Graduate Diploma-in Rural Development'
representatives involved in rural development course for the first time in Bangladesh; by 2022,
and beneficiaries of different projects of BARD a total of 113 graduates have obtained this
degree. From March 2022 to February 2021, a
with the aim of developing the livelihood of
total 15 number of research studies have been
rural people. Since its inception up to February
completed by RDA and a total of 528 research
2023, BARD has conducted 8,904 training
and 44 action research projects have been
courses where 3,04,560 participants attended.
completed since its inception. At present, 6
Since its inception up to December 2022,
ongoing action research projects are
BARD has conducted 718 researches. At
implementing by RDA in various locations of
present the Academy has been conducting 32
Bangladesh. RDA-credit has disbursed Tk.

Chapter 13- Poverty Alleviation | 220

Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

164.73 crore as soft loan under various projects cumulatively as collateral-free credit support
from FY 2000-01 to December 2022, loan and against that an amount of Tk. 1,498.97
recovery amount is Tk. 158.23 crore and loan crore has been recovered through weekly and
recovery rate is 91.74 percent. monthly installment basis during the period.
The recovery rate of credit stands to 97.51
Palli Daridro Bimochon Foundation (PDBF)
percent.
Palli Daridro Bimochon Foundation (PDBF) is
Bangabandhu Academy for Poverty
working with a view to promote the economic
Alleviation and Rural Development
and social advancement of the poorest segment
(BAPARD)
of the rural poor in Bangladesh. The
organisation focuses on elimination of poverty Bangabandhu Poverty Alleviation Training
through creation of solidary groups, Complex established at Kotalipara upazila of
mobilisation of micro savings, provision of Gopalgonj district in 1997. The mission of the
micro credit and training for income generation complex is to improve livelihood by getting rid
and creation of new wealth. The cumulative of poverty of rural people especially living in
loan of Tk. 21,494.45 crores has been extended the south-western part of the country. Later on,
to the beneficiary members. An amount of Tk. it was renamed as `Bangabandhu Academy for
313.52 crores has been disbursed to 15,571 Poverty Alleviation and Rural Development
beneficiaries under the financial incentive (BAPARD)’ in 2012. BAPARD mainly
package announced by the government. This conducts training and research and arranges
rural credit programme was launched targeting training programmes for government and non-
cottage, small and medium industries. The government officials. It organises workshops,
programme also aimed at improving the quality conferences and seminars related to rural
of life of marginalised people in rural areas in development and poverty alleviation as well.
the face of COVID-19. As a result, about 85 Moreover, BAPARD executes training on
lakh people have been benefited from the various income generating activities on farming
services of PDBF directly and indirectly and and off-farming sector for self-employment of
employment opportunities have also been small and marginal farmers and landless
created for them. unemployed people. From January 2010 to
January 2023, a total of 35,558 people has been
Small Farmers Development Foundation
trained in various categories regarding income
(SFDF)
enhancement of the beneficiaries and skill
The main objective of the Small Farmers development of office/organisational staff.
Development Foundation (SFDF) is to improve 2,945 trainees were provided free sewing
the socio-economic conditions of small farmers machines. A total of 25 research projects have
and marginal farmer families living in the rural been completed on various subjects to develop
areas of the country and alleviate poverty. At approaches to poverty alleviation.
present its activities are being conducted in 200
Employment Programmes of
upazilas of 36 districts. Under the Foundation,
Karmasangsthan Bank
2,46,699 men/women have been enrolled till
December, 2022 through the establishment of The government established Karmasangsthan
9,586 centres at the village level. Among the Bank in 1998 to create self-employment
Foundation's beneficiary’s 94 percent are opportunities for unemployed youths especially,
women. Among the members, an amount of educated unemployed youths. The bank
Tk. 1,752.12 crore has been disbursed provides loan to involve the youth in

Chapter 13- Poverty Alleviation | 221

Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

productive, service oriented and income the same period an amount of Tk. 105.25
generating activities through its 275 branches crore has been recovered.
across the country. So far, a total of 33,00,738
• Credit Programme for Agro-based
people has been directly and indirectly
Industries
employed through 9,14,332 projects.
With the financial support of the Ministry of
Bangabandhu Youth Credit programme
Finance Karmasangsthan Bank has been
'Bangabandhu Youth Credit' programme has conducting this programme. An amount of
been adopted to generate employment Tk. 69.27 crore has been disbursed among
opportunities and to poverty alleviation on the beneficiaries till February, 2023. As a
occasion of the birth centenary of the father of result, 2,399 entrepreneurs who are
the nation the great Bangabandhu Sheikh involved in agro-based industry directly
Mujibur Rahman. Hon'ble Prime Minister benefited.
Sheikh Hasina has termed the 'Bangabandhu
• Covid-19 Credit Assistance Programme
Youth Credit' programme as a startup
for Poverty Alleviation and Employment
programme. Under this programme, a detailed
Generation
action plan has been adopted and is being
implemented to provide loans to 2.00 lakh The Ministry of Finance aims to bring
trained unemployed youth. Under this dynamism in the economy to resolve the
programme, an amount of Tk. 2,590.19 crore impact of COVID-19 by creating
has been disbursed in favor of 1,46,675 employment in various sectors as well as
entrepreneurs till February, 2023. maintaining production and supply. For this
purpose, Tk. 500.00 crore was provided as
Own Loan Programme of the
capital deficit in favour of Karmasangsthan
Karmasangsthan Bank:
Bank in FY 2020-2021. Under the
Under Own Credit Programme of bank, a total programme, Tk. 634.80 crore has been
of Tk. 7,339.12 crore has been disbursed among disbursed in favour of 36,426 entrepreneurs
total number of 6,58,529 entrepreneurs till till February 2023.
February, 2023. At the same period an amount
• Loan Assistance Program Under Newly
of Tk. 7,133.19 crore has been recovered.
Announced Incentive Package No. 4 in
• Microcredit Programme for Self- Favour of Low-Income People Affected
retired/Retrench Worker/Employees of by Restrictions Due to Ongoing Infection
Mills/Industries and Establishment of COVID-19
Karmasangsthan bank is implementing the In order to provide loan assistance to low-
programme according to signed income people affected by COVID-19 and for
memorandum of understanding with the employment generation activities in rural areas
Ministry of Labour and Employment. Under Tk. 500.00 crore was sanctioned and released in
this programme for re-self-employment of favor of filling the capital deficit of
self-retired/retrenched workers and Karmasangsthan Bank Under the newly
employees of Industries/Factories a loan announced 4th Incentive Package. Under the
amount of Tk. 112.14 crore has been program, loans amounting to Tk. 503.33 crore
disbursed among total number of 20,191 have been disbursed in favor of 22,992
workers/employees till February, 2023. At entrepreneurs February 2023.

Chapter 13- Poverty Alleviation | 222

Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

Bangladesh Bank Loan Programme 'Bangabandhu Youth Credit' programme with

the aim of creating employment for the trained
With the loan assistance of Bangladesh Bank,
youth of the country and involving them in
Karmasangsthan Bank started 4 loan
poverty alleviation and national economic
programmes in Fisheries and Livestock sector
development activities. Under these
from FY 2015-16. Moreover, refinancing
programmes conducted with the assistance of
scheme programme in the dairy production and
Bangladesh Bank loans amounting of Tk.
artificial insemination sector has been launched
1,832.03 crore have been disbursed among total
from FY 2016-17 to increase milk production
of 1,05,826 entrepreneurs, till February 2023.
by developing breeds through artificial
Information regarding to loan distribution and
insemination and In FY 2020-21, loan
recovery of Karmasangsthan Bank is presented
programme has been launched under the
in Table 13.8

Table 13.8: Disbursement of Loan by Karmasangsthan Bank

(In Crore Taka)
Rate of
Employment
Name of the programmes Disbursement Recoverable Recovered Recovery Beneficiary
Generation
(%)

1 Bangabandhu Youth Credit programme 890.84 532.60 490.19 92 51503 185926

Covid-19 Credit Assistance Programme for

2
proverty Alleviation and Employment Generation
634.80 597.07 557.68 93 36426 131498

Loan Assistance Program Under Newly

Announced Incentive Package No. 4 in Favor of
3
Low-Income People Affected by Restrictions
503.33 219.05 201.19 92 22992 83001
Due to Ongiong Infection of Covid-19
4 Own Loan Programme 7339.12 7445.14 7133.19 96 658529 2377289
Loan Program for widow/husband abandoned
5
unemployed young women
1.75 0.38 0.34 89 97 331
Loan Program for the development of special
6
needs (disable) unemployed youth
1.92 0.29 0.26 90 116 442
Supporting Post-Covid-19 Small Scale
7
Employment Creation Project (SPCSSECP)
1.40 -- -- -- 56 203
8 Special Programme :
a) Micro Credit Programme for self retired/
retrenched workers and employees of Industries/ 112.14 110.66 105.25 95 20191 72889
Factories for self employment Loan Programme
b) Credit Programme to assist the entrepreneurs
for the Development of Agro-based Industries 69.27 81.13 79.73 98 2399 8660
c) Bangladesh Bank Loan Programme
978.92 1016.67 982.23 97 58990 212954
d) Bangladesh Bank refinance scheme for milk
production and artificial insemination sector 15.00 16.55 16.24 98 1250 4516
E) 'Bangabandhu Youth Credit' programme under
the funds received from Bangladesh Bank
838.11 554.95 501.43 90 45586 164565
9 others 539.93 364.80 363.58 100 16197 58471
Source: Karmsangsthan Bank.

Palli Karma Sahayak Foundation (PKSF) generation. Considering the multidimensional

nature of poverty, PKSF is providing financial
Palli Karma-Sahayak Foundation (PKSF) is
services as well as various non-financial services
conducting various inclusive programmes to
for the socio-economic development of the ultra-
improve the quality of life of the backward
poor, medium-poor, small and marginal farmers
communities of the country with the aim of
and micro-entrepreneurs. PKSF's activities are
poverty alleviation through employment

Chapter 13- Poverty Alleviation | 223

Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

based on inclusive finance, integrated Department of Women's Affairs and the National
development, women's empowerment, enterprise Women's Organisation to improve their socio-
development, social security, skill development, economic status by providing loans to rural
etc. As of December 2022, PKSF has 283 Partner distressed and helpless women by creating
Organisations (POs) across the country. The opportunities for poverty alleviation and self-
number of members of POs is 1.85 crore, of employment. Loans ranging from Tk. 5,000-
which about 91 percent are women. During the 15,000 per person are being distributed through
mentioned period the number of members 488 upazilas of 64 districts on a rolling basis by
receiving financial services at the field level is the allocation received. Under the programme till
1.41 crore, of which 92 percent are women. In February 2023, a total of Tk. 876.79 loans has
the first six months of FY 2022-23, PKSF been disbursed among 2,27,037 borrowers.
disbursed Tk. 3,258.51 crore to it’s POs and the
Microcredit Programme Monitoring through
POs disbursed Tk. 51,548.07 crore to the
Microcredit Regulatory Authority (MRA)
borrowers. From inception to December 2022,
the amount of accumulated financial assistance The Microcredit Regulatory Authority (MRA)
from PKSF to POs is Tk. 52,353.45 crore and was established through the Microcredit
POs to borrowers is Tk. 5,91,941.42 crore. Regulatory Authority Act, 2006 to ensure
transparency and accountability in the
Besides, PKSF is providing various financial and
microfinance sector. Since its inception, MRA
non-financial services to its members to mitigate
has been regulating the microfinance sector in
the negative impact of the COVID-19 epidemic,
Bangladesh through the formulation of rules and
as well as adopting strategies to maintain normal
regulations, issuance of circulars, and conduct
cash flow at the field level to revive various
on-site and offsite supervision. Like banking
financial activities of the borrowers. Apart from
sector, MRA is currently working on the final
regular funding, PKSF has already disbursed a
stage of MF-CIB (Microfinance Credit
total of Tk. 1,100.0 crore as Livelihood
Information Bureau) establishment. As of
Restoration Loan (LRL) in favour of POs
December 2022, MRA has issued licenses to 881
including Tk. 1,000.0 crore received from
institutions for conducting microfinance
Hon'ble Prime Minister's stimulus package and
operations and cancelled licenses of 143
Tk. 100.0 crore from PKSF's own funds. Using
institutions due to non-compliance issues.
the said money, the PO has financed around Tk.
Currently, 738 MFIs licensed by the MRA are
1,806.25 crore to 5.27 lakh poor people affected
working relentlessly to improve the living
by COVID-19 at the field level. Additional
standard of more than 4 crore members in
financial and non-financial services are being
Bangladesh through their micro credit and social
provided to small entrepreneurs affected by
services.
COVID-19 with an additional US$ 68.0 million
through two projects from development partners- Microcredit Activities of Major NGOs
Asian Development Bank (ADB) and The Non-govenment organisatons (NGOs)
International Fund for Agricultural Development execute microcredit programmes along with the
(IFAD). government organisations.The NGOs mainly
Micro Credit Fund for Women's Self- work for poverty alleviation, education, health,
Employment human resource development and so on. The
overall microcredit activities of 7 major NGOs
Micro Credit Fund for Women's Self-
are described below:
Employment Programme is being run by The

Chapter 13- Poverty Alleviation | 224

Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

BRAC disbursed micro loans to 18,14,564 beneficiaries

during FY 2022-23 (July-February). About 80
BRAC is the largest non-government
percent of the beneficiaries are women.
microfinance institution in Bangladesh. BRAC’s
microfinance activities work through a credit plus Caritas
approach as provided poverty alleviation,
Caritas is implementing various programmes to
protection, water and sewerage services, health,
alleviate poverty in the country. With the aim of
prevention of violence against women and
improving the livelihood of marginalised people
children through various development programs,
through self-employment with loan assistance,
elimination of poverty, education, legal
Caritas' micro-credit programme is currently
assistance, financial services, pre-immigration
running in 5,945 villages of 625 unions in 63
services, services during immigration,
upazilas of 26 districts of the country. Caritas
resettlement services for migrant workers, social
disbursed a total of Tk. 6,385.92 crores of micro
welfare and social development. Particularly the
loans and collected Tk. 5,918.68 crores of loans
people of socially disadvantaged and small ethnic
among 2,71,521 beneficiaries till December,
groups such as the poor, who live on hoar, char
2022. Among the beneficiaries about 87 percent
areas are provided with various types of
are women.
microfinance facilities and training to upgrade
their living standards. As of December 2022, the Shakti Foundation
total loan disbursement and collection of the This organisation is engaged in providing
organization amounted to Tk. 3,87,569.81 crore microcredit facilities for the deprived women
and Tk. 3,51,910.14 crore respectively and the living in the slums of Dhaka, Chattogram,
number of hard and fast beneficiaries was Khulna, Cumilla, Bogura, Rajshahi and other
87,31,954 out of which the number of female major cities and towns. Microfinance is the core
beneficiaries was 89 percent. programme of Shakti Foundation. Moreover, it
ASA provides service for healthcare, business
entrepreneurship and social development of poor
ASA started its microcredit programme in 1991
woman. The foundation has cumulatively
as a specialised microcredit organisation. It’s
disbursed loans of Tk. 17,025.36 crore till
cost-effective and sustainable microfinance
February 2023. At the same time, a debt of Tk.
programme has been recognised as a special
14,742.13 crore has been recovered.
model of poverty alleviation. Up to February,
2023, ASA distributed Tk. 3,20,388.58 crore TMSS
cumulatively. A total of 7,312,550 members have TMSS has been implementing microcredit
benefited from loans from the organisation programme in order to make the poor people
during the mentioned period, of whom nearly 90 self-employed by improving their socio-
percent are women. economic conditions. It also works for expansion
BURO Bangladesh of business and increase the growth of
production. TMSS implements credit programme
The BURO, which was established in 1990,
in 384 upazilas of 59 districts. Up to june 2021,
works to alleviate poverty in 495 upazilas
Tk. 36,482.03 crore has been as microcredit
throughout 64 districts in Bangladesh. BURO
among 83,58,565 beneficiaries.

Chapter 13- Poverty Alleviation | 225

Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

Proshika districts. Until December, 2022, Proshika

distributes Tk. 9,999.61 crore as loan and
Proshika started its journey in 1976 from
32,71,430 poor people get benefited from this
Manikgonj with a view to removing poverty from
NGO. The status of micro-credit programmes of
society. Currently, it runs activities in 55
the major NGOs is presented in the Table 13.9.

Table 13.9: Status of Microcredit programmes of Major NGO

(Tk. in Crore)
Cumulative
2022 (Up to
NGOs 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 December
2022)
BRAC
Disbursement 19298.28 24302.78 29317.1 35562.7 43171.5 38,426.29 42363.9 58326.08 387569.81
Recovery 171134.81 21563.66 3
26486.8 6
31551.4 8
38956.5 33,312.71 2
43458.8 51693.68 351910.14
Beneficiaries 5957954 5957954 5
6483486 1
7114726 5
7496383 8,127,942 6
8378031 8731954 8731954
Female 5188206 5188206 5633121 6165119 6163392 6,827,96 7007551 7811965 7811965
Male 769745 769745 850365 949607 1332991 1300446 1370480 919989 919989
ASA*
Disbursement 20905.68 26958.63 29681.4 29681.4 28368.3 25,215.57 28567.6 39396.34 320388.58
Recovery 17650.08 23515.37 2
28953.3 2
28953.3 1
29,104.3 24,262.06 3
29539.2 33267.82 292785.42
Beneficiaries 7686255 7839119 4
7577355 4
7577355 5
6,828,69 6,766,906 7
6987609 7302809 7312550
Female 7033521 7171271 6930474 6930474 8
6,235,92 6,143,657 6326705 6559403 6546124
Male 652734 667848 646881 646881 6
592,772 623,249 660904 743406 766426
BURO Bangladesh
Disbursement 2630. 3951.54 5439.38 10460.5 9148.5 8220.4 7608.4 - -
Recovery 02
2355. 3154.81 4604.82 0
8978.80 7095.3 717408 8041.0 - -
Beneficiaries 88
12694 1356572 1449085 1649923 1,662,68 1,963,060 1862461 - -
Female 11
11689 1241687 1329719 1501564 9- - - - -
Male 45
10046 114885 119366 148359 - - - - -
Caritas 6
Disbursement 317.1 380.45 448.52 483.20 542.16 458.49 594.37 - 6385.92
Recovery 6
310.0 346.55 412.05 462.21 509.85 4,22.11 543.27 - 5918.68
Beneficiaries 7
29217 6619 2526 4070 2303 522 13829 - 271521
Female 18421 7832 2429 2154 2619 153 12334 - 235597
Male 10796 1213 97 1916 - 369 1495 - 35924
SHAKTI Foundation*
Disbursement 745.7 1001.45 1175.03 1322.37 1765.68 1,214.19 1899.72 3252.68 17025.36
Recovery 9
669.9 826.49 1017.02 1232.81 1507.48 1,226.60 1458.91 2529.29 14742.13
Beneficiaries 6- - 521751 - - - - - 421615
Female - - 507628 - - - - - 409811
Male - - 14123 - - - - - 11804
TMSS
Disbursement 2963. 2623.98 3305.85 4245.03 4817.71 4391.31 4895.99 - -
Recovery 80
2540. 2460.35 2918.28 3838.84 4480.41 4096.44 4620.00 - -
Beneficiaries 42
51911 459558 503942 576683 108360 861349 950760 - -
Female 8
49991 441176 492722 568207 60972 784659 868709 - -
Male 0
19208 18382 11220 8476 47388 76690 82051 - -
Proshika
Disbursement 219.5 178.02 255.75 351.18 539.52 550.25 983.28 1735.88 9999.61
Recovery 1
215.2 162.78 231.68 297.85 473.52 502.32 855.94 1498.26 9302.73
Beneficiaries 2
92535 79119 110483 140471 240335 314654 391670 463933 3271430
Female 74215 53801 78443 103949 186266 229984 293136 357861 2124390
Male 18320 25318 32040 36522 54069 84670 98534 106072 1147040
Source: Concerned NGOs. * Asa, SHAKTI Foundation (Cumulative, up to February 23)

Chapter 13- Poverty Alleviation | 226

Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

Grameen Bank 2021, 93.13 lakh poor people of 81,678 villages

of 479 upzilas under 64 districts are involved in
Grameen Bank was established as a specialised
the microcredit programme of Grameen Bank.
institution in 1983. Microcredit programme
The bank disbursed Tk. 279964.19 crore until
implemented by the bank for poverty reduction.
February, 2023 and recovered Tk. 264498.97
It works for poverty declination by creating self-
during the same period. The Table 13.10
employment of rural poor women through
describes the microcredit activities of the
providing microcredit to them. Up to December,
Grameen Bank.

Table 13.10: Microcredit Programmes of Grameen Bank

Cumulative
Item 2016-17 2017-18 2018-19 2019-20 2020-21 Up to February
2021-22
2023
Disbursement 20789.11 24321.50 17044.92 20501.70 19547.99 255112.3 279964.19

Recovery 18270.13 22559.75 16694.02 20490.03 21150.30 241345.7 264498.97

Recovery Rate (%) 99.22 99.13 99.03 99.29 95.25 97.19 97.06

No. of Beneficiary 8915491 8986050 9132966 9313513 9387505 9612767 10320855

Female 860989 8689004 8834706 9013762 9084765 9305432 9993500

Male 305598 297046 298260 299751 302740 307335 327355

Source: Grameen bank

Microcredit Activities of Schedule Banks and 2 public sector specialised banks is presented
in Table 13.11.
The statistics of credit disbursement and recovery
of 4 State Owned Commercial Banks (SOCBs)

Chapter 13- Poverty Alleviation | 227

Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

Table 13.11: Status of Microcredit Disbursement of SOCBs and Public Specialised Bank
( in crore Taka)
Name of the
2013-14 2014-15 2015-16 2016-17 2017-18 2018-19 2019-20 2020-21
Bank 2021-22 2022-23*

Sonali Bank
Disbursement 1063.15 1041.00 1127.00 1187.30 1170.21 1258.51 771.51 995.66 19663.36 20839.37
Recovery 1166.91 1244.00 1178.00 1316.08 1267.90 1378.78 818.63 21631.79 905.51 22752.98
% of recovery 109.76 45.00 46.00 46.00 42.52 48.47 38.47 39.29 84.17 79.92
No of
262149 229773 208432 291429 311058 157518 166229 285548 8451397 8596235
Beneficiaries
Agrani Bank
Disbursement 602.00 2120.50 1782.02 898 2748.77 3340.94 4159.00 6833.76 4316.40 36159.43
Recovery 528.00 3051.85 3007.86 996 1767.85 1429.30 3530.10 5599.89 4129.75 30363.60
% of recovery 87.71 74.00 67.00 88.00 64.31 62.00 72.11 72.78 81.95 72.53
No of
132317 128850 92636 150139 30698 18780 23053 28631 26023 126452
Beneficiaries
Janata Bank
Disbursement 737.30 751.57 744.80 495.57 751.36 597.77 733.13 345.43 476.18 505.50
Recovery 641.35 698.91 691.23 490.23 678.57 570.85 722.42 276.44 435.90 449.90
% of recovery 86.99 93.00 58.00 99.00 48.00 51.48 61.07 36.64 34.29 40.22
No of
548134 104563 551179 552392 753785 554545 547366 - 554945 582046
Beneficiaries
Rupali Bank
Disbursement 12.17 11.44 19.95 105.50 612.31 44.11 1240.46 1593.35 1855.38 301.85
Recovery 17.38 15.71 31.30 59.69 293.19 367.78 1299.28 1815.2 2089.83 226.50
% of recovery 142.81 137.32 166.00 57.00 293.00 368.00 105.74 114.00 113.00 57.00
No of
15849 15255 14886 30697 34731 35021 38323 47227 50876 -
Beneficiaries
Bangladesh Krishi Bank
Disbursement 100.49 96.56 57.61 31.15 72.11 44.80 37.82 36.55 28.61 104.15
Recovery 109.37 106.77 52.04 21.13 66.49 27.50 31.35 31.60 28.61 100.78
% of recovery 109.84 111.00 53.17 67.83 92.20 61.38 82.89 86.46 131.35 99.76
No of
14919 16529 16044 7254 12080 7808 3240 2322 1964 774
Beneficiaries
Rajshai Krishi Unnoyan Bank
Disbursement 38.23 24.88 12.73 25.67 22.94 22.94 2051.67 2762.96 3183.04 2487.68
Recovery 40.78 29.07 19.09 12.19 8.91 8.91 2142.40 2178.93 3289.98 2475.67
% of recovery 106.67 101.00 82.00 48.00 39.00 39.00 93 109.00 127.00 70.00
No of
202531 202242 203375 212100 203258 203647 165102 185324 198301 157920
Beneficiaries
Total
Disbursement 4000.1 5623.5 5444.71 4647.68 7607.94 8474.07 8993.59 12567.71 28391.52 60397.98
Recovery 4198.25 7018.83 6997.47 5039.58 6445.38 6818.29 8544.14 32073.85 9728.19 56374.43
% of recovery 104.95 124.81 128.52 108.43 84.72 80.46 95.00 255.21 34.26 93.34
Source: Concerned Banks . * (Up to February 2023)

Chapter 13- Poverty Alleviation | 228

Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

Microcredit Programmes of other

Commercial and Specialised Banks
microcredit programmes to reduce poverty and
create self-employment opportunities. The
Except the state-owned banks other commercial information of six commercial banks’
and specialised banks are also carrying out microcredit programmes is described in Table
13.12.

Table 13.12: Microcredit Programmes of other Commercial and Specialised Banks

(in crore taka)

Number of Beneficiaries Disbursement

Rate of
Commercial and Specialised (Cumulative progress
Recovery
Banks Female Male Total up to February, 2023)
(%)

Ansar-VDP Unnayan Bank 585694 545554 1131284 2619.63 95.28

*National Bank Limited 247 6048 6295 4655.13 62.93

*Social Islami Bank Limited 8981 18565 27546 318.31 86.00

Uttara Bank Limited 5 37 42 22.88 -

Basic Bank Limited 530682 134402 665084 1435.00 95.00

Islami Bank Bangladesh Limited - - - 13553.10 -

Source: Concerned Banks *Basic Bank Limited (Up to December,2022).

Microcredit Programmes of Administrative safety net programmes to remove poverty from

Ministries/Divisions the society. In order to sustaining the microcredit
programmes for poverty reduction the
The government has been implementing government emphasises on developing small
microcredit programmes by different ministries, entrepreneurs microcredit programmes of
divisions and agencies along with various social different ministriess/divisions/departments are
presented in the Table 13.13.

Chapter 13- Poverty Alleviation | 229

 Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

Table 13.13: State of Microcredit of different Ministry/Division/Department

(in crore taka)

Ministry Department/ 2022-23*

2013-14 2014-15 2015-16 2016-17 2017-18 2018-19 2019-20 2020-21 2021-22
/Division Division

Rural BRDB
Development Disbursement 884.54 985.88 1065.73 1173.52 1252.26 1282.41 1055.31 1244.39 1363.63 1056.91
& Recovery 816.80 910.42 999.48 1106.12 1138.80 1241.32 1000.74 1250.46 1299.71 1050.40
Cooperative
Division Rate (%) 92.00 92.00 73.00 94.00 75.00 75.00 67.00 710.00 72.00 68.00
PDBF
Disbursement 716.82 915.26 956.93 1156.28 1266.50 1309.73 1015.80 1933.00 2210.00 1342.00
Recovery 724.69 946.45 946.09 1178.35 1359.49 1379.86 1104.58 2064.00 2174.00 1628.00
Rate (%) 99.00 99.00 98.00 98.00 97.00 96.00 96.00 96.00 98.00 97.00
Department of Women Affairs
Disbursement 1145.17 507.13 645.70 793.75 864.66 1273.68 377.08 1117.11 8.8154 6.4660
Ministry of Recovery 8.9445 5.0025 6.7896 7.8939 7.1265 9.1514 7.3403 7.3235 7.8950 5.4527
Women and Rate (%) 78.10 98.64 105.15 99.45 82.41 71.85 194.66 65.55 89.56 84.32
Children Jatiyo Mohila Songstha
Affairs
Disbursement 916.95 315.71 265.32 498.67 359.62 376.54 338.35 349.50 358.70 -
Recovery 908.98 257.68 255.61 568.75 438.66 578.03 399.29 357.70 552.99 400.09
Rate (%) 99.00 82.00 96.00 114.00 122.00 154.00 118.00 103.00 213.00 118.00
* Ministry of Disbursement 5.56 7.00 7.98 8.61 9.33 9.00 9.00 7.00 7.00 8.50
Liberation Recovery 3.25 4.52 8.03 8.79 8.83 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00
war Affairs
Rate (%) 58.48 64.57 100.62 102.09 59.00 50.00 50.00 51.00 48.00 58.00
SERWTCI
Ministry of Disbursement 10.40 9.35 8.65 7.82 6.42 3.43 2.97 255.14 266.00 190.51
Industries 132.21 145.50
Recovery 10.46 9.33 105.6 7.81 6.53 3.70 3.10 254.06
Rate (%) 100.00 99.00 99.00 100.00 101.00 - - 56.00 50.00 76.00
Ministry of Disbursement 3.02 7.50 6.70 6.79 0.93 1.29 0.73 0.35 0.39 0.31
Land Recovery 1.63 5.67 6.09 6.39 0.10 0.52 0.99 0.22 0.20 0.20
Rate (%) 53.97 75.58 90.90 94.11 45 67 70 39 36.00 40.00
Bangladesh Handloom Board
Ministry of
Disbursement 2.65 4.03 3.42 4.10 3.60 3.51 0.57 - - 79.52
Textile and
Jute** Recovery 2.39 3.16 3.43 4.23 3.25 3.56 2.11 2.28 2.67 64.77
Rate (%) 62.76 65.65 67.89 70.25 70.70 71.86 72.6 81.44 102.82 81.45
Dept. of Youth
Ministry of
Youth and Disbursement - 97.34 102.65 121.97 138.81 142.94 114.94 88.58 - -
Sports Recovery - 89.73 99.29 109.94 117.16 132.91 105.08 72.04 - -
Rate (%) - 92.18 96.74 90.12 84.40 92.98 84.75 95 - -
Cotton Development Board
Ministry of Disbursement 1.25 1.71 1.23 1.27 1.34 1.56 1.66 1.15 1.23 1.87
Agriculture 1.28
Recovery 1.31 1.3 1.28 1.34 1,41 1.61 1.73 1.20 -
Rate (%) 104.77 103.96 104.46 104.92 104.59 103.07 104.35 104.33 104.40 -
Source: Concerned Division/Department. *(up to February 2023)** Ministry of Textile and Jute (Cumulative progress up to February 2023)
Note: In many cases the recovery rate is over 100% as the recovery includes the previous year's uncollected accounts

Chapter 13- Poverty Alleviation | 230

Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

CHAPTER FOURTEEN
PRIVATE SECTOR DEVELOPMENT

Bangladesh's private sector is crucial to its transition into a middle-income country by 2031 and a
developed country by 2041. As of FY 2021-22, private investment accounted for 24.06 percent of GDP,
and Bangladesh attracted US$ 2659.29 million in foreign direct investment between January-September
2022. The government of Bangladesh has implemented policies and initiatives to promote private sector
growth and investment. This includes the establishment of special economic zones, incentive packages for
investors, and the creation of investment promotion agencies. In FY 2022-23 (July-February), BIDA
registered 672 projects with a total proposed investment of Tk. 7,56,836 million in infrastructure, energy,
and manufacturing sectors. BEPZA has 452 enterprises in operation, and 93 enterprises are under
implementation, with investment standing at US$ 255.81 million up to February 2023. BEZA has
proposed investment in economic zones totaling US$ 26 billion, with 38 companies already in
commercial production and 70 industries under construction, generating 50,000 employment
opportunities. Additionally, 17 PPP contracts with an estimated project cost of US$ 4.8 billion have been
signed with private partners out of 78 PPP projects. Banks and NBFIs have disbursed an amount of Tk.
2,20,489.37 crore against 11,24,193 Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) until December 2022, with a
19 percent increase in loan disbursement from the previous year. Overall, there is private sector's
interest in investing in infrastructure, human resources development, ICT, power, telecommunications,
education, health, tourism, and insurance sectors. However, to attract more private sector investment,
there is a need to improve the service delivery performance of government agencies and the effectiveness
of investment promotion authorities. One-stop services (OSS) and reduced regulatory hassles will
facilitate private sector growth and support the nation's economic development.

experienced a rapid expansion of the private

The private sector in Bangladesh plays a crucial
sector, with the number of firms increasing from
role in the country's economic development,
around 21,608 in the 1971 to more than 2,80,989
generating income, creating employment
in 2023 (up to March) (Source-Registrar of Joint
opportunities, attracting Foreign Direct
Stock Companies and Firms).
Investment (FDI) and promoting innovation and
technology development. More specifically, the In investment perspective, in FY 2021-22, the
private sector has been actively investing in total investment was 31.68 per cent of GDP, out
energy and transport infrastructure development, of which 24.06 per cent was from the private
promoting exports from dedicated zones and sector. The government invests in various sectors
enhancing agricultural productivity through of the economy, including infrastructure,
research and development. Therefore, this sector education, and healthcare, through its Annual
is the driving force behind the country's Development Programme (ADP) using both
economic growth and generating employment internal and external funding sources. Indeed,
opportunities for millions of people of government investment plays a crucial role in
Bangladesh. Since independence, the sector has private sector development in both direct and
benefited from the government's support for indirect way. The Government of Bangladesh has
liberalisation and privatisation policies, which been actively engaging the private sector in its
have created an environment conducive to private development endeavors through establishing
enterprise. As a result, Bangladesh has industry-specific development Authority such as

Chapter 14: Private Sector Development | 231

Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

the Bangladesh Export Processing Zones action plan applicable to the development of
Authority (BEPZA) for enhancing export, the business and investment climate of Bangladesh in
Bangladesh Investment Development Authority line with the reforms and activities undertaken
(BIDA) for facilitating private sector investment, according to index and assumption made by the
the Bangladesh Economic Zones Authority World Bank. As per the decision of the meeting,
(BEZA) for accelerating FDI, SME Foundation a program named by Bangladesh Investment
to support small business and the Public-Private Climate Improvement Programme (BICIP) has
Partnership (PPP) Authority for promoting been prepared by BIDA to facilitate business and
private participation in the infrastructure and investment across the country. A workshop has
public service delivery. Besides, the government been conducted on 16 June 2022 with all
has implemented several policy measures to concerned including government and private
create a conducive business environment for stakeholders, Business Association and local and
private sector engagement. These measures foreign investors for collecting their opinion on
include simplifying business registration draft action plan. Considering the feedback
procedures, consultations and dialogue and received from the workshop total 110 reforms
creating a one-stop service center for investors. have been selected under 7 pillars. The BICIP
and its reform proposals are now under scrutiny
Investment Climate in Bangladesh
and final approval stage.
Bangladesh has made significant progress in
The One Stop Service (OSS) of BIDA is an
recent years in terms of improving its investment
online facilitation mechanism that brings relevant
climate, attracting foreign investment, and
government agencies together to provide efficient
promoting private sector development. The
and transparent services to domestic and foreign
government of Bangladesh has implemented a
investors. Investors, both local and foreign, can
range of policy reforms to create a more
obtain necessary licenses and permits required
business-friendly environment and encourage
for investment in the country through this
investment in the country. In Bangladesh context,
automated, paperless, and cashless system. As
Bangladesh Investment Development Authority
the prerequisite of the OSS Act, 2018, the ‘One
(BIDA) is working to implement the reform
Stop Service (Bangladesh Investment
proposals for the positional improvement of the
Development Authority) Rules, 2020’ has been
World Bank's Ease of Doing Business Index by
published on 10th May 2020 with the aim to
coordinating with various Ministries/
provide more than 150 services of several
Departments/Agencies. However, on 16
organizations. BIDA started the OSS portal
September 2021, the World Bank decided not to
system from 24 February 2019. The OSS has
publish the Doing Business report and they said
significantly simplified the process of starting a
they would work on a new approach to assessing
business in Bangladesh, reducing the time and
the business and investment environment in
cost involved in obtaining necessary permits and
future.
licenses. The initiative has also helped to
The 9th meeting of the National Committee for improve the overall business environment in the
Monitoring Implementation of Doing Business country and attract more investment. Now a total
(NCMID), chaired by the Cabinet Secretary, was of 63 services of 23 organisations (including
held on 14 October 2021 to review the desired BIDA) have been integrated with BIDA online
progress on the Ease of Doing Business Index. OSS system through a total of 43 MoU’s signed
Discussions were held on formulating a relevant with organizations (Annexure-1).

Chapter 14: Private Sector Development | 232

 Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

The sovereign credit rating of Bangladesh is 2,659.29million. Among this net inflow,
assessed by three major credit rating agencies - contribution of equity, reinvestment and intra-
Standard and Poor's (S&P), Moody's, and Fitch company loan were US$ 752.95 million, US$
Ratings. As of September 2021, Bangladesh's 1,872.63 million and US$ 33.71 million
credit rating is as follows-S&P: BB- with a stable respectively. Figure 14.1 shows the actual FDI
outlook, Moody's: Ba3 with a stable outlook and inflows since 2011 (according to the calendar
Fitch Ratings: BB- with a stable outlook. year). Analysis indicates that reinvestment is the
major component of FDI followed by equity and
Investment Scenario in Bangladesh
intra-company borrowing (Table-14.1). The trend
Foreign Direct Investment of reinvestment indicates the enhancement of
In the calendar year 2022 (January-September), investor’s trust in the investment climate
net FDI inflow was found to be US$ Bangladesh.

Table 14.1: FDI Inflow in Bangladesh

5000
3995.56
3613.33
4000
Million US$

2873.95 2659.29
3000 2563.58
2235.39 2332.72 2151.56
2000 1599.16 1551.28
1292.56
1000
0
2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022*

Equity Reinvestment Intra-Company Loan Total

Source: Statistics Department, Bangladesh Bank

Table-14.1: Component wise FDI Flow in Bangladesh
(million US$)
Components 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022*

Equity 497.63 541.06 280.3 696.67 911.38 538.90 1124.16 803.7 842.29 2238.70 752.95

Reinvestment 587.53 697.11 988.81 1144.74 1215.39 1279.42 1309.11 1467.35 1566.12 1562.27 1872.63
Intra-
Company
207.40 360.99 282.17 393.98 205.95 333.24 1180.06 602.9 155.17 194.59 33.71
Loan

Total 1292.56 1599.16 1551.28 2235.39 2332.72 2151.56 3613.33 2873.95 2563.58 3995.56 2659.29
Source: Bangladesh Bank, *January-September

The trend of FDI inflow to Bangladesh has been environment and addressing infrastructure
positive in recent years and has been steadily bottlenecks to further attract FDI.
increasing over the years. These signifies the
Local Investment
country's growing economic potential and
attractiveness as an investment destination. Actual local investment can be identified from
However, there is still room for improvement in import of machineries, raw materials and
terms of creating a more business-friendly increase of investment in the existing projects.
Nearly 65 percent of local investment proposals

Chapter 14: Private Sector Development | 233

Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

have been implemented or are at different stages number of specialised economic zones and
of implementation. industrial parks to facilitate the import of capital
machinery and promote industrial development.
Imports of Capital Machinery Capital equipment import worth US$ 3,365 million
has been imported in the FY 2022-23 (up to
The Bangladesh government has introduced February 2023). In FY 2021-22, this amount was
various policy measures to encourage the import US$5,463 million. The Figure14.2 shows the trend
of capital machinery, such as providing duty- in capital equipment import from FY 2011-12 to
free import facilities, cash incentives, and tax FY 2022-23 (up to February 2023).
exemptions. The government has also established

Table 14.2: Trend in Capital Machinery Import

6000 5462 5413 5463

3556 3817 3581 3825

3365
In Million USD

4000 3321
2005 2332
1835
2000

0
2011-12

2012-13

2014-15

2015-16

2016-17

2017-18

2018-19

2019-20

2020-21

2021-22

2022-23*
2013-14

Source: Bangladesh Bank, * up to February 2023

BIDA from FY 2011-12 to FY 2022-23 is
Investment Registration (Local and Foreign shown in Table 14.2. In FY 2011-12, total 1,956
Investment Proposals) projects amounting Tk. 8,78,937 million were
registered with BIDA, whereas in FY 2022-23
Registration of investment project takes place in (July-February) 672 projects with a total
the primary stage of investment initiative. proposed Tk. 7,56,836 million have been
Annual statistics on the projects registered with registered with BIDA.

Table 14.2: Private Investment Proposals Registered with BIDA

(Million Tk.)

Local Investment Foreign /JV Investment Total Investment Proposals

Fiscal Proposals Registered Proposals Registered Registered Growth in
Year Project Value
Projects Million Tk Projects Million Tk Projects Million Tk (%)

2011-12 1735 534769 221 344168 1956 878937 (-)10

2012-13 1457 446148 219 220721 1676 666870 (-)24
2013-14 1308 497593 124 185318 1432 682911 (+) 2.40
2014-15 1309 912731 120 80619 1429 993349 (+) 45.46
2015-16 1511 945854 151 155760 1662 1101614 (+) 9.86
2016-17 1578 996726 167 855892 1745 1852618 (+) 68.17
2017-18 1483 1257992 160 814933 1643 2072925 (+)11.89
2018-19 1198 706960 170 433996 1368 1140953 (-) 44.96
2019-20 739 639932 166 412332 905 1052264 (-)11.84
2020-21 986 565914 109 89745 1095 655659 (-) 37.69
2021-22 1015 1258669 109 155652 1124 1414321 (+) 115.71
2022-23* 595 504170 77 252666 672 756836 (-) 46.49
Source: Bangladesh Investment Development Authority, * up to February 2023

Chapter 14: Private Sector Development | 234

Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

Sector wise Distribution of Local Investment Registration

In FY 2014-15, the amount of local investment (20%), Agro-based Industry (14%) and
projects registered with BIDA was Tk. Engineering (11%). Table 14.3 presents the
9,12,730.72 million which was Tk. 5,04,170 recent trends in annual statistics on the Local
million in FY 2022-23 (July-February). Figure investment registration projects registered in
14.3 shows that Chemical sector was the largest different sectors with BIDA from FY 2014-15 to
sector (21%) registered during this period 2022-23 (July-February).
followed by other major sectors such as Service
Figure 14.3: Sector Wise Distribution of Local Investment Registration At BIDA

Glass and Ceramics, 1 Others, 1

Tannery and Leather,
1 Food and Allied, 8

Printing and
Publishing, 11 Chemical, 21

Service, 20
Engineering, 11

Textile, Agro
12 based,
14

Table 14.3: Trend of sector wise distribution of Local Investment projects Registration
(Million Tk)
Sector Name 2014-15 2015-16 2016-17 2017-18 2018-19 2019-20 2020-21 2021-22 2022-23*
Agro based 113820.25 106571.14 66986.78 81774.23 45608.37 31339.28 95083.26 45513.46 70883.14
Food and
42792.26 26196.47 77723.35 37168.72 33121.37 23244.74 42585.70 34969.77 41976.29
Allied
Textile 176473.34 169117.05 189705.88 257792.52 137364.80 58935.98 36141.94 195263.69 59172.20
Printing and
7907.83 7049.74 26107.62 11618.38 24618.38 22286.89 9367.29 18471.96 56734.07
Publishing
Tannery and
5551.81 15052.40 15068.19 19385.05 19976.36 14417.61 18987.44 25768.88 6554.55
Leather
Chemical 230843.43 318240.64 229911.70 389925.40 223361.21 83364.96 181553.89 253910.34 104205.74
Glass and
19254.62 7650.48 23808.50 16405.96 26980.37 9821.00 28389.37 17211.41 5028.86
Ceramics
Engineering 89897.25 133847.14 160009.57 135287.24 94184.11 87062.77 83117.62 121386.22 57264.77
Service 209654.23 107512.75 134187.89 295403.67 98128.92 303048.55 65782.80 537864.36 99495.09
Others 16535.70 54616.23 72695.12 13230.50 3497.16 6410.25 4904.32 8309.35 2855.17
Total 912730.72 945854.04 996204.60 1257991.67 706841.05 639932.03 565913.63 1258669.44 504169.88
Source: Bangladesh Investment Development Authority, * up to February 2023

Sector wise Distribution of Foreign/ Joint sector registered during this period followed by
Venture Investment Registration other major sectors such as Agro-based (9%),
Misc. (8%) Textile (4%) (Figure-14.4). Table
During FY 2022-23 (July-February), 77 new
14.4 presents the recent trends in sector wise
foreign and joint venture projects were registered
foreign and joint venture investment projects
with BIDA whose total amount was Tk. 2,52,666
million. Service sector (75%) was the largest

Chapter 14: Private Sector Development | 235

Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

registered with BIDA from FY 2011-12(July- June) to FY 2022-23 (July-February).

Figure-14.4: Sector Wise Foreign/ Joint Venture Projects in FY 2022-23*

Misc Agro Industry Textile

Food & Allied
8% 9% 4% Printing & Publishing
1%
1% Chemical
1%
Tannery & Leather
0%
Engineering
1%

Glass and Ceramic

0%

Service
75%

Source: Bangladesh Investment Development Authority, * up to February 2023

Table-14.4: Foreign/ Joint Venture Investment Registration projects

(Million US$)
2015-16 2016-17 2017-18 2018-19 2019-20 2020-21 2021-22 2022-23*
Sector Name
Agro based 38.19 33.56 27.36 1160.33 27.33 5.71 155.42 241.74
Food and Allied 6.80 14.49 175.09 34.55 30.91 6.58 56.37 17.53
Textile 16.10 0.45 127.53 183.71 5.36 4.17 206.58 93.77
Printing and
1.85 - 5.14 1.54 7.17 0.68 9.10 15.61
Publishing
Tannery and
11.36 3.34 55.25 16.64 89.50 30.71 3.23 8.62
Leather
Chemical 51.52 16.75 6065.22 72.91 26.44 37.93 211.19 37.12
Glass and Ceramics 7.01 12.76 0.00 0.00 0.00 28.32 7.49 0.44
Engineering 222.24 2535.28 268.95 216.16 2971.64 131.22 135.32 24.50
Service 107.98 7515.02 1349.79 213.44 122.32 669.29 941.42 1918.76
Others 51.98 245.99 1667.99 3126.15 237.98 3.57 86.02 200.02
Total 515.02 10377.63 9742.32 5025.43 3518.65 918.18 1812.14 2558.11
Source: Bangladesh Investment Development Authority, * up to February 2023

Country wise Distribution of Foreign and

the National Strategy for Economic Development
Joint Venture Investment Registration
and Accelerated Poverty Reduction. A large
A total of 77 projects were registered in FY number of managerial, technical, supervisory and
2022-23 (Jul-Feb) from 23 countries, which were skilled-unskilled job opportunities are generated
mostly from countries of European region. At the through investment in the industrial sector. In the
end of the chapter, Annexure-14.2 presents the FY 2022-23(Jul-Feb) a total of 2,06,415 job
country-wise distribution of registered projects opportunities were created from registered
during 2013-14 to FY 2022-23 (July-February) projects of BIDA (Figure 14.5).
period.
Employment Opportunities Created through
Investments
Creating ample opportunities of employment
through industrialization is a major objective of

Chapter 14: Private Sector Development | 236

Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

Figure 14.5: Employment Opportunities created by the BIDA-Registered Projects

500000 418529
411500
400000
309709
278081 287546
300000 224943 226411 206415
200000 166157 138177 180786 186713

100000
0
2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16 2016-17 2017-18 2018-19 2019-20 2020-21 2021-22 2022-23*

Source: Bangladesh Investment Development Authority, * July-February 2023

Approval of Foreign Loan foreign loan proposals were approved whose

approved loan amount was US$ 21,154.27
In response to the application of the investors,
million. Figure-14.6 presents approved foreign
BIDA approves foreign loan proposal after
loan from FY 2011-12 to FY 2022-23 (July-
getting concurrence from the Scrutiny
February).
Committee. Since FY 2011-12, a total of 1,156
Figure 14.6: Foreign loan approval

180 4500
153 153 4115.43 152
Number of Approved Loan Apprisal

160 4000

140 127 3500

116
120 106 3000
99

Million US$
100 88 2527.38 2500
2295.51
80 2112.13 2125.061 2000
1795.28
60 1600.17 51 1500
1453.38 46
35
40 1047.93 30 1000
887.69 811.842
20 500
382.47
0 0
2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16 2016-17 2017-18 2018-19 2019-20 2020-21 2021-22 2022-23*

Approved Loan Appraisal Approved Loan Amount (Million US$)

Source: Bangladesh Investment Development Authority, * up to February 2023

Approval of Foreign Commercial Office Table 14.5: Trends in approval of Branch,

Liaison and Representative Office
As per application of investors, the meeting of
inter-ministerial Committee of the Bangladesh Branch Liaison Representative
Financial Office Office office
Investment Development Authority approves Year
branch offices, liaison offices, representative 2013-14 96 215 7
offices new and extension of same offices in 2014-15 120 249 11
2015-16 102 222 15
Bangladesh. Following Table-14.5 presents the 2016-17 120 211 11
overall trends in approval of branch, liaison and 2017-18 184 257 14
2018-19 146 212 18
representative offices (new and extension). 2019-20 153 216 11
2020-21 199 252 20
2021-22 187 238 16
2022-23* 114 152 18
Total 1421 2224 141
Source: BIDA, * up to February 2023

Chapter 14: Private Sector Development | 237

Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

present, there are 8 EPZs in the country, namely-

Investment Promotion Authorities
Chattogram, Dhaka, Mongla, Cumilla,
Bangladesh Investment Development Ishwardi, Uttara (Nilphamari), Adamjee
Authority (BIDA) (Narayanganj) and Karnaphuli (Chattogram)
Bangladesh Investment Development Authority EPZ. In the current Fiscal Year up to February
(BIDA) was formed in 2016 through the merger 2023, the amount of export from the EPZs
of the erstwhile Board of Investment (BOI) and stands at US$ 5,361.12 million. Currently,
the Privatisation Commission (PC). Bangladesh 4,86,304 Bangladeshis are employed in the
Investment Development Authority Act, 2016 industrial establishments of EPZs under BEPZA
which led to creation of BIDA, came into effect of which 66 per cent are women. EPZs are
on September 1, 2016. BIDA works on playing a special role in export diversification.
improving investment climate, facilitating At present 57 per cent of the manufacturing
investment of national, foreign and joint venture industry of EPZs are manufacturing products
firms, approving foreign loans and establishing other than garments and textiles. So far,
branch offices in Bangladesh. BIDA works with investors of 38 countries including Japan, S.
development partners, like the World Bank, IFC, Korea, China, Malaysia, Indonesia, Singapore,
ADB, JICA, trade facilitating bodies, like U.S.A, U.K, Germany, France, Italy, Sweden,
Chamber of Commerce and Industries, BGMEA, Netherlands, India, Pakistan, Australia, Ireland,
BASIS and Bankers Association to facilitate Turkey, Ukraine, Kuwait, Rumania, Marshal
private sector development and to improve Island, Sri Lanka, Belgium, British Virgin
business climate in Bangladesh. BIDA aims to Island, and Bangladesh have already invested in
encourage domestic and foreign investment in the EPZs of Bangladesh. Due to introduction of
the private sector, provide necessary facilities one stop service, installation of power plants
and assistance for setting up industries and nearby EPZ, introduction of EPZ labor Act for
provide administrative coordination and creating decent work environment, EPZ depicts
improved services for the use of government favorable investment environment in EPZs. In
industrial or commercial enterprises and their FY 2022-23 (up to February) 17 industries
unused land or facilities for more useful signed lease agreement with BEPZA with
economic activities using its one stop service proposed investment of US$ 416 million, which
facilities. BIDA also works on new initiatives is expected to generate 59,342 employment
aimed at achieving overall economic growth opportunities.
through development of industries, Bangladesh Economic Zones Authority
infrastructure, agro-based industries and (BEZA)
services, including a business-friendly
Bangladesh Economic Zones Authority (BEZA)
environment, and improving the quality of life
has been striving as one of the leading
of the people through sufficient employment
investment promotion agencies under Prime
generation.
Minister’s Office with a mandate to establish
Bangladesh Export Processing Zones 100 economic zones for planned and
Authority (BEPZA) environmentally friendly industrialization by
Bangladesh Export Processing Zones Authority attracting investment from home and abroad.
(BEPZA) has been engaged in attracting and With this aim 97 economic zones have been
facilitating foreign and local investment in the approved, of which 10 zones have already
Export Processing Zones of the country. At started commercial production and 29 are

Chapter 14: Private Sector Development | 238

Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

currently under development phase. 12 Zones by BEZA and they are –Bangladesh Special
have received Private Economic Zone licenses Economic Zone (BSEZ) (Japanese
from BEZA and till now about US$ 4 billion Economic Zone) on 1000 acres of land,
have been invested in these zones. Overall, the Chinese Industrial Economic Zone on 783
proposed investment in economic zones has acres and Indian Economic Zone on 856
touched US$ 26 billion till now. 38 companies acres at Mirsarai and another one on 110
have started commercial production and 70 acres at Mongla. Development of Japanese
industries are under construction in different Economic Zone is on right track and land
zones. These industries have generated 50,000 allocation has started. BSEZ has allotted
employments so far. Some activities and land to 5 foreign companies till now.
progress of BEZA are presented below: Honorable Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina
a. Major development works ongoing in inaugurated the Japanese Economic Zone in
Economic Zones including Bangabandhu December 2022. Chinese Economic Zone
Sheikh Mujib Shilpa Nagar, Maheshkhali and Indian Economic Zones are also being
Economic Zone, Jamalpur Economic Zone, developed in full swing.
Sreehatta Economic Zone, Sabrang f. Bangladesh's first planned industrial city
Tourism Park, Japanese Economic Zone, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Shilpa Nagar is
Indian Economic Zone, BEPZA Economic being established on about 33 thousand
Zone, Meghna Industrial Economic Zone, acres of land. Following a master plan, this
Karnaphuli Dry Dock Special Economic city is creating necessary infrastructure and
Zone, Bay Economic Zone, City Economic utility facilities for investors. Multimodal
Zone, Cumilla Economic Zone, Abdul Road network with jetties, power plants and
Monem Economic Zone etc. integrated water solution are being planned
b. Significant foreign investors are from here. Here, at present 4 industrial units are
Japan, China, India, Australia, Netherlands, in commercial operation and 15 industrial
Germany, USA, UK, Singapore, South establishments are under construction.
Korea, Norway etc.
Public Private Partnership Authority (PPPA)
c. One Stop Service Centre (OSSC) of BEZA
provides 125 services under 27 categories Public-Private Partnership (PPPA) initiatives in
of which 50 services are online. This Bangladesh have gained significant momentum
service rendering process has kept a vital in recent years. The government has been
role in the ease of doing business with the actively promoting PPPs as a means of financing
technical support from JICA and constant and delivering infrastructure and public services
coordination with other government in a cost-effective and efficient manner, while
agencies. also involving private sector expertise and
d. BEZA is setting up 3 tourism parks namely innovation. In Bangladesh, based on the ‘Policy
-Sonadia Eco Tourism Park in and Strategy for Public-Private Partnership
Maheshkhali, Sabrang and Naf Tourism (PPP), 2010’, Public Private Partnership Office
Parks in Teknaf. Land has already been (PPPO) was established in 2010 to act as a
allotted to 17 companies in Sabrang catalyst to proactively realize PPP projects.
Tourism Park and development works are Later ‘Bangladesh-Private Partnership Act 2015’
in progress. was enacted in 2015, and with that enactment
e. Four Government to Government (G2G) PPP Office turned to Public Private Partnership
Economic Zones are under implementation Authority (PPPA). The government of

Chapter 14: Private Sector Development | 239

Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

Bangladesh has established the PPP Authority Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) and
under the Prime Minister’s Office to oversee and SME Foundation
promote PPP projects in the country. The
SMEs contribute significantly to the economy of
authority provides support to the government
Bangladesh, accounting for over 25 per cent of
sector in developing, structuring, and
the country's GDP and employing around 70 per
implementing PPP projects. It also acts as a
cent of the country's workforce. Whereas this
centralised facilitating body for implementing
contribution for India, Singapore and Malaysia
ministries, agencies, approving bodies and
is around 40 per cent to 50 per cent. Therefore,
investors interested in PPP projects.
there is scope for SME’s to contribute more
In 2012, 7 projects were included in the PPP profusely to our economic growth. The SME
pipeline. The number of projects raised to 39 in Foundation is a government agency established
2016 and 78 in 2022 in the PPP pipeline (Figure in 2007 with the mandate of promoting the
14.7). Seventeen ministries and 27 agencies are development of small and medium-sized
engaged with these 78 projects implementation, enterprises (SMEs) in the country.
which covers 11 sectors. An estimated US$
The main objective of the SME Foundation is to
38.16 billion will be invested if these projects
support the growth and development of SMEs in
are implemented. Among these projects, for 17
Bangladesh by providing a range of services and
projects, PPP contracts with an estimated project
support programs. These include financial
cost of US$ 4.8 billion have been signed with
assistance, training and capacity building,
private partners. The sectors where PPP projects
market access, and business advisory services.
have been implemented include ports,
The Foundation also works to create an enabling
expressway, water supply and sanitation, health
environment for SMEs by advocating for policy
and urban development. Apart from these, 19
reforms and providing information and resources
projects are under procurement phase and 25
to stakeholders. The SME Foundation also
projects are in the project development phase.
operates a number of other programmes and
The list of PPP projects is shown in the
initiatives, including the SME Loan Programme,
Annuxure-14.3.
which provides financing to SMEs through
Figure 14.7: Number of PPP projects in the partner banks and financial institutions, and the
PPP pipeline Business Innovation Center, which offers
training and support to entrepreneurs in the areas
90 of product design, market research, and
79 78 78
80 74 technology adoption.
70
62 For expansion and development of this sector,
60 Bangladesh Bank has been continuing its
50 45 refinancing facilities in the year 2022 for Banks
42 44
40
39 and Non-Bank Financial institutions (NBFIs)
against their financing to SMEs. Major
30 refinancing schemes are Refinancing Scheme for
17
20 Start-Up Fund, Small Enterprise Refinance
10 7 Scheme, Refinance Scheme for Setting up Agro-
Based Product Processing Industries in Rural
0
Areas, Refinance Scheme for New
Entrepreneurs’ in Cottage, Micro and Small
Enterprise Sector, Refinance Scheme for Shariah
Source: PPP Authority. based Financing in Agro-Based Industry, Small

Chapter 14: Private Sector Development | 240

Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

Entrepreneurs’ (including Women Entrepreneur) Entrepreneurs in Bangladesh, Asian

and New Entrepreneurs in Cottage, Micro and Development Bank (ADB) and Swiss Agency
Small Enterprises and Refinance Scheme for for Development and Cooperation (SDC)
Bangladesh Bank Housing Fund. Besides, there assisted Skills for Employment Investment
are JICA assisted Financial Sector Project for Program (SEIP), Local Financial Support to
the development of SMEs, Urban Building SME’s, Finance Support to SME’s project under
Safety Project, French Development Agency the ISDB SPRP for COVID-19, Supporting Post
(AFD), European Union (EU), KfW COVID-19 Small Scale Employment Creation
Development Bank (KFW), German Technical Project, and COVID-19 Emergency and Crisis
Cooperation (GIZ) assisted Programme to Response Facility Project. Banks and NBFI’s
support safety retrofits and Environmental have come forward for financing and the
Upgrades in the Bangladesh RMG sectors, development of SMEs sector under close
Catalysing Access to Finance for Women SME
monitoring and supervision of Bangladesh Bank. and foreign companies in the high-tech parks of
Total net outstanding loans and advances in SME the country. These companies have already
sector at the end of December 2022 is Tk. invested US$ 50 million of the proposed US$
2,82,896.54 crore which is around 12 percent 1,200 million. The government has so far
higher than the previous year. At the end of invested Tk. 1,341.19 crore in 10 parks for
December of the year 2022, Banks and NBFIs infrastructure development, resulting in the
altogether have disbursed an amount of Tk. development of 37,380 young people as IT
2,20,489.37 crore against 11,24,193 SMEs. startups with skill development. Besides, 32,700
Number of SME’s increases around 20 percent, people have been employed in various IT
whereas loan disbursement enhanced by 19 companies.
percent from the previous year.
Private Sector Development Initiatives in
Bangladesh Hi-Tech Park Authority some Selected Sectors
Bangladesh High-Tech Park Authority (BHTPA) ICT Sector
has been established under ‘Bangladesh High-
The ICT (Information and Communication
Tech Park Authority Act-2010’ in order to
Technology) sector is one of the fastest-growing
development of hi-tech industries and
sectors in Bangladesh, contributing significantly
information technology-based industries in the
to the country's economic growth and
country. BHTPA has been working for socio-
development. Information and Communication
economic development of the country by
Technology Division is working on Digital
ensuring the employment of huge youths of the
Bangladesh. Digital Bangladesh is centered on
country through set up hi-tech park/ software
the four pillars of information technology
technology park in different places of the
infrastructure development, human resource
country. In the first phase, BHTPA is currently
development in information technology,
working to establish 39 Hi-tech park across the
establishment of e-governance and development
country. Meanwhile, construction of 13.15 lakh
of information and communication technology
sq ft space have been completed in various parks
industry. In above contexts, high speed internet
including ‘Bangabandhu Hi-Tech City’ in
connection has been established through the
Kaliakair, ‘Sheikh Hasina Software Technology
optical fiber cable in 18,434 government offices
Park in Jessore’, ‘Sheikh Kamal IT Incubation
(ministries, departments, districts and upazila)
and Training Center’ in Natore and ‘Janata
under BanglaGovNet and Info-Sarkar-II project,
Tower Software Technology Park’ in Dhaka. So
initiatives undertaken for the Development of
far, land / space has been allotted to 176 domestic
National ICT Infra-network for Bangladesh

Chapter 14: Private Sector Development | 241

Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

Government Phase-III (Info- Sarker Phase-3) and Act, 2006 (Amended-2009), Digital Security Act
to connect India, Nepal, Bhutan and Bangladesh 2018 to strengthen governance structure; One
by optical fiber cable and to increase the data Stop Service (Bangladesh Hi-Tech Park
exchange capacity, BTCL has installed optical Authority) Rules,2019, National Information and
fiber cable. Besides, Bangladesh National Digital Communication Technology Policy 2018,
Architecture (BNDA) has been developed to Government E-mail Policy 2018, Made in
facilitate the development and use of e-services. Bangladesh Strategy 2021, National Strategy for
Robotics, Bangladesh National Digital
There has been employment generated to about
Architecture (BNDA) guidelines, and other acts,
1.5 million trainees through offering training on
guidelines and policies have been formulated.
ICT. So far, 1,070 people have been trained on
Emerging Technology such as Artificial Telecommunication Sector
Intelligence (AI), Internet of Things (IoT),
The telecommunications sector in Bangladesh
Blockchain, Robotics, Big Data, Medical Scribe,
has undergone rapid development in recent years,
Cyber Security etc. under Leveraging ICT for
with significant growth in mobile phone usage
Employment and Growth of the IT-ITES Industry
and internet penetration. Private sector
project. All these trained manpower are working
investment has brought a revolutionary change in
in the country and abroad, 265 persons have
the development of the telecommunications
successfully completed training on Japanese
sector in Bangladesh. There are currently four
language, Japanese business culture and IT under
mobile network operators in Bangladesh:
‘Skills Development of IT Engineers Targeting
Grameenphone, Robi Axiata, Banglalink, and
Japanese Market’ project. 189 persons have been
Teletalk. These operators offer a range of voice
employed in Japan and 76 persons have been
and data services, including 3G and 4G/LTE
employed in Japan-based Bangladeshi
services. Bangladesh has a rapidly growing
companies. It means 100 per cent employment
mobile phone market. In 2004, there was a total
rate among successful trainees. Besides, a total of
number of 4.0 million users of mobile phone,
47 officials have been trained and sent to South
whereas the number exceeded 182.60 million in
Korea through the ‘Formation of the e-
February 2023. Internet usage in Bangladesh has
Government Master Plan for Digital Bangladesh’
also grown significantly in recent years, with
project among these trainees. Overall, the ICT
over 125 million active internet subscribers as of
sector has so far provided employment to about 5
February 2023. The growth of mobile internet
million people and earned US$ 7 billion in export
usage has been particularly strong, with over
earnings.
113.13 million mobile internet subscribers in the
At present 1,800 government services have country. The broadband market in Bangladesh is
already been converted to digital services and also growing rapidly, with a number of
another 2,000 services are being converted, companies offering fixed-line and wireless
About 52 lakh e-mutations have been settled in broadband services. Number of ISP and PSTN
4,510 land offices in 486 upazilas under digital subscriber is 11.87 million as of February 2023.
land service, Under the social security safety net, In parallel, the government of Bangladesh has
Tk. 153.39 crore has been provided digitally to taken several initiatives to support the growth of
25 lakh disadvantaged people, Transactions the telecommunications sector through the
worth Tk 4,948 crore have been completed ministry for Posts and Telecommunications and
through 48 e-challan services. Besides, its subordinate offices and through clearly
Information and Communication Technology

Chapter 14: Private Sector Development | 242

 Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

articulating the vision of Digital Bangladesh

2021 and then Smart Bangladesh 2041.

Table 14.6: Number of Clients in Mobile Phone, Fixed Phone and Internet and Teledensity
Clients & eledensity 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023
(June) (Dec) (Dec) (Dec) (Feb) (Feb) (Feb)
Mobile Clients (Cr.) 8.66 9.74 11.48 12.19 12.64 13.60 15.69 16.55 17.01 17.33 18.15 18.26
Fixed phone Clients 0.10 0.10 0.07 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.053 0.056 0.05 0.048 0.048 0.046
(Cr.)
Internet Clients (Cr.) 2.84 3.10 3.55 4.28 6.66 7.33 9.14 9.90 11.19 11.27 12.28 12.50
Teledensity (%) 60.90 63.91 76.44 78.79 81.48 87.32 96.36 99.24 100.60 99.09 105.63 104.37
Source: BTRC

Power Sector Till 2008, the number of private universities in

the country was 51. Currently, out of 110
The government of Bangladesh put tremendous
approved private universities, 102 private
effort for rapid transformation of the power
universities are running their educational
sector to increase access to electricity and
programmes. From January 2023, curriculum of
diversify the country's energy mix with a view to
all private universities is being updated on the
attain the target of generating 40,000 MW
basis of Outcome-based Education (OBE) with a
electricity by 2030 and 60,000 MW electricity by
view to making the higher education system
2041. Till January 2023, the total grid based
contemporary, modern and world class. In private
installed capacity is 23,482 MW including
universities, emphasis is put on functional
10,246 MW in Public Sector, 1,861 MW in JV,
science and information technology in their
10,215 MW in Private Sector and 1,160 MW
education programmes. In the annual
power imported from India. As a whole, total
development programme (ADP) of the FY 2021-
installed power generation amount has been
22, a total of 46 projects including 2 technical
reached to 26,700 MW including captive,
assistance programs have been included. While
renewable and imported electricity. Out of the
there are still challenges to be addressed, there is
total net generation, 39.89 percent power was
a sense of optimism and commitment to ensuring
generated by public sector power plants, 7.83
that all children and young people have access to
percent from JV power plants, 42.26 percent
high-quality education and the skills they need to
from private power plants, and 10.02 percent
succeed in elevating the country to a developed
from power import.
nation by 2041.
Education Sector
Health Sector
The education sector in Bangladesh has
Medical and health services are gradually
undergone significant expansion and
increasing through participation of the private
transformation in recent years, with the
sector. At present, there are 72 Medical Colleges,
government and other stakeholders working to
12 Dental Colleges, 14 dental units, 13 post
improve access, quality, and relevance of
graduate institute, 200 Medical Assistant
education across the country. In the light of the
Training Institutions and 97 Institute of Health
National Education Policy 2010, the National
Technology in private sector. The government as
Curriculum-2012 has been formulated and
well as the private sector and NGOs are being
implemented from the class I to the class XII in
encouraged to provide quality health services
order to improve the quality of education and
through open competition. For that purpose,
make it modern.
4,544 private hospitals, 9,178 diagnostic centers

Chapter 14: Private Sector Development | 243

Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

and 177 blood banks have been licensed in the employment opportunities in the tourism
country. The role of NGOs as well as the industry. The government of Bangladesh has also
government in health services, especially been encouraging private sector development in
hygienic sanitation, supply of clean drinking the area of sustainable tourism. According to the
water and elimination of other infectious diseases Bangladesh Tourism Board, several eco-tourism
sites in the country are operated by the private
including COVID-19 is worth mentioning. Also,
sector organisations. However, the tourism sector
several domestic and foreign NGOs are actively
in Bangladesh faces some key challenges
working in addition to government initiatives to
including lack of adequate infrastructure,
reduce child and maternal mortality rates
transportation, accommodation, and tourist
significantly under health, population and
facilities. ‘The Travel and Tourism Development
nutrition programs. Opportunities for public-
Index 2021: Rebuilding for a Sustainable and
private partnership (PPP)-based investment in the
Resilient Future,’ published the World Economic
health sector have been created. Community
Forum (WEF) ranked 117 economies on a range
Clinic is an innovative endeavor of Honorable
of factors crucial to the development,
Prime Minister, Sheikh Hasina and unique
sustainability, and resiliency of their travel and
example of Public Private Partnership (PPP).
tourism industries. Bangladesh has moved up
Tourism Sector three notches on the Travel and Tourism
Tourism is a growing sector in Bangladesh with Development Index 2021 and ranks 100th out of
great potential for development. The tourism 117 countries in the world. Indeed, the
industry's contribution to GDP is 3.02 percent government and private sector need to work
and the sector accounts for 8.07 percent of the together to address the challenges facing the
total employment of the country, according to the tourism industry and create a favorable
data from Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics (BBS). environment for the sector.
From the public sector side, Bangladesh Parjatan Insurance Sector
Corporation (BPC) plays role for the
Insurance sector of Bangladesh is working
development of the country's tourism industry
persistently to reduce the risk of business and
through providing quality services to tourists,
also to ensure financial security of the people.
creating international quality and unparalleled
The insurance sector of Bangladesh has been
tourism facilities, diversifying tourist attractions
growing steadily, with both life and non-life
and developing human resources and Bangladesh
insurance. The sector is regulated by the
Tourism Board (BTB) is engaged in promoting
Insurance Development and Regulatory
tourism in the country. Whereas the Private
Authority (IDRA), which was established in
sector participation in the tourism sector in
2010 and became operational in January 2011.
Bangladesh has been growing. Over the past few
IDRA is in charge of regulating and supervising
years, the private sector has been investing in
all the insurance companies. There are 79 private
tourism infrastructure (e.g., construction of new
insurance companies operating in Bangladesh in
hotels, resorts, and other accommodation
addition to the two state owned corporations
facilities, as well as in the development of tourist
‘Jibon Bima Corporation’ and ‘Sadharan Bima
attractions and facilities such as theme parks and
Corporation’. Among the private insurance
entertainment centers), promoting tourism
companies there are 45 Non-life and 34 Life
products and services (e.g., new and innovative
insurance companies. The total premium income
tour packages, transportation, and travel-related
of public and private non-life insurance
activities) and providing training and

Chapter 14: Private Sector Development | 244

 Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

companies was Tk. 4,745.43 crore in 2021. In percent. Table 14.7 shows the status of premium
2022 the gross premium income increased to Tk. income from state owned and private insurance
5,413.14 crore. The rate of growth was 14.07 companies.
Table 14.7: Premium Income Figure in Non-Life Sector
(Tk. in Crore)
Total premium Government Private Growth Rate
Year Government Private Sector Sector Government Sector Private Total
Total
Sector Sector (%) (%) (%) (%) (%)
2012 218.92 1948.35 2167.27 10.10 89.90 10.86 10.08 10.16
2013 190.96 2101.84 2292.80 8.33 91.67 -12.77 7.88 5.79
2014 176.11 2269.60 2445.71 7.20 92.80 -7.77 7.98 6.67
2015 207.31 2435.70 2643.01 7.84 92.16 17.71 7.32 8.07
2016 223.49 2549.38 2772.88 8.06 91.94 7.81 4.67 4.91
2017 238.66 2742.77 2981.43 8.00 92.00 6.78 7.59 7.52
2018 348.90 3041.89 3390.79 10.29 89.71 46.19 10.91 13.73
2019 1300.17 3418.67 4718.84 27.55 72.45 272.65 12.39 39.17
2020 1295.38 3396.76 4692.14 27.61 72.39 -0.37 -0.64 -0.57
2021 1054.20 3691.23 4745.43 22.21 77.79 -18.62 8.67 1.14
2022* 1632.15 3780.99 5413.14 30.15 69.85 54.82 2.43 14.07
Source: Insurance Development and Regulatory Authority (IDRA), * 2022 data aree unaudited.

On the other hand, gross premium income of the previous year. The premium income from
`Jibon Bima Corporation’ and 34 private life state owned and private life insurance
insurance companies was Tk. 11,401.57 crore in companies are illustrated in Table 14.8:
2022, which is Tk. 1,141.14 crore higher than
Table 14.8: Premium Income Figure in Life Sector
(Tk in Crore)
Total premium Growth Rate
Government Private
Year Government Private Government sector Private Total
Total Sector (%) Sector (%)
Sector Sector (%) (%) (%)
2012 343.20 6243.90 6587.10 5.21 94.79 11.47 5.00 5.31
2013 365.11 6474.60 6839.71 5.34 94.66 6.38 3.69 3.83
2014 389.93 6686.39 7076.32 5.51 94.49 6.80 3.27 3.46
2015 403.74 6912.36 7316.09 5.52 94.48 3.54 3.38 3.39
2016 412.51 7175.94 7588.45 5.44 94.56 2.17 3.81 3.72
2017 474.72 7723.73 8198.46 5.79 94.21 15.08 7.63 8.04
2018 513.08 8479.05 8992.13 5.71 94.29 8.08 9.78 9.68
2019 574.12 9025.51 9599.63 5.98 94.02 11.90 6.44 6.76
2020 601.48 8926.51 9527.99 6.31 93.69 4.77 -1.10 -0.75
2021 662.10 9598.33 10260.43 6.45 93.55 10.08 7.53 7.69
2022* 763.08 10638.49 11401.57 6.69 93.31 15.25 10.84 11.12
Source: Insurance Development and Regulatory Authority (IDRA), *2022 data are unaudited.

Chapter 14: Private Sector Development | 245

Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

Annexure
Annexure-14.1
Department/ Agency signed MoU with BIDA for OSS facilitation
Sl. No. Name of Department/Agency Date of MoU Signing
1. Register of Joint Stock Companies and Firms (RJSC)
2. National Board of Revenue (NBR)
3. Sonali Bank Ltd. 8 November 2018
4. Dhaka South City Corporation (DSCC)
5. Dhaka North City Corporation (DNCC)
6. Chattogram City Corporation (CCC)
7. Election Commission Secretariat 28 October 2020
8. Security Services Division, Ministry of Home Affairs
9. Office of Chief Controller of Imports and Exports
10. Chittagong Development Authority 15 January 2020
11. Bangladesh Power Development Board
12. Dhaka Electric Supply Company Ltd.
13. Ministry of Land
14. Department of Environment 23 August 2020
15. Rajdhani Unnayan Kartripakkha (RAJUK)
16. Dhaka Chamber of Commerce and Industry (DCCI)
17. Bangladesh Rural Electrification Board (BREB)
18. Dhaka Power Distribution Company Ltd. (DPDC) 8 September 2020
19. West Zone Power Distribution Company Ltd. (WZPDCL)
20. Northern Electric Supply Company (NESCO)
21. Bangladesh Fire Service and Civil Defense (FSCD)
22. Department of Registration
23. Dhaka Water Supply and Sewerage Authority 11 February 2021
24. Bangladesh Telecommunications Company Ltd. (BTCL)
25. Jalalabad Gas Transmission and Distribution Systems
26. Department of Immigration and Passports
27. Department of Inspection for Factories and Establishment
28. Export Promotion Bureau 14 July 2021
29. Metropolitan Chamber of Commerce and Industry (MCCI)
30. The City Bank Limited
31. The Foreign Investors’ Chamber of Commerce and Industry (FICCI)
32. The Chittagong Chamber Of Commerce and Industry
33. Standard Chartered Bank Bangladesh 29 August 2021
34. Islami Bank Bangladesh Limited
35. Eastern Bank Limited
36. Department of Explosives
37. Office of the Chief Inspector of Boiler 23 February 2022
38. One Bank Ltd.
39. Meghna Bank Ltd.
40. Bangladesh Bank
41. Agrani Bank Ltd. 12 February 2023
42. Mutual Trust Bank Ltd.
43. Commercial Bank of Ceylon, PLC

Chapter 14: Private Sector Development | 246

 Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

Annexure-14.2
Trend of country wise Foreign/ joint venture projects registered
(in Million US$)
Source of Joint 2013-2014 2014-2015 2015-2016 2016-2017 2017-2018 2018-2019 2019-2020 2020-2021 2021-2022 2022-2023*
and 100 per cent
Foreign
Investment
Saudi 0.011
1. 0 2.363 5.500 2450.076 0.125 0 5.413 8.278 0
Arabia
2. USA 85.005 120.842 17.246 178.680 494.509 643.378 13.474 320.732 19.261 16.653
3. Thailand 25.750 18.667 27.673 584.06 6.894 2.277 0.047 0.069 0 0
4. India 169.623 34.038 33.763 212.911 327.744 40.937 23.128 22.548 15.751 182.346
South
5. 7.960 4.541 161.542 17.411 115.074 1.761 2.525 0 13.660 0
Korea
6. Malaysia 2.361 8.588 88.389 23.816 1.373 3.852 1200.244 5.294 0.041 0
The 8.252
7. 0.846 0.608 4.774 19.076 0 1720.402 41.25 1.172 0.091
Netherlands
8. China 1683.322 25.102 70.396 6211.351 416.361 943.647 1934.413 83.852 791.950 349.131
9. UK 0 58.157 5.082 3.698 386.224 0.262 6.506 1.168 4.375 12.289
10. Pakistan 0.648 0 0 1.986 0 0 0 0 0 0.627
11. Japan 16.779 7.223 59.791 15.628 49.752 248.549 18.291 34.039 20.989 0.737
12. Denmark 1.062 0.514 0.024 0 0.407 0 14.130 0 0 0.107
13. Sri Lanka 0.187 0 1.611 0.351 13.603 98.291 0.252 5.028 0 8.856
14. Canada 1.280 7.198 0.849 0 14.085 0.133 0 0.597 0.205 0
15. Taiwan 3.684 16.594 0.822 0.20 1.544 1.157 77.589 0 9.443 0.500
16. Singapore 29.328 9.605 1.977 657.853 382.973 1247.426 167.586 303.129 1.888 43.109
17. Turkey 0 2.271 0.288 1.096 14.288 0 2.770 0 134.621 0
18. Italy 2.392 1.127 0 16.376 0 0 0 0 0.235 0
19. Hong Kong 3.646 8.342 2.886 50.614 17.963 29.910 0.850 0 157.154 2.528
20. Africa 0 3.627 0 0 0 0 0.320 0 0 0
Armenia & 0
21. 0 0 0.239 0 0 0 0 0 0
Russia
22. Bermuda 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
23. France 0.806 0 0 3.117 0 0 0 3.934 1.321 0.099
24. Lebanon 0 1.136 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
25. Mauritius 5.128 54.126 9.653 0 340.000 0 32.545 0.999 0 0
26. Philippines 0 0 0 0 0 10.274 0 0 0 0
27. Sweden 0 16.276 1.831 1.229 1.551 2.377 0 1.962 5.551 0.111
28. Switzerland 0.589 14.824 0 0 0 17.900 0 0.121 6.438 0.163
29. Finland 0 0.556 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.155 0
30. UAE 52.160 0.301 1.117 15.287 7143.725 0.300 108.944 0 7.233 0
British
31. Virgin 0 0 8.988 0 0 1.035 0 0 0 0
Island
32. Germany 2.266 1.345 6.597 18.372 7.003 4.000 4.019 78.310 4.654 4.330
33. Australia 6.182 1.016 1.047 5.763 0 0 2.582 6.095 0 1.990
34. Spain 0.028 1.696 0 12.014 0 1.71 0.395 0.114 0 0
35. Poland 0 0.894 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.546 0
36. Belgium 0 0 0 0 0 0.35 0 0 0 0.022
37. Egypt 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
38. Hungary 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
39. Norway 0 0 0 0 5.186 0 0 0 0.571 0
40. Jordan 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
41. Kuwait 0 0 0.885 0 0 0 0 0 1.525 0
42. Malta 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
43. Guyana 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
44. Libya 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
45. Serbia 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
46. Yemen 27.289 0 0.308 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Chapter 14: Private Sector Development | 247

 Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

Source of Joint 2013-2014 2014-2015 2015-2016 2016-2017 2017-2018 2018-2019 2019-2020 2020-2021 2021-2022 2022-2023*
and 100 per cent
Foreign
Investment
47. Nigeria 0 0.614 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.054 0
48. Iran 0 0 1.244 0.592 0 0 0 0 0 0
49. Lithuania 0 0 0.500 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
50. Uzbekistan 0 0 0 2.713 0 0 0 0 0 0
51. Belarus 0 0 0 5.875 0 0 0 0 0 0
52. Nepal 0 0 0 0 1.347 0 8.14 0 0 1.000
53. Oman 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.117 1.176 0 0
54. Ireland 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.118 0 0 0
55. Ingland 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.346 0 0 0
56. Korea 0 0 0 0 0 0 17.385 10.595 161.791 1.453
57. Bulgeria 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.164 0 0.596
58. Kazakhistan 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.411 0 0
59. Angulia 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 28.211 0 0
60. Bahamas 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.192 0 0
61. Romania 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.589 0
Check 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.045
62. 0
Republic
63. Sudan 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.048 0
64. Chad 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 15.702
Keyman 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
65. 0 0.045
Island
Total 2128.321 422.691 515.021 10510.920 9742.308 5019.928 3684.480 918.190 745.119 1370.357
Source: Bangladesh Investment Development Authority, * up to February 2023

Chapter 14: Private Sector Development | 248

Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

Annex 14.3
List of PPP Projects
SL Project Name Project Cost
(US$ million)
Transport Sector
1. Dhaka-Elevated Expressway 1243
2. Construction of Bridge on Bhulta-Araihazar-Bancharampur road over the river Meghna 878
3. 2nd Padma Multipurpose Bridge at Paturia-Goalundo. 1500
4. Construction of Dhaka East West Elevated Expressway 2050
5. Light Rapid Transit system for Narayanganj City 200
6. Build and Construct Khulna Khan Jahan Ali airport 300
7. Construction of a New Inland Container Depot (ICD) near Dhirasram Railway Station. 153
8. Circular Railway Line 8373
9. Multimodal Hub at Kamalapur Railway Station 2595
10. Multimodal Hub at Bimanbandar Raiway Station 200
11. 2 Jetties at Mongla Port through PPP. 94
12. Operation and Maintenance of 3rd Terminal at Hazrat Shahjalal International Airport (HSIA) 2145
13. Payra Port Coal Terminal 660
14. Construction and Operation of Inland Container Terminal (ICT) at Khanpur. 30
15. Construction of Bay Terminal 2089
16. Equip, Operate and Maintain Patenga Container Terminal 58
17. Upgrading of Dhaka Bypass to 4 Lane (Madanpur-Debogram-Bhulta-Joydebpur). 359
18. Improvement of Hatirjheel (Rampura Bridge)-Shekherjaiga-Amulia-Demra Road. 261
19. Gabtoli - Nabinagar PPP Road. 340
20. Improvement of Chattogram to Cox's Bazar Highway through PPP 1462
21. Detailed Design, Construction, Operation and Maintainance of Mass Rapid Transit (MRT) 3479
Line-2
22. Construction of Outer Ring Road 1529
23. Improvement of Dhaka (Joydebpur)-Mymensingh Highway (N3) into Expressway 394.5
Social Security Sector
24. Oboshor: Senior Citizen Health Care and Hospitality Complex at Sreemangal, Sylhet Division. 10
Science and IT Sector
25. Bangabandhu Hi-Tech City (Block 2 and5) 210
26. Bangabandhu Hi-Tech City (Block 3) 25
27. Info Sarkar3 (Component 1 -1307 union) 350
28. Info Sarkar3 (Component 2 -1293 union) 350
29. IT Village at Mohakhali. 20
Industry Sector
30. Economic Zone 4: Mongla. 12
31. Economic Zone 2: Mirsarai. 735
32. Development of Textile Mill at Demra, Dhaka. 40
33. Development of Textile Mill at Tongi, Gazipur. 50
34. Development of Integrated Tourism and Entertainment Village at Cox’s Bazar. 100
35. Establishment of 5 Star Hotel with other Facilities at Existing Parjatan Motel Sylhet Compound 20
of BPC Sylhet.
36. Establishment of Three Star Standard Hotel and other Facilities of Existing Hotel Pashur 15
Compound of BPC at Mongla Bagerhat.
37. Establishment of Intl. Standard Tourism Complex at Existing Motel Upal Compound of BPC at 45
Cox’s Bazar.
38. Establishment of a Five Star Standard Hotel along with an Application Hotel and Trainning 30
Centre on existing land of BPC at Muzgunni, Khulna.
39. Development of Cotton Mills project in Tangail 150
40. Development of BTMC Textile Mills: R R Textile Miles Limited 50
41. Development of BTMC Textile Mills: Magura Textile Miles Limited 50
42. Development of BTMC Textile Mills: Dost Textile Limited 50
43. Development of BTMC Textile Mills: Rajshahi Textile Miles Limited 50
44. Development of Economic Zone (EZ) at Jamalpur with Private Sector participation. 40
45. Central Effluent Treatment Plant-CETP 22

Chapter 14: Private Sector Development | 249

Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

SL Project Name Project Cost

(US$ million)
46. Development of BTMC Textile Mills: The Asiatic Cotton Miles Limited 50
47. Development of BTMC Textile Mills: Jolil Textile Limited 50
48. Development of BTMC Textile Mills: Bengal Textile Limited 50
49. Development of BTMC Textile Mills: Sundarbon Textile Miles Limited 50
50. Development of BTMC Textile Mills: Amin Textile Limited 50
51. Development of BTMC Textile Mills: Rangamati Textile Miles Limited 50
52. Development of BTMC Textile Mills: Dinajpur Textile Miles Limited 50
53. Development of BTMC Textile Mills: Daroyani Textile Limited 50
54. Development of BTMC Textile Mills: Afsor Cotton Mills Limited 50
Service Sector
55. Development of Integrated Wastewater Management System for Gazipur City Corporation 64
56. Construction of High-rise Residential Apartment Building for Low- and Middle-Income Group 1174
of People at Jhilmil Residential Project Dhaka.
57. Construction of Satellite Township with Multi-storied Flat Building at Section 9, Mirpur, 44
Dhaka.
58. Installation of Water Supply, Sewerage, Drainage System and Solid Waste Management 80
System in Purbachal New Town.
59. Construction of multistoried Commercial cum Residential Apartment complex with modern 200
amenities at Nasirabad, Chittagong Under PPP.
60. Construction of High-rise Apartment at Purbachal New Town Project 500
61. Establishment of 5 Star Hotel at Zakir Hossain Road, Chittagong 50
62. Development of Shopping Mall with Hotel-cum-Guest House at Bangladesh Railway Land 6
near Chittagong Railway Station, Chittagong
63. Shopping Mall with Hotel-cum-Guest House on the unused Railway land in Khulna. 30
64. Development of Market, Residential Apartments and Resort on the Land of “No-view 22
Guesthouse” at Chittagong under BJMC through Public Private Partnership
Health Sector
65. Hemodialysis Centre at National Institute of Kidney Diseases and Urology (NIKDU) and 3
Chittagong Medical College Hospital.
66. Medical College and Modernization of Railway Hospital at CRB in Chittagong. 47
67. Development of Occupational Diseases Hospital, Labor Welfare Center and Commercial 35
Complexes at Tongi, Gazipur, PPP Basis.
68. Development of Occupational Diseases Hospital, Labor Welfare Center and Commercial 35
Complexes at Chasara, Narayanganj, PPP Basis.
69. Medical College and Nursing Institute and Modernization Railway Hospital of Kamlapur. 100
70. Medical College and Modernization of Railway Hospital at Saidpur in Nilphamary. 75
71. Medical College and Modernization of Railway Hospital at Paksey in Pabna. 75
72. New Modern Medical College and Hospital of 250 beds on the unused land in Khulna. 100
Public Service Sector
73. Comprehensive Non-Intrusive Inspection (NII) Project under PPP 100
Energy Sector
74. Construction of LPG Import, Storage and Bottling Plant at Kumira or any Suitable Place at 50
Chittagong Including Import Facilities of LPG, Jetty, Pipeline and Storage Tanks under PPP.
Education Sector
75. The Innovation and Innovator Cell (IIC) development under Public Private Partnership. 10
Agriculture Sector
76. Composite Rice Mills 170
77. Chattogram Metropolitan Sewerage Project for Patenga Catchment-6 300
78. Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Shilpanagar Water Supply Project 1500
Source: Public Private Partnership Authority.

Chapter 14: Private Sector Development | 250

Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

CHAPTER FIFTEEN

ENVIRONMENT, CLIMATE CHANGE AND DEVELOPMENT

Global detrimental consequences of climate change have created inviolable challenges especially
for the least developed and developing countries like Bangladesh. It is unanimously recognized that
Bangladesh remains a forerunner in its adaptation unswerving endeavours resulting combating
environmental degradation. Nevertheless, the continued substantial efforts are in the process of
integrating elements pertaining to environment with mainstream development policies in order to
ensure economic growth and environmental sustainability. A good portion of policies and
development plans have been adopted and are being implemented to address environmental hazards
and to ensure a pollution-free eco-friendly environment. Furthermore, a detailed work plan has
been promulgated with a view to achieving environmental targets of Sustainable Development Goals
(SDG’s). ‘Bangladesh Climate Change Strategy and Action Plan, 2009 (BCCSAP 2009)’ is being
implemented to address the impact of climate change where both adaptation and mitigation
activities have been considered. In this plan, 44 programmes under six thematic areas were
identified. For this reason, Bangladesh Climate Change Trust Fund (BCCTF) was created in 2010
from the Government’s own revenue sources to combat climate change impacts as well as to
implement Bangladesh Climate Change Strategy and Action Plan (BCCSAP) 2009. All projects
taken up under BCCTF are based on the thematic areas mentioned in BCCSAP 2009. During FY23
up to February, 2023), under this scheme total of Tk. 94.88 crore has been disbursed as refinance
facility from the fund against Bank and FI’s financing, in total 10 green products/initiatives such as
Biogas plant, Green Building, Green Industry, Vermi Compost, Solar Home System, Biological ETP,
Net Metering Rooftop Solar System, Installation of Energy Auditor Certified machineries,
Environment Friendly/Brick Kiln Efficiency improvement Project, and Safety and Work
Environment of Factory. National Environmental Policy, 2018, Bangladesh Biodiversity Act 2018,
Environmental Crisis Management Rules, 2017, Air Pollution (Control) Rules, 2022 have been
promulgated to take into account the challenges of environment, biodiversity conservation and
management. Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change has also undertaken different
consciousness programmes and restructuring activities for environment conservation along with
Ozone Layer Protection and pollution control. Ministry of Disaster Management and Relief and
Ministry of Water Resources are also implementing various programmes/ projects in order to tackle
eventualities emanating from natural disasters.

The concept of environmental protection as well environment conservation. Later, 'Kyoto

as its development received wider global Protocol' was signed in 1997, which proposed
attention from the early 1970s. The decision lessening of carbon dioxide and greenhouse gas
agreed upon at the UN conference on the human emission.
environment held in Stockholm in 1972 worked
Table 15.1 shows the list of 10 highest emitting
as an eye-opener for international communities.
countries with the level of their Green House Gas
The ‘United Nations Environment Programme
(GHG) emissions, which accounts for almost
(UNEP)’ was formed by this conference. In 1992,
63.22 percent of global GHG emission. In 2019,
an Earth Summit was held at Rio De Jeneiro in
the global GHG emission stands at 51,880.75
Brazil, which is considered as a landmark in the
MtCO₂.

Chapter 15: Environment, Climate Change and Development | 251

Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

Table 15.1: Top Ten Greenhouse Gas addressing the climate change which is being
Emitting Countries in the World appreciated in the international arena. The major
initiatives to address climate change are as
Annual percent follows:
CO2Emissions in of
Sl.
Country 2019 Global BCCSAP Update
No
(In millions of Total in
The Government of Bangladesh formulated a
metric tonnes) 2019
comprehensive strategy and action plan, titled
1 China 12705.1 24.49
Bangladesh Climate Change Strategy and Action
2 USA 6001.2 11.56
Plan (BCCSAP) in 2009, which is currently
3 India 3394.9 6.54
being updated. An updated BCCSAP has already
4 Europe 3383.4 6.52
been drafted which will be finalised soon.
5 Russia 2476.8 4.77
6 Japan 1166.5 2.24 Formulation of National Adaptation Plan
7 Brazil 1057.3 2.03 (NAP)
8 Indonesia 1002.4 1.93
The government has formulated the National
9 Iran 893.7 1.72
Adaptation Plan of Bangladesh (NAP) 2023-
10 Canada 736.9 1.42
2050 and submitted to the UNFCCC Secretariat
Source: CAIT Climate Data Explorer, March, 2023.
on 31 October 2022. In the future, NAP will
Activities on Climate Change serve as a key document in implementing
Global Climate change is one of the most crucial adaptive activities in the country under the
challenges of current time that threaten the UNFCCC process. The NAP has culminated the
existence of human civilization. The IPCC’s vision of “Building a climate resilient nation
latest scientific assessment report titled Sixth through effective adaptation strategies for
Assessment Report (AR6) has issued a red alert fostering a robust society, ecosystem and
on the existence of human civilization for global stimulating sustainable economic growth.” The
climate change. Due to global warming, following six goals have been set aiming in the
cyclones, tidal surges, flash floods, heavy rains, NAP to attain the above vision –
droughts, droughts and other natural disasters are • Ensuring protection against climate change
occurring at an increasing rate. Over the next two and disasters;
decades, temperature will exceed 1.5 degrees • Developing climate-resilient agriculture;
Celsius, ahead of the Industrial Revolution, • Building climate-smart cities;
which could rise to more than 3.0 degrees Celsius
• Protecting nature for adaptation;
by 2100 unless immediate and comprehensive
• Integrating adaptation into planning; and
action is not taken to tackle global climate
• Ensuring capacity-building and innovation
change. The Department of Environment, under
in adaptation.
the Ministry of Environment, Forests and
Climate Change (MoEFCC) is providing In order to achieve these goals, the NAP has
necessary assistance and overall coordination to determined 23 adaptation strategies and
various ministries/departments/agencies to ensure identified 113 interventions primarily (including
climate resilience in Bangladesh through the 90 high-priority and 23 moderate-priority) that
implementation of adaptation and mitigation encompasses 8 sectors and considers 11 climatic
measures in response to climate change. stress areas across the country.
Bangladesh has achieved enviable success in

Chapter 15: Environment, Climate Change and Development | 252

Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

Submission of Nationally Determined arena. Bangladesh is actively participating in

Contributions (NDC) various constitute bodies of the UN Framework
Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC).
Bangladesh has prepared and submitted its
Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) in The 27th Session of the UN Climate Change
2015 to the UNFCCC. As per the commitment to Conference, COP 27, was held from 6 to 20
the Paris Agreement, Bangladesh revised and November 2022 in Sharm el-Sheikh, Egypt.
submitted Updated Nationally Determined Participation of Bangladesh Delegation at the
Contribution (NDC) on 26 August 2021, COP27 was vivid and active. At the COP 27
enhancing both unconditional and conditional ministerial level negotiations, on behalf of the
contribution with ambitious quantifiable LDC, Bangladesh led the negotiation on Funding
mitigation targets. In its NDC, Bangladesh has Arrangements for Loss and Damage, Mitigation
committed to reduce its GHG emissions by 27.56 Work Programme, Global Goal on Adaptation
million MtCO2e or 6.73 percent below BAU in and COP27 Cover Decision. A total of 197
2030 as an unconditional contribution (using own parties including 195 UNFCCC member
resources) while reducing an additional emission countries participated in this conference. Various
by 61.9 million MtCO2e or 15.12 percent below important decisions and significant aspects taken
BAU in 2030 as a conditional contribution (with at COP-27 to deal with climate change are as
international support). Various activities are follows:
being undertaken by the concerned ministries,
• Parties, for the 1st time, agreed to adopt a
departments, and agencies to achieve the targets
breakthrough agreement on funding
of the NDC which are being coordinated by the
arrangements for addressing loss and
Ministry of Environment, Forests and Climate
damage in the most vulnerable developing
Change.
countries due to the adverse effects of
Implementation of Mujib Climate Prosperity climate change. (Parties also agreed to
Plan (MCPP) establish a ‘transitional committee’ to make
With the advent of the birth centenary of the recommendations on how to operationalise
Father of the Nation, Bangabandhu Sheikh the fund, institutional arrangements and
Mujibur Rahman, the Government of Bangladesh funding sources at COP28.);
has taken the ‘Mujib Climate Prosperity Plan’ - a • Parties agreed on the way to move forward
strategic investment framework to mobilize on the Global Goal on Adaptation, which
financing, especially through international will conclude at COP28;
cooperation for the protection of future • Standing Committee on Finance has been
generation from climate change. The Mujib requested to prepare a report on doubling
Climate Prosperity Plan shifts Bangladesh’s adaptation finance for consideration at
trajectory from one of vulnerability to resilience COP28 next year;
to prosperity (VRP). The MCPP is currently • The mitigation work programme has been
waiting for approval. launched aimed at urgently scaling up
mitigation ambition and implementation.
Bangladesh’s Representation on Climate
Governments were also requested to revisit
Change in the International Arena
and strengthen the 2030 targets in their
Bangladesh has achieved remarkable success in national climate plans by the end of 2023;
climate change risk and disaster management and
which is being applauded in the international

Chapter 15: Environment, Climate Change and Development | 253

Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

• Accelerated implementation of green/environment-friendly initiatives. USD

commitments to increase climate finance to 140.94 million and Euro 71.21 million have
USD 100 billion annually by developed been disbursed from GTF as of February,
countries in 2020-24. 2023.
• Bangladesh bank monitors the CSR
Green Banking and Sustainable Finance
activities of operational bank and FIs in
To facilitate green products/sector financing such Bangladesh. As a part of this monitoring, in
as solar energy, bio-gas plant, effluent treatment the period of January-December 2022 the
plant, Bangladesh Bank established a revolving total CSR expenditure of banks is Tk.
refinancing scheme of Tk. 200 crore in 2009 for 1,146.32 crore whereas the total CSR
green products/sector from its own fund. The size expenditure of FIs is tk. 8.39 crore as per
of the fund has been increased to Tk. 400 crore in provisional data.
view of the growing demand for financing of • Bangladesh Bank instruct all scheduled
environment friendly products/initiatives in 2020. banks and to donate 5 percent from their
At present, this scheme is known as ‘Refinance CSR budget in Prime Minister’s Education
Scheme for Environment Friendly Assistance Trust Fund each year.
Products/Initiatives’. During FY23 up to
February, 2023), under this scheme total of Tk. Besides, To mitigate the crisis due to COVID-19
94.88 crore has been disbursed as refinance pandemic by facilitating export oriented
facility from the fund against Bank and FI’s industries for boosting up export activities,
financing, in total 10 green products/initiatives Bangladesh Bank introduced a refinancing
such as Bio-gas plant, Green Building, Green scheme named ‘Pre-shipment credit Refinancing
Industry, Vermi Compost, Solar Home System, Scheme’ of Tk. 5,000.00 crore. Already, 40
Biological ETP, Net Metering Rooftop Solar banks signed agreement with Bangladesh Bank
System, Installation of Energy Auditor Certified for availing such facilities under the scheme. As
machineries, Environment Friendly/Brick Kiln of February 2023, 272 export oriented industries
Efficiency improvement Project, and Safety and received the refinance facility for an amount of
Work Environment of Factory. Tk. 3,007.28 crore.

Steps have been undertaken during FY 2022-23: Removing Air Pollution

Air pollution is increasing with rapid
• For the modernization and technological
urbanisation and industrialisation. Emissions
development/up-gradation of export oriented
from brick kiln, construction activities, industrial
industries, a refinancing fund of Tk.1,000.00
operation and vehicle are considered the key
crore has been formed in the light of ‘Export
sources of air pollution. The Department of
Policy 2018-21’ by Bangladesh Bank which
Environment (DoE) works for establishing energy
is named as ‘Technology Development/Up-
saving, effective in air pollution and modern
gradation Fund’. Under this fund, Tk. 63.24
technology based environment-freindly brick kiln
Crore has been disbursed under the fund till
instead of traditional brick kiln to reduce brick
February 2023.
kiln emision. Introduction of eco-friendly blocks
• ‘Green Transformation Fund (GTF)’ was
instead of burnt bricks: Ministry of Environment,
introduced for widening the scope to
Forests and Climate Change “Brick Preparation
manufacturer-exporters irrespective of
and Kiln Installation (Regulation) Act, 2013
sectors against import of capital machinery
(Amended 2019)” to reduce the use of burnt
and accessories for implementing specified
bricks in government construction, repair except

Chapter 15: Environment, Climate Change and Development | 254

Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

roads and highways and issued a government implemented with the target of 67.5 percent
notification setting a target of 100 percent block reduction by 2025.
utilization by 2025 in renovation works
Industrial Pollution Control
(buildings, herring bone bond roads, rural roads
type-B). Coordination is being done with various Issuance of Environmental Clearance: In
concerned departments/organizations/institutions accordance with Section 12 (1) of the
of the government to ensure 100 percent use of Environmental Protection Act, 1995 (Amended
blocks by 2025 as an alternative to bricks. 2010) in Bangladesh, it is mandatory to obtain
Already various departments/organizations/ environmental clearance in the prescribed manner
institutions of the government are including the as per the Environmental Protection Rules, 1997.
issue of block use in project documents. Cases According to the rules, all types of industries and
against illegal environment polluting brick kilns projects are being forced to take environmental
have been filed against 2,360 clearances. In the last 14 years from 2009 to
individuals/organizations by conducting various 2023, about 74,000 environmental clearances are
mobile courts from January, 2019 to December, given in the case of establishing industry or
2022 and Tk. 86.74 crore penalty imposed. Also implementing projects and about 1,28,000
290 persons were sentenced to various terms of environmental clearances have been renewed.
imprisonment and 761 illegal brick kilns were Establishment of ETP: To prevent water
demolished. All illegal brick kilns will be phased pollution, the Department of Environment has
out. continued monitoring activities to set up Effluent
Treatment Plant (ETP) for the industrial
The Air Pollution (Control) Rules, 2022 were
enterprises discharging liquefied waste. As a
gazetted on July 26, 2022 to effectively control
result, ETPs have already been set up in most of
and reduce overall air pollution. Necessary steps
the water polluting industries. ETP has been set
have been taken for overall implementation of
up in 2,382 out of 2,894 industrial establishments
Air Pollution (Control) Rules, 2022. The
to be set up by January 2023.
Department of Environment is conducting round-
the-clock air monitoring activities in other IP Camera set up: Plans have been taken to set
departmental and industrial cities of the country up an online monitoring system for monitoring
including Dhaka. In order to measure the level of the activities of the ETP. In order to monitor
air pollution, air quality monitoring activities are whether the ETP installed in the industrial
being conducted regularly in various important establishments running in different districts of the
places of the country through a total of 31 CAMS country is being properly managed, the
(Continuous Air Monitoring System) and C- entrepreneur of the concerned industrial
CAMS in the departmental and industrial cities establishment has given instructions to install IP
of the country including Dhaka. From January cameras in the ETP area of the said
2019 to January 2023, 90 cases have been establishment. IP cameras have already been
registered and a fine of Tk.16.36 lakh has been installed in 239 industrial establishments.
imposed against vehicles emitting black smoke Implementation of Zero Discharge Plan: Zero
by conducting a number of mobile court drives. Discharge Plan is being implemented by the DoE
The government is implementing in the industrial establishments discharging liquid
hydrochlorofluorocarbon (HCFC) phase-out waste under which the industrial enterprises are
activities as per Montreal Protocol. According to reusing the generated liquid waste without
schedule of Montreal Protocol HCFC Phase-Out discharging it in nature. From 2014 to January,
Management Plan (Stage-II) is being 2023, the DoE has approved a Zero Discharge

Chapter 15: Environment, Climate Change and Development | 255

Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

Plan in favour of a total of 624 T-Waste Emitting school students were trained. 230 sound level
Industries. meters have been distributed to various offices of
Bangladesh Road Transport Authority,
Pollution Control Enforcement Activities
Bangladesh Police and Department of
In order to prevent the destruction of the Environment under the program to strengthen
environment and the widespread pollution of the noise pollution monitoring activities.
environment, the DoE started enforcement
Govt. has taken different steps for curving the
activities under the said section of the Act against
use of illegal shopping bag which is seriously
polluters from July 13, 2010. Under the
harmful for environment. Dept. of Environment
enforcement activities, the DoE takes other legal
has been conducting mobile court regularly
action including imposition of compensation
against illegal polythene shopping bag
against persons/institutions involved in pollution
manufacturing factories to impose fine and
and conducts regular monitoring activities of
confiscated illegal polythene shopping bag.
industries. According to Section 7 of the
Meanwhile, Mymensingh divisional
Bangladesh Environmental Protection Act, 1995,
commissioner has declared Mymensingh division
there is a provision to collect compensation by
as illegal Polythene free division. Awareness
conducting enforcement activities against
Campaign has been conducting in important
polluting industrial establishments. DoE has
markets in Dhaka and other City areas. From
carried out operations from July 2010 to January
January, 2019 to January, 2023, DoE has
2023 against 11,883 river polluting industrial
conducted 2,173 mobile court against 3,554
establishments for damaging the environment
persons/project/industry. 'Multisectoral Action
and imposed fines of Tk 484.75 crore.
Plan for Sustainable Plastic Management in
In addition to raising public awareness, Bangladesh' has been formulated to ensure proper
enforcement and mobile court activities has been and environmentally friendly management of
carried out to control noise pollution. According plastic waste. The Action Plan has set a target of
to Noise Pollution Control Rules 2006, industrial 50 percent plastic waste by 2025 and 80 percent
units / project activities/vehicles which produce plastic waste recycling by 2030. Also, a 3-year
noise more than the limit mentioned in the action plan has been adopted by the Department
standard, DoE has taken legal action against of Environment to stop the use of Single Use
them. From January 2019 to january 2023 DoE Plastic. Under the action plan, activities are being
conducted 458 mobile courts against 2,357 conducted to stop the use of Single Use Plastic in
persons/projects/vehicles and imposed fines of 40 upazilass of 12 coastal districts and 08 areas
Tk 25,01,500. of Chattogram city.
A project titled “Integrated and Partnership Formulation of Biodiversity and Biodiversity
Project on Noise Pollution Control” has been Regulations
taken up by the Department of Environment. As
• National Environmental Policy, 2018:
part of the implementation of the noise Pollution
Taking into account the challenges of
(Control) Rules 2006 under the said project, the
environment, environment and biodiversity
roads around the Bangladesh Secretariat and
conservation and management, the
Agargaon administrative area have been declared
government has finalised the National
"silent areas" from 17 December 2019. Under the
Environment Policy 2018 on 3 October 2017
programme, noise level survey was conducted in
and published it in 2019 with the aim of
8 divisional cities and a total of 19,944 people
developing the overall environmental
including government officials, drivers and

Chapter 15: Environment, Climate Change and Development | 256

Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

conservation management of the country. In Ecologically Critical Area (ECA)

the newly adopted National Environmental
To protect the important environment and
Policy 2018, out of 9 more sectors/areas
biodiversity of the country and to preserve and
including the previous 15 sectors, mountain
improve the natural environment, the government
environment, biodiversity and environment
under the Bangladesh Environmental Protection
conservation and life security, eco-friendly
Act 1995 to cut or extract natural forests and
tourism, etc. sectors have been included with
plants for the conservation of biodiversity, killing
special emphasis. In order to implement the
all kinds of prey and wildlife, oysters, corals,
activities included in the 24 sectors
turtles and other wildlife. The government has
mentioned in the National Environmental
already declared 13 important areas as
Policy 2018, the concerned ministries/
Ecologically Critical Areas (ECA) by banning all
divisions/agencies have been identified
activities such as collection, destruction of
which will be implemented by their
animal and plant habitats, etc.
respective ministries/divisions/agencies.
To conserve biodiversity as well as to increase
• Bangladesh Biodiversity Act 2017: The mass awareness, a meeting was held with the
Bangladesh Biodiversity Act 2017 has been presence of the local community on 11th
promulgated with the aim of conserving September 2022 in the ECA areas of the Jaflong-
biodiversity and ensuring its sustainable use Dauki River ECA areas. In addition to,
and has come into force on 30 November 2017. conserving the environment, ecosystem, and
Under the Act, a Union Biodiversity biodiversity as well as ensuring sustainable
Management Committee has been formed from tourism in Saint Martin Island as an ECA area, a
the National Committee on Biodiversity to consultation was held on 29th October 2022 in
implement biodiversity conservation activities Cox's Bazar.
at the grassroots level.
Blue-Economy Implementation Activities
• Environmental Crisis Management Rules,
The DoE has adopted a blue-economy action
2016: Vested with the power under Bangladesh
plan to conserve marine environment, prevent
Environment Conservation Act, 1995 (amended
marine pollution, ensure marine resource
2010), to preserve and promote the environment
extraction and environmental management, and
and to control and abate pollution, the
conserve marine and coastal biodiversity and
Government has issued Ecologically Critical
Area Management Rule-2016. ECA management mainstream development activities. ‘Assessment
national committee has been formed according to of Coastal and Marine Biodiversity Resources
the above-mentioned rules. and Ecosystems to Implement the Blue Economy
Action Plan’ project has been adopted to
National Biodiversity Strategy and Action implement the activities included in the action
Plan (2016-21): plan. An integrated repository of coastal and
Bangladesh has adopted ‘National Biodiversity marine resources and environment and biological
Strategy and Action Plan (NBSAP) 2016-21’ resources has been created under this survey
based on ‘UN Biodiversity Strategic Plan 2016- project.
21’. The main theme of NBSAP is to preserve
Groundwater quality monitoring
national biodiversity. The main activities of
NBSAP’s are: The Department of Environment is regularly
monitoring surface as well as groundwater. The
Department of Environment monitors water

Chapter 15: Environment, Climate Change and Development | 257

Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

quality at 99 points of 30 rivers. The parameters community in co-management of protected areas

are pH, Dissolved Oxygen (DO), Biochemical and collaborative forest management in the
Oxygen Demand (BOD), Chemical Oxygen reserved forest areas. According to available
Demand (COD), Suspended Solid (SS), Total information in FY 2019-20 total forest land is
Dissolved Solid (TDS), Electrical Conductivity 25,75,196 hectares which is 17.45 percent of total
(EC), Chloride, Turbidity, total Alkalinity. area of the country. BFD is responsible for
Department of Environment is monitoring ocean conservation and management of 18,80,494
water quality at four points to monitor the hectares forests. Forest Department is
environment, ecosystem, and biodiversity of the implementing activities under 16 projects to
coast and coastal areas. restore forest and ecosystem, increase forest and
tree cover, conserve wildlife and biodiversity,
Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and
mitigate the climate change impacts, establish
Bangladesh
coastal green belt, protect ecosystems. Activities
The government is working for the taken by the BFD to conserve Forest, Wildlife
implementation of the environment and climate and Biodiversity:
related goals and targets of SDGs. Among 17
goals of SDGs, 3 goals are directly linked with • According to the Tiger Conference, St.
environment and climate. The Goal 13 declares Petersburg, Russia's (2010) international
‘Take urgent action to combat climate change declaration, appropriate initiatives have been
and its impacts’. According to the first indicator taken to increase the number of tigers in the
of goal 13 ‘Number of deaths, missing persons Sundarbans by stopping deer hunting, habitat
and directly affected persons attributed to improvement and regular patrolling to
disasters per one lakh populations reduce to increase the number of tigers and deer in the
6,500 by 2020 and 1,500 by 2030.’ Sundarbans. According to the results of tiger
estimation, tigers has been increased from 106
The goal 14 says ‘Conserve and sustainably use to 114 from 2015 to 2016. Besides, the Tiger
the oceans, seas and marine resources for Action Plan (2018-2027) has been prepared
sustainable Development’. One of the key targets for the conservation of tigers. Third tiger
of this goal is ‘Coverage of 2.5 percent of marine estimation is ongoing under a project in the
areas of Bangladesh as protected area’. Sundarban Reserved Forests and the result
The goal 15 states that ‘Protect, restore and will be published in 2023-24.
promote sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystem, • A total of 35 protected areas including 9
sustainably manage forests, combat National Parks, 18 Wildlife Sanctuaries, 3
desertification, and halt and reserve land Ecoparks, 1 Botanical Gardens, 2 Marine
degradation and halt biodiversity loss’. Protected Area (Swatch of No Ground and St.
Conservation of Forest and Biodiversity Martin's) and 2 Special Biodiversity
Conservation Areas have been declared for
Bangladesh Forest Department (BFD) implement
biodiversity conservation from 2010-2011 to
activities to increase forest and tree cover, restore
till now. At present, the total number of
forests, reduce deforestation and forest
protected areas in the country is 51.
degradation, conserve wildlife and biodiversity,
establish green belt in coastal areas and reduce • The Forest Act, 1927 is in the process of
the dependency of forest-dependent communities being translated into Bengali and amended
on forests through providing Alternative Income (2000) into a new law.
Generation (AIG) activities by involving the

Chapter 15: Environment, Climate Change and Development | 258

Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

• Forest Department gradually formulating the Conservation" for nature and wildlife
master plans for the Protected Areas along conservation. In addition, World Forest Day,
with management plans to conserve the forest, World Wildlife Day, Biodiversity Day, Tiger
wildlife and biodiversity. Day etc. are celebrated.
• To conserve forest, wildlife and biodiversity, • Bangladesh National Herbarium
forest monitoring and crime are being
suppressed successfully by introducing Bangladesh National Herbarium (BNH) conducts
SMART (Spatial Monitoring and Reporting taxonomic research programs on the plant
Tool) patrolling system in Sundarbans. resources of the country. The main objective of
Formulation of SMART Strategy for the the institute is to collect, classify and preserve all
implementation in Sundarbans other protected types of vegetation species including agricultural,
areas are under development. forest, herb, decaying and threatened plants
• A total of 41,889 wildlife (amphibians, through field survey. With a view to creating a
mammals, reptiles and birds) has been rescued virtual herbarium, BNH prepares a database of
and released into the nature so far (July 2012 collected plant resources. The organization
to till now) through continuous operations by regularly publishes a booklet 'Flora of
Wildlife Crime Control Unit. Besides, 1405 Bangladesh' containing information on the plant
trophies and 195 criminals were fined and resources of the country, a journal called 'Bulletin
imprisoned and 129 cases has been filed. of the Bangladesh National Herbarium', research
• Formulation of co-management committees articles and other floristic books.
has been started since 2004 to ensure the
To achieve SDG goal-15, BNH has launched two
participation of local people in the
conservation of forests, wildlife and components titled ‘Developing Bangladesh
biodiversity. Protected Area Management National Red List of Plants & Developing
Invasive Plant Species (IAPs) Management
Rules-2017 have been approved. Therefore,
the activities of the co-management are Strategy for red listing 1,000 plant species the
strengthened and the jurisdiction of social context of Bangladesh and controlling invasive
forestry has been expanded. As of the rule, 50 plants in five selected protected forest area’s
percent of the income earned from the during the period 2020-2023. It is being
entrance fee of the protected areas is being implemented under the Forest and Livelihood
allocated to improve the quality of life of the (Sufal) scheme. A total of 979 plant species have
local people and forest landscape. Recently, been evaluated till February, 2023, where in the
forest restoration activities have been context of Bangladesh 8 plant species have been
continued by involving forest-dependent identified as Extinct and 280 species as
families adjacent to protected areas and hill threatened. In addition, with a view to collecting,
and coastal areas through collaborative forest identifying, preserving of plant specimens and
management activities; which, have created writing an illustrated floristic book the
Alternative Income Generation (AIG) implementation of another development project
opportunities for the forest-dependent people. on Barisal and Sylhet divisions during 2021-24 is
underway. As a part of innovative activities,
• Initiatives have been taken to provide the work is underway to create a digital database for
"Prime Minister's National Award" for special the purpose of creating virtual herbarium with
achievement in planting trees and the information and images of plant specimens stored
"Bangabandhu Award for Wildlife on herbarium cupboards. A computer database of

Chapter 15: Environment, Climate Change and Development | 259

Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

7,861 herbarium specimens has been prepared so some species like Dundul, Jhana and Vatkhati
far through this program. Besides, BNH has decline due to climate change and human
launched a mobile 'Seva App' (https://mob- interferences. The rate of natural growth of
app.bnh.gov.bd) to facilitate the services seedlings of these species is also decreasing.
provided to the customers. Research works have been taken for development
of nursery and plantation technic of that three
Bangladesh Forest Research Institute
species in the Sundarban.
'Bangladesh Forest Research Institute' is the only
Natural Disaster Management
national research institute for forest and forest
resources. The main task of the institute is to Bangladesh is one of the disaster-prone countries
develop innovative technology for increasing in the world. Every year one or more disasters
production of forest resources and better such as cyclone, flood, flash flood, monsoon
utilisation of these resources. In addition, the storm, tornado, landslide, fire, drought, lightning
institute works for development and expansion of etc. These disasters include the devastating
nursery and forestry strategies to retain some cyclone of 1970 and 1991, cyclone Sidar of
extinct plants. At present, the institute carrying 2007, Aila of 2009 the Mahasen of 2013and
out 54 research programs. Amphan of 2020 and the horrific floods of 1988,
1998, 2004 and 2007. The Ministry of Disaster
BFRI conducted 71 research studies (17 new
Management and Relief has been making
studies and 54 on-going) in 2022-23. To
significant contributions to the disaster risk
disseminate research findings and technologies
reduction and post-disaster rehabilitation
training, workshops/seminars are organised in the
activities for the people of the country. “The
field level. Training has been imparted to
disaster management vision of the Government
marginal about planting medicinal plant
of the People's Republic of Bangladesh is to
developed by BFRI. Presently interested people
reduce the risk of people, especially the poor and
are implementing this trained knowledge and
the disadvantaged, from the effects of natural,
playing vital role to meet the demand of raw
environment and human induced hazards to a
material for making medicine. This makes an
manageable and acceptable humanitarian level
opportunity of planting medicinal plant
and to have in place an efficient emergency
commercially. There has been possible to
response management system.” The Ministry of
increase the production of raw-material of few
Disaster Management and Relief has been given
pharmaceuticals opportunity of employments and
the mandate to drive national risk reduction
invention of planting and management system of
reform programmes. Its mission relative to this
commercially used majors’ medicinal plants.
agenda is: “To achieve a paradigm shift in
Cultivation of medicinal plant’s provides an
disaster management from conventional response
additional source of income to farmers involved
and relief to a more comprehensive risk reduction
in primary health care and contributes to socio-
culture, and to promote food security as an
economic development.
important factor in ensuring the resilience of
Selected mangrove species Sundari, Gewa, communities to hazards”.
Passur, Kakra, Baen, Singra, Hantal and
Goalpata for mixed under plantation in the Some important measures taken by the ministry
coastal keora plantation. This created the green has been shown briefly as follows:
belt for mitigation of climate change disaster.
These species can survive in the sea tidal and salt
water. Besides, in the Bangladesh Sundarbans,

Chapter 15: Environment, Climate Change and Development | 260

Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

Steps for Action, Laws, Rules and Regulations • Disaster Management (Management of
• The ministry of disaster management and Funds) Rules-2021 have been framed;
relief has formulated the National Strategy on • Disaster Management Research Guideline-
Internal Displacement Management-2021 to 2020 has been published;
develop policies, guidelines and action plans • Post Disaster Dead Body Management
to reduce the rate of displacement due to Guideline, 2016 is published; and
climate change and disasters and to adopting • National Disaster Management Policy 2015
measures of their overall human has been published.
development. It will also provide security to
Steps Related to Planning
vulnerable communities at risk of internal
displacement and to create an enable • The ministry of disaster management and
environment for their safe livelihood in relief has formulated Action Plan (2022-
development activities and to ensure return of 2042) to implement National Strategy on
their former habitat with dignify to Internal Displacement Management. In
resettlement. action plan Climate change adaptation
• Standing Orders on Disaster (SOD) 2019 has program and construction of disaster-
been published for proper implementation of resilient infrastructure has been incorporated
the responsibility and duties of all ministries, to reduce disaster risk to vulnerable
divisions, departments, organisations and communities. Besides, emphasis has been
individuals related to disaster management given on emergency humanitarian assistance
and to prepare their own action plans. Such and post-disaster relief assistance for
permanent orders also include disasters such protection. Further, post-displacement
as earthquake, tsunamis and fire incidents management activities have been brought
alongside other common disasters. SOD has under the sustainable solutions thematic
been modified including thunderbolt as plan. Moreover, the scope of work of
disaster and incorporating Ward Disaster various departments and ministries of the
Management Committee. government has been determined for the
• Disaster Management Act 2012 has been implementation of the plan.
formulated to provide proper legal • National contingency plan has been created
framework for ensuring the effective for rapid transition from the post-disaster
management of disaster and institutional situation including earthquake. Contingency
recognition of management of disaster risk, plans of rapid responding organisations like
preparation and implementation of national Fire Service and Civil Defense Department,
and local planning, protection of life, Armed Forces' Division, Department of
property and fundamental rights of the Disaster Management, Cyclone
people at risk of disaster. Preparedness Program (CPP), Dhaka,
• Bangladesh has been a member of the Asian Chattogram and Sylhet City Corporation and
Disaster Reduction Center (ADRC), various health services providing
Regional Integrated Multi-Hazard Early organisations like Power, Titas, T & T and
Warning System (RIMES), Asian Ministerial of WASA have been done.
Conference on Disaster Reduction • Ministry of Disaster Management and Relief
(AMCDR) and INSARAG (International is helping to prepare the SAARC Plan of
Search and Rescue Advisory Group). Action for Disaster Management by

Chapter 15: Environment, Climate Change and Development | 261

Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

coordinating disaster management policy District Relief and Rehabilitation Officers

and planning of SAARC member countries. and Upazilas Project Implementation
Officers of 64 districts of the country have
• Preparation of guidelines on Incident
been provided training on Damage and Need
Management System (IMS) in Bangladesh is
Assessment (DNA) software for filling in
at final stage for effective disaster
SoS and D-Form Online.
management. Moreover, Debris
• Multi Hazard Risk and Vulnerability
Management Plan for Dhaka, Chattogram
Assessment (MRVA) Cell has been set up
and Sylhet city has also been finalised for
under ECRRP-D1 project. Risk maps have
the removal of post-earthquake debris.
been prepared and uploaded on the website
• Urban Volunteer Management Guidelines
of 8 major types of disasters (flood, cyclone
2019 has been published;
and tidal wave, earthquake, tsunami,
• The Sendai Framework Implementation Plan
landslide, drought, technical and health)
for Disaster Risk Reduction has been
across the country.
completed and
• Under the National Institute for Disaster
• National Disaster Management plan has
Management and Training, 4,023 people
been formulated for disaster risk reduction.
have been trained in FY 2021-22 and training
Awareness and Educational Steps/Measures is ongoing in FY 2022-23.
• Disaster Management Chapter has been Use of Information and Communication
added to the textbook from three to ten class Technology to reduce the risk of disaster
to increase the awareness of students about
• Use of IVR (Interactive Voice Response)
disaster.
technology: Disaster advance messages are
• Disaster Management and Climate Change
being disseminated through mobile phones in
has been incorporated in the training
an understandable language using Interactive
curriculum of a total of 41 educational and
Voice Response (IVR) method.
training institutes for the creation of skilled
manpower for disaster management and • DNA (Damage and Need Assessment)
climate change. In the meantime, Dhaka software: It is important to know the damage
University, Rangpur Begum Rokeya information for rehabilitation planning in the
University, Patuakhali University of Science post-disaster period. But there is a delay in
and Technology and Bangladesh University getting this information from the field. To
of Professionals have started Diploma and this end, a web based DNA software has
Masters courses on Disaster Management been developed for the rapid transmission
and Climate Change. So far, Masters/ and analysis of disaster damage information
Diploma courses in Disaster Management through online. The software also includes
have been introduced in 28 Universities. Citizen Reporting so that people can send
• Harmonized Training Module and training information and pictures about the Elkar
guidelines for trainers and trainees have been disaster online. At present training of District
prepared with a view to bring equality and Relief and Rehabilitation Officers, Upazilas
coordination in the training activities of Nirbahi Officers and Upazilas Project
public and private (NGO) organizations. Implementation Officers is being conducted
at the field level on the use of this software.
• Damage and Need Assessment (DNA) Cell
Through this software online damage
has been set up under ECRRP-D1 project and

Chapter 15: Environment, Climate Change and Development | 262

Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

information can be sent directly from the Significant ongoing development project:
upazilas.
Construction of bridge/culvert up to 15m in
Establishment of the Multi Hazard Risk
rural roads: In 490 upazilas of 64 districts of the
•

and Vulnerability Assessment, Modeling

country, with the aim of providing quick and
and Mapping (MRVA) Cell: MRVA Cell
easy travel to shelters during disasters,
has been established under the ECRRP 2007-
development of water drainage system and
D1 project in Disaster Management
elimination of waterlogging in rural roads,
Department. This cell has prepared a map of
establishment of communication with educational
various calamities, risks and hazards. Using
institution, haat-bazar and support in
these maps can be taken to reduce the risk of
transportation and marketing of agriculture
disaster planning, and if it is implemented
products and construction of 1,56,000 meters
properly, further disaster damage will be
bridge/culvert is in progress.
reduced in the future. The products of
MRVA have been published on the Disaster Disaster Risk Management Enhancement
Management Department's website. Project (Funded by JICA):
• Cyclone Shelter Database: Detailed The main activities of the projects to purchased
information about cyclone shelters built in various equipment’s such as HF Base Set, 40Ft
coastal areas is stored in the website based Tower for HF Base Station, first aid kit box,
database. This database stores structural and stretcher, siren, radio set, life jacket, megaphone
ancillary information of shelters such as: and 12 water rescue boats. This equipment’s will
geographical location (latitude / longitude), be supplied to 35 upazilas to support emergency
usability, capacity, etc. The data from this rescue operations during disasters.
database can be used to determine the exact
location of new cyclone shelters, to Construction of District Relief godown cum
determine the appropriate route to bring Disaster Management Information Center:
people to shelters during cyclones, and to Construction of 65 district relief godown cum
determine the need for shelter management disaster management information centers in 64 in
and repairs. districts is underway to increase capacity in
• E-Libarary: An electronic DMKP has been emergency response and provide district-wise
created to make all publications on disaster relief materials during disasters.
and disaster management available in one
Construction, renovation and development of
place. So far there are about 1,000 disaster
Mujib killa project:
related publications stored in the e-library/
DMKP. Under this project, 505 Mujib killas are being
• Risk Atlas (a comprehensive database of constructed in 232 upazilas in 38 districts of the
hazard maps, overviews of risk indicators, country to provide shelter to people and livestock
various at-risk organizations, infrastructure, and to protect the valuable resources of people.
etc.): Risk Atlas provides all the information Construction of HHB road in rural area to
needed to analyse the risk maps of a sustain earthen road:
particular upazilas, including disaster
information such as floods. Depth and Construction of 5200 km of HBB roads in 490
upazilas of 64 districts of the country for the
circumference, depth and circumference of
purpose to reducing of disaster risk and easy
tidal wave, drought image and perimeter and
travels to shelters during disasters and
danger etc.
establishing communication with educational

Chapter 15: Environment, Climate Change and Development | 263

Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

institutions, haat-bazaar and providing support in capacity building for poverty alleviation and
transportation and marketing of agricultural disaster risk reduction by generating of short-
products. term employment during the non-working season
of the year. Under this programme, out of the
Construction of Flood shelters in river erosion
total budget allocation of 2,146.54 crores in FY
and flood prone area (3rd Phase):
2022-23, 1,073.27 crores have been allocated in
423 flood shelters will be constructed in 247 the 1st face.
upazilas of 42 districts to reduce disaster risk and
Vulnerable Group Feeding (VGF): The
to protected lives, animals and vital resources of
Department of Disaster Management under the
poor communities in flood prone and river
Ministry of Disaster Management and Relief is
erosion areas.
implementing the programme. This assistance is
Social safety net programme: usually given to the affected families until the
Rural Infrastructure Reform Programme livelihood of the poor people is restored in the
(FFW-Foodgrain/cash): MoDRM is post-disaster period. Each family is given 20-40
implementing the Rural Infrastructure Reform kg per month for 2 to 5 months.
Programme (FFW-Food grain/cash) with the Emergency Humanitarian Assistance
purpose of creating employment and ensuring Program (GR): Under this programme, in FY
food security for the poor people in rural areas 2022-23 4971.00 M.T of food grains and 795.50
and to keep positive impact on poverty lakh Tk. have been allocated in the budget.
alleviation and disaster risk reduction. In FY
Water Development Board to Combat Climate
2022-23, a total of tk 1,500 crore has been
Change Risk and Disaster Management
allocated in kabita (cash for work) budget and 1
lakh tons of rice and 1 lakh tons of wheat for To tackle the climate change effects and natural
kabikha (food for work) budget. disasters, BWDB has taken different projects
under Bangladesh Climate Change Trust Fund
Maintenance of Rural Infrastructure (TR-
(BCCTF). To address the effects of climate
Food grains/Cash) Programme: This
change, Bangladesh Water Development Board,
programme is implemented with the aim of
with funding from the Climate Change Trust
ensuring social security and food security in
Fund, has completed 130 projects from 2009-10
disaster risk reduction and adaptation to climate
to February, 2023 at a cost of taka 1,061.08
change and creating employment for the poor in
crore. Implementation of 6 projects at a cost of
rural areas and creating a positive impact on
Taka 40.43 crore is in progress. These projects
poverty alleviation and disaster risk reduction.
are related to construction / repair of polders /
Under this programme, a total tk of 733.33 crore
dams in coastal chars, construction of cross dams
has been allocated in FY 2022-2023.
for land reclamation, river bank protection, re-
The Employment Generation Programme for excavation of rivers / canals, afforestation. Due
the poorest people (EGPP): The Programme is to flood control, protection of saline water
one of the largest social safety net programmes of intrusion, removal of water logging, availability
the Government of the People's Republic of of water, effective water management, the
Bangladesh, implemented by the Department of livelihood of beneficiaries of the project areas
disaster management under the Ministry of has been improved and adaptation capability has
Disaster Management and Relief. The program been increased to combat adverse effects of
plays a significant role in construction/repair/ climate change.
renovation of rural infrastructure including

Chapter 15: Environment, Climate Change and Development | 264

Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

Appendix 1.1: Macroeconomic Indicator: FY 2005-06 to FY 2011-12

Base Year (2005-06)
(In billion Tk.)
2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12
GDP at current price 4823.4 5498.0 6286.8 7050.7 7975.4 9158.3 10552.0
GDP at constant price 4823.4 5163.8 5474.4 5750.6 6071.0 6463.4 6884.9
Growth rate of GDP at constant price 6.67 7.06 6.01 5.05 5.57 6.46 6.52
(%)
Per capita GDP(Tk.) at current price 34502 38773 43719 48359 53961 61198 69614
Population (million) 139.8 141.8 142.4 144.2 146.1 149.7 151.6
Consumption
Total 3,789.4 4357.3 5080.4 5617.1 6315.7 7269.7 8312.5
Public 262.4 294.7 325.5 359.1 404.8 466.8 531.8
Private 3527.0 4062.6 4754.9 5258.0 5910.9 6802.8 7780.7
Savings
Domestic 1,034.0 1142.4 1210.4 1439.0 1665.1 1897.6 2239.5
National 1342.6 1535.0 1751.0 2022.1 2353.7 2653.7 3150.5
Investment
Total 1,261.0 1439.3 1647.3 1847.7 2093.3 2511.3 2982.3
Public 268.3 280.1 282.8 304.4 372.8 481.5 608.0
Private 992.7 1159.2 1364.5 1543.3 1720.5 2029.8 2374.2
Budget/1
Total Revenue 448.7 494.7 605.4 691.8 794.8 951.9 1148.9
Tax Revenue 361.6 392.5 480.1 555.3 639.6 790.5 962.9
NBR Tax Revenue 344.6 374.8 459.7 530.0 610.0 756.0 923.7
Non-NBR Tax Revenue 17.2 17.7 20.4 25.3 29.6 34.5 39.2
Non-Tax Revenue 86.9 102.2 125.3 136.5 155.3 161.3 186.0
Total Expenditure 610.6 742.5 936.1 941.4 1105.2 1300.1 1612.1
Revenue Expenditure/2 370.6 444.1 569.9 671.2 687.1 771.0 918.2
ADP/3 215 216.0 225 230.0 285.0 358.8 410.8
Other Expenditure/4 25.0 82.4 141.2 40.2 133.1 170.3 283.1
Budget Balance (including grants) -137.14 -152.2 -282.5 -200.3 -273.0 -306.0 -418.7
Budget Balance (excluding grants) -161.9 -173.7 -330.7 -249.6 -310.4 -348.2 -463.3

Financing/5 161.9 173.6 255.4 249.6 310.4 348.2 463.3

Net Foreign Finance 80.5 73.3 131.4 107.6 137.1 100.0 118.6
Grants 24.8 21.5 43.9 49.3 37.4 42.2 44.6
Loan 89.6 90.5 130.2 102.2 144.9 109.2 140.4
Repayment -33.8 -38.7 -42.7 -43.8 -45.2 -51.4 -66.4
Domestic Financing 81.4 100.3 124.0 142.0 173.2 248.2 344.7
Bank Loan 49.1 65.3 104.0 107.0 86.6 183.8 291.2
Non-Bank Loan (Net) 32.3 35.0 20.0 35.0 86.6 64.4 53.5

Imports f. o. b 892.2 1070.8 1336.4 1396.0 1479.7 2315.0 2634.6

Exports f. o. B 808.5 976.9 1068.9 1117.1 1563.0 1707.3 2101.4
Trade Balance -193.8 -238.7 -365.6 -324.1 -356.4 -707.1 -737.2
Current Account Balance 55.3 65.7 46.6 166.2 257.6 -120.0 -35.4
Foreign Exchange Reserve (m.$) 3484 5077 6149 7471 10750 10912 10364
Net Foreign Assets 220.1 328.9 378.5 479.3 670.7 706.2 788.2
Broad Money Supply (M2) 1811.6 2119.9 2488.0 2965.0 3630.0 4405.2 5171.1
Inflation --- 9.39 12.3 7.60 6.82 10.91 8.69
Source: BBS, Finance Division, Bangladesh Bank.
Note:1/ Budget figures are taken from revised budget. 2/ Non-development revenue expenditure. Previous 'Non
Development Expenditure' is termed as 'Operating Expenditure' in new Budget and Accounting Classification System. 3/ the
amount of self-financing has been deducted from ADP budget. 4/ the expenditures on food, capital and development (except
ADP) have been included in other expenditure, 5/ Non-cash bond Tk. 75.23 Billion for FY 2007-08.

Statistical Appendices | 265

Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

Appendix 1.2: Macroeconomic Indicator: FY 2012-13 to FY 2019-20

Base Year (2005-06)
(In billion Tk.)
2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16 2016-17 2017-18 2018-19 2019-20
GDP at current price 11989.2 13436.7 15158.0 17328.6 19758.2 22504.8 25424.8 27393.3
GDP at constant price 7299.0 7741.4 8248.6 8835.4 9479.0 10224.4 11057.9 11446.0
Growth rate of GDP at constant price
6.01 6.06 6.55 7.11 7.28 7.86 8.15 3.51
(%)
Per capita GDP(Tk.) at current price 78009 86266 96004 108378 122152 137518 153578 163611
Population (million) 153.7 155.8 157.9 159.9 161.75 163.65 165.55 167.3
Consumption
Total 9347.3 10468.6 11799.2 13000.3 14753.6 17365.9 19062.7 20880.8
Public 613.4 717.2 819.2 1021.1 1184.7 1430.6 1594.4 1718.1
Private 8733.9 9751.4 10980.1 11979.2 13568.9 15935.3 17468.3 19162.7
Savings
Domestic 2642.0 2968.2 3358.8 4328.3 5004.6 5138.9 6362.2 6512.5
National 3660.0 3927.0 4398.8 5332.2 5857.1 6170.2 7500.4 7853.5
Investment
Total 3403.7 3839.9 4378.6 5138.4 6028.3 7029.4 8026.7 8346.3
Public 796.2 879.9 1033.9 1154.9 1464.7 1794.2 2040.9 2304.3
Private 2607.5 2960.0 3344.7 3983.5 4563.6 5235.2 5985.9 6042.1
Budget
Total Revenue 1396.7 1566.7 1633.7 1774.0 2185.00 2594.54 3166.12 3480.7
Tax Revenue 1168.2 1301.8 1406.8 1554.0 1922.61 2322.02 2896.0 3130.7
NBR Tax Revenue 1122.6 1250.0 1350.3 1500.0 1850.00 2250 2800.0 3005
Non-NBR Tax Revenue 45.7 51.8 56.5 54.0 72.61 72.02 96.0 125.7
Non-Tax Revenue 228.5 264.9 226.9 220.0 262.39 272.52 270.13 350
Total Expenditure 1893.3 2162.2 2396.7 2645.7 3171.74 3714.95 4425.41 5015.8
Revenue Expenditure 1029.7 1349.1 1273.7 1503.8 1929.32 2105.78 2667.28 2952.8
ADP 523.7 600.0 750.0 910.0 1159.90 1536.88 1670 1929.2
Other Expenditure 339.9 213.1 373.0 231.9 82.52 72.29 88.13 133.8
Budget Balance (including grants) -443.8 -536.0 -706.2 -821.3 -939.80 -1075.84 -1221.42 -1500.5
Budget Balance (excluding grants) -496.6 -595.5 -762.9 -871.6 -986.74 -1120.41 -1259.21 -1535.1

Financing 496.6 595.5 762.9 871.7 986.74 1120.41 1259.21 1535.1

Net Foreign Finance 171.9 160.5 215.8 250.0 240.77 415.67 471.84 561.63
Grants 52.8 52.9 56.7 50.3 46.94 44.57 37.87 34.54
Loan 199.5 186.8 238.7 270.5 315.87 510.4 538.83 636.59
Repayment -80.5 -79.2 -79.6 -70.8 -75.10 -94.73 -104.86 -109.5
Domestic Financing 324.7 409.8 547.1 621.7 699.03 660.17 787.45 973.45
Bank Loan 285.0 299.8 317.1 316.7 239.03 199.17 308.95 824.21
Non Bank Loan (Net) 39.7 110.0 230.0 305.0 460.00 461 478.50 149.24

Imports f. o. b 2683.8 2842.4 2925.4 3122.8 3441.0 4471.5 4658.0 4297.6

Exports f. o. b 2123.6 2314.3 2384.4 2617.2 2691.6 2972.5 3327.6 2783.5
Trade Balance -560.2 -528.0 -541.0 -505.6 -512.1 -1499.0 -1330.5 -1514.0
Current Account Balance 190.9 109.3 271.2 333.6 -105.3 -802.9 -428.7 -401.2
Foreign Exchange Reserve (m.$) 15315 21508 25020 30176 33493 32916 32717 36037
Net Foreign Assets 1133.8 1600.6 1892.3 2331.3 2667.0 2644.1 2724 2973
Broad Money Supply (M2) 6035.1 7006.2 7876.1 9163.8 10160.8 11100 12196 13737
Inflation 6.78 7.35 6.41 5.92 5.44 5.78 5.48 5.65
Source: BBS, Finance Division, Bangladesh Bank.
Note: Similar to appendix 1.1

Statistical Appendices | 266

Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

Appendix 1.3: Macroeconomic Indicator: FY 2015-16 to FY 2022-23

Base Year (2015-16)
(In billion Tk.)
2015-16 2016-17 2017-18 2018-19 2019-20 2020-21 2021-22 2022-23*
GDP at current price 20758 23243 26392 29514 31705 35302 39717 44393
GDP at constant price 20758 22126 23746 25617 26501 28339 30351 32180
Growth rate of GDP at constant price (%) - 6.59 7.32 7.88 3.45 6.94 7.10 6.03
Per capita GDP(Tk.) at current price 129828 143698 161274 178280 189361 208751 231861 259919
Population (million) 159.9 161.8 163.7 165.6 167.4 169.11 171.30 170.79
Consumption
Total 15098 16952 19412 21579 23120 26356 29698 32841
Public 1218 1400 1573 1841 1893 2077 2263 2552
Private 13880 15552 17839 19738 21227 24279 27435 30289
Savings
Domestic 5661 6291 6981 7935 8585 8946 10018 11552
National 6666 7138 8079 9190 9961 10871 11657 13413
Investment
Total 6278 7193 8398 9507 9926 10950 12729 13874
Public 1357 1694 1815 2055 2312 2583 2992 3378
Private 4921 5499 6583 7452 7614 8367 9737 10496
Budget
Total Revenue 1774 2185 2594.54 3166.12 3480.7 3515.3 3890 4330
Tax Revenue 1554 1922.61 2322.02 2896 3130.7 3160 3460 3880
NBR Tax Revenue 1500 1850 2250 2800 3005 3010 3300 3700
Non-NBR Tax Revenue 54 72.61 72.02 96 125.7 150 160 180
Non-Tax Revenue 220 229.16 272.52 270.13 350 355.3 430 450
Total Expenditure 2645.65 2679.38 3714.95 4425.41 5015.8 5389.8 5935 6605
Revenue Expenditure 1637.51 1751.36 2105.78 2667.28 2952.8 3236.9 3666 4145
ADP 959.08 856.1 1536.88 1670 1929.2 1976.4 2100 2276
Other Expenditure 49.06 35.95 72.29 88.13 133.8 176.5 169 184
Budget Balance (including grants) -871.65 -986.74 -1075.84 -1221.42 -1500.5 -1834.7 -2013.08 -2242.44
Budget Balance (excluding grants) -821.38 -939.8 -1120.41 -1259.21 -1535.1 -1874.5 -2045.00 -2275.07

Financing 821.38 939.8 1120.41 1259.21 1535.1 1874.5 2045.00 2275.07

Net Foreign Finance 199.63 240.77 415.67 471.84 561.83 723.9 802.12 868.82
Grants 50.27 46.94 44.57 37.87 34.54 39.85 31.92 32.63
Loan 270.47 315.87 510.4 538.83 636.59 809.54 918.12 1017.69
Repayment -70.84 -75.1 -94.73 -104.86 -109.5 -125.4 -147.92 -181.50
Domestic Financing 621.75 699.03 660.17 787.45 973.45 1150.52 1242.88 1406.25
Bank Loan 316.75 239.03 199.17 308.95 824.21 797.49 872.87 1156.24
Non Bank Loan (Net) 305 460 461 478.5 149.24 353.03 370.01 250.01

Imports f. o. b 3122.8 3441 4471.5 4658 4297.6 5146.1 8023.5 4745.7**

Exports f. o. b 2617.2 2691.6 2972.5 3327.6 2783.5 3130 4789.6 3400.8**
Trade Balance -505.6 -512.1 -1499 -1330.5 -1514 -2017 -3233.9 -1344.9**
Current Account Balance 333.6 -105.3 -802.9 -428.7 -401.2 -388 -1812.8 -426.7**
Foreign Exchange Reserve (m.$) 30168 33493 32943 32717 36037 46391 41827 32267**
Net Foreign Assets 2331.4 2667 2644.1 2724 2973 3823 3643 3143**
Broad Money Supply (M2) 9163.8 10160.8 11099.8 12196 13737 15609 17081 17630**
Inflation 5.92 5.44 5.78 5.48 5.65 5.56 6.15 8.78**
/
Source: BBS, Finance Division, Bangladesh Bank.*Provisional.**July-February 2023 End February 2023
Note: Similar to appendix 1.1

Statistical Appendices | 267

Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

Appendix 1.4: Macroeconomic Indicator as Percent of GDP: 2005-06 to 2011-12

Base Year (2005-06)
(As percent of GDP)
2005-06 2006-207 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12
Consumption
Total 78.6 79.3 80.8 79.7 79.2 79.4 78.8
Public 5.4 5.4 5.2 5.1 5.1 5.1 5.0
Private 73.1 73.9 75.6 74.6 74.1 74.3 73.7
Savings
Domestic 21.4 20.8 19.3 20.4 20.9 20.7 21.2
National 27.8 27.9 27.9 28.7 29.5 29.0 29.9
Investment
Total 26.1 26.2 26.2 26.2 26.2 27.4 28.3
Public 5.6 5.1 4.5 4.3 4.7 5.3 5.8
Private 20.6 21.1 21.7 21.9 21.6 22.2 22.5
Budget
Total Revenue 9.3 9.0 9.6 9.8 10.0 10.4 10.9
Tax Revenue 7.5 7.1 7.6 7.9 8.0 8.6 9.1
NBR Tax Revenue 7.1 6.8 7.3 7.5 7.6 8.3 8.8
Non-NBR Tax Revenue 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4
Non-Tax Revenue 1.8 1.9 2.0 1.9 1.9 1.8 1.8
Total Expenditure 12.7 13.5 14.9 13.4 13.9 14.2 15.3
Revenue Expenditure 7.7 8.1 9.1 9.5 8.6 8.4 8.7
ADP 4.5 3.9 3.6 3.3 3.6 3.9 3.9
Other Expenditure 0.5 1.5 2.2 0.6 1.7 1.9 2.7
Budget Balance (including grants) -2.8 -2.8 -4.5 -2.8 -3.4 -3.3 -4.0
Budget Balance (excluding grants) -3.4 -3.2 -5.3 -3.5 -3.9 -3.8 -4.4

Financing 3.4 3.2 4.1 3.5 3.9 3.8 4.4

Net Foreign Finance 1.7 1.3 2.1 1.5 1.7 1.1 1.1
Grants 0.5 0.4 0.7 0.7 0.5 0.5 0.4
Loan 1.9 1.6 2.1 1.4 1.8 1.2 1.3
Repayment -0.7 -0.7 -0.7 -0.6 -0.6 -0.6 -0.6
Domestic Financing 1.7 1.8 2.0 2.0 2.2 2.7 3.3
Bank Loan 1.0 1.2 1.7 1.5 1.1 2.0 2.8
Non Bank Loan (Net) 0.7 0.6 0.3 0.5 1.1 0.7 0.5

Imports 18.5 19.5 21.3 19.8 18.6 25.3 25.0

Exports 16.8 17.8 17.0 15.8 19.6 18.6 19.9
Trade Balance -4.0 -4.3 -5.8 -4.6 -4.5 -7.7 -7.0
Current Account Balance 1.1 1.2 0.7 2.4 3.2 -1.3 -0.3
Net Foreign assets 4.6 6.0 6.0 6.8 8.4 7.7 7.5
Broad Money Supply (M2) 37.6 38.6 39.6 42.1 45.5 48.1 59.0
Source: BBS, Finance Division, Bangladesh Bank.
Note: Similar to Appendix 1.1

Statistical Appendices | 268

Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

Appendix 1.5: Macroeconomic Indicator as Percent of GDP: 2012-13 to 2019-20

Base Year (2005-06)
(As percent of GDP)
2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16 2016-17 2017-18 2018-19 2019-20
Consumption
Total 78.0 77.9 77.8 75.0 74.7 77.17 75.0 76.2
Public 5.1 5.3 5.4 5.9 6.0 6.36 6.3 6.3
Private 72.8 72.6 72.4 69.1 68.7 70.81 68.7 70.0
Savings
Domestic 22.0 22.1 22.2 25.0 25.3 22.83 25.0 23.8
National 30.5 29.2 29.0 30.8 29.6 27.42 29.5 28.7
Investment
Total 28.4 28.6 28.9 29.7 30.5 31.23 31.6 30.5
Public 6.6 6.6 6.8 6.7 7.4 7.97 8.0 8.4
Private 21.7 22.0 22.1 23.0 23.1 23.26 23.5 22.1
Budget
Total Revenue 11.6 11.7 10.8 10.2 11.1 11.5 12.5 12.7
Tax Revenue 9.7 9.6 9.3 9.0 9.7 10.3 11.4 11.4
NBR Tax Revenue 9.4 9.3 8.9 8.7 9.4 10.0 11.0 11.0
Non-NBR Tax Revenue 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.4 0.3 0.4 0.5
Non-Tax Revenue 1.9 2.0 1.5 1.3 1.3 1.2 1.1 1.3
Total Expenditure 15.8 16.0 15.8 15.3 16.1 16.5 17.4 18.3
Revenue Expenditure 8.6 10.0 8.4 8.7 9.8 9.4 10.5 10.8
ADP 4.4 4.4 4.9 5.3 5.9 6.8 6.6 7.0
Other Expenditure 2.8 1.6 2.5 1.3 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.5
Budget Balance(including
-3.7 -4.0 -4.7 -4.7 -4.8 -4.8 -4.8 -5.5
grants)
Budget Balance (excluding
-4.1 -4.4 -5.0 -5.0 -5.0 -5.0 -5.0 -5.6
grants)

Financing -4.1 -4.4 -5.0 -5.0 -5.0 -5.0 5.0 5.56

Net Foreign Finance 1.4 1.2 1.4 1.4 1.2 1.8 1.9 1.9
Grants 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1
Loan 1.7 1.4 1.6 1.6 1.6 2.3 2.1 2.3
Repayment -0.7 -0.6 -0.5 -0.4 -0.4 -0.9 -0.4 -0.4
Domestic Financing 2.7 3.0 3.6 3.6 3.6 2.9 3.1 3.6
Bank Loan 2.4 2.2 2.1 1.8 1.2 0.9 1.2 3.0
Non Bank Loan (Net) 0.3 0.8 1.5 1.8 2.3 2.0 1.9 0.5

Imports 22.4 21.2 19.3 18.0 17.4 19.9 18.3 15.7

Exports 17.7 17.2 15.7 15.1 13.6 13.2 13.1 10.2
Trade Balance -4.7 -3.9 -3.6 -2.9 -2.6 -6.7 -5.2 -5.5
Current Account Balance 1.6 0.8 1.8 1.9 -0.5 -3.6 -1.7 -1.5
Net Foreign assets 9.5 11.8 12.5 13.5 13.5 11.7 10.81 10.9
Broad Money Supply (M2) 50.3 51.9 52.0 52.9 51.4 49.3 48.0 50.1
Source: BBS, Finance Division, Bangladesh Bank. *Provisional
Note: Similar to Appendix 1.1

Statistical Appendices | 269

Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

Appendix 1.6: Macroeconomic Indicator as Percent of GDP: 2015-16 to 2022-23

Base Year (2015-16)
(As percent of GDP)
2015-16 2016-17 2017-18 2018-19 2019-20 2020-21 2021-22 2022-23*
Consumption
Total 72.73 72.93 73.55 73.11 72.92 74.66 74.78 73.98
Public 5.87 6.02 5.96 6.24 5.97 5.88 5.70 5.75
Private 66.87 66.91 67.59 66.88 66.95 68.78 69.08 68.23
Savings
Domestic 27.27 27.07 26.45 26.89 27.08 25.34 25.22 26.02
National 32.11 30.71 30.61 31.14 31.42 30.79 29.35 30.22
Investment
Total 30.24 30.95 31.82 32.21 31.31 31.02 32.05 31.25
Public 6.54 7.29 6.88 6.96 7.29 7.32 7.53 7.61
Private 23.71 23.66 24.94 25.25 24.02 23.70 24.52 23.64
Budget
Total Revenue 8.55 9.4 9.83 10.73 10.98 9.96 9.79 9.75
Tax Revenue 7.49 8.27 8.8 9.81 9.87 8.95 8.71 8.74
NBR Tax Revenue 7.23 7.96 8.53 9.49 9.48 8.53 8.31 8.33
Non-NBR Tax Revenue 0.26 0.31 0.27 0.33 0.40 0.42 0.40 0.41
Non-Tax Revenue 1.06 0.99 1.03 0.92 1.10 1.01 1.08 1.01
Total Expenditure 12.75 11.53 14.08 14.99 15.82 15.27 14.94 14.88
Revenue Expenditure 7.89 7.53 7.98 9.04 9.31 9.17 9.23 9.34
ADP 4.62 3.68 5.82 5.66 6.08 5.60 5.29 5.13
Other Expenditure 0.24 0.15 0.27 0.3 0.42 0.50 0.43 0.41
Budget Balance(including -4.2 -4.25 -4.25 -4.14 -4.73 -5.20 -5.07 -5.05
grants)
Budget Balance (excluding -3.96 -4.04 -4.08 -4.27 -4.84 -5.31 -5.15 -5.12
grants)

Financing 3.96 4.04 4.25 4.27 4.73 5.20 5.15 5.12

Net Foreign Finance 0.96 1.04 1.57 1.6 1.66 1.94 2.02 1.96
Grants 0.24 0.2 0.17 0.13 0.11 0.11 0.08 0.07
Loan 1.3 1.36 1.93 1.83 2.01 2.29 2.31 2.29
Repayment -0.34 -0.32 -0.36 -0.36 -0.35 -0.36 -0.37 -0.41
Domestic Financing 3 3.01 2.5 2.67 3.07 3.26 3.13 3.17
Bank Loan 1.53 1.03 0.75 1.05 2.60 2.26 2.20 2.60
Non Bank Loan (Net) 1.47 1.98 1.75 1.62 0.47 1.00 0.93 0.56

Imports 15.04 14.8 16.94 15.78 13.55 14.58 20.20 10.69

Exports 12.61 11.58 11.26 11.27 8.78 8.87 12.06 7.66
Trade Balance -2.44 -2.2 -5.68 -4.51 -4.78 -5.71 -8.14 -3.03
Current Account Balance 1.61 -0.45 -3.04 -1.45 -1.27 -1.10 -4.56 -0.96
Net Foreign assets 11.23 11.47 10.02 9.23 9.38 10.83 9.17 7.08
Broad Money Supply (M2) 44.15 43.72 42.06 41.32 43.33 44.22 43.01 39.71
Source: BBS, Finance Division, Bangladesh Bank. *Provisional
Note: Similar to Appendix 1.3

Statistical Appendices | 270

Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

Appendix-2.1: Gross Domestic Product (GDP) at Current Prices

Base Year (2005-06)
(In crore Tk.)
Industrial Origin Sector 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12
AGRICULTURE AND FORESTRY 70171 79010 89,986 97,807 110,990 125,469 138,879
Crops & horticulture 50775 57625 65,730 71,158 81,405 91,903 100,899
Animal Farmings 10891 12198 14,297 15,830 17,527 20,171 22,999
Forest and related services 8505 9187 9,959 10,819 12,058 13,395 14,981
FISHING 16814 18890 20,635 22,793 24,601 28,482 31,827
MINING AND QUARRYING 7009 7866 9,110 10,963 12,645 14,208 16,650
Natural gas and crude petroleum 4680 5018 5,387 6,194 6,803 6,846 7,366
Other mining & coal 2329 2848 3,723 4,769 5,842 7,363 9,284
MANUFACTURING 73834 87605 101,371 116,197 128,573 146,503 167,927
Large & medium scale 59116 70131 81,066 91,996 101,619 116,453 134,397
Small scale 14718 17474 20,305 24,201 26,954 30,049 33,530
ELECTRICITY, GAS AND WATER SUPPLY 5553 5720 6,440 7,012 8,346 11,589 14,189
Electricity 4536 4500 4,950 5,282 6,003 8,646 10,189
Gas 659 842 1,045 1,249 1,809 2,339 3,300
Water 357 378 445 481 533 605 701
CONSTRUCTION 29825 33513 38,533 44,180 49,474 57,072 68,304
WHOLESALE AND RETAIL TRADE 62352 72971 86,149 96,094 106,606 121,332 137,396
HOTEL AND RESTAURANTS 3467 4069 4,826 5,790 7,028 8,228 9,755
TRANSPORT, STORAGE & COMMUNICATION 46497 53132 59,620 67,185 80,454 94,571 112,702
Land Transport 32822 37295 41,888 46,994 57,574 68,717 83,345
Water transport 4720 4899 5,111 5,525 6,386 6,934 7,089
Air transport 562 575 595 682 811 957 1,022
Support transport services, storage 2462 2772 3,137 3,423 3,826 4,410 5,391
Post and Tele communications 5932 7591 8,889 10,561 11,858 13,553 15,854
FINANCIAL INTERMEDIATIONS 14216 16265 18,702 20,003 23,448 27,545 36,316
Monetary intermediation (Banks) 12228 13731 15,431 15,817 17,508 21,522 29,351
Insurance 1346 1714 2,108 2,626 3,356 3,786 4,584
Other financial auxilliaries 642 819 1,163 1,560 2,583 2,237 2,381
REAL ESTATE, RENTING AND BUSINESS ACTIVITIES 37935 41337 45,118 49,449 54,432 60,119 68,715
PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION AND DEFENCE 14089 17132 19,664 22,464 25,426 30,282 33,499
EDUCATION 9962 11853 14,332 16,250 18,258 21,392 25,048
HEALTH AND SOCIAL WORKS 9288 10453 12,164 13,368 15,326 17,731 20,133
COMMUNITY, SOCIAL AND PERSONAL SERVICES 56600 63544 72,200 85,366 95,692 104,608 117,293
Tax less subsidy 24725 26439 29,832 30,152 36,241 46,698 56,568
GDP at current market price 482337 549800 628,682 705,073 797,539 915,829 1,055,204
Growth rate 12.94 13.99 14.35 12.15 13.11 14.83 15.22
Source: Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics.

Statistical Appendices | 271

Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

Appendix-2.2: Gross Domestic Product (GDP) at Current Prices

Base Year (2005-06)
(In crore Tk.)
2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16 2016-17 2017-18 2018-19 2019-20
Industrial Origin Sector
AGRICULTURE AND 148,758 163,968 176,500 190,314 205,398 227,353 248,119 270750
FORESTRY
Crops & horticulture 106,794 117,903 126,121 134,322 143,704 159,171 172,330 187241

Animal Farmings 25,359 27,667 29,885 33,165 36,026 39,625 43,215 46690

Forest and related services 16,605 18,398 20,494 22,827 25,668 28,557 32574 36819

FISHING
36,995 42,308 47,581 53,076 59,627 66,882 74,275 83091

MINING AND QUARRYING

19,461 21,080 23,876 28,578 34,127 38,884 43,964 46548

Natural gas and crude petroleum 7,953 8,156 9,188 10,706 12,003 13,299 14,039 13604

Other mining & coal 11,508 12,924 14,688 17,872 22,124 25,584 29,925 32945

MANUFACTURING
197,127 223,221 254,483 295,111 341,829 332,593 481,359 507100

Large & medium scale 158,448 180,382 205,992 240,164 279,217 71,550 396,176 412954

Small scale 38,679 42,839 48,491 54,947 62,612 22,728 85,183 94146
ELECTRICITY, GAS AND 16,381 18,401 19,868 23,829 26,244 29,336 32,087 33010
WATER SUPPLY
Electricity 12,168 13,834 15,061 18,447 20,370 22,728 25,216 25840

Gas 3,448 3,676 3,787 4,279 4,579 5,196 5,255 5430

Water 766 891 1,020 1,103 1,295 1,411 1,616 1740

CONSTRUCTION
82,432 90,834 108,484 126,353 146,107 169,855 196,403 222537
WHOLESALE AND RETAIL 154,579 172,575 192,585 214,257 243,958 279,821 322,722 349066
TRADE
HOTEL AND RESTAURANTS
11,263 13,035 14,928 17,058 19,318 22,121 25,234 27261
TRANSPORT, STORAGE & 124,281 134,317 150,025 169,165 187,076 204,630 226,025 241277
COMMUNICATION
Land Transport
92,183 99,311 112,096 127,895 142,808 157,038 174,624 187022

Water transport
7,649 8,064 8,967 10,207 10,996 11,698 12,461 12840

Air transport
1,047 1,116 1,269 1,352 1,399 1,476 1,585 1636

Support transport services, storage

6,001 6,672 7,427 8,031 8,707 9,706 10,650 11115

Post and Tele communications

17,400 19,154 20,267 21,681 23,166 24,711 26,705 28664
FINANCIAL 42,237 48,563 55,761 63,601 73,205 83,728 94,202 99809
INTERMEDIATIONS
Monetary intermediation 34,727 40,390 46,644 53,790 62,389 71,754 81,106 85567
(Banks)
Insurance 4,920 5,364 5,938 6,327 6,808 7,341 8,113 8650

Other financial auxiliaries 2,590 2,810 3,180 3,485 4,008 4,633 4,983 5592
REAL ESTATE, RENTING AND 78,820 91,229 106,061 123,740 144,539 166,419 190,487 212524
BUSINESS ACTIVITIES
PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION 37,678 44,728 50,674 66,711 78,441 90,228 98,957 106897
AND DEFENCE
EDUCATION
28,429 32,767 37,624 46,512 56,856 64,478 73,091 81095

HEALTH AND SOCIAL WORKS

23,868 26,924 30,135 34,758 38,987 44,064 52,006 58777
COMMUNITY, SOCIAL AND 138,952 156,552 176,402 194,248 214,213 236,378 260,961 286167
PERSONAL SERVICES
Tax less subsidy 57,662 63,174 70,815 85,552 105,892 122,156 122,592 113422
1,198,923 1,343,6 1,515,8 1,732,8 1,975,815 2,250,4 2542,48 2739332
GDP at current market price 74 02 64 79 3
Growth rate
13.62 12.07 12.81 14.32 14.02 13.90 12.98 7.74
Source: Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics, *Provisional.

Statistical Appendices | 272

 Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

Appendix-2.3: Gross Domestic Product (GDP) at Current Prices

Base Year (2015-16)
(In crore Tk.)
Industrial Origin Sector 2015-16 2016-17 2017-18 2018-19 2019-20 2020-21 2021-22 2022-23*
A. Agriculture 279505 301167 329380 353443 380446 410662 445532 486316
1. Agriculture, forestry and
279505 301167 329380 353443 380446 410662 445532 486316
fishing
a) Crops & horticulture 138280 148669 162333 173378 186116 199631 215365 236869
b) Animal Farmings 46655 49516 53186 56290 59715 63293 67399 73571
c) Forest and related services 37188 39864 43563 46639 50399 55916 63748 68204
d) Fishing 57382 63118 70298 77136 84216 91822 99020 107672
B. Industry 644940 726306 844106 969620 1043451 1176120 1347209 1519488
2. Mining and quarrying 33053 39984 42276 52610 55224 59102 58917 62943
a) Natural gas and crude petroleum 11478 11807 11969 12054 11621 11743 11494 11705
b) Other mining & coal 21575 28177 32307 40556 43603 47359 47423 51238
3. Manufacturing 422387 466607 549024 625938 653064 749658 864437 983113
a) Large Industry 221152 237826 275676 311858 318033 357357 422896 471697
b) Small, Medium and Micro Industry 129108 146725 173858 198066 208696 248999 273587 317583
c) Cottage Industry 72127 82056 99490 116014 126335 143302 167954 193833
4. Electricity, gas, steam and air
24554 29233 32626 38144 44523 44902 50413 56535
condition
a) Electricity 18310 22014 24604 30239 36926 37096 42062 47581
b) Gas 6244 7219 8022 7905 7597 7806 8351 8954
5. Water supply; sewerage, waste
2103 2263 2488 2674 2761 2968 3809 4349
management
6. Construction 162843 188219 215693 250255 287880 319490 369633 412548
C. Services 1062983 1194320 1343118 1500780 1633150 1811038 2027088 2268535
7. Wholesale and retail trade; repair of
288510 324632 373716 418395 445757 497652 567097 640467
motorbike & vehical
8. Transportation and storage 158030 178721 197807 219712 232252 256215 285272 314132
a) Land Transport 136942 155313 172635 192706 203898 226881 253429 279553
b) Water transport 12941 14328 15088 15865 16571 17475 18419 19400
c) Air transport 1667 1899 2095 2250 2304 2279 2422 2606
d) Warehousing and support activities 5539 6165 6877 7667 8156 8141 9445 10804
e) Postal and courier activities 941 1016 1112 1224 1323 1439 1557 1769
9. Accommodation and food service
23886 26670 30106 33550 36015 39857 44452 51053
activity
10. Information and communication 24834 27264 29461 32204 35108 38448 41422 46934
11. Financial and insurance activities 65072 72247 81723 93297 103217 115271 129539 146161
a) Monetary intermediation (Banks) 54996 61018 69326 79417 88044 98457 110878 125290
b) Insurance 6343 6826 7439 8202 8851 9643 10556 11696
c) Other financial auxiliaries 3733 4403 4958 5678 6322 7171 8105 9175
12. Real estate activities 192509 214151 235990 260715 288001 313029 340182 366100
13. Professional, scientific and
3906 4282 4714 5179 5656 6273 6942 7824
technical activity
14. Administrative and support service
14244 15722 17269 20017 23005 27138 31136 37868
activity
15. Public administration and defence;
66730 78463 90249 99006 106965 116996 127366 143717
compulsory social security
16. Education 54479 60858 68164 76961 85643 95642 109514 126553
17. Human health and social work
54600 63515 73365 86811 101522 118500 138207 159768
activity
18 . Arts, entertainment and recreation 3007 3365 3772 4244 4761 5341 6074 6899
19. Other service activities 113177 124429 136783 150691 165250 180677 199886 221062
Total GVA at current basic price 1987428 2221793 2516603 2823843 3057048 3397820 3819829 4274337
Growth rate 11.79 13.27 12.21 8.26 11.15 12.42 11.90
Tax less subsidy 88394 102514 122645 127586 113422 132366 151888 164936
GDP at current market price 2075822 2324307 2639248 2951429 3170470 3530186 3971717 4439273
Growth rate 11.97 13.55 11.83 7.42 11.35 12.51 11.77
Source: Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics. * Provisional

Statistical Appendices | 273

Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

Appendix-3.1: Gross Domestic Product at Constant Prices

(Base Year: 2005-06)
(In crore Tk.)
Industrial Origin Sector 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12
AGRICULTURE AND FORESTRY 70171 74410 77,292 79,682 84,904 88,206 90,332
Crops & horticulture 50775 54329 56,494 58,094 62,492 64,901 66,039
Animal Farmings 10891 11108 11,353 11,620 11,912 12,221 12,549
Forest and related services 8505 8973 9,445 9,968 10,500 11,084 11,745
FISHING 16814 18397 19,685 20,657 21,607 23,051 24,279
MINING AND QUARRYING 7009 7433 8,003 8,841 9,561 9,907 10,593
Natural gas and crude petroleum 4680 4988 5,319 5,824 6,320 6,363 6,603
Other mining & coal 2329 2445 2,684 3,017 3,241 3,544 3,990
MANUFACTURING 73834 81613 87,596 93,459 99,671 109,651 120,567
Large & medium scale 59116 35500 70,331 74,934 79,631 88,475 97,998
Small scale 14718 16113 17,265 18,525 20,039 21,176 22,569
ELECTRICITY, GAS AND WATER SUPPLY 5553 5831 6,284 6,740 7,412 8,402 9,291
Electricity 4536 4738 5,079 5,441 6,012 6,964 7,728
Gas 659 715 776 856 931 931 1,001
Water 357 379 429 443 469 507 562
CONSTRUCTION 29825 31836 33,742 35,962 38,554 41,235 44,709
WHOLESALE AND RETAIL TRADE 62352 67571 72,481 76,728 81,219 86,650 92,457
HOTEL AND RESTAURANTS 3467 3658 3,866 4,093 4,339 4,608 4,902
TRANSPORT, STORAGE & COMMUNICATION 46497 50878 55,079 59,513 64,006 69,409 75,761
Land Transport 32822 34927 36,867 39,296 42,169 45,198 48,283
Water transport 4720 4874 5,028 5,184 5,349 5,506 5,676
Air transport 562 540 552 631 746 860 909
Support transport services, storage 2462 2619 2,915 3,143 3,467 3,882 4,565
Post and Tele communications 5932 7918 9,717 11,259 12,275 13,964 16,327
FINANCIAL INTERMEDIATIONS 14216 15139 15,733 15,728 16,711 18,456 21,180
Monetary intermediation (Banks) 12228 12807 13,092 12,582 12,978 14,663 17,245
Insurance 1346 1599 1,789 2,089 2,488 2,580 2,693
Other financial auxilliaries 642 733 852 1,057 1,245 1,213 1,241
REAL ESTATE, RENTING AND BUSINESS ACTIVITIES 37935 39382 40,876 42,442 44,078 45,790 47,586
PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION AND DEFENCE 14089 15293 16,289 17,447 18,882 20,552 22,099
EDUCATION 9962 10835 11,609 12,293 12,931 13,659 14,717
HEALTH AND SOCIAL WORKS 9288 9749 10,321 10,634 11,360 12,080 12,540
COMMUNITY, SOCIAL AND PERSONAL SERVICES 56600 58399 60,262 62,192 64,191 66,265 68,416
Tax less subsidy 24725 25959 28,319 28,645 27,672 28,422 29,062
GDP at constant market price 482337 516383 547,437 575,056 607,097 646,342 688,493
Growth rate 6.67 7.06 6.01 5.05 5.57 6.46 6.52
Source: Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics.

Statistical Appendices | 274

Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

Appendix-3.2: Gross Domestic Product at Constant Prices

(Base Year: 2005-06)
(In crore Tk.)
Industrial Origin Sector 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16 2016-17 2017-18 2018-19 2019-20
AGRICULTURE AND 91,656 95,151 97,480 99,228 101,173 104,688 107991 112423
FORESTRY
Crops & horticulture 66,427 68,938 70,199 70,814 71,491 73,678 75119 77723

Animal Farmings 12,893 13,258 13,667 14,103 14,569 15,065 15598 16154

Forest and related services 12,337 12,955 13,614 14,311 15,113 15,945 17274 18546

FISHING
25,780 27,419 29,170 30,950 32,879 34,974 37146 39383

MINING AND QUARRYING

11,584 12,127 13,290 14,997 16,330 17,474 18501 384391
Natural gas and crude 7,102 7,277 7,912 8,843 8,873 9,072 9001 8691
petroleum
Other mining & coal 4,482 4,850 5,378 6,154 7,457 8,401 9501 9990

MANUFACTURING
132,994 144,653 159,568 178,223 197,765 224,270 256118 260728

Large & medium scale 108,436 118,540 131,225 147,313 163,820 187,.184 214970 217949

Small scale 24,558 26,113 28,343 30,909 33,946 37,086 41148 42778
ELECTRICITY, GAS AND 10,126 10,585 11,243 12,742 13,820 15,089 16535 16814
WATER SUPPLY
Electricity 8,477 8,854 9,393 10,727 11,715 12,909 14243 14515

Gas 1,060 1,078 1,134 1,246 1,249 1,277 1284 1241

Water 589 654 716 769 855 903 1008 1058

CONSTRUCTION
48,305 52,209 56,698 61,552 66,951 73,595 81139 88169
WHOLESALE AND RETAIL 98,173 104,776 111,426 118,665 127,417 136914 148058 154029
TRADE
HOTEL AND RESTAURANTS
5,220 5,570 5,950 6,366 6,820 7,314 7870 8007
TRANSPORT, STORAGE & 80,514 85,382 90,475 95,972 102,463 109,208 117056 121355
COMMUNICATION
Land Transport
51,136 53,981 57,318 60,918 65,222 69,602 74513 76353

Water transport
5,859 6,043 6,262 6,462 6,727 6,962 7216 7322

Air transport
894 900 978 993 1,020 1,048 1115 1131

Support transport services, storage

4,719 4,841 5,101 5,365 5,709 6,256 6815 6963

Post and Tele communications

17,906 19,618 20,816 22,233 23,785 2,539 27397 29586
FINANCIAL 23,110 24,790 26,719 28,787 31,413 33,893 36394 37521
INTERMEDIATIONS
Monetary intermediation 19,120 20,712 22,470 24,460 26,894 29,184 31337 32169
(Banks)
Insurance 2,710 2,752 2,860 2,876 2,935 2,989 3131 3248

Other financial auxilliaries 1,280 1,327 1,389 1,452 1,583 1,727 1926 2104
REAL ESTATE, RENTING 49,509 51,615 53,888 56,297 58,997 61,936 65173 68318
AND BUSINESS ACTIVITIES
PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION 23,542 25,165 27,637 30,796 33,615 36,462 38795 40906
AND DEFENCE
EDUCATION
15,645 16,781 18,125 20,248 22,547 24,127 25976 27290
HEALTH AND SOCIAL 13,137 13,802 14,517 15,612 16,804 17,984 20105 22109
WORKS
COMMUNITY, SOCIAL AND 70,643 72,955 75,352 77,838 80,653 83,598 86706 89319
PERSONAL SERVICES
29,960 31,156 33,324 35,266 38,252 40,909 42231 39545
Tax less subsidy
729,896 774,136 824,862 883,539 947,898 1022,438 1105794 1144597
GDP at constant market price
Growth rate
6.01 6.06 6.55 7.11 7.28 7.86 8.15 3.51
Source: Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics.

Statistical Appendices | 275

Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

Appendix-3.3: Gross Domestic Product at Constant Prices

(Base Year: 2015-16)
(In crore Tk.)
Industrial Origin Sector 2015-16 2016-17 2017-18 2018-19 2019-20 2020-21 2021-22 2022-23*
A. Agriculture 279505 288439 298662 308401 318951 329075 339126 347965
1. Agriculture, forestry and fishing 279505 288439 298662 308401 318951 329075 339126 347965
a) Crops & horticulture 138280 141345 145228 148230 151939 155417 159470 163080
b) Animal Farmings 46655 47948 49340 50825 52446 53989 55661 57460
c) Forest and related services 37188 39049 41033 43136 45440 47704 50129 52714
d) Fishing 57382 60097 63061 66210 69126 71965 73866 74711
B. Industry 644940 698291 769487 859004 890023 981581 1078322 1166526
2. Mining and quarrying 33053 38767 42470 47271 48766 51932 51352 54301
a) Natural gas and crude petroleum 11478 11439 11444 11378 10870 10905 10396 10275
b) Other mining & coal 21575 27328 31026 35893 37896 41027 40956 44026
3. Manufacturing 422387 452319 499598 561221 570654 636765 709425 774903
a) Large Industry 221152 231388 257016 289885 291072 321967 372452 403948
b) Small, Medium and Micro Industry 129108 142102 157882 174632 179325 204241 214126 234970
c) Cottage Industry 72127 78829 84700 96704 100257 110557 122847 135985
4. Electricity, gas, steam and air condition 24554 26291 28465 30812 31020 33981 36070 37708
a) Electricity 18310 19918 21927 24168 24620 27488 29617 31285
b) Gas 6244 6373 6538 6644 6400 6493 6453 6423
5. Water supply; sewerage, waste 2103 2180 2244 2386 2438 2600 2848 3133
management
6. Construction 162843 178734 196710 217314 237146 256305 278628 296481
C. Services 1062983 1130747 1204852 1287744 1338389 1415108 1503646 1591479
7. Wholesale and retail trade; repair of 288510 312225 339505 369561 381439 410590 445317 474949
motorbike & vehical
8. Transportation and storage 158030 167711 179011 191555 194871 202739 214399 227241
a) Land Transport 136942 145890 156215 167813 170737 178730 189605 201863
b) Water transport 12941 13081 13283 13476 13577 13822 13991 13742
c) Air transport 1667 1877 2061 2206 2235 2190 2275 2391
d) Warehousing and support activities 5539 5891 6427 6990 7229 6868 7379 8049
e) Postal and courier activities 941 972 1025 1070 1093 1129 1149 1196
9. Accommodation and food service 23886 25173 26564 28061 28535 29828 31428 33278
activity
10. Information and communication 24834 26908 28729 30842 32869 35206 36891 38891
11. Financial and insurance activities 65072 68524 73278 79324 83069 87901 93062 98426
a) Monetary intermediation (Banks) 54996 57874 62162 67523 70857 75080 79655 84372
b) Insurance 6343 6474 6670 6973 7124 7353 7584 7876
c) Other financial auxiliaries 3733 4176 4446 4828 5088 5468 5823 6178
12. Real estate activities 192509 198921 205841 213268 221109 228668 237134 246321
13. Professional, scientific and technical 3906 4061 4227 4403 4552 4784 4987 5205
activity
14. Administrative and support service 14244 15155 16329 17663 18781 19911 21108 22403
activity
15. Public administration and defence; 66730 74220 80656 85890 90602 96081 100802 107811
compulsory social security
16. Education 54479 57722 61120 65434 68924 72932 78675 84084
17. Human health and social work activity 54600 60242 65783 73809 81704 90364 99289 107590
18 . Arts, entertainment and recreation 3007 3157 3322 3504 3695 3908 4145 4409
19. Other service activities 113177 116731 120489 124429 128242 132198 136410 140873
Total GVA at constant prices 1987428 2117477 2273001 2455149 2547363 2725764 2921094 3105970
Growth rate - 6.54 7.34 8.01 3.76 7.00 7.17 6.33
Tax less subsidy 88394 95147 101573 106588 102703 108180 114056 112061
GDP at current market price 2075822 2212624 2374574 2561737 2650066 2833944 3035150 3218031
Growth rate - 6.59 7.32 7.88 3.45 6.94 7.100 6.03
Source: Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics. *provisional

Statistical Appendices | 276

Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

Appendix-4.1: Sectoral Growth Rate of GDP at Constant Prices

(Base Year: 2005-06)
(In Percentage)
Industrial Origin Sector 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12
AGRICULTURE AND FORESTRY 5.44 6.04 3.87 3.09 6.55 3.89 2.41
Crops & horticulture 6.17 7.00 3.98 2.83 7.57 3.85 1.75
Animal Farmings 2.15 1.99 2.21 2.35 2.51 2.59 2.68
Forest and related services 5.46 5.50 5.26 5.54 5.34 5.56 5.96
FISHING 5.75 9.41 7.00 4.94 4.60 6.69 5.32
MINING AND QUARRYING 5.91 6.05 7.67 10.47 8.15 3.62 6.93
Natural gas and crude petroleum 4.87 6.59 6.64 9.49 8.52 0.68 3.78
Other mining & coal 8.06 4.98 9.78 12.41 7.43 9.34 12.58
MANUFACTURING 10.81 10.54 7.33 6.69 6.65 10.01 9.96
Large & medium scale 11.24 10.80 7.38 6.54 6.27 11.11 10.76
Small scale 9.14 9.48 7.15 7.30 8.17 5.67 6.58
ELECTRICITY, GAS AND WATER SUPPLY 7.59 5.01 7.75 7.26 9.97 13.36 10.58
Electricity 7.92 4.44 7.20 7.13 10.50 15.82 10.97
Gas 6.63 8.46 8.53 10.31 8.78 0.07 7.45
Water 5.23 5.97 13.19 3.26 5.79 8.23 10.91
CONSTRUCTION 8.69 6.74 5.99 6.58 7.21 6.95 8.42
WHOLESALE AND RETAIL TRADE 6.29 8.37 7.27 5.86 5.85 6.69 6.70
HOTEL AND RESTAURANTS 5.33 5.53 5.69 5.87 6.01 6.20 6.39
TRANSPORT, STORAGE & COMMUNICATION 8.39 9.42 8.26 8.05 7.55 8.44 9.15
Land Transport 3.95 6.41 5.55 6.59 7.31 7.18 6.83
Water transport 2.59 3.26 3.16 3.10 3.19 2.92 3.10
Air transport 9.68 -3.86 2.22 14.31 18.19 15.23 5.76
Support transport services, storage 15.12 6.41 11.30 7.82 10.33 11.97 17.60
Post and Tele communications 45.72 33.48 22.72 15.87 9.02 13.77 16.92
FINANCIAL INTERMEDIATIONS 27.80 6.49 3.92 -0.03 6.25 10.44 14.76
Monetary intermediation (Banks) 29.37 4.74 2.23 -3.90 3.15 12.98 17.61
Insurance 25.22 18.78 11.88 16.77 19.08 3.69 4.41
Other financial auxilliaries 7.61 14.17 16.23 24.06 17.71 -2.54 2.33
REAL ESTATE, RENTING AND BUSINESS ACTIVITIES 3.77 3.82 3.79 3.83 3.85 3.88 3.92
PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION AND DEFENCE 10.86 8.55 6.51 7.11 8.23 8.84 7.53
EDUCATION 9.41 8.76 7.14 5.89 5.18 5.63 7.75
HEALTH AND SOCIAL WORKS 5.10 4.96 5.87 3.03 6.83 6.34 3.81
COMMUNITY, SOCIAL AND PERSONAL SERVICES 2.04 3.18 3.19 3.20 3.21 3.23 3.25
Growth rate 6.67 7.06 6.01 5.05 5.57 6.46 6.52
Source: Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics.

Statistical Appendices | 277

Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

Appendix-4.2: Sectoral Growth Rate of GDP at Constant Prices

(Base Year: 2005-06)
(In Percentage)
Industrial Origin Sector 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16 2016-17 2017-18 2018-19 2019-20

AGRICULTURE AND FORESTRY

1.47 3.81 2.45 1.79 1.96 3.47 3.15 4.10

Crops & horticulture 0.59 3.78 1.83 0.88 0.96 3.06 1.96 3.47

Animal Farmings 2.74 2.83 3.08 3.19 3.31 3.40 3.54 3.56

Forest and related services 5.04 5.01 5.08 5.12 5.60 5.51 8.34 7.36

FISHING
6.18 6.36 6.38 6.11 6.23 6.37 6.21 6.02

MINING AND QUARRYING

9.35 4.68 9.60 12.84 8.89 7.00 5.88 0.97

Natural gas and crude petroleum 7.55 2.47 8.73 11.77 0.34 2.25 -0.79 -3.44

Other mining & coal 12.34 8.20 10.90 14.42 21.19 12.64 13.08 5.15

MANUFACTURING
10.31 8.77 10.31 11.69 10.97 13.40 14.20 1.80

Large & medium scale 10.65 9.32 10.70 12.26 11.20 14.26 14.84 1.39

Small scale 8.81 6.33 8.54 9.06 9.82 9.25 10.95 3.96
ELECTRICITY, GAS AND WATER 8.99 4.54 6.22 13.33 8.46 9.19 9.58 1.69
SUPPLY
Electricity 9.69 4.45 6.09 14.20 9.22 10.19 10.33 1.91

Gas 5.91 1.69 5.16 9.91 0.28 2.20 0.57 -3.37

Water 4.75 10.93 9.62 7.40 11.09 5.66 11.57 5.00

CONSTRUCTION
8.04 8.08 8.60 8.56 8.77 9.92 10.25 8.66

WHOLESALE AND RETAIL TRADE

6.18 6.73 6.35 6.50 7.37 7.45 8.14 4.03

HOTEL AND RESTAURANTS

6.49 6.70 6.83 6.98 7.13 7.28 7.57 1.75
TRANSPORT, STORAGE & 6.27 6.05 5.96 6.08 6.76 6.58 7.19 3.67
COMMUNICATION
Land Transport
5.91 5.56 6.18 6.28 7.06 6.72 7.06 2.47

Water transport
3.21 3.15 3.62 3.20 4.10 3.50 3.63 1.47

Air transport
-1.64 .61 8.71 1.48 2.79 2.74 6.37 1.45

Support transport services, storage

3.36 2.59 5.37 5.19 6.40 9.58 8.94 2.17

Post and Tele communications

9.67 9.56 6.11 6.81 6.98 6.53 8.12 7.99

FINANCIAL INTERMEDIATIONS
9.11 7.27 7.78 7.74 9.12 7.90 7.38 3.09

Monetary intermediation (Banks) 10.87 8.33 8.49 8.85 9.95 8.51 7.38 2.65

Insurance 0.61 1.55 3.95 0.54 2.05 1.63 4.96 3.76

Other financial auxilliaries 3.14 3.63 4.68 4.54 9.06 9.05 11.55 9.20
REAL ESTATE, RENTING AND 4.04 4.25 4.40 4.47 4.80 4.98 5.23 4.83
BUSINESS ACTIVITIES
PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION AND 6.53 6.89 9.82 11.43 9.15 8.47 6.40 5.44
DEFENCE
EDUCATION
6.30 7.26 8.01 11.71 11.35 7.01 7.66 5.06

HEALTH AND SOCIAL WORKS

4.76 5.06 5.18 7.54 7.63 7.02 11.79 9.97
COMMUNITY, SOCIAL AND 3.25 3.27 3.28 3.30 3.62 3.65 3.72 3.01
PERSONAL SERVICES
Growth rate
6.01 6.06 6.55 7.11 7.28 7.86 8.15 3.51
Source: Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics,* Provisional.

Statistical Appendices | 278

Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

Appendix-4.3: Gross Domestic Product at Constant Prices

(Base Year: 2015-16)

Industrial Origin Sector 2015-16 2016-17 2017-18 2018-19 2019-20 2020-21 2021-22 2022-23*
A. Agriculture - 3.2 3.54 3.26 3.42 3.17 3.05 2.61
2. Agriculture, forestry and fishing - 3.2 3.54 3.26 3.42 3.17 3.05 2.61
a) Crops & horticulture - 2.22 2.75 2.07 2.5 2.29 2.61 2.26
b) Animal Farmings - 2.77 2.9 3.01 3.19 2.94 3.10 3.23
c) Forest and related services - 5 5.08 5.13 5.34 4.98 5.08 5.16
d) Fishing - 4.73 4.93 4.99 4.4 4.11 2.64 1.14
B. Industry - 8.27 10.2 11.63 3.61 10.29 9.86 8.18
2. Mining and quarrying - 17.29 9.55 11.31 3.16 6.49 -1.12 5.74
a) Natural gas and crude petroleum - -0.34 0.04 -0.57 -4.47 0.32 -4.67 -1.17
b) Other mining & coal - 26.67 13.53 15.69 5.58 8.26 -0.17 7.50
3. Manufacturing - 7.09 10.45 12.33 1.68 11.59 11.41 9.23
a) Large Industry - 4.63 11.08 12.79 0.41 10.61 15.68 8.46
b) Small, Medium and Micro Industry - 10.06 11.1 10.61 2.69 13.89 4.84 9.73
c) Cottage Industry - 9.29 7.45 14.17 3.67 10.27 11.12 10.69
4. Electricity, gas, steam and air condition - 7.07 8.27 8.24 0.67 9.54 6.15 4.54
a) Electricity - 8.78 10.09 10.22 1.87 11.65 7.75 5.63
b) Gas - 2.06 2.6 1.62 -3.68 1.45 -0.61 -0.46
5. Water supply; sewerage, waste
3.63 2.96 6.31 2.18 6.65 9.54 10.02
management -
6. Construction - 9.76 10.06 10.47 9.13 8.08 8.71 6.41
C. Services - 6.37 6.55 6.88 3.93 5.73 6.26 5.84
7. Wholesale and retail trade; repair of -
8.22 8.74 8.85 3.21 7.64 8.46 6.65
motorbike & vehical
8. Transportation and storage - 6.13 6.74 7.01 1.73 4.04 5.75 5.99
a) Land Transport - 6.53 7.08 7.42 1.74 4.68 6.08 6.46
b) Water transport - 1.07 1.55 1.45 0.75 1.8 1.22 -1.78
c) Air transport - 12.61 9.78 7.08 1.29 -2 3.84 5.12
d) Warehousing and support activities - 6.35 9.1 8.76 3.42 -4.99 7.43 9.08
e) Postal and courier activities - 3.23 5.44 4.48 2.07 3.34 1.76 4.08
9. Accommodation and food service
5.39 5.52 5.64 1.69 4.53 5.37 5.89
activity -
10. Information and communication - 8.35 6.77 7.36 6.57 7.11 4.79 5.42
11. Financial and insurance activities - 5.3 6.94 8.25 4.72 5.82 5.87 5.76
a) Monetary intermediation (Banks) - 5.23 7.41 8.62 4.94 5.96 6.09 5.92
b) Insurance - 2.07 3.04 4.54 2.16 3.22 3.14 3.86
c) Other financial auxiliaries - 11.86 6.46 8.59 5.38 7.48 6.48 6.11
12. Real estate activities - 3.33 3.48 3.61 3.68 3.42 3.70 3.87
13. Professional, scientific and technical
3.97 4.08 4.17 3.38 5.09 4.25 4.37
activity -
14. Administrative and support service
6.4 7.74 8.17 6.33 6.02 6.01 6.13
activity -
15. Public administration and defence;
11.23 8.67 6.49 5.49 6.05 4.91 6.95
compulsory social security -
16. Education - 5.95 5.89 7.06 5.33 5.81 7.87 6.88
17. Human health and social work activity - 10.33 9.2 12.2 10.7 10.6 9.88 8.36
18 . Arts, entertainment and recreation - 4.98 5.24 5.48 5.43 5.76 6.07 6.36
19. Other service activities - 3.14 3.22 3.27 3.06 3.08 3.19 3.27
Total GVA at constant prices - 6.54 7.34 8.01 3.76 7 7.17 6.33
Tax less subsidy - 7.64 6.75 4.94 -3.65 5.33 5.43 -1.75
GDP at current market price - 6.59 7.32 7.88 3.45 6.94 7.10 6.03
Source: Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics,* Provisional.

Statistical Appendices | 279

Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

Appendix-5.1: Sectoral Share of GDP (%) at Constant Prices

(Base Year: 2005-06)
(In percentage)
Industrial Origin Sector 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12
AGRICULTURE AND FORESTRY 15.33 15.17 14.89 14.58 14.65 14.27 13.70
Crops & horticulture 11.10 11.08 10.88 10.63 10.79 10.50 10.01
Animal Farmings 2.38 2.27 2.19 2.13 2.06 1.98 1.90
Forest and related services 1.86 1.83 1.82 1.82 1.81 1.79 1.78
FISHING 3.67 3.75 3.79 3.78 3.73 3.73 3.68
MINING AND QUARRYING 1.53 1.52 1.54 1.62 1.65 1.60 1.61
Natural gas and crude petroleum 1.02 1.02 1.02 1.07 1.09 1.03 1.00
Other mining & coal 0.51 0.50 0.52 0.55 0.56 0.57 0.61
MANUFACTURING 16.13 16.64 16.87 17.10 17.20 17.75 18.28
Large & medium scale 12.92 13.36 13.55 13.71 13.74 14.32 14.86
Small scale 3.22 3.29 3.33 3.39 3.46 3.43 3.42
ELECTRICITY, GAS AND WATER SUPPLY 1.21 1.19 1.21 1.23 1.28 1.36 1.41
Electricity 0.99 0.97 0.98 1.00 1.04 1.13 1.17
Gas 0.14 0.15 0.15 0.16 0.16 0.15 0.15
Water 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.09
CONSTRUCTION 6.52 6.49 6.50 6.58 6.65 6.67 6.78
WHOLESALE AND RETAIL TRADE 13.63 13.78 13.96 14.04 14.02 14.02 14.02
HOTEL AND RESTAURANTS 0.76 0.75 0.74 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.74
TRANSPORT, STORAGE & COMMUNICATION 10.16 10.37 10.61 10.89 11.05 11.23 11.49
Land Transport 7.17 7.12 7.10 7.19 7.28 7.31 7.32
Water transport 1.03 0.99 0.97 0.95 0.92 0.89 0.86
Air transport 0.12 0.11 0.11 0.12 0.13 0.14 0.14
Support transport services, storage 0.54 0.53 0.56 0.58 0.60 0.63 0.69
Post and Tele communications 1.30 1.61 1.87 2.06 2.12 2.26 2.48
FINANCIAL INTERMEDIATIONS 3.11 3.09 3.03 2.88 2.88 2.99 3.21
Monetary intermediation (Banks) 2.67 2.61 2.52 2.30 2.24 2.37 2.62
Insurance 0.29 0.33 0.34 0.38 0.43 0.42 0.41
Other financial auxilliaries 0.14 0.15 0.16 0.19 0.21 0.20 0.19
REAL ESTATE, RENTING AND BUSINESS ACTIVITIES 8.29 8.03 7.87 7.77 7.61 7.41 7.22
PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION AND DEFENCE 3.08 3.12 3.14 3.19 3.26 3.33 3.35
EDUCATION 2.18 2.21 2.24 2.25 2.23 2.21 2.23
HEALTH AND SOCIAL WORKS 2.03 1.99 1.99 1.95 1.96 1.95 1.90
COMMUNITY, SOCIAL AND PERSONAL SERVICES 12.37 11.91 11.61 11.38 11.08 10.72 10.38
Total 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00
Source: Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics.

Statistical Appendices | 280

Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

Appendix-5.2: Sectoral Share of GDP (%) at Constant Prices

(Base Year: 2005-06)
(In percentage)
Industrial Origin Sector 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16 2016-17 2017-18 2018-19 2019-20

AGRICULTURE AND FORESTRY

13.09 12.81 12.32 11.70 11.12 10.67 10.15 10.17

Crops & horticulture 9.49 9.28 8.87 8.35 7.86 7.51 7.06 7.03

Animal Farmings 1.84 1.78 1.73 1.66 1.60 1.53 1.47 1.46

Forest and related services 1.76 1.74 1.72 1.69 1.66 1.62 1.62 1.68

FISHING
3.68 3.69 3.69 3.65 3.61 3.56 3.49 3.56

MINING AND QUARRYING

1.65 1.63 1.68 1.77 1.80 1.78 1.74 1.69

Natural gas and crude petroleum 1.01 0.98 1.00 1.04 0.98 0.92 0.85 0.79

Other mining & coal 0.64 0.65 0.68 0.73 0.82 0.86 0.89 0.90

MANUFACTURING
19.00 19.47 20.16 21.01 21.74 22.85 24.08 23.59

Large & medium scale 15.49 15.95 16.58 17.37 18.01 19.07 20.21 19.72

Small scale 3.51 3.51 3.58 3.64 3.73 3.78 3.87 3.87
ELECTRICITY, GAS AND WATER 1.45 1.42 1.42 1.50 1.52 1.54 1.55 1.52
SUPPLY
Electricity 1.21 1.19 1.19 1.26 1.29 1.32 1.34 1.31

Gas 0.15 0.15 0.14 0.15 0.14 0.13 0.12 0.11

Water 0.08 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.10

CONSTRUCTION
6.90 7.03 7.16 7.26 7.36 7.50 7.63 7.98

WHOLESALE AND RETAIL TRADE

14.03 14.10 14.08 13.99 14.01 13.95 13.92 13.94

HOTEL AND RESTAURANTS

0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.74 0.72
TRANSPORT, STORAGE & 11.50 11.49 11.43 11.31 11.26 11.13 11.01 10.98
COMMUNICATION
Land Transport
7.31 7.27 7.24 7.18 7.17 7.09 7.00 6.91

Water transport
0.84 0.81 0.79 0.76 0.74 0.71 0.68 0.66

Air transport
0.13 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.11 0.11 0.10 0.10

Support transport services, storage

0.67 0.65 0.64 0.63 0.63 0.64 0.64 0.63

Post and Tele communications

2.56 2.64 2.63 2.62 2.61 2.58 2.58 2.68

FINANCIAL INTERMEDIATIONS
3.30 3.34 3.38 3.39 3.45 3.45 3.42 3.40

Monetary intermediation (Banks) 2.73 2.79 2.84 2.88 2.96 2.97 2.95 2.91

Insurance 0.39 0.37 0.36 0.34 0.32 0.30 0.29 0.29

Other financial auxilliaries 0.18 0.18 0.18 0.17 0.17 0.18 0.18 0.19
REAL ESTATE, RENTING AND 7.07 6.95 6.81 6.64 6.49 6.31 6.13 6.18
BUSINESS ACTIVITIES
PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION AND 3.36 3.39 3.49 3.63 3.70 3.71 3.65 3.70
DEFENCE
EDUCATION
2.24 2.26 2.29 2.39 2.48 2.46 2.44 2.47

HEALTH AND SOCIAL WORKS

1.88 1.86 1.83 1.84 1.85 1.83 1.89 2.00
COMMUNITY, SOCIAL AND 10.09 9.82 9.52 9.18 8.87 8.52 8.15 8.08
PERSONAL SERVICES
Total
100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00
Source: Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics.

Statistical Appendices | 281

Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

Appendix-5.3: Sectoral Share of GDP (%) at Constant Prices

(Base Year: 2015-16)
(In percentage)
Industrial Origin Sector 2015-16 2016-17 2017-18 2018-19 2019-20 2020-21 2021-22 2022-23*
A. Agriculture 14.06 13.62 13.14 12.56 12.52 12.07 11.61 11.20
3. Agriculture, forestry and fishing 14.06 13.62 13.14 12.56 12.52 12.07 11.61 11.20
a) Crops & horticulture 6.96 6.68 6.39 6.04 5.96 5.7 5.46 5.25
b) Animal Farmings 2.35 2.26 2.17 2.07 2.06 1.98 1.91 1.85
c) Forest and related services 1.87 1.84 1.81 1.76 1.78 1.75 1.72 1.70
d) Fishing 2.89 2.84 2.77 2.7 2.71 2.64 2.53 2.41
B. Industry 32.45 32.98 33.85 34.99 34.94 36.01 36.92 37.56
2. Mining and quarrying 1.66 1.83 1.87 1.93 1.91 1.91 1.76 1.75
a) Natural gas and crude petroleum 0.58 0.54 0.5 0.46 0.43 0.4 0.36 0.33
b) Other mining & coal 1.09 1.29 1.36 1.46 1.49 1.51 1.40 1.42
3. Manufacturing 21.25 21.36 21.98 22.86 22.4 23.36 24.29 24.95
a) Large Industry 11.13 10.93 11.31 11.81 11.43 11.81 12.75 13.01
b) Small, Medium and Micro Industry 6.5 6.71 6.95 7.11 7.04 7.49 7.33 7.57
c) Cottage Industry 3.63 3.72 3.73 3.94 3.94 4.06 4.21 4.38
4. Electricity, gas, steam and air condition 1.24 1.24 1.25 1.26 1.22 1.25 1.23 1.21
a) Electricity 0.92 0.94 0.96 0.98 0.97 1.01 1.01 1.01
b) Gas 0.31 0.3 0.29 0.27 0.25 0.24 0.22 0.21
5. Water supply; sewerage, waste
0.11 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.10 0.10
management
6. Construction 8.19 8.44 8.65 8.85 9.31 9.4 9.54 9.55
C. Services 53.49 53.4 53.01 52.45 52.54 51.92 51.48 51.24
7. Wholesale and retail trade; repair of
14.52 14.75 14.94 15.05 14.97 15.06 15.24 15.29
motorbike & vehical
8. Transportation and storage 7.95 7.92 7.88 7.8 7.65 7.44 7.34 7.32
a) Land Transport 6.89 6.89 6.87 6.84 6.7 6.56 6.49 6.50
b) Water transport 0.65 0.62 0.58 0.55 0.53 0.51 0.48 0.44
c) Air transport 0.08 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.08 0.08 0.08
d) Warehousing and support activities 0.28 0.28 0.28 0.28 0.28 0.25 0.25 0.26
e) Postal and courier activities 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04
9. Accommodation and food service
1.2 1.19 1.17 1.14 1.12 1.09 1.08 1.07
activity
10. Information and communication 1.25 1.27 1.26 1.26 1.29 1.29 1.26 1.25
11. Financial and insurance activities 3.27 3.24 3.22 3.23 3.26 3.22 3.19 3.17
a) Monetary intermediation (Banks) 2.77 2.73 2.73 2.75 2.78 2.75 2.73 2.72
b) Insurance 0.32 0.31 0.29 0.28 0.28 0.27 0.26 0.25
c) Other financial auxiliaries 0.19 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.20 0.20
12. Real estate activities 9.69 9.39 9.06 8.69 8.68 8.39 8.12 7.93
13. Professional, scientific and technical
0.2 0.19 0.19 0.18 0.18 0.18 0.17 0.17
activity
14. Administrative and support service
0.72 0.72 0.72 0.72 0.74 0.73 0.72 0.72
activity
15. Public administration and defence;
3.36 3.51 3.55 3.5 3.56 3.52 3.45 3.47
compulsory social security
16. Education 2.74 2.73 2.69 2.67 2.71 2.68 2.69 2.71
17. Human health and social work activity 2.75 2.84 2.89 3.01 3.21 3.32 3.40 3.46
18 . Arts, entertainment and recreation 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.14 0.15 0.14 0.14 0.14
19. Other service activities 5.69 5.51 5.3 5.07 5.03 4.85 4.67 4.54
GDP at constant market price 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00
Source: Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics.* Provisional

Statistical Appendices | 282

Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

Appendix-6.1: Consumer Price Indices and Inflation (National)

(Base Year: 1995-96=100)
Fiscal Year Consumer Price Index Inflation
General Food Non-Food General Food Non-Food
1998-99 120.94 125.16 115.10 7.06 9.30 3.95
1999-00 124.31 128.52 118.64 2.79 2.68 3.08
2000-01 126.72 130.30 122.25 1.94 1.38 3.04
2001-02 130.26 132.43 127.89 2.79 1.63 4.61
2002-03 135.97 137.01 135.13 4.38 3.46 5.66
2003-04 143.90 146.50 141.03 5.83 6.93 4.37
2004-05 153.23 158.08 147.14 6.48 7.91 4.33
2005-06 164.21 170.34 156.56 7.17 7.76 6.40
2006-07 176.06 184.18 165.79 7.22 8.12 5.90
2007-08 193.54 206.79 176.26 9.93 12.28 6.32
2008-09 206.43 221.64 186.67 6.66 7.18 5.91
2009-10 221.53 240.55 196.84 7.31 8.53 5.45
2010-11 241.02 267.84 205.01 8.80 11.34 4.15
2011-12 266.61 295.88 277.87 10.62 10.47 11.15
Source: Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics.

Appendix-6.2: Consumer Price Indices (All Urban)

(Base Year: 1995-96=100)
Fiscal Year Consumer Price Index Inflation
General Food Non-Food General Food Non-Food
1998-99 119.41 125.55 113.56 6.54 10.13 3.00
1999-00 123.82 130.68 117.29 3.69 4.09 3.28
2000-01 125.70 133.15 118.61 1.52 1.89 1.13
2001-02 129.92 135.93 124.19 3.36 2.09 4.70
2002-03 134.48 138.77 130.40 3.51 2.09 5.00
2003-04 142.54 149.60 135.80 5.99 7.80 4.14
2004-05 151.29 161.14 141.90 6.14 7.71 4.49
2005-06 161.39 174.18 149.20 6.68 8.09 5.14
2006-07 172.73 189.06 157.17 7.03 8.54 5.34
2007-08 189.65 213.73 166.69 9.80 13.05 6.06
2008-09 201.49 229.60 174.69 6.24 7.43 4.80
2009-10 216.98 252.21 183.40 7.69 9.85 4.99
2010-11 232.81 276.82 190.87 7.30 7.76 4.07
2011-12 260.01 310.58 211.82 11.68 12.20 10.98
Source: Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics.

Appendix-6.3: Consumer Price Indices (All Rural)

(Base Year: 1995-96=100)
Fiscal Consumer Price Index Inflation
Year General Food Non-Food General Food Non-Food
1998-99 121.57 125.00 115.73 7.29 8.96 4.33
1999-00 124.50 127.63 119.19 2.41 2.10 2.99
2000-01 127.14 129.13 123.75 2.12 1.18 3.83
2001-02 130.40 130.99 129.41 2.56 1.44 4.57
2002-03 136.58 136.29 137.06 4.74 4.05 5.91
2003-04 144.46 145.22 143.18 5.77 6.55 4.47
2004-05 154.03 156.82 149.29 6.62 7.99 4.27
2005-06 165.37 168.77 159.59 7.36 7.62 6.90
2006-07 177.42 182.18 169.33 7.30 7.96 6.10
2007-08 195.14 203.93 180.19 9.99 11.94 6.41
2008-09 208.46 218.38 191.59 6.83 7.09 6.33
2009-10 223.39 235.76 202.36 7.16 7.96 5.62
2010-11 244.39 264.15 210.81 9.40 12.03 4.18
2011-12 269.31 289.82 234.47 10.20 9.73 11.22
Source: Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics.

Statistical Appendices | 283

Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

Appendix-7.1: Consumer Price Indices (National)

(Base Year: 2005-06=100)
Fiscal Year Consumer Price Index Inflation
General Food Non-Food General Food Non-Food

2006-07 109.39 111.63 106.51 9.39 11.63 6.51

2007-08 122.84 130.30 113.27 12.30 16.72 6.35
2008-09 132.17 140.61 127.36 7.60 7.91 7.14
2009-10 141.18 149.40 130.66 6.82 6.25 7.66
2010-11 156.59 170.48 138.77 10.91 14.11 6.21
2011-12 170.19 183.65 152.94 8.69 7.72 10.21
2012-13 181.73 193.24 166.97 6.78 5.22 9.17
2013-14 195.08 209.79 176.23 7.35 8.56 5.55
2014-15 207.58 223.80 186.79 6.41 6.68 5.99
2015-16 219.86 234.77 200.66 5.92 4.90 7.43
2016-17 231.82 248.90 209.92 5.44 6.01 4.61
2017-18 245.22 266.64 217.76 5.78 7.13 3.74
2018-19 258.65 281.33 229.58 5.48 5.51 5.43
2019-20 273.26 296.96 243.00 5.65 5.56 5.85
2020-21 288.44 313.86 255.85 5.56 5.73 5.29
2021-22 306.18 332.86 271.98 6.15 6.05 6.31
Source: Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics.

Appendix-7.2: Consumer Price Indices (All Urban)

(Base Year: 2005-06=100)
Fiscal Year Consumer Price Index Inflation

General Food Non-Food General Food Non-Food

2009-10 138.43 151.66 126.92 8.83 9.61 8.03

2010-11 151.36 169.68 135.43 9.34 11.88 6.70
2011-12 164.52 183.71 147.84 8.70 8.27 9.16
2012-13 177.71 195.91 161.88 8.02 6.64 9.50
2013-14 191.73 214.85 171.61 7.89 9.67 6.01
2014-15 204.76 230.56 182.32 6.80 7.31 6.24
2015-16 219.31 245.66 196.39 7.11 6.55 7.72
2016-17 233.29 263.09 207.38 6.36 7.10 5.60
2017-18 247.17 283.19 215.83 5.95 7.63 4.08
2018-19 262.17 300.3 229 6.07 6.04 6.1

2019-20 277.06 315.83 243.34 5.68 5.17 6.26

2020-21 292.27 332.08 257.64 5.49 5.15 5.88

2021-22 308.81 348.75 274.07 5.66 5.02 6.38

Source: Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics.

Statistical Appendices | 284

Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

Appendix-7.3: Consumer Price Indices (All Rural)

(Base Year: 2005-06=100)
Fiscal Year Consumer Price Index Inflation

General Food Non-Food General Food Non-Food

2009-10 142.67 148.47 133.46 5.79 4.90 7.40

2010-11 159.41 170.81 141.28 11.73 15.05 5.86
2011-12 173.26 183.62 156.77 8.69 7.50 10.96
2012-13 183.90 192.14 170.79 6.14 4.64 8.94
2013-14 196.90 207.72 179.69 7.07 8.11 5.21
2014-15 209.10 221.02 190.13 6.20 6.40 5.81
2015-16 220.10 230.31 203.86 5.26 4.20 7.22
2016-17 231.02 243.08 211.83 4.96 5.54 3.11
2017-18 244.17 259.86 219.21 5.69 6.90 3.48
2018-19 256.74 273.55 230.01 5.15 5.27 4.93

2019-20 271.2 289.08 242.74 5.63 5.68 5.53

2020-21 286.37 306.4 254.51 5.59 5.99 4.85

2021-22 304.76 326.34 270.42 6.42 6.51 6.25

Source: Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics.

Appendix-8: Consumer Price Indices (CPI) for Middle Class Families of Dhaka City
(Base year: 1973-74=100)

Sector Weight (%) 83-84 84--85 85-86 86-87 87-88 88-89 89-90 90-91 91-92 92-93 93-94 94-95 95-96 96-97 97-98

General 100.0 357 397 436 481 536 579 633 689 724 734 747 786 818 850 904
Food 63.00 350 388 429 483 535 566 606 648 684 676 679 732 774 812 871
Energy and 7.00 466 503 539 542 562 621 674 945 1008 1055 1061 1014 1030 1056 1082
electricity
Housing and 12.00 417 454 507 551 648 723 808 867 893 946 1019 1040 1047 1067 1110
household
requisites
Clothing and 6.00 225 255 274 293 319 348 374 399 410 422 431 439 439 473 493
Footwear

Miscellaneous 12.0 335 392 419 460 524 598 707 720 756 788 805 860 883 899 976

Rate of increase (%)

General - 9.7 10.9 9.9 10.4 11.4 8.0 9.3 8.9 5.1 1.4 1.8 5.2 4.1 3.9 6.4
Food - 11.8 10.9 10.6 12.6 10.8 5.8 7.1 6.9 5.6 -1.2 0.4 7.8 7.7 4.9 7.3
Non-food - 6.0 10.9 9.1 8.6 12.0 10.3 11.8 12.0 4.5 4.8 3.7 1.9 1.5 2.5 4.7
Source: Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics.
Note: BBS has not published ''Consumer Price Index (CPI) for Middle Class Families of Dhaka City (Base year: 1973-74=100) after
1997-98.

Statistical Appendices | 285

Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

Appendix-9: Wholesale Price Indices of Agricultural and Industrial Products

Sector Weight 95-96 96-97 97-98 98-99 99-00 2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06
(%)
Agricultural products 67.9 1606 1611 1701 1848 1847 1802 1810 1922 1994 2060 2204
Food 41.1 1564 1513 1604 1821 1813 1729 1717 1788 1980 2050 2256
Raw materials 25.9 1666 1754 1842 1882 1890 1916 1932 1966 2006 2068 2120
Fuel 0.9 1798 1940 2052 2101 2148 2164 2235 2256 2289 2327 2365
Industrial products 32.1 1459 1478 1537 1573 1526 1563 1562 1610 1667 1729 1968
Food 8.0 1574 1673 1769 1840 1813 1767 1751 1802 1913 1959 2156
Raw materials 6.3 1166 1186 1212 1253 1268 1302 1305 1349 1376 1380 1435
Fuel and electricity 6.2 1613 1628 1781 1830 1840 2097 2166 2318 2411 2539 3308
Manufactures 11.7 1458 1426 1420 1430 1305 1286 1253 1247 1267 1336 1415
All agricultural and 100 1559 1568 1648 1760 1753 1726 1730 1822 1889 1954 2128
industrial goods

Source: Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics. Note: BBS has not published Wholesale Price Index (WPI) of Agricultural and Industrial Products
after 2005-06.

Appendix-10: Cost of Living Index of Industrial Workers of Narayanganj, Chattogram and Khulna
(Base: 1973-74=100)
Fiscal General Food Clothing and Footwear Housing and Households
Year
N. Ganj Ctg. Khulna N. Ctg. Khulna N. Ctg. Khulna N. Ctg. Khulna
Ganj Ganj Ganj
1990-91 1434 1413 1310 1399 1417 1290 1484 1364 1236 2058 1894 1848
1991-92 1496 1472 1374 1456 1477 1358 1547 1383 1250 2114 1975 1947
1992-93 1515 1446 1385 1452 1422 1359 1564 1423 1247 2220 1998 1979
1993-94 1549 1505 1463 1489 1584 1451 1587 1470 1271 2256 2031 2020
1994-95 1635 1631 1563 1603 1643 1588 1605 1520 1279 2291 2096 2020
1995-96 1710 1716 1583 1711 1716 1615 1626 1549 1300 2370 2337 2032
1996-97 1723 1719 1547 1694 1685 1584 1657 1517 1345 2437 2587 1956
1997-98 1832 1794 1618 1821 1758 1644 1701 1580 1470 2517 2754 1982
1998-99 1990 2005 1768 2027 2003 1835 1727 1621 1542 2587 3049 2046
1999-00 2032 2065 1823 2076 2059 1884 1745 1674 1581 2624 3134 2149
2000-01 2048 2092 1856 2088 2078 1896 1762 1709 1616 2650 3198 2303
2001-02 2077 2116 1881 2114 2092 1911 1786 1732 1634 2689 3275 2374
2002-03 2119 2160 1925 2159 2126 1944 1807 1755 1659 2758 3403 2477
2003-04 2182 2220 1985 2235 2179 1993 1820 1788 1685 2810 3533 2641
2004-05 2285 2297 2065 2359 2257 2067 1840 1835 1723 2889 3666 2754
2005-06 2438 2427 2187 2542 3399 2188 1879 1902 1774 3069 3872 2995
Source: Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics. Note: BBS has not published data since 2006-07.

Statistical Appendices | 286

Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

Appendix-11.1: Wage Rate Indices by Major Sectors (Base: 1969-70=100)

Nominal Wage Indices Cost of Real Wage Indices

Fiscal Living index
Year General Manufac. Const. Agri. Fisheries of Industrial General Manufac. Const. Agri. Fisheries
Workers
1992-93 1639 1724 1579 1523 1641 1449 113 119 109 105 113
1993-94 1709 1828 1598 1593 1699 1506 114 121 106 106 113
1994-95 1786 1947 1613 1653 1770 1610 111 121 100 103 110
1995-96 1900 2064 1754 1738 1882 1674 114 123 105 104 112
1996-97 1990 2161 1848 1804 1974 1663 120 130 111 109 119
1997-98 2141 2395 1990 1870 2053 1748 122 137 114 107 117
1998-99 2259 2522 2163 1950 2138 1921 118 131 113 102 111
1999-00 2390 2701 2286 2037 2220 1973 121 137 116 103 113
2000-01 2489 2832 2356 2141 2292 1999 125 142 118 107 115
2001-02 2637 3035 2444 2262 2411 2024 130 150 121 112 119
2002-03 2926 3501 2624 2443 2563 2068 141 169 127 118 124
2003-04 3111 3765 2669 2582 2775 2129 146 177 125 121 130
2004-05 3293 4015 2758 2719 2957 2216 149 181 124 123 124
2005-06 3507 4293 2889 2926 3133 2351 149 183 123 124 133
2006-07 3779 4636 3135 3156 3332 2524 150 184 124 125 132
2007-08 4227 5144 3505 3524 3635 2740 154 206 141 140 145
2008-09 5026 6128 4311 4274 4236 2885 174 243 171 169 168
2009-10 5441 6520 4633 4804 4727 - - - - - -
2010-11 5782 6778 4983 5326 5043 - - - - - -
2011-12 6469 7221 6583 6134 5187 - - - - - -
2012-13 7422 7978 7684 7448 6021 - - - - - -
2013-14 8097 8700 8238 8283 6566 - - - - - -
2014-15 8899 9553 9004 9254 7129 - - - - - -

Source: Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics.

Appendix-11.2: Wage Rate Indices and Growth Rate (Base: 2010-11=100)

Nominal Wage Indices Growth Rate (Point to Point)

Year General Agri. Industry Service General Agri. Industry Service
2010-11 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 - - - -
2011-12 106.24 105.96 106.92 106.23 6.24 5.96 6.92 6.23
2012-13 112.62 112.08 113.43 113.63 6.01 5.78 6.08 6.96
2013-14 118.82 118.44 119.07 120.16 5.50 5.68 4.97 5.75
2014-15 124.69 124.51 124.38 126.15 4.94 5.12 4.47 4.98
2015-16 132.81 132.48 132.02 136.03 6.52 6.41 6.16 7.86
2016-17 141.46 141.22 140.27 145.01 6.50 6.59 6.24 6.60
2017-18 150.59 150.27 149.45 154.44 6.46 6.40 6.55 6.51
2018-19 160.23 159.92 158.74 164.78 6.40 6.42 6.22 6.69
2019-20 170.39 170.28 168.24 175.33 6.35 6.48 5.99 6.41
2020-21 180.83 181.16 177.52 185.99 6.12 6.39 5.51 6.07
2021-22 191.8 192.21 187.83 199.42 6.06 6.1 5.85 6.32

2022-23* 202.68 203.03 198.60 209.40 6.91 6.84 6.98 7.15

Source: Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics.* Up to February 2023.

Statistical Appendices | 287

Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

Appendix-12.1: Production of Major Agricultural Crops and Acreage

(Production in '000' mt. and acreage in '000' acres)

Year Aus Aman Boro Wheat Maize Tobacco

Acre Production Acre Production Acre Production Acre Production Acre Production Acre Production
1987-88 6891 2993 13816 7689 4800 4731 1475 1048 - - 117 42
1988-89 6333 2856 12606 6857 6026 5831 1384 1022 - - 113 39
1989-90 5593 2488 14095 9209 6205 6167 1463 890 - - 111 41
1990-91 5216 2328 14273 9167 6297 6357 1480 1004 - - 94 34
1991-92 4735 2199 14067 9269 6512 6804 1420 1065 - - 91 34
1992-93 4288 2075 14442 9680 6423 6587 1574 1176 - - 89 36
1993-94 4076 1850 14029 9419 6378 6772 1520 1131 - - 91 38
1994-95 4111 1791 13824 8504 6582 6538 1580 1245 - - 89 38
1995-96 3810 1676 13953 8790 6804 7221 1732 1369 - - 90 39
1996-97 3935 1871 14399 9552 6876 7460 1749 1454 - - 86 38
1997-98 3868 1875 14353 8850 7138 8137 1988 1803 - - 81 36
1998-99 3519 1617 12762 7736 8715 10552 2180 1908 - - 78 29
1999-00 3339 1734 14097 10305 9024 11027 2057 1840 - - 77 35
2000-01 3274 1916 14110 11249 9295 11920 1909 1673 12 10 74 37
2001-02 3069 1808 13955 10726 9319 11766 1833 1606 49 64 75 38
2002-03 3073 1850 14041 11115 9501 12222 1746 1507 72 117 76 37
2003-04 2971 1832 14030 11521 9745 12837 1586 1253 104 241 75 39
2004-05 2532 1500 13047 9820 10042 13837 1380 976 165 356 74 38
2005-06 2556 1745 13416 10810 10047 13975 1183 735 243 522 78 43
2006-07 2238 1512 13382 10841 10496 14965 988 737 373 902 76 39
2007-08 2270 1507 12474 9662 11385 17762 958 844 549 1343 72 40
2008-09 2633 1895 13585 11613 11654 17809 975 849 317 730 74 40
2009-10 2432 1709 13993 12207 11811 18341 922 969 376 887 95 55
2010-11 2750 2133 13951 12792 11788 18617 923 972 409 1018 121 79
2011-12 2812 2332 13789 12798 11886 18759 885 995 487 1298 126 85
2012-13 2602 2158 13863 12897 12763 18778 1029 1255 580 1548 120 79
2013-14 2598 2326 13666 13023 11837 19007 1062 1303 759 2123 124 85
2014-15 2583 2328 13665 13190 11961 19192 1079 1348 804 2272 125 85
2015-16 2516 2281 13814 13483 11794 18937 1099 1348 827 2445 - -
2016-17 2327 2134 13797 13656 11060 18014 1026 1311 963 3026 113 92
2017-18 2657 2710 14035 13993 12008 19576 868 1099 990 3228 105 89
2018-19 2731 2775 13892 14054 11832 19560 816 1016 1100 3569 147 129
2019-20 2706 2775 17339 14203 11767 19645 821 2029 1166 4015 100 86
2020-21 3224 3284 13859 14437 11829 19885 812 1085 1186 4116 100 89
2021-22 2864 3000 14131 14958 11895 20185 777 1086 1182 4262 100 92
Source: Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics.

Statistical Appendices | 288

Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

Appendix-12.2: Production of Major Agricultural Crops and Acreage

(Production in '000' mt. and acreage in '000' acres)
Year Pulses Oilseeds Spices Sugarcane Jute Potato
Acre Production Acre Production Acre Production Acre Production Acre Production Acre Production
1987-88 1822 539 1351 449 352 304 428 7207 1266 853 205 1276
1988-89 1817 496 1415 434 354 295 425 6707 1343 805 275 1089
1989-90 1823 512 1418 438 366 323 461 7423 1339 812 288 1066
1990-91 1799 523 1407 448 364 319 472 7682 1442 962 306 1237
1991-92 1782 519 1399 461 356 322 463 7446 1453 957 316 1379
1992-93 1763 517 1392 474 355 320 450 7507 1236 892 313 1384
1993-94 1752 530 1382 470 355 325 447 7111 1182 808 324 1438
1994-95 1755 534 1381 480 354 318 445 7446 1383 966 325 1468
1995-96 1725 525 1370 471 353 318 431 7165 1133 739 327 1492
1996-97 1715 528 1370 478 355 320 434 7520 1253 883 331 1508
1997-98 1590 519 1386 483 355 316 433 7379 1427 1057 337 1553
1998-99 1351 417 1264 448 621 395 430 6951 1181 811 605 2762
1999-00 1231 383 1079 406 623 406 421 6910 1008 711 601 2933
2000-01 1170 366 948 292 588 397 417 6742 1107 821 615 3216
2001-02 1116 342 909 285 622 417 402 6502 1128 859 587 2994
2002-03 1108 349 897 277 625 425 410 6838 1079 800 606 3386
2003-04 1039 333 850 270 667 608 404 6484 1008 794 669 3907
2004-05 947 316 828 304 364 815 388 6423 965 717 806 4855
2005-06 833 279 784 322 442 1027 377 5511 993 836 744 4161
2006-07 769 258 789 322 509 1251 371 5770 1034 884 852 5167
2007-08 558 204 834 358 498 1250 312 4984 1089 837 993 6648
2008-09 559 196 834 337 460 1103 312 5233 1039 847 978 5268
2009-10 593 221 870 377 491 1240 290 4491 1029 922 1120 8168
2010-11 627 232 890 397 535 1473 287 4671 1751 1521 1137 8326
2011-12 667 240 941 408 802 1756 266 4603 1878 1878 1063 8205
2012-13 701 265 980 433 553 1720 269 4468 1683- 1381 1098 8603
2013-14 824 352 1035 495 634 1931 265 4508 1645 7436 1142 8950
2014-15 885 378 1130 502 751 2037 266 4579 1662 7501 1164 9254
2015-16 922 378 1125 934 978 2470 243 4208 1675 7559 1175 9474
2016-17 901 387 1170 560 1018 2673 227 3863 1823 8247 1235 10216
2017-18 897 390 1122 1026 1006 2593 223 3639 1874 8895 1180 9744
2018-19 875 393 996 862 998 2674 200 3142 1852 8576 1158 9655
2019-20 882 398 1412 556 1048 2998 213 3683 1679 8045 1139 9605
2020-21 919 425 1235 996 1059 3593 192 3333 1685 7725 1158 9887
2021-22 925 432 1235 944 1083 4015 178 3087 1783 8432 1146 10144
Source: Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics.

Statistical Appendices | 289

 Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

Appendix-13.1: Area Under Irrigation (FY 2004-05 to FY 2011-12)

(Area in lakh hectare)
Irrigation Method 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12

LLP and others 8.30 8.03 9.61 10.67 10.92 11.77 10.39 11.45

Deep tube well 6.54 7.01 7.25 7.86 7.90 7.73 7.19 7.59

Shallow tube well 31.50 31.21 31.96 31.97 32.45 33.37 35.05 34.18
(surface/deep)
Total 46.52 46.24 48.83 50.49 51.26 52.18 52.64 53.22

Source: BBS; Department of Agriculture Extension (DAE), Ministry of Agriculture

Appendix-13.2: Area Under Irrigation (FY 2012-13 to FY 2022-23)

(Area in lakh hectare)
Irrigation 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16 2016-17 2017-18 2018-19 2019-20 2020-21 2021-22 2022-23*
Method
LLP 11.96 12.46 12.51 13.42 11.88 12.20 12.49 12.69 12.87 13.10 13.33
and others
Deep tube well 9.34 8.77 9.62 11.94 10.63 10.72 10.76 10.84 10.85 10.38 10.39
Shallow tube 32.42 32.79 32.35 29.54 30.79
29.81 29.94 30.01 30.06 30.70 30.75
well
(surface/deep)
-- -- -- -- 1.97 2.81 2.68 2.73 2.76 2.70 2.73
Others
Total 53.72 54.02 54.48 54.90 55.27 55.56 55.87 56.27 56.54 56.88 57.20
Source: BBS; Department of Agriculture Extension (DAE), Ministry of Agriculture * Target

Statistical Appendices | 290

Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

Appendix-14.1: Use of Chemical Fertiliser (FY 2004-05 to FY 2010-11)

('000' MT)
Fertiliser 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11

Urea 523.39 2451.37 2515.00 2762.00 2532.96 2409.00 2652.00

TSP 420.02 436.47 340.00 392.00 156.00 420.00 564.00

DAP 140.72 145.00 115.00 129.00 18.23 136.00 305.00

MOP 160.38 290.67 230.00 262.00 75.00 263.00 482.00

SSP 170.93 130.39 122.00 118.00 20.00 -- --

NPKS 90.00 110.00 125.00 120.00 40.00 50.00 40.00

ASP 5.59 6.32 6.00 7.00 3.00 5.00 6.00

Zinc 8.00 7.50 26.00 20.00 5.00 10.00 12.00

Gypsum 135.7 104.95 72.00 75.00 15.00 20.00 25.00

Others -- -- -- -- -- -- --

Total 3754.73 3682.67 3551 .00 3885.00 2865.19 3313.00 4085.00

Source: FFMB/Ministry of Agriculture.

Appendix-14.2: Use of Chemical Fertiliser (FY 2011-12 to FY 2022-23)

('000' MT)
Fertiliser 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16 2016-17 2017-18 2018-19 2019-20 2020-21 2021-22 2022-23*

Urea 2296.00 2247.00 2462.00 2638.00 2291.00 2366.00 2427.46 2594.00 2005.00 4550.00 2661 2286

TSP 678.00 654.00 685.00 722.00 730.00 740.00 706.62 781.00 660.00 500.00 736 674

DAP 409.00 434.00 543.00 597.00 658.00 609.00 689.90 763.00 953.00 1300.00 1685 1427

MOP 613.00 571.00 577.00 640.00 727.00 781.00 789.47 724.00 715.00 750.00 890 826

SSP -- -- -- -- -- --- --- -- -- -- -- --

NPKS 20.00 25.00 27.00 27.00 39.59 20.00 50.00 50.00 42.00 40.00 30.44 21.77

ASP 6.00 8.50 0.10 - 9.96 10.00 10.00 10.00 6.00 4.00 3.05 2.56

Zinc 12.00 24.00 42.00 27.00 53.43 57.47 80.00 95.00 115.00 141.00 138.27 99.64

Gypsum 15.00 40.00 126.00 122.00 229.42 323.30 250.00 285.00 360.00 550.00 539.64 455.90

Others -- 19.00 40.00 42.00 -- --- 90.00 120.00 101.00 130.00 142.15 120.44

Total 4049.00 4022.50 4502.10 4815.00 4738.40 4906.77 5093.45 5422.00 5457.00 5865.00 6825.55 5913.31

Source: FFMB/Ministry of Agriculture; *up to February 2023

Statistical Appendices | 291

Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

Appendix-15: Import of Food Grains (FY 1985-86 to FY 2022-23)

('000' MT)
Fiscal Year Rice Wheat Total food grains
Food aid Import Total Food aid Import Total Food aid Import Total
1985-86 27 10 37 1060 103 1163 1087 113 1200
1986-87 108 150 258 1317 192 1509 1425 342 1767
1987-88 192 398 590 1595 732 2327 1787 1130 2917
1988-89 40 21 61 1316 759 2075 1356 780 2136
1989-90 41 258 299 908 326 1234 949 584 1533
1990-91 10 - 10 1530 37 1567 1540 37 1577
1991-92 39 - 39 1375 150 1525 1414 150 1564
1992-93 20 0 20 716 364 1080 736 364 1101
1993-94 0 74 74 654 238 892 654 312 966
1994-95 0 814 814 935 820 1755 935 1634 2569
1995-96 1 1140 1141 743 551 1294 744 1691 2434
1996-97 10 16 26 608 325 933 618 341 959
1997-98 0 1085 1085 549 298 847 549 1383 1933
1998-99 60 3008 3068 1174 1249 2423 1234 4257 5491
1999-00 5 428 433 865 806 1671 870 1234 2104
2000-01 32 529 561 459 534 993 491 1063 1554
2001-02 8 118 126 501 1171 1672 511 1288 1799
2002-03 4 1552 1556 250 1414 1664 254 2966 3220
2003-04 4 796 800 285 1703 1979 289 2499 2788
2004-05 27 1268 1295 263 1816 2079 290 3084 3374
2005-06 34 498 532 160 1767 1927 194 2265 2459
2006-07 25 695 720 66 1635 1700 91 2330 2420
2007-08 82 1977 2059 177 1235 1412 259 3212 3471
2008-09 35 583 618 87 2326 2413 122 2909 3031

2009-10 4 88 92 4 3358 3363 8 3446 3454

2010-11 6 1554 1560 157 3596 3753 163 5150 5313
2011-12 9 514 523 106 1661 1767 115 2175 2290
2012-13 1 26 27 130 1715 1845 131 1741 1872
2013-14 3 371 374 73 2677 2750 76 3048 3124
2014-15 0 1490 1490 0 3841 3841 0 5331 5331
2015-16 1 256 257 86 4199 4285 87 4455 4542
2016-17 0 133 133 86 5609 5695 86 5742 5828
2017-18 5 3160 3165 70 4505 4575 124 9650 9774
2018-19 55 150 205 93 5536 5629 148 5686 5834
2019-20 0 4 4 69 6366 6435 69 6370 6439
2020-21 0 1359 1359 0 5343 5343 0 6702 6702
2021-22 0 987 987 0 4012 4012 0 4999 4999
2022-23* 0 997 997 0 1912 1912 0 2909 2909
Source: Directorate of Food, Ministry of Food and Disaster Management. (Up to 28th February 2023)
Note:(1). Includes private sector import side by side with public sector since 1992-93.
(2). Including food aid wheat receipts for Direct Distribution by World Vision since 2000-01

Statistical Appendices | 292

Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

Table 16: Year wise Disbursement and Recovery of Industrial Credit

(In crore Tk.)
Fiscal Disbursement Recovery
Year Working Term Loan Total Working Term Loan Total
Capital Capital
2005-06 28448.53 9650.02 38098.55 22975.95 6759.52 29735.47
2006-07 31651.32 12394.78 44046.10 23790.54 9068.45 32858.99
2007-08 39963.49 20150.82 60114.31 28849.60 13624.20 42473.80
2008-09 45028.28 19972.69 65000.97 36597.89 16302.48 52900.37
2009-10 59171.95 25875.66 85047.61 45231.75 18982.70 64214.45
2010-11 71300.35 32163.2 103463.6 56694.99 25015.89 81710.88
2011-12 76674.98 35278.1 111953.1 64400.27 30236.74 94637.01
2012-13 103165.56 42528.31 145693.9 85496.14 36549.41 122045.6
2013-14 126102.59 42311.32 168413.9 113291.3 41806.69 155097.9
2014-15 159546.42 59783.7 219330.1 121854 47540.81 169394.8
2015-16 199349.21 65538.69 264887.9 149762.7 48225.29 197988
2016-17 238517.05 62155.08 300672.1 185532.8 52094.57 237627.3
2017-18 275629.05 70768.17 346397.2 202980.5 70193.08 273173.6
2018-19 319006.98 80850.08 399857.1 243194.1 76568.81 319762.9
2019-20 312134.01 74257.02 386391 256605.8 69723.89 326329.7
2020-21 324826.11 68765.26 393591.4 285477.8 58488.7 343966.5
2021-22 409156.22 72360.95 481517.16 309856.57 64862.59 374719.16
2022-23* 232798.40 48136.99 280935.39 187607.52 71164.66 258772.18
Source: Bangladesh Bank * Up to Dec, 2022.

Appendix-17: Agricultural Credit Disbursement, Recovery and Outstanding

(In crore Tk.)
FY Disbursement Recovery Outstanding
1982-83 678.60 342.30 1351.51
1983-84 1005.30 517.57 2077.35
1984-85 1152.84 583.90 3034.24
1985-86 631.72 607.15 3514.25
1986-87 667.28 1107.56 3294.41
1987-88 656.31 595.78 3863.49
1988-89 807.62 577.96 4711.66
1989-90 686.78 701.94 5381.29
1990-91 595.60 625.32 5703.45
1991-92 794.59 662.11 5369.56
1992-93 841.85 869.23 5692.84
1993-94 1100.79 979.12 6222.00
1994-95 1490.38 1124.11 7045.22
1995-96 1481.63 1273.08 7769.07
1996-97 1517.30 1594.27 8256.21
1997-98 1642.84 1699.07 8515.04
1998-99 3005.92 1916.53 9702.51
1999-00 2851.29 2996.29 10648.90
2000-01 3019.67 2877.87 11137.26
2001-02 2954.91 3259.66 11498.13
2002-03 3278.37 3516.31 11913.35
2003-04 4048.41 3135.32 12705.95
2004-05 4956.78 3171.15 14039.84
2005-06 5496.21 4164.35 15376.79
2006-07 5292.51 4676.00 14582.56
2007-08 8580.66 6003.74 17822.50
2008-09 9284.46 8377.62 19598.15
2009-10 11116.88 10112.75 22588.58
2009-10 11116.88 10112.75 22588.58
2010-11 12184.32 12148.61 25492.13
2011-12 13132.15 12359 25974.97
2012-13 14667.49 14362.29 31057.69
2013-14 16036.81 17046.02 34632.82
2014-15 15978.46 15406.96 32936.8
2015-16 17646.39 17056.43 34477.37
2016-17 20998.7 18840.16 39047.57
2017-18l 21393.55 21503.12 40601.11
2018-19 23616.25 23734.32 42974.29
2019-20 22749.03 21245.24 45592.86
2020-21 25511.35 27123.9 45939.8
2021-22 28834.21 27463.41 49802.28
2022-23* 21066.51 20985.53 51234.84
Source: Bangladesh Bank, * Up to February 2023.

Statistical Appendices | 293

Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

Appendix 18.1: Quantum Index of Industrial Production (Base: 2005-06=100)

Major Industry Group 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13

General Index of Manufacturing 117.5 127.47 135.01 157.89 174.92 195.19

Food products 109.52 113.63 129.39 138.66 161.34 219.1
Beverages 115.84 122.56 131.91 152.37 152.46 189.81

Tobacco products 102.74 105.07 110.92 112.3 136.79 144.66

Textile 123.57 127.99 132.87 139.51 139.44 142.41
Wearing apparel 125.95 144.75 143.06 200.8 235.44 265.83

Leather and related products 110.87 115.48 120.9 129.02 132.32 139.76
Wood and products of wood and cork 158.05 170.81 193.3 216.66 235.99 238.81
Paper and paper products 127.04 145.3 154.47 169.7 171.34 160.43

Printing and reproduction of recorded media 116.94 121.35 123.81 121.12 123.23 124.36
Coke and refined petroleum products 90.78 64.76 95.95 99.1 90.85 101.54
Chemicals and chemical products 84.07 70.29 86.01 70.8 80.77 84.62

Pharmaceuticals and medicinal chemical 116.2 128.33 164.33 164.97 169.82 178.79
Rubber and plastic products 120.15 135.26 164.15 191.97 217.59 244.87
Other non-metallic mineral products 109.94 119.14 126.79 134.62 138.22 139.51
Basic metals 121.51 136.44 128.75 111.5 114.26 136.41
Fabricated metal products except machinery 112.57 119.41 127.41 137.71 138.81 149.03
Computer, electronic and optical products 116.37 121.51 124.89 126.22 114.77 99

Electrical equipment 109.95 110.27 115.77 122.47 125.22 128.53

Machinery and equipment n.e.c 118.69 134.01 169.42 172.95 178.29 155.86
Motor vehicles, trailers and semi-trailers 112.17 155.96 200.73 160.1 201.46 186.62

Other transport equipment 116.66 129.23 142.68 150.31 158.31 138.21

Furniture 101.56 102.2 102.82 103.19 100.98 109.14
Source: Bangladesh Bureau of Statistic

Statistical Appendices | 294

Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

Appendix- 18.2: Quantum Index of Industrial Production (Base: 2005-06=100)

Major Industry Group 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16 2016-17 2017-18 2018-19 2019-20 2020-21 2021-22

General Index of
213.22 236.11 267.88 297.89 342.47 392.82 398.78 456.39 501.68
Manufacturing
Food products 241.52 333.07 385.1 410.42 501.16 562.7 569.75 570.69 530.52

Beverages 243.19 230.06 269.75 257.61 240.41 272.74 227.83 397.61 638.66

Tobacco products 149.65 147.37 135.48 139.57 138.51 138.59 133.82 128.07 107.88

Textile 139.68 122.81 138.9 168.39 195.19 200.27 267.2 274.91 320.22

Wearing apparel 293.7 304.76 338.7 343.74 388.62 443.05 368.68 428.59 563.01

Leather and related

147.83 140.48 125.44 194.13 292.22 348.58 346.69 549.55 369.5
products
Wood and products of
243.39 269.88 301.72 325.26 339.52 356.42 376.71 421.34 424.66
wood and cork
Paper and paper products 151.95 174.68 181.08 183.67 185.38 187.58 217.89 251.21 381.14

Printing and reproduction of

127.73 140.91 147.83 155.62 162.22 178.89 174.92 203.74 209.61
recorded media
Coke and refined petroleum
92.76 96.79 94.03 182.74 100.8 109.74 88.63 116.34 104.8
products
Chemicals and chemical
80.41 77.49 92.6 104.04 100.5 133.22 122.61 114.1 126.41
products
Pharmaceuticals and
230.6 290.98 319.26 424.3 507.53 670.41 883.03 1123.1 1178.86
medicinal chemical
Rubber and plastic products 263.84 292.69 338.14 359.79 411.94 442.63 452.23 410.29 400.72

Other non-metallic mineral

144.18 182.78 258.34 341.85 381.85 443.72 484.5 597.84 563.29
products
Basic metals 150.2 187.13 202.85 174.04 185.27 188.14 159.33 184.58 218.42

Fabricated metal products

164.33 182.3 200.53 246.01 274.34 298 298.31 288.97 308.27
except machinery
Computer, electronic and
105.46 148.37 231.81 253.33 178.57 246.05 277.6 292.04 265.45
optical products
Electrical equipment 132.06 164.56 214.12 342.77 337.58 366.35 489.22 321.41 383.17

Machinery and equipment

172.68 204.89 279.14 406.37 548.73 641 760.24 771.83 753.3
n.e.c
Motor vehicles, trailers and
205.84 178.83 331.6 559.61 438.44 614.11 285.54 205.35 412.9
semi-trailers
Other transport equipment 152.88 340.12 592.41 560 604.43 607.53 946.32 245.6 692.89

Furniture 101.12 116.35 132.02 151.44 184.81 193.84 166.25 166.6 157.26
Source: Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics

Statistical Appendices | 295

Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

Appendix-19.1: Production of Major Industrial Goods.

Name of Product Unit 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12

Sugar M.T. 162395 163844 79922 62203 100305 69308

Black & Blending Tea M.T. 55499 56947 56106 59444 60078 60326

Soft Drinks 000'Doz. Bottol. 31318 33036 34836 37592 43857 45906
Cigarettes Mill.No. 24558 24180 23641 23677 23446 31905
Preparation & Spinning of Textile
MT. 144174 171354 176382 181180 179312 172077
fibers
Weaving of Textiles 000'Mit. 43731 46079 50566 52975 56181 56546
Jute Textile MT. 263360 294632 278779 303815 307385 369029
Wearing Apperal Mill.Tk. 300641 321667 366774 363994 499113 627892
Knittwear Mill Tk. 293927 344401 398426 392435 561243 620246
Leather Footwear 000'Pair 12735 13339 13501 14009 14130 15098
Pulp, Paper & newsprint MT. 124000 132000 140000 148000 156000 159000
Misc. Petroleum products MT. 296000 327200 197590 368200 324420 367555
Fertilizer MT. 1990280 1581683 1347366 1688936 1013537 1047214

Soaps & detergents MT. 58820 60548 61568 62159 63194 64713
Cement MT. 2323384 2426418 2852581 2877203 2982121 3197110
Re-rolling mills (MS Rod) MT. 233469 251014 290116 269678 226262 232470
Source: Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics

Statistical Appendices | 296

 Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

Appendix-19.2: Production of Major Industrial Goods

Name of Product Unit 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16 2016-17 2017-18 2018-19 2019-20 2020-21 2021-22

Sugar M.T. 107123 128267 78904 58151 59984 68603 65302 81768 48082 21486

Black & Blending

M.T. 63044 66604 63039 71129 81645 78122 90684 89930 90008 98378
Tea

000'Doz.
Soft Drinks 57614 70768 64523 67201 74699 64166 72602 59222 104902 164981
Bottol.

Cigarettes Mill.No. 26270 28314 26484 22274 17573 15660 15279 16186 15403 13450

Preparation &
Spinning of Textile MT. 174508 175273 140485 160645 161615 167660 180642 223314 257198 272513
fibers

Weaving of Textiles 000'Mit. 56949 57386 44692 47444 47060 42447 43403 35783 36858 48217

Jute Textile MT. 426820 387612 306678 388277 449920 406938 361966 379585 310057 36242

Wearing Apperal Mill.Tk. 719311 791402 966144 1132032 1138549 1268118 1449060 118830 1229409 1434460

Knittwear Mill Tk. 691115 766532 935782 1027873 1088251 1247285 1419019 1177323 1398236 1542624

Leather Footwear 000'Pair 16135 16655 15292 12355 20520 21235 21988 28538 32079 22760

Pulp, Paper &

MT. 149255 146812 163270 165210 167659 168177 168719 241050 328647 564979
newsprint

Misc. Petroleum
MT. 359791 340700 410101 563872 602122 589680 559663 517530 1530820 1377370
products
122089
Fertilizer MT. 1074791 976691 1028157 1010466 859353 920754 976157 1296008 1197117
0
Soaps & detergents MT. 67757 68373 61627 145426 148975 176781 175315 176084 190893 138419

Cement MT. 3460495 3569608 5770527 8754641 12775967 14689780 16860929 17951285 21030828 21032652

Re-rolling mills
MT. 281715 306057 393019 407535 363534 394245 401298 32084 379761 447622
(MS Rod)
Source: Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics

Statistical Appendices | 297

Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

Appendix-20.1: Production of State-owned Enterprises and their Financial Performance

(In crore Tk.)
Particulars 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13
BCIC:
Production
a. Urea (lakh mt.) 14.77 13.20 10.59 9.08 9.33 10.27
b. TSP (lakh mt.) 1.02 0.24 0.77 0.63 0.65 0.40
c. DAP (lakh mt.) -- -- -- -- -- --
d. Paper (lakh mt.) 0.24 0.24 0.18 0.20 0.20 0.14
e. Cement (lakh mt.) 1.08 1.4 1.05 1.34 0.94 0.80
Sales revenue (crore Tk.) 1565.37 2207.35 1672.40 1436.93 2312.42 2500.70
Cost of sales (crore Tk.) 1870.28 1920.91 1822.40 1,802.45 2046.80 2281.49
Operating profit/loss (crore Tk.) (304.90) 286.44 (150.00) (365.52) 125.16 219.21
Net profit/ loss (crore Tk.) (335.47) 129.37 (261.24) (434.90) (62.84) 88.95
BTMC:
Production
a. Yarn (lakh kg.) 51.34 58.17 9.44 20.19 9.36 16.68
b. Cloth (lakh meter) -- -- -- -- -- --
Sales revenue (crore Tk.) 19.10 8.04 3.28 8.56 3.24 6.97
Cost of sales (crore Tk.) 25.26 13.08 8.50 14.07 9.89 14.10
Operating profit/loss (crore Tk.) (6.19) (5.04) (5.22) (5.22) (6.63) (7.13)
Net profit/ loss (crore Tk.) (16.49) (13.47) (18.22) (15.43) (17.14) (21.50)
BSFIC:
Production
a. Sugar (lakh mt.) 1.64 1.13 0.62 1.09 0.69 1.07
b. Spirit (lakh litre) 41.56 44.15 43.48 47.50 52.00 50.65
Sales revenue (crore Tk.) 376.28 415.50 218.29 557.30 366.15 410.60
Cost of sales (crore Tk.) 486.32 603.14 490.37 739.22 567.11 582.34
Operating profit/loss (crore Tk.) (110.04) (187.64) (272.08) (181.92) (200.96) (171.71)
Net profit/ loss (crore Tk.) (109.44) (182.69) (126.30) (170.62) (290.01) (310.64)
BJMC:
Production (quantity)
a. Hessian (‘000’ mt.) 24.60 19.78 25.3 32.24 35.01 34.66
b. Sacking (‘000’ mt.) 82.49 80.6 101.73 111.47 119.92 133.69
c. CBC (‘000’ mt.) 9.7 5.9 9.86 11.97 10.36 6.96
Sales revenue (crore Tk.) 603.28 566.75 989.72 1342.87 1366.87 1820.95
Cost of sales (crore Tk.) 672.51 778.41 1118.09 1316.61 1406.87 2156.18
Operating profit/loss (crore Tk.) (69.23) (211.66) (128.37) 16.26 (39.99) (335.23)
Net profit/ loss (crore Tk.) (152.69) (299.45) (220.31) 17.50 (66.39) (384.75)
BSEC:
Production (quantity)
a. Bus, truck and car (no.) 461.00 641.00 850.00 808.00 844 730
b. Motor cycle (no.) 32685.00 45554.00 52080.00 52125.00 42124 36920
Sales revenue (crore Tk.) 685.88 808.58 963.63 1118.46 1082.29 1129.14
Cost of sales (crore Tk.) 638.95 744.18 877.28 1030.58 990.80 1022.52
Operating profit/loss (crore Tk.) 46.92 64.40 86.35 87.88 91.49 106.62
Net profit/loss (crore Tk.) 31.7 41.97 57.26 57.53 51.11 65.64
Source: Monitoring Cell, Finance Division, Ministry of Finance. Note: Figures in parentheses indicate loss

Statistical Appendices | 298

Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

Appendix-20.2: Production of State-owned Enterprises and their Financial Performance

(In crore Tk.)
Particulars 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16 2016-17 2017-18 2018-19 2019-20 2020-21 2021-22 2022-23*
BCIC:
Production
a. Urea (lakh mt.) 8.39 8.78 7.87 9.22 7.65 7.89 7.96 10.33 10.10 13.10
b. TSP (lakh mt.) 0.86 0.88 0.95 1.07 1 0.97 1.03 0.92 0.87 1.00
c. DAP (lakh mt.) - 0.63 1.01 0.59 0.53 0.24 0.76 1.02 1.00 1.30
d. Paper (lakh mt.) 0.13 0.13 0.11 0.06 0.03 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.02 0.05
e. Cement (lakh mt.) 0.65 0.48 0.35 0.48 0.41 0.33 0.34 0.12 - -
Sales revenue (crore Tk.) 2196.69 2126.98 2279.47 2314.85 1988.1 1601.96 1883.83 2336.55 3091.03 4924.23
Cost of sales (crore Tk.) 2239.37 2080.72 2397.68 2574.19 2342.04 2123.79 2525.76 2816.19 3530.48 4623.96
Operating profit/loss - 300.27
-42.68 46.26 -259.34 -353.94 -521.63 -641.94 -479.65 -439.45
(crore Tk.) 118.21
Net profit/ loss(crore Tk.) 93.68 103.14 -74.39 -485.48 -555.4 -574.63 -702.17 -540.25 -463.84 86.43
BTMC:
Production
a. Yarn (lakh kg.) 19.8 20.48 22.37 34.08 4.98 0 0 0 - -
b. Cloth (lakh meter) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 - -
Sales revenue (crore Tk.) 8.49 8.85 9.64 9.57 3.11 0.83 0.63 0.44 0.57 0.52
Cost of sales (crore Tk.) 16.36 17.86 19.55 19.16 9.44 5.17 4.92 5.09 5.20 7.95
Operating profit/loss (crore Tk.) -7.87 -9.01 -9.91 -9.59 -6.33 -4.34 -4.3 -4.65 -4.63 -7.43
Net profit/ loss -15.94
-20.84 -21.98 -16.03 -17.19 -13.18 -11.2 -10.37 -10.4 -10.26
(crore Tk.)
BSFIC:
Production
a. Sugar (lakh mt.) 1.28 0.78 0.58 0.6 0.69 0.7 0.82 0.48 0.25 0.25
b. Spirit (lakh litre) 46.86 47.18 42.08 47.32 52.76 48.91 48.66 42.7 54.00 58.00
Sales revenue (crore Tk.) 391.54 572.42 701.16 647.33 509.59 425.89 674.86 674.17 593.82 575.23
Cost of sales (crore Tk.) 814.61 945.44 999.34 891.56 951.22 1063.57 1132.71 1143.09 859.35 815.01
Operating profit/loss -
-423.06 -373.02 -244.23 -441.63 -642.63 -457.85 -468.92 -265.53 -239.78
(crore Tk.) 298.18
Net profit/ loss -
-564.99 -539.7 -630.22 -833.36 -1065.83 -929.18 -1036.17 -609.65 -678.33
(crore Tk.) 516.52
BJMC:
Production (quantity)
a. Hessian (‘000’ mt.) 27.78 23.6 25.88 26.38 24.3 15.38 14.5 0 - -
b. Sacking (‘000’ mt.) 118.7 52.05 62.91 93.31 91.63 46.19 36.36 0 - -
c. CBC (‘000’ mt.) 6.64 8.18 10.61 10.78 8.25 5.33 3.26 0 - -
Sales revenue (crore Tk.) 1092 1153.04 1248.18 1174.87 1175.16 700.11 915.77 442.16 7.10 2.29
1578.9 221.05
Cost of sales (crore Tk.) 1527.33 1806.58 1828.7 1595.99 1229.39 1620.33 770.76 224.41
9
Operating profit/loss -
-435.32 -653.54 -404.12 -420.82 -529.28 -704.56 -328.63 -217.31 -218.76
crore Tk.) 580.52
Net profit/ loss (crore Tk.) -497.19 -724.19 -656.81 -481.51 -497.18 -604.12 -774.52 -406.92 -286.65 -248.57
BSEC:
Production (quantity)
a.Bus, truck and car (no.) 820 929 894 930 1223 1229 1338 466 566.00 850.00
b. Motor cycle (no.) 13368 405 2005 1250 1833 3448 2953 1070 2440.00 4600.00
c. Disel engine (no.) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Sales revenue (crore Tk.) 943.66 728.71 694.5 723.81 858.22 913.27 881.16 329.05 501.85 1124.53
Cost of sales (crore Tk.) 837.96 630.6 611.89 646.24 788.39 847.27 845.56 362.91 503.10 1066.63
Operating profit/loss
105.7 98.11 82.61 77.57 69.83 66 35.6 -33.86 -1.24 57.90
(crore Tk.)
Net profit/loss (crore Tk.) 69.76 57.33 59.78 46.17 43.25 39.89 23.62 -13.65 10.19 58.68
Source: Monitoring Cell, Finance Division, Ministry of Finance.*-Provisional

Statistical Appendices | 299

Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

Appendix-21.1: Net Profit/Loss of State-owned Enterprises

`
(In crore Tk.)
Corporation 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13

Industry:
BTMC (21.68) (18.06) (18.42) (16.52) (17.14) (21.50)
BSEC 29.53 41.97 57.26 57.74 51.11 65.68
BSFIC (155.31) (182.69) (126.3) (170.62) (290.01) (310.64)
BCIC 335.70 129.37 (261.24) (434.90) (62.84) 88.95
BFIDC 21.93 21.08 41.65 63.99 56.47 61.31
BJMC (151.84) (298.94) (220.31) 14.59 (66.39) (384.75)
Utilities
BOGMC (1026.21) 1364.98 2095.13 415.35 334.45 882.39
BPDB (993.24) (828.61) (635.76) (4587.01) (6359.86) (5026.11)
DESA 0.00 1.22 12.21 00.00 - -
CTG WASA 6.76 5.23 7.92 9.94 5.74 5.22
Dhaka WASA 12.75 1.47 9.5 8.53 20.30 9.82
Khulna WASA -- 2.46 3.22 0.98 0.96 1.35
Transport and
communication
BSC 44.20 (10.96) 10.61 1.89 1.46 1.63
BIWTC 28.43 26.18 28.27 22.65 13.92 47.14
BBC 0.00 0.00 -- -- -- --
BRTC (37.33) (30.86) (24.60) (62.06) (74.66) (53.55)
CPA 409.88 455.97 321.49 546.43 553.98 402.92
CDWMB 0.00 0.00 -- -- -- --
MPA (16.43) (9.85) (5.63) 7.63 12.73 24.36
MDWMB (0.48) (2.70) (16.65) -- -- --
BTRC (37.33) 3159.4 2345.97 3019.15 6929.81 5349.10
Land Port 1.54 1.78 7.24 38.44 47.48 19.41
BBA 184.97 183.53 97.86 116.51 68.40 (39.20)
Commercial
BPC (9553.45) 322.66 (2049.65) (8840.46) (11371.31) (4832.36)
BJC 2.70 1.61 2.59 2.67 2.16 2.04
TCB (1.60) 6.91 3.31 52.91 11.43 (38.50)
Agriculture and
fisheries (2.21) (1.20) (2.65) -- 0.28 21.81
BADC (71.01) (0.19) (1.21) 14.22 2.44 3.54
BFDC (Fish)
Construction
Rajuk 56.19 83.28 202.05 134.16 156.88 152.80
CDA 139.33 163.27 65.05 26.20 44.71 63.50
KDA 5.95 9.29 11.48 10.57 12.62 19.12
RDA (1.64) 2.87 (4.52) (0.04) 5.02 18.70
NHA -- 25.45 35.62 76.30 83.46 116.56
Service and other
sectors
BSTI -- -- -- -- -- --
BFFWT (3.79) (2.04) (8.78) (10.55) (7.91) (8.35)
BFDC (film) (0.98) (2.77) (2.91) (4.53) (4.24) (8.46)
BPRC (1.55) (3.88) 0.37 1.65 4.74 9.95
CAA 112.09 191.89 291.22 279.07 394.44 445.41
BIWTA (13.59) 4.47 (7.61) (1.57) 14.44 65.00
BSCIC 0.00 (3.21) (1.92) 2.34 5.16 2.74
BEPZA 123.30 66.50 137.01 181.22 146.08 207.52
BWDB (144.37) (120.82) 7.49 6.24 0.65 3.62
REB 722.25 (1488.44) 344.96 (187.42) (177.18) (23.33)
BTB 3.86 6.33 7.35 9.23 7.18 15.57
BHB 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 -- 0.08
BSB 0.01 0.00 0.31 0.09 1.04 0.78
BERC -- -- 10.14 10.19 15.57 20.87
BSTI -- -- 0.05 0.07 0.57 0.06
EPB 5.40 8.93 7.38 3.26 11.06 13.15
Grand Total (9982.85) 3282.88 2776.54 (9191.47) (9414.80) (2604.73)
Source: Monitoring Cell, Finance Division, Ministry of Finance. Note: Figures in parentheses indicate loss.

Statistical Appendices | 300

Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

Appendix-21.2: Net Profit/Loss of State-owned Enterprises `

(In crore Tk.)
Corporation 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16 2016-17 2017-18 2018-19 2019-20 2020-21 2021-22 2022-23*
Industry
BTMC (23.14) (23.49) (24.29) (26.47) (15.49) (12.96) (11.03) (0.58) (7.51) -16.66
BSEC 69.39 57.33 60.39 45.91 43.25 39.89 24.83 (14.68) (9.88) 55.62
BSFIC (564.99) (539.70) (516.52) (630.22) (833.36) (1,065.83) (929.09) (1,036.17) (609.66) -678.33
BCIC 93.69 103.14 (74.39) (485.48) (555.40) (574.63) (702.18) (540.25) (463.81) 86.43
BFIDC 38.22 28.84 8.15 17.93 18.66 1.31 (36.45) 18.24 29.44 3.22
BJMC (496.75) (726.05) (656.30) (480.94) (497.04) (603.70) (773.82) (406.41) (286.17) -248.04
Sub-Total (883.58) (1,099.93) (1,202.96) (1,559.27) (1,839.38) (2,215.92) (2,427.74) (1,979.85) (1327.83) (797.76)
Utilities
BOGMC 883.92 1,108.73 696.22 920.46 897.99 769.98 940.66 843.51 695.91 472.17
BPDB (6,557.58) (7,276.60) (3,866.76) (4,434.03) (9,284.62) (144.30) 3.93 145.62 (3243.28) -6969.49
CTG WASA 4.05 7.94 1.97 7.53 14.56 29.39 32.01 41.56 10.47 19.53
Dhaka WASA 182.22 166.54 135.37 191.77 259.94 396.73 46.37 49.66 29.84 61.93
Khulna WASA 1.46 1.70 1.27 1.32 1.07 0.28 1.78 2.17 19.70 89.78
Rajshahi wasa 0.00 0.00 0.00 6.35 5.84 7.21 11.52 12.61 2.11 3.82
Sub-Total (5,485.93) (5,991.69) (3,031.93) (3,306.60) (8,105.22) 1,059.29 1,036.27 1,095.13 (2485.25) -6322.26
Transport &
Communication
BSC 3.23 5.33 6.72 8.66 12.52 40.57 41.47 72.02 225.80 131.06
BIWTC 44.93 61.08 35.53 23.42 32.00 13.86 10.61 10.12 (9.41) -49.31
BRTC (56.32) (67.83) (79.29) (101.04) (95.52) (109.47) (124.30) (120.47) 101.87 -84.43
CPA 375.32 599.81 556.25 503.37 792.56 912.33 807.63 509.18 1643.34 1392.55
MPA 47.63 45.81 48.54 55.26 82.25 100.05 88.21 98.68 73.32 33.63
BTRC 10,035.42 4,176.63 4,137.43 3,987.92 6,262.97 2,757.61 4,402.21 3,318.54 115.33 96.26
Land port 24.89 29.37 34.75 42.21 60.16 111.54 91.72 127.81 571.98 354.60
BBA 182.58 279.56 207.92 361.72 461.11 420.71 381.72 485.34 3830.67 2843.00
Sub-Total 10,657.68 5,129.76 4,947.85 4,881.52 7,608.05 4,247.20 5,699.27 4,501.22 6349.16 4717.36
COMMERCIAL
BPC (2,321.33) 4,126.08 9,040.07 8,653.40 5,644.37 4,768.42 5,066.54 9559.45 (1983.39) (7087.70)
BJC 3.94 3.63 1.85 0.87 (0.46) 1.89 0.53 2.08 1.93 0.82
TCB (20.33) 40.70 56.00 29.10 (2.03) 7.71 (186.02) (302.65) 854.24 5562.74
Sub-Total (2,337.72) 4,170.41 9,097.92 8,683.37 5,641.88 4,778.02 4,881.05 9258.88 (2835.70) (12649.62)
AGRICULTURE
& FISHERIES
BADC 2.98 5.60 0.02 0.00 0.00 14.63 12.56 14.57 13.31 37.12
BFDC(FISH) 4.29 6.36 3.70 (3.48) (0.05) 7.16 8.07 5.28 5.90 17.54
Sub-Total 7.27 11.96 3.72 (3.48) (0.05) 21.79 20.63 19.85 19.21 54.66
CONSTRUCTION
Rajuk 202.61 199.00 173.07 172.47 416.15 501.01 158.85 136.43 192.25 289.67
CDA 67.07 74.29 67.39 37.23 37.31 65.38 14.07 30.07 33.81 31.27
KDA 38.84 15.54 (2.97) 3.95 2.37 3.39 8.64 20.71 13.41 3.64
RDA (37.09) 3.63 10.19 49.25 (30.13) 12.14 8.82 6.96 10.53 18.09
NHA 126.58 85.98 68.94 73.96 75.55 72.16 46.81 67.44 49.69 19.19
CBDA 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.27 8.11 9.77 12.08 5.43 20.38
Sub-Total 398.01 378.44 316.62 336.86 502.52 662.19 246.96 273.69 305.12 382.24
Service and others
sector
BSTI 0.00 15.69 33.02 21.18 22.81 20.28 35.28 51.69 32.06 42.78
BEJA 0.00 0.00 0.00 7.31 13.30 379.61 367.34 457.04 454.83 375.35
BFFWT (13.43) (5.69) (9.90) (6.41) (12.98) 0.96 4.67 7.1 13.50 15.32
BFDC(FILM) (8.43) (7.45) (10.73) (15.34) (13.48) (18.36) (19.14) (18.71) (21.23) -20.78
BPRC 4.96 4.05 1.80 (6.37) 1.80 (0.15) (17.52) (10.5) 0.58 0.91
CAA 598.60 739.67 619.08 620.60 689.92 840.06 723.60 369.06 951.25 162.74
BIWTA (17.52) 0.65 16.31 (4.74) (25.74) 27.55 46.80 32.12 (6.59) -72.32
BSCIC 7.09 4.76 6.08 4.07 2.75 12.86 19.78 13.15 10.41 16.19
BEPZA 328.99 273.51 233.02 168.16 240.94 120.22 260.75 324.23 402.21 137.09
BSMRN 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.73 1.03 1.18 0.67 1.22 0.19
REB 223.97 584.46 (202.20) (569.46) 351.43 667.15 (217.96) 700.67 (250.42) 101.96
BTB 13.88 11.80 10.03 8.29 10.15 14.38 8.57 16.69 15.60 4.15
CPC 0.68 0.49 0.32 0.20 0.77 0.67 (0.49) 0.02 0.30 0.72
BSB 0.46 0.55 0.51 0.00 0.33 0.29 0.52 0.92 1.30 0.95
BERC 18.30 24.09 29.27 21.11 26.44 16.15 14.69 15.82 13.94 16.48
BSRTI 0.03 - 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.22 0.26 0.39
EPB 17.83 29.83 21.02 27.89 35.75 33.65 22.40 24.14 54.77 107.5
BITAC 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 20.02 8.09 3.78 6.59 10.10 4.38
Sub-Total 1175.41 1676.41 747.67 276.54 1364.99 2124.66 1254.51 1990.7 1683.83 873.87
Total 3,531.14 4,275.36 10,878.89 9,308.94 5,172.79 10,677.23 10,710.95 15,159.62 1708.06 (13741.51)
Source: Monitoring Cell, Finance Division, Ministry of Finance. *Provisional,
Note: Figures in parentheses indicate loss.

Statistical Appendices | 301

Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

Appendix-22.1: Dividend Contribution of State-owned Enterprises to National Exchequer

(In crore Tk.)
Corporation 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12
Industry:
BSFIC 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 --
BSEC 0.40 0.40 0.50 1.00 23.19 1.25
BCIC 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 --
BFIDC 0.30 0.10 0.30 0.50 3.10 1.00
Sub-Total 0.70 0.50 0.80 1.50 26.29 2.25
Utility:
BOGMC 0.50 0.00 172.00 189.42 407.46 330.00
CTG. WASA 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.60 0.80
DHAKA WASA 0.40 0.00 5.00 0.00 0.00 --
Sub-Total 1.40 0.50 177.50 189.92 408.06 330.80
Transport and
Communication
BSC 2.00 3.00 2.00 1.75 0.00 60.00
BIWTC 0.00 2.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 --
CPA 0.00 0.00 0.00 50.00 50.00 --
MPA 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.75 5.00
BTRC 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 --
BLA 0.00 0.50 0.50 0.75 0.75 1.00
BBA 0.00 -- -- -- 8.00 --
Sub-Total 2.00 5.50 7.50 57.50 64.50 66.00
Commercial:
BPC 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 --
TCB 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.50 --
Sub-Total 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.50 0.00
Agriculture & Fisheries:
BFDC (Fisheries) 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 --
Sub-Total 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.10 0.00 0.00
Construction:
RAJUK 0.50 1.00 1.00 1.50 1.50 2.00
CDA 0.75 3.20 1.09 1.00 0.50 1.75
KDA 0.30 0.30 0.40 0.50 0.60 1.00
RDA 0.10 0.15 0.15 0.18 0.18 0.21
NHA -- -- -- 2.50 2.50 5.00
Sub-Total 1.65 4.65 2.64 5.68 5.28 9.96
Services and Others
BFDC (Film)
BPRC 0.20 0.05 0.05 0.00 0.00 --
CAA 0.19 0.00 0.10 0.05 0.07 0.15
BEPZA 50.00 25.00 2.50 30.00 30.00 35.00
REB 6.00 8.08 7.00 10.00 10.00 15.00
BTB 0.20 -- -- -- -- --
0.00 0.10 0.20 0.20 0.30 0.50
Sub-Total 56.59 33.23 9.85 40.25 40.30 50.65
Grand Total 62.34 44.38 198.29 294.85 544.93 459.66
Source: Monitoring Cell, Finance Division, Ministry of Finance.

Statistical Appendices | 302

 Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

Appendix-22.2: Dividend Contribution of State-owned Enterprises to National Exchequer

(In crore Tk.)
Corporation 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16 2016-17 2017-18 2018-19 2019-20 2020-21 2021-22 2022-23*
Industry:
BTMC 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
BSEC 1.25 1.25 5.00 2.50 1.50 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 3.00
BSFIC 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
BCIC 0.00 0.00 10.00 10.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 10.00 0.00 0.00 10.00
BFIDC 1.50 1.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 0.00 0.00 0.50
BJMC 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Sub-Total 2.75 2.25 15.00 12.50 1.50 1.00 1.00 12.00 1.00 1.00 13.50
Utility:
BOGMC 882.25 880.37 1,100.90 678.60 908.92 843.58 682.11 854.86 731.49 617.58 460.00
BPDB 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
RAJSHAHI 0.00 0.00 0.00
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
WASA
CTG. WASA 0.20 0.20 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 - 0.00 0.00
DHAKA WASA 0.00 0.50 0.50 .50 0.00 0.50 - 0.00 - 0.00 1.10
KHULNA 0.00 0.00 0.00
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.00
WASA
Sub-Total 882.45 881.07 1,101.40 679.10 908.92 844.08 682.11 854.86 731.49 617.58 463.10
Transport and
Communication:
BSC 8.27 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 7.20 7.04 9.54 22.00
BIWTC 2.00 2.00 3.00 3.20 1.00 1.20 1.50 1.50 1.80 1.80 0.00
BRTC 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
CPA 65.00 75.00 20.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 80.00 80.00 80.00 80.00 80.00
MPA 0.50 0.50 0.70 .73 0.90 1.00 1.20 1.30 1.50 2.00 2.00
1.10 1.20 1.30 1.45 1.60 1.70 1.80 1.90 1.90 2.10 2.10
BBA 2.50 2.50 2.50 2.50 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 10.00 10.00
Sub-Total 79.37 81.20 27.50 7.88 8.50 8.90 89.50 96.90 97.24 105.44 116.10
Commercial:
BPC 0.00 0.00 0.00 1,000.00 1,200.00 0.00 0.00 300.00 300.00 0.00 200.00
BJC 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
TCB 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Sub-Total 0.00 0.00 0.00 1,000.00 1,200.00 0.00 0.00 300.00 300.00 0.00 200.00
Agriculture &
Fisheries:
BADC 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
BFDC(Fisheries) 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.05 - 0.05 0.05 0.10
Sub-Total 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.05 0.00 0.05 0.05 0.10
Construction:
RAJUK 2.00 2.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 4.00 4.00 5.00 3.00 5.00 18.30
CDA 3.30 1.82 3.00 3.00 3.60 3.70 3.75 2.63 4.13 4.38 7.63
KDA 1.10 1.20 1.50 .56 2.00 2.00 2.00 1.67 1.50 1.00 2.00
RDA 0.25 0.25 0.27 .29 .35 0.35 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.40
NHA 6.00 7.00 8.00 8.32 10.00 5.50 12.00 12.00 - 0.00 1.00
CBDA 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Sub-Total 12.65 12.27 14.77 16.17 19.95 15.55 22.15 21.70 9.03 10.78 29.33
Services and
Others:
BEZA 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
BSTI 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
BFDC(Film) 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
BFFWT 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
BPRC 0.20 0.30 0.30 0.40 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.20
CAA 42.00 50.00 55.00 105.00 120.00 120.00 90.00 93.75 120.00 125.00 125.00
BIWTA 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
BSCIC 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
BEPZA 20.00 25.00 25.00 20.00 20.00 20.00 20.00 20.00 20.00 20.00 20.00
BREB 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.00
BTB 0.80 1.00 1.20 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.40
BSB 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
BERC 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 15.00 25.00 - 0.00 12.00
EPB 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
BSMRN 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
BSRTI 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
CPC 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Sub-Total 63.00 76.30 81.50 125.40 140.25 141.25 125.25 138.75 140.00 145.00 160.60
Grand Total 1,040.22 1,053.09 1,240.17 1,841.05 2,279.12 1,010.78 920.06 1,424.21 1,278.81 879.85 982.73
Source: Monitoring Cell, Finance Division, Ministry of Finance, *Provisional.

Statistical Appendices | 303

Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

Appendix 23: Debt Service Liabilities (DSL) outstanding position at a glance on 30 June 2022
(In lakh Tk.)

Org TOTAL
MINISTRY/ DIVISION PRINCIPAL PRINCIPAL INTEREST
. DUE
Sl. PRIN+INTT
ORGANISATION NOT DUE DUE DUE
No. .
1 2 3 4 5 6
POWER DIVISION
1 Bangladesh Power Development Board (BPDB) 2,901,102.55 2,454,984.81 4,068,117.01 6,523,101.82
2 Rural Electrification Board (REB) 1,206,374.67 178,840.10 249,510.06 428,350.16
3 Dhaka Power Distribution Company (DPDC) (Old DESA) 353,585.07 118,308.98 119,895.12 238,204.10
4 Rural Power Company Limited (RPCL) 94,471.60 4,972.19 11,473.00 16,445.19
5 Power Grid Company of Bangladesh Limited (PGCB) 4,232,199.95 275,375.12 721,841.14 997,216.26
6 Dhaka Electric Supply Company Limited (DESCO) 219,123.43 73,791.75 107,637.34 181,429.09
7 Electricity Generation Co. of Bangladesh (EGCB) 370,459.43 216,576.13 163,615.85 380,191.97
8 Ashuganj Power Supply Co. Ltd 1,106,638.03 71,325.22 134,449.57 205,774.80
9 North West Power Generation Company Ltd 380,126.65 41,727.93 10,747.31 52,475.24
10 Coal Power Generation Company Ltd. 444,772.66 0.00 29,500.62 29,500.62
11 Northern Electricity Supply Company Ltd (NESCO) 27,252.42 1,494.74 1,288.37 2,783.10
ENERGY & MINERAL RESOURCES DIVISION
Bangladesh Oil, Gas & Mineral Corporation
12 27,103.81 323,773.88 630,344.33 954,118.21
(PETROBANGLA)
13 Bangladesh Petroleum Corporation (BPC) 1,395,405.72 707,080.41 965,449.41 1,672,529.82
14 Titas Gas Transmission & Distribution Co. 44,527.33 4,032.92 5,754.76 9,787.68
15 Shundarban Gas Co. 31,267.05 5,102.50 15,945.74 21,048.25
16 Gas Transmission Co. Ltd 175,917.06 18,899.71 42,327.61 61,227.32
17 Bangladesh Gas Fields Co. Ltd 194,600.09 104,912.71 106,944.73 211,857.44
18 Karnaphuli Gas Distribution Company Ltd. 9,251.32 0.00 597.55 597.55
MINISTRY OF INDUSTRY
19 Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation (BCIC) 197,167.58 480,119.30 710,350.38 1,190,469.67
20 Bangladesh Steel and Engineering Corporation (BSEC) 0.00 74,115.19 136,191.70 210,306.89
21 Bangladesh Submarine Cable Company Limited (BSCCL) 11,874.81 16,202.16 1,448.85 17,651.01
22 Bangladesh Small & Cottage Industries Corporation (BSCIC) 4,682.30 3,171.04 3,284.99 6,456.03
23 Bangladesh Sugar & Food Industries Corporation (BSFIC) 3,958.01 16,243.92 29,656.84 45,900.76
MINISTRY OF SHIPPING
24 Bangladesh Shipping Corporation (BSC) 270.05 5,588.71 5,171.22 10,759.93
25 Bangladesh Inland Water Transport Corporation (BIWTC) 0.00 32,955.18 81,128.10 114,083.28
26 Bangladesh Inland Water Transport Authority (BIWTA) 578.31 35,658.84 59,706.88 95,365.72
27 Mongla Port Authority 742.28 1,173.28 1,236.72 2,410.00
28 Chittagong Port Trade Facilitation Project 6,367.06 2,599.50 6,440.01 9,039.51
29 Bangladesh Land Port Authotity (BLPA) 8,659.06 2,813.42 1,411.96 4,225.38
MINISTRY OF TEXTILE &JUTE
30 Bangladesh Textile Mills Corporation (BTMC) 101.23 14,678.25 44,269.69 58,947.94
31 Bangladesh Handloom Board (BHB) 0.00 6,717.59 4,600.69 11,318.28
32 Textile Industries (Liquidation Cell) 0.00 1,564.36 474.32 2,038.68
33 Bangladesh Sericulture Board 81.72 1,074.45 3,296.08 4,370.54
34 Bangladesh Jute Mills Corporation (BJMC) 390,231.16 248,994.03 248,193.66 497,187.69
MINISTRY OF FISHERIES & LIVESTOCK
35 Bangladesh Fisheries Development Corporation (BFDC) 2,106.13 16,390.98 36,418.26 52,809.24
MINISTRY OF COMMUNICATION
36 Bangaldesh Road Transport Corporation (BRTC) 400.00 55,695.10 55,046.12 110,741.22
37 Bangladesh Bridge Authority (Old JMBA) 3,012,538.70 94,178.16 30,341.09 124,519.26
38 Dhaka Mass Rapid Transit Company Ltd. (DMTCL) 369,783.83 0.00 23,621.70 23,621.70
FINANCE DIVISION
39 Bangladesh Development Bank Ltd (Old BSB & BSRS) 15.55 365.46 215.28 580.74
40 Bangladesh Krishi Bank (BKB) 15.63 258.17 503.88 762.05
41 Grameen Bank 827.30 5,167.05 655.48 5,822.54
42 Investment Corporation of Bangladesh (ICB) 0.00 0.00 320.32 320.32
43 Bangladesh House Building Finance Corporation (BHBFC) 164,283.83 1,794.77 5,405.58 7,200.36

Statistical Appendices | 304

Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

Org TOTAL
MINISTRY/ DIVISION PRINCIPAL PRINCIPAL INTEREST
. DUE
Sl. PRIN+INTT
ORGANISATION NOT DUE DUE DUE
No. .
1 2 3 4 5 6
44 Bangladesh Bank 875,087.88 114,518.31 87,080.81 201,599.12
45 Basic Bank Ltd 451.66 3,017.21 3,195.25 6,212.46
46 Eastern Bank Ltd 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
47 Infrastructure Development Company Ltd. (IDCOL) 716,850.14 191,401.96 115,834.06 307,236.02
48 Bangladesh Infrastructure Finance Fund Limited (BIFFL) 74,905.88 0.00 1,741.94 1,741.94
49 Bangladesh Municipal Development Fund (BMDF) 39,097.13 11,465.61 2,015.66 13,481.27
50 Sonali Bank Ltd 622.43 1,075.11 1,369.56 2,444.67
Industrial Development Leasing Company of Bangladesh
51 113.68 269.90 381.59 651.50
Limited
RURAL DEVELOPMENT & CO-OPERATIVE DIVISION
52 Bangladesh Rural Development Board (BRDB) 0.00 0.00 135.21 135.21
Bangladesh Milk Producers' Co-operative Union Limited
53 965.48 1,654.52 4,337.18 5,991.70
(MILK VITA)
54 Bangladesh National Fishermen's Co-operative Society Limited 5,303.78 6,775.55 24,874.83 31,650.38
55 Bangladesh Co-operative College (Academy) 0.00 0.30 4.03 4.33
56 Bangladesh Somobaya Shilpa Sangstha 0.00 0.00 7.81 7.81
MINISTRY OF CIVIL AVIATION & TOURISM
57 Hotels Intenationals Limited (Sonargaon) 0.00 0.00 1,576.59 1,576.59
58 Bangladesh Parjatan Corporation 80.91 826.86 182.88 1,009.74
59 Bangladesh Civil Aviation Authority (CAAB) 3,122.69 8,427.94 7,702.65 16,130.59
60 Biman Bangladesh Airlines Limited 157,388.18 0.00 8,720.85 8,720.85
MINISTRY OF INFORMATION & BROADCASTING
61 Bangladesh Film Development Corporation 960.00 5,192.82 3,566.04 8,758.86
MINISTRY OF LIBERATION WAR AFFAIRS
62 Bangladesh Freedom Fighters' Welfare Trust 3,176.48 5,801.65 2,028.37 7,830.02
MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT & FOREST
Bangladesh Forest Industries Development Corporation
63 0.00 0.00 4,445.59 4,445.59
(BFIDC)
LOCAL GOVERNMENT DIVISION
64 Dhaka City Corporation (DCC) 0.00 20,160.21 30,945.84 51,106.05
65 Chittagong City Corporation (CCC) 0.00 5,254.46 5,417.51 10,671.97
66 Khulna City Corporation (KCC) 0.00 16,410.46 16,281.06 32,691.52
67 Rajshahi City Corporation (RCC) 0.00 11,911.78 9,543.12 21,454.90
68 GazipurCity Corporation (GCC) 3,194.10 0.00 767.11 767.11
69 Narayanganj City Corporation 5,522.90 0.00 994.12 994.12
70 Dhaka WASA 2,707,689.83 1,508,588.66 895,395.47 2,403,984.13
71 Chittagong WASA 532,117.49 78,612.70 142,803.89 221,416.59
72 Khulna WASA 150,526.40 27,420.09 34,173.48 61,593.57
73 Brahmanbaria Pourashava 109.70 148.54 232.30 380.84
74 Chaumohani Pourashava 49.42 63.38 97.80 161.18
75 Jessore Pourashava 223.56 335.34 548.05 883.39
76 Jhanaidah Pourashava 96.54 115.08 173.93 289.01
77 Joypurhat Pourashava 61.50 92.26 150.77 243.03
78 Kishoregonj Pourashava 46.67 70.00 114.40 184.40
79 Lakshmipur Pourashava 44.37 65.44 107.21 172.65
80 Madaripur Pourashava 91.67 137.50 246.05 383.55
81 Moulavibazar Pourashava 35.88 58.17 96.00 154.17
82 Mymensingh Pourashava 287.79 327.84 486.32 814.16
83 Narsingdi Pourashava 119.99 148.86 250.56 399.42
84 Natore Pourashava 71.31 106.96 174.81 281.77
85 Netrokona Pourashava 105.09 117.39 201.26 318.66
86 Pirojpur Pourashava 170.13 103.43 187.65 291.07
87 Sherpur Pourashava 56.96 85.44 139.64 225.08
88 Sirajgonj Pourashava 428.69 346.65 394.99 741.65
89 Bhairab Paurashava 71.56 62.61 112.78 175.39
90 Chapai Nawab Gonj 81.05 70.92 127.75 198.67
91 Gazipur Paurashava 292.03 255.52 460.26 715.78
92 Gopalpur Paurashava 14.31 12.53 22.56 35.09
93 Iswardi Paurashava 6.28 5.49 9.89 15.39

Statistical Appendices | 305

Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

Org TOTAL
MINISTRY/ DIVISION PRINCIPAL PRINCIPAL INTEREST
. DUE
Sl. PRIN+INTT
ORGANISATION NOT DUE DUE DUE
No. .
1 2 3 4 5 6
94 Laksam Paurashava 16.15 14.13 25.46 39.59
95 Lalmonirhat Paurashava 13.46 11.77 21.21 32.98
96 Narayangonj Paurashava 17.63 15.42 27.78 43.21
97 Nowapara Paurashava 11.90 10.41 18.76 29.17
98 Panchagarh Paurashava 61.17 79.57 144.10 223.67
99 Rajbari Paurashava 47.20 41.30 74.39 115.70
100 Shariatpur Paurashava 64.93 56.81 102.33 159.14
101 Singra Paurashava 94.98 83.11 149.70 232.81
102 Tongi Paurashava 71.25 62.35 112.30 174.65
103 Noakhali Pourashava 25.54 17.03 17.69 34.72
104 Satkhira Pourashava 43.24 28.83 24.03 52.86
105 Sunamgong Pourashava 94.70 63.13 65.59 128.72
106 Jhalokati Pourashava 25.92 17.28 17.95 35.24
107 Kurigram Pourashava 13.55 99.55 174.59 274.14
108 Dinajpur Pourashava 14.64 185.84 332.21 518.05
109 Gaibandha Pourashava 104.58 69.72 59.65 129.38
110 Shreepur Pourashava 3.24 2.16 2.25 4.41
111 Chandpur Pourashava 73.15 48.77 50.67 99.43
112 Munshigonj Pourashava 5.42 3.61 3.75 7.36
113 Bhanga Pourashava 85.96 57.30 48.74 106.04
114 Thakurgaon Pourashava 55.76 37.17 38.62 75.79
115 Jamalpur Pourashava 66.81 44.54 42.89 87.43
116 Sreemongal Pourashava 56.58 37.72 36.33 74.05
117 Ghorashal Pourashava 8.17 5.45 5.25 10.69
118 Mathbaria Pourashava 933.75 103.75 259.80 363.55
119 Galachipa Pourashava 282.37 31.37 78.57 109.94
120 Amtali Pourashava 310.32 34.48 86.34 120.82
121 Bagherhat Pourashava 63.18 42.12 34.44 76.56
122 Nageswari Pourashava 144.96 0.00 29.24 29.24
123 Pirgonj Pourashava 124.34 0.00 25.08 25.08
124 Sreebordi Pourashava 96.10 0.00 19.38 19.38
125 Ulipur Pourashava 180.25 0.00 36.36 36.36
126 Hobiganj Paurashava 0.00 42.78 78.43 121.21
MINISTRY OF WATER RESOURCES
127 Bangladesh Water Development Board (BWDB) 0.00 12,203.86 15,016.22 27,220.08
POSTS & TELECOMMUNICATIONS DIVISION
128 Bangldesh Telecommunications Company Limited (BTCL) 80,536.70 113,748.10 116,478.75 230,226.85
PRIME MINISTER'S OFFICE
129 Bangladesh Export Processing Zone Authority (BEPZA) 27,188.76 612.16 0.00 612.16
130 Bangladesh Economic Zone Authority (BEZA) 245,983.89 2,754.59 10,354.89 13,109.48
131 Palli Karma Shahayak Foundation (PKSF) 459,756.60 4,040.26 9,190.90 13,231.16
MINISTRY OF HEALTH & FAMILY WELFARE
132 Essential Drugs Co. Ltd. 0.00 4,001.21 123.54 4,124.75

Grand Total= 23,485,182.02 7,878,941.13 10,438,094.96 18,317,036.10

Source: DSL Branch, Finance Division.

Statistical Appendices | 306

Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

Appendix 24: Amount of Outstanding and Classified Loans for SOEs

(As on 28 February 2023)
(In crore Tk.)
Name of Corporations Outstanding Loans Classified Loans
Manufacturing:

BTMC 25.03 24.9

BSEC 177.88 0
BSFIC 7807.71 0.02
BCIC 9068.51 0.92
BFIDC 0 0
BJMC 655.4 132.12

Sub-total 17734.53 157.96

Utility :
BOGMC 434.55 0
BPDB 6827.08 0
DESA 0 0
CWASA 0 0
DWASA 19.51 0

Sub-total 7281.14 0
Transport & Communication :
BSC 0 0
BIWTC 487.76 0
BBC 4859.95 0
BRTC 0.57 0.57
CPA 147.08 0
MPA 0 0

Sub-total 5891.36 0.57

Commercial :
BPC 8569.28 0.14
BJC 0 0
TCB 6091.55 0.2
Sub-total 14660.83 0.34
Agriculture & Fishery :
BADC 13878.42 21.27
BFDC (Fish) 0 0

Sub-total 13878.42 21.27

Services & Others :

BFFWT 0 0
BWDB 567.02 0
BTB 4.62 4.62
BPRC 0 0
BFDC (Film) 0 0
BSB 0 0
BSCIC 0 0
REB 109.04 0
Sub-total 680.68 4.62
Grand Total 59730.96 184.76
Source: Bangladesh Bank

Statistical Appendices | 307

Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

Appendix 25: Installed Capacity and Maximum Generation

Installed capacity (derated) Maximum generation

Fiscal Year
MW MW
1995-96 2908 2087
1996-97 2908 2114
1997-98 3091 2136
1998-99 3603 2449
1999-00 3711 2665
2000-01 4005 3033
2001-02 4230 3218
2002-03 4680 3428
2003-04 4680 3592
2004-05 4995 3721
2005-06 5245 3782
2006-07 5202 3718
2007-08 5201 4130
2008-09 5719 4162
2009-10 5823 4606
2010-11 7264 4890
2011-12 8716 6066
2012-13 9151 6434
2013-14 10416 7356
2014-15 11534 7817
2015-16 12365 9036
2016-17 13555 9479
2017-18 15953 10958
2018-19 18961 12893
2019-20 20383 12738
2020-21 22031 13792
2021-22 22482 14782
2022-23* 23482 13985**
Source: Power Division. *Up to January, 2023.
Note: Excluding captive generation.** 25 august 2022

Statistical Appendices | 308

Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

Appendix 26: Production of Natural Gas and its Consumption by Sector

(In billion cubic feet)
Consumption
FY Production Power Captive Fertilizer Industry Tea Bricks Com. Dom. CNG Total
Power Estate

1990-91 172.8 82.6 0 54.2 13.2 0.7 0 2.9 10.5 0 164.1

1991-92 188.4 88.1 0 61.6 13.4 0.7 0.2 2.9 11.6 0 178.5

1992-93 210.9 93.3 0 69.2 15.2 0.7 0.2 2.4 13.5 0 194.5

1993-94 223.7 97.3 0 74.5 20.26 0.7 1.1 2.87 15.4 0 212.13

1994-95 247.3 107.4 0 80.5 24.24 0.6 1.1 2.88 18.86 0 235.58

1995-96 365.5 110.9 0 90.98 27.31 0.72 0.99 3 20.71 0 254.61

1996-97 260.9 110.82 0 77.83 28.62 0.71 0.48 4.49 22.84 0 245.79

1997-98 282 123.55 0 80.07 32.32 0.74 0.39 4.61 24.89 0 266.57

1998-99 307.4 140.82 0 82.71 35.79 0.71 0.35 4.71 27.02 0 292.11

1999-00 332.3 147.62 0 83.31 41.52 0.64 0.35 3.85 29.56 0 306.85

2000-01 372.1 175.27 0 88.43 47.99 0.65 0.44 4.06 31.85 0 348.69

2001-02 391.5 190.03 0 78.78 53.56 0.72 0.53 4.25 36.74 0 364.61

2002-03 421.1 190.54 0 95.89 63.76 0.74 0.52 4.56 44.8 0.23 401.04

2003-04 454.5 199.4 32.03 92.8 46.49 0.82 0.12 4.83 49.22 1.94 427.65

2004-05 486.7 211.02 37.87 93.97 51.68 0.8 0 4.85 52.49 3.62 456.3

2005-06 526.7 222.72 49.02 88.58 63.44 0.76 0 5.24 57.13 6.71 493.6

2006-07 562.2 221.1 93.47 62.51 77.48 0.75 0 5.66 63.25 11.99 536.21

2007-08 600.8 234.28 80.23 78.67 92.19 0.8 0 6.6 69.02 22.82 584.61

2008-09 653.7 256.31 94.7 74.85 104.39 0.65 0 7.46 73.78 31.02 643.16

2009-10 703.6 283.15 112.61 64.72 118.81 0.8 0 8.12 82.69 39.33 710.23

2010-11 708.9 273.8 121.2 62.8 121.5 0.8 0 8.5 87.4 38.5 714.5

2011-12 743.5 304.3 123.56 58.39 128.4 0.76 0 8.55 89.15 38.55 751.71

2012-13 800.6 328.8 134.1 60 135.7 0.8 8.8 89.7 37.8 795.7

2013-14 820 337 143.8 53.8 141.9 0.8 0 8.9 101.5 40.1 827.8

2014-15 892.2 354.8 150 53.8 147.7 0.8 0 118.2 42.9 0 877.3

2015-16 973.2 399.6 160.8 52.6 156 0.9 0 9 141.5 46.5 966.9

2016-17 969.2 403.6 160.5 49.1 163.1 1 0 8.7 154.4 47 987.3

2017-18 968.7 398.6 160.5 43 166.6 0.9 0 8.2 158 46.2 982

2018-19 1077.7 450.9 157.5 57.7 164.5 1 0 7.9 158.9 43.4 1041.8

2019-20 1085.6 445.9 151.6 54.6 155.7 1.1 0 6.7 132.7 36.1 994.4

2020-21 1104.1 425.8 169.1 64.7 181.7 0.9 0 6.0 134.2 35.1 1017.5

2021-22* 1080.4 402.0 175.7 60.4 191.0 1.1 0 6.0 127.8 37.3 1001.3
Source: Petrobangla, Energy and Mineral Resources Division, *Provisional.

Statistical Appendices | 309

Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

Appendix 27: Route Kilometerage, Number of Engines and Coaches of Bangladesh Railway

FY Route Kilometerage No. of engines No. of coaches

Broad gauge Duel gauge Meter gauge Total Steam Diesel Total Passenger Other coaches Wagon
1973-74 599 - 1187 1786 338 178 516 1247 453 16081
1974-75 599 - 1187 1786 318 173 491 1207 408 15626
1975-76 599 - 1187 1786 277 173 450 1168 363 16802
1976-77 599 - 1187 1786 272 173 445 1192 358 16925
1977-78 599 - 1187 1786 253 167 420 1168 344 16656
1978-79 599 - 1187 1786 230 180 410 1293 338 16529
1979-80 605 - 1187 1792 197 192 389 1370 343 16357
1980-81 605 - 1187 1792 170 240 410 1339 343 16717
1981-82 974 - 1910 2884 164 253 417 1368 343 16007
1982-83 974 - 1892 2866 108 302 410 1395 337 16976
1983-84 979 - 1892 2871 87 299 386 1383 318 16683
1984-85 979 - 1892 2871 - 288 288 1332 305 16514
1985-86 979 - 1838 2818 - 290 290 1371 293 16430
1986-87 970 - 1822 2792 - 291 291 1448 296 16356
1987-88 924 - 1822 2746 - 291 291 1502 292 16247
1988-89 924 - 1822 2746 - 307 307 1500 287 15942
1989-90 924 - 1822 2746 - 307 307 1490 203 15536
1990-91 924 - 1822 2746 - 307 307 1436 191 15296
1991-92 924 - 1822 2746 - 307 307 1430 184 15162
1992-93 884 - 1822 2706 - 287 287 1372 172 14706
1993-94 884 - 1822 2706 - 275 275 1359 152 14544
1994-95 884 - 1822 2706 - 279 279 1323 155 14367
1995-96 884 - 1822 2706 - 272 272 1277 153 13817
1996-97 884 - 1822 2706 - 284 284 1245 152 12773
1997-98 901 - 1832 2734 - 275 275 1264 146 11943
1998-99 901 - 1832 2734 - 279 279 1287 139 11152
1999-00 936 - 1832 2768 - 268 268 1282 137 10929
2000-01 936 - 1832 2768 - 277 277 1275 136 10778
2001-02 936 - 1855 2791 - 277 277 1272 135 10631
2002-03 660 365 1855 2880 - 275 275 1273 137 10605
2003-04 660 365 1830 2855 - 273 273 1347 64 10328
2004-05 660 365 1830 2855 - 286 286 1344 62 10236
2005-06 659 365 1830 2855 - 285 285 1341 62 10246
2006-07 659 375 1801 2835 - 285 285 1385 31 9437
2007-08 659 375 1801 2835 - 285 285 1385 31 9409
2008-09 659 375 1801 2835 - 279 279 1451 35 8998
2009-10 659 375 1801 2835 - 286 286 1472 33 9970
2010-11 659 375 1757 2791 - 259 259 1242 17 8860
2011-12 659 375 1843 2877 - 264 264 1455 33 9974
2012-13 659 375 1843 2877 - 258 258 1472 33 9879
2013-14 659 410 1808 2877 - 293 293 1476 33 9701
2014-15 659 410 1808 2877 - 282 282 1474 33 9601
2015-16 659 410 1808 2877 - 296 296 1213 31 9303
2016-17 659 410 1808 2877 - 273 273 1381 29 8897
2017-18 677 410 1846 2956 - 272 272 1577 53 8689
2018-19 832 535 1652 3019 - 263 263 1605 159 7026
2019-20 880 534 1680 3093 - 260 260 2299 63 7174
2020-21 879 533 1679 3091 - 260 260 2330 65 7304
2021-22* 880 541 1680 3101 - 293 293 2357 39 5883
Source: Bangladesh Railway. *Provisional.

Statistical Appendices | 310

Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

Appendix-28: Passenger and Freight Carried by Bangladesh Railway

(In thousand)
Total Freight
FY Tonne km. Passenger (No.) Passenger km.
Carried (m.ton)
1972-73 2830 408105 63655 1739701
1973-74 2768 368603 72936 2070205
1974-75 2894 381152 82634 2523813
1975-76 3333 456851 93819 2772445
1976-77 3110 435692 94449 2879330
1977-78 3510 480742 96207 3110429
1978-79 3184 512275 89755 3003308
1979-80 3131 522711 88545 3180716
1980-81 2937 481080 89297 3229557
1981-82 3179 516448 90353 3334025
1982-83 2998 813870 105639 6427128
1983-84 2939 778627 98872 6283508
1984-85 3009 812897 90323 6031352
1985-86 2341 612225 82002 6005263
1986-87 1900 581828 723117 6024206
1987-88 2518 678267 53003 5052182
1988-89 2495 665939 50797 4338313
1989-90 2410 663478 55381 5069567
1990-91 2517 650993 48387 4586855
1991-92 2506 718388 52295 5347775
1992-93 2395 641441 50278 5111882
1993-94 2469 640810 44515 4570076
1994-95 2729 759778 39645 4037208
1995-96 2551 689023 32710 3333245
1996-97 2936 782429 37494 3753614
1997-98 3038 803849 38300 3855499
1998-99 3418 896397 37239 3678262
1999-00 2889 777161 38634 3940688
2000-01 3465 937877 41212 4209186
2001-02 3667 951821 38716 3971842
2002-03 3666 951987 39162 4024206
2003-04 3473 895500 43435 4341470
2004-05 3206 816818 42254 4164133
2005-06 3057 820486 44520 4387447
2006-07 2967 775575 45758 4586039
2007-08 3282 869591 53816 5609243
2008-09 3010 800159 65029 6800733
2009-10 2714 770064 65627 7305000
2010-11 2554 692640 63536 8051920
2011-12 2192 582107 66139 8787234
2012-13 2010 525373 62597 8253420
2013-14 2524 677359 64958 8134696
2014-15 2555 693836 67342 8711363
2015-16 2144 454602 70831 9167180
2016-17 3870 105267 77801 1004066
2017-18 4554 123650 90057 1299392
2018-19 3959 91348 92705 14334757
2019-20 3180 100205 640 9957768
2020-21 3230 104212 67186 10455656
2021-22* 5313 104200 56954 10455600
Source: Bangladesh Railway. *Provisional.

Statistical Appendices | 311

Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

Appendix-29: Different Types of Roads under Roads and Highways Department

(In km.)
Year National highway Regional highway Feeder road (Type-A) Upazila road Total
1972 2450 1159 566 - 4175
1973 2500 1196 570 - 4266
1974 2540 1230 575 - 4345
1975 2570 1230 582 - 4382
1976 2600 1250 585 - 4435
1977 2630 1352 589 - 4571
1978 2665 1411 595 - 4671
1979 2700 1818 634 - 5152
1980 2732 1188 2114 - 6034
1981 2760 1205 2376 - 6341
1982 2760 1215 2581 - 6556
1983 2773 1215 1825 3522 9335
1984 2780 1217 2833 3622 10452
1985 2819 1229 2847 4011 10906
1986 2826 1325 2838 4196 11185
1987 2834 1331 2907 4744 11816
1988 2870 1365 3053 5033 12321
1989 2905 1495 3159 5401 12960
1990 2929 1553 3245 5902 13629
1991 2920 1631 9553 - 14104
1992 2908 1650 10098 - 14656
1993 2920 1667 10663 - 15250
1994 2920 1687 11063 - 15670
1995 2920 1700 11450 - 16070
1996 2920 1700 12934 - 17554
1997 2920 1700 15665 - 20285
1998 3144 1746 15964 - 20854
1999 3090 1752 16116 - 20958
2000 3086 1751 15962 - 20799
2001 3086 1751 15962 - 20799
2002 3086 1751 15962 - 20799
2003 3086 1751 15962 - 20799
2004 3723 4832 13823 - 22378
2005 3570 4323 13678 - 21571
2006 3570 4323 13678 - 21571
2007 3570 4323 13678 - 21571
2008 3570 4323 13678 - 21571
2009 3478 4165 13248 - 20890
2010 3478 4222 13248 - 20948
2011 3492 4268 13280 - 21040
2012 3544 4278 13640 - 21462
2013 3570 4323 13678 - 21571
2014 3544 4278 13659 21481
-
2015 3813 4247 13242 21302
2016 3813 4247 13242 - 21302
2017 3813 4247 13242 - 21302
2018 3813 4247 13242 - 21302
2019 3906 4483 13207 - 21596
2020 3906 4707 13423 - 22096
2021 3944 4833 13592 - 22419
2022 3991 4898 13545 - 22434
2023* 3991 4898 13587 - 22476
Source: Roads and Highways Division.

Statistical Appendices | 312

 Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

Appendix-30.1: Number of Primary Schools, Student Enrolment and Number of Teachers in

Govt. Primary Schools (2005-2011)
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
1. No. of Primary schools
(a) Total 80397 82020 81434 82218 81508 78685 89712
(b) Government 37672 37672 37672 37672 37672 37672 37672
(c) Private 42725 44348 43762 44546 43836 41013 52040
i) Registered** 22705 23191 23293 23346 20061 20061 20168
ii) Unregistered 946 1140 973 966 819 666 1485
iii) Others*** 19074 20017 19496 20234 22956 20286 30387
2. Student enrolment in primary schools

a) Total 16225658 16385847 16312907 16001605 16539363 16957894 18432499

b) Boys 8091221 8129314 8035353 7919837 8241026 8394761 9139180
c) Girls 8134437 8256533 8277554 8081768 8298337 8563133 9293319
3. No. of teachers in government primary schools

a) Total 162084 162227 182374 182899 361450 212653 201900

b) Male 90344 86800 90853 86446 204379 88503 77275
c) Female 71740 75427 91521 96453 157071 124150 124625

Source: Directorate of Primary Education, Ministry of Primary and Mass Education.

Appendix-30.2: Number of Primary Schools, Student Enrolment and Number of Teachers in

Govt. Primary Schools (2012-2021)

2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021*
1. No. of Primary schools
(a) Total 104017 106859 108537 122176 126615 133901 134147 129258 133002 118891
(b) Government 37672 37700 63096 63601 64177 65099 65593 65620 65566 65566
(c) Private 64155 69159 45441 58575 62438 68802 68554 63638 67436 53325
i) 22101 23876 193 218 247 292 134 142 0 0
Registered** 1949 2799 1744 1926 2294 3001 4570 4754 4841 4799
ii) 40105 42484 43504 56431 59897 65509 63850 58742 62595 48526
Unregistered
iii) Others***
2. Student enrolment in primary schools

a) Total 19003210 19584972 19552979 19067761 18602988 17251350 17338100 20122335 21551691 20100972
b) Boys 9463108 9780952 9639095 9369079 9227580 8508038 8539067 9969626 10560240 10142498
c) Girls 9540102 9804020 9698682 9375408 8743312 8799033 10152712 10991451 9958474
9913884
3. No. of teachers in government primary schools

a) Total 449799 213791 319394 322766 343349 348584 349217 356366 367480 359095
b) Male 187912 76457 127318 123225 128102 126131 125100 126430 131569 127809
c) Female 261887 137334 192076 199541 2152470 222453 224117 229936 235911 231286

Source: Directorate of Primary Education, Ministry of Primary and Mass Education.

Note: *-Provisional and new nationalised schools included. **-Community Schools. ***- Ebtedayee madrasha; Kindergarten; NGO directed
schools, madrashas and high school attached primary schools.

Statistical Appendices | 313

Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

Appendix-31.1 (a): Number of Secondary and Higher Secondary, Technical and Vocational and
Religious Education Institution
Number of Institutions
Type of Institutions
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

Lower Secondary 4322 3251 3378 3458 3494 3056 2989

Secondary 14178 15449 15342 15298 15589 15984 16081

Higher Secondary 1813 1861 1842 1823 1932 1834 1928

Polytechnic 134 140 147 154 171 171 171

Survey Institute - - - 2 2 2 2

Technical Training Centre - - - 35 40 43 43

Textile Institute - - - 29 29 29 29

Textile Vocational Institute - - - 50 50 50 50

Agriculture Training Institute - - - 104 109 109 109

Marine Technology - - - 1 1 1 1

Govt. Glass & ceramic 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Govt. Graphic Art 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Technical School & College 64 64 64 80 90 90 90

Govt. P.T.I 54 54 54 54 54 54 54

Commercial 16 16 19 23 25 25 25

SSC vocational (Independent) - - - 135 138 138 138

HSC voc. /Business Management (Independent) - - - 497 537 537 580

Dakhil Madrasha 6685 6798 6968 6779 6771 6660 6669

Alim Madrasha 1315 1345 1379 1401 1487 1486 1401

Fazil Madrasha 1039 1040 1066 1013 1022 1021 1056

Kamil Madrasha 175 178 182 191 195 194 204

Pali & toll college 124 124 95 93 93 93 93

Sanskrit tole & college 148 148 132 126 126 126 126

Source: BANBEIS, Ministry of Education. *Provisional.

Statistical Appendices | 314

Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

Appendix-31.1 (b): Number of Secondary and Higher Secondary, Technical and Vocational and
Religious Education Institution

Number of Institutions
Type of Institutions
2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022

Lower Secondary
2869 2869 2412 2394 2324 2533 2385 2380 2382 2344 2369
Secondary 1633 1633 1727 1743 1752 1731 1745 1779
17650 17951 17984
9 9 2 2 3 5 4 7
Higher Secondary
1936 1936 2254 2354 2419 2557 2603 2649 2778 2788 2806
Polytechnic
218 218 300 337 439 439 439 439 439 439 478
Survey Institute
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
Technical Training Centre
81 81 81 134 164 164 164 166 166 166 166
Textile Institute
33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 34
Textile Vocational Institute
50 50 50 50 50 50 51 51 51 51 51
Agriculture Training Institute
109 109 109 183 183 183 183 183 183 183 185
Marine Technology
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Govt. Glass & ceramic
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Govt. Graphic Art
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Technical School & College
167 170 170 172 172 172 174 216 216 225 228
Govt. P.T.I
54 54 54 59 59 59 59 59 67 67
SSC vocational (Independent)
169 169 169 169 169 169 169 175 222 222 225
HSC voc. /
Business Management 576 576 576 675 675 675 675 722 840 840 843
(Independent)
Dakhil Madrasha
6745 6745 6582 6765 6558 6553 6553 6541 6575 6548 6531
Alim Madrasha
1442 1450 1482 1480 1478 1429 1442 1394 1385 1398 1391
Fazil Madrasha
1049 1056 1055 1053 1054 1087 1085 1089 1089 1090 1087
Kamil Madrasha 254(3 259(3 259(3
205 205 222 221 224 234 244 256
) ) )
Pali & toll college
93 93 93 93 93 93 94 94 94 97 97
Sanskrit tole & college
128 128 128 129 129 129 129 129 129 141 141
Source: BANBEIS, Ministry of Education.

Statistical Appendices | 315

Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

Appendix-31.2 (a): Number of Teachers at Secondary and Higher Secondary, Technical and
Vocational and Religious Education Institutions

Number of Teachers
Type of Institutions
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

Lower Secondary 36122 23693 23947 24608 25185 22131 22235

Secondary 202036 215738 184236 184888 188297 195880 201320

Higher Secondary 35408 35042 33474 31906 33839 33447 35881

Polytechnic 1654 1868 2338 2809 2860 2877 3395

Survey Institute - - - 15 15 35 35

Technical Training Centre - - - 788 822 858 861

Textile Institute - - - 283 284 290 297

Textile Vocational
- - - 356 356 362 366
Institute
Agriculture Training
- - - 847 862 869 870
Institute

Marine Technology - - - 50 50 50 50

Govt. Glass &ceramic 10 12 13 15 14 18 18

Govt. Graphic Art 16 14 11 11 10 14 14

Govt. Tech. School &

792 792 1072 1354 1370 1377 1376
College

Govt. P.T.I 517 524 530 532 538 538 629

Govt. Commercial 189 191 152 116 118 120 118

SSC vocational
- - - 2038 2041 2074 2079
(Independent)
HSC voc. /Business
Management - - - 4398 5077 5080 5089
(Independent)
Dakhil Madrasha 98123 98214 94922 91631 64282 64791 64471

Alim Madrasha 25634 25944 25645 25347 21124 21636 20895

Fazil Madrasha 23336 23456 22072 20687 16918 17224 17432

Kamil Madrasha 4874 5060 5028 4996 4133 4196 4379

Pali & toll college 460 465 350 350 350 352 353

Sanskrit tole & college 487 492 430 430 430 442 446
Source: BANBEIS, Ministry of Education.

Statistical Appendices | 316

Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

Appendix-31.2 (b): Number of Teachers at Secondary and Higher Secondary, Technical and
Vocational and Religious Education Institutions

Type of Number of Teachers

Institutions 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022

Lower
20733 21261 18618 19342 19020 23755 20623 20418 21395 21169 22599
Secondary
Secondary 200310 204988 214376 223775 224533 220125 213542 226427 231110 245392 256009
Higher
33843 34900 37235 39777 41335 42998 42403 45500 44270 49658 53671
Secondary
Polytechnic 4452 4462 4465 5757 6251 6266 11831 12018 12022 12120 12162
Survey
54 54 55 58 59 61 63 68 70 70 71
Institute
Technical
Training 1292 1292 1295 1304 1309 1313 1706 2026 2054 2125 2132
Centre
Textile
513 513 514 523 523 523 530 534 541 590 592
Institute
Textile
Vocational 340 355 356 346 348 354 467 543 546 546 547
Institute
Agriculture
Training 953 953 955 962 965 970 1342 1547 1551 1551 1559
Institute
Marine
50 50 50 52 52 60 120 120 121 121 121
Technology
Govt. Glass
21 21 21 13 15 16 16 16 29 29 29
&ceramic
Govt. Graphic
14 16 16 17 17 19 46 45 46 46 58
Art
Govt. Tech.
School & 2813 2813 2815 2310 2312 2317 4015 4230 4234 4570 4574
College
Govt. P.T.I 632 632 633 701 703 706 742 758 729
SSC
vocational 1976 2012 2015 1978 1986 1988 2643 2650 2654 2790 2817
(Independent)
HSC voc.
/Business
5295 5298 5315 5963 5966 5970 9662 11377 11524 11650 11669
Management
(Independent)
Dakhil
86920 85404 87951 88054 88501 67742 65375 67411 66941 85202 66815
Madrasha
Alim
25727 26521 27230 27324 27716 21917 20691 20991 20787 24771 22597
Madrasha
Fazil
22285 21840 22336 22367 22764 18951 18554 19521 19187 22636 21558
Madrasha
Kamil
4949 5406 5592 5607 5742 5151 5298 5654 5776 6739 7987
Madrasha
Pali & toll
350 350 350 353 353 353 353 353 353 290 290
college
Sanskrit tole
436 436 436 439 439 439 439 439 439 421 421
& college
Source: BANBEIS, Ministry of Education.

Statistical Appendices | 317

Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

Appendix-31.3 (a): Number of Student at Secondary and Higher Secondary, Technical and
Vocational and Religious Education Institutions

Number of Students
Type of Institutions 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

Lower Secondary 577366 536550 495735 536754 434907 444751

Secondary 6841813 639056 6324013 6820039 7030867 7065467

Higher Secondary 265689 325076 349821 351245 468745 525443

Polytechnic 29490 52846 76202 76540 83940 102778

Survey Institute - - 714 714 840 822

Technical Training Centre - - 6676 6986 9139 9746

Textile Institute - - 9683 9752 9948 10005

Textile Vocational Institute - - 5588 5588 5756 5848

Agriculture Training
- - 19985 20176 24221 27326
Institute
Marine Technology - - 730 730 666 666

Govt. glass & ceramic 828 858 888 916 884 1011

Govt. Graphic Art 450 487 544 572 575 550

Govt. Tech. School &
13558 18568 29369 29370 37904 38436
College
Govt. P.T.I 13126 13176 13266 14036 11344 13266

Govt. Commercial 3683 3702 4120 4160 4827 7669

SSC vocational
- - 19206 22368 21991 22007
(Independent)
HSC voc. /Business
Management - - 57670 75225 75987 97729
(Independent)
Dakhil Madrasha 2252091 2232521 2237010 2386113 2444568 2382433

Alim Madrasha 554653 550051 611654 685092 719332 675792

Fazil Madrasha 529497 527651 548290 581839 604471 617723

Kamil Madrasha 135843 136551 162524 164753 172470 177975

Pali & toll college 7083 7107 7179 7041 7107 7037

Sanskrit tole & college 4313 4359 4658 4658 4664 4666
Source: BANBEIS, Ministry of Education.

Statistical Appendices | 318

 Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

Appendix-31.3 (b): Number of Students at Secondary and Higher Secondary, Technical and
Vocational and Religious Education Institutions

Number of Students
Type of
Institutions 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022*
Lower
428697 429022 367510 395216 384986 435840 438903 451449 459537 414115 415719
Secondary
Secondary 7508538 7519712 8792855 9294949 9720942 9804233 9943921 9803028 9690154 9665483 9612790
Higher
550579 552929 590948 627167 641234 649824 741295 781447 829750 834350 871527
Secondary
Polytechnic 136962 136975 138150 191704 203810 215651 250770 251010 252755 257125 268550
Survey Institute 1241 1255 1260 1253 1258 1264 1277 1292 1306 1306 1312
Technical
25960 25960 25965 33879 33890 38187 38297 38656 38902 39726 39738
Training Center
Textile Institute 10009 10010 10022 10134 10138 10138 10143 10166 11815 12136 12245
Textile
Vocational 5510 5622 5625 5524 5527 5544 7767 9965 10758 10852 10864
Institute
Agriculture
Training 28890 29110 29118 29500 30110 30126 30165 30290 30444 30444 30820
Institute
Marine
670 670 670 916 916 775 776 778 780 780 782
Technology
Govt.glass&cer
1018 1051 1052 1048 1058 1122 1008 1010 1284 1284 953
amic
Govt.Graphic
682 710 712 695 1057 1144 1196 1236 1463 1463 1466
Art
Govt. Tech.
School & 64236 42694 42712 64934 64940 65224 92406 103841 105019 114226 114326
College
Govt.P.T.I 13266 13287 13287 7592 7600 7747 10065 11731 11614 11614 11614
SSC
vocational 24426 24654 24662 24433 24446 24454 26591 26602 38775 39132 39467
(Independent)
HSC voc.
/Business
105303 105778 105784 124266 134274 134286 166870 181144 184150 186153 186825
Management
(Independent)
Dakhil
2320145 2248051 2275944 2257755 2251193 2240808 2261719 2245627 2302126 1399927 1421204
Madrasha
Alim Madrasha 679097 685450 691762 694877 698684 665024 654777 641808 649859 460793 481793
Fazil Madrasha 627989 624549 626770 670608 642101 645126 629287 633978 656682 525597 546597
Kamil
210297 214271 220804 260742 240315 244521 271465 284923 306466 270005 29058
Madrasha
Pali & toll
7073 448 648 783 788 914 878 1327 1327 1292 1292
college
Sanskrit tole &
4673 11127 16162 19566 19604 19119 15573 15864 15864 10542 10542
college
Source: BANBEIS, Ministry of Education.

Statistical Appendices | 319

 Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

Appendix-32.1: Number of Educational Institutions at Higher Education Level

Type of Number of Institutions

Institutions
2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
General
college 241 240 238 241 243 240 250 250 260 265 281 283 557 537 557 572 583
(Public)
General
college 1095 1156 1216 1220 1304 1264 1361 1361 1471 1494 1538 1579 1335 1365 1364 1369 1358
(Private)
General
University 10 10 11 11 11 11 13 13 13 13 13 16 16 16 19 21 20
(Public)**
Agriculture
University 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 7
(Public)
Engineering
and
Technology 5 5 5 5 5 5 6 6 7 7 7 7 7 7 5 5 5
University
(Public)
Islamic
University 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
(Pub+Pri)
International
3 2 2
University
Medical
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 4 4 4 4 5
University
Veteranary
and Animale
Science 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
University,
Chittagong
Science and
Technology 5 5 6 8 8 8 8 9 9 9 9 9 10 10 10 10 13
University ***
University
51 54 56 59 51 54 58 67 76 83 90 92 101 101 103 108 109
(Private)
Teachers
11 11
Training 101 112 112 118 118 118 118 118 118 119 119 119 118 118 118
0 0
College
Medical
42 42 45 48 48 63 71 75 75 93 104 106 111 113 113 113 109
College
Dental College 9 9 11 11 11 13 13 15 15 32 34 35 35 35 35 35 35
Law College 71 71 71 71 71 71 71 71 71 71 71 71 80 80 80 80 76
Homeopathic
30 30 30 38 38 38 45 45 45 52 52 63 62 63 64 65 68
College
Physical
29 29 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 30 30 30 30 30 30
College
College of
Leather 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
technology
Music College 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3
College of
textile 1 1 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 11 11 11 11 11 11 11
technology
Higher
Secondary
Teachers 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
Training
Institute(HSTTI)
Source: BANBEIS, Ministry of Education.

Statistical Appendices | 320

Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

Appendix-32.2 (a): Number of Teachers at Higher Education Level Institutions

Number of Teachers
Type of Institutions
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

General college (Public) 10773 10642 10379 10116 10642 10226 9847

General college (Private) 44220 43439 44566 45693 50359 49513 66274

General University (Public) 4135 4742 4742 4752 5128 5363 5480

Agriculture University
676 782 792 802 822 882 917
(Public)
Engineering and
Technology University 990 968 1029 1091 1190 1309 1348
(Public)
Islamic
504 554 562 570 840 842 661
University(Pub+Pri)
Medical University 288 290 342 350 350 388 421
Veteranary and Animale
Science 48 50 60 60 60 83
University,Chittagong
Science &Tech. University 513 618 626 635 821 1040 1017

University (Private)* 5638 5759 4009 4706 4706 5334 5885

Teachers Training College 1235 1248 1458 1460 1349 1472 1594

Medical College 2255 2260 2255 2255 2514 2554 2738

Dental College 254 269 269 303 321 340 254

Law College 625 624 624 670 675 690 634

Homeopathic College 469 469 469 470 472 465 465

Physical College 276 277 277 283 319 342 281

College of Leather
15 15 15 15 15 15 15
technology
Music College 20 20 24 29 30 30 20

College of Textile
30 30 29 31 31 32 57
Technology
Higher Secondary Teachers
65 66 66 66 66 66 66
Training Institute (HSTTI)
Source: BANBEIS, Ministry of Education. *Provisional.

Statistical Appendices | 321

Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

Appendix-32.2 (b): Number of Teachers at Higher Education Level Institutions

Number of Teachers
Type of Institutions
2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022*

General college
11512 11520 12511 12592 13342 13780 25948 24244 25261 26772 26782
(Public)
General college
50218 55882 55885 59243 62660 64156 55167 58023 59110 60794 61347
(Private)
General University
5121 5286 5286 7136 7329 7788 7745 7891 8804 8051 8235
(Public)
Agriculture
933 1605 1605 1158 1210 1233 1246 1367 1355 1231 1445
University (Public)
Engineering and
Technology 1003 1376 1376 1578 1680 1804 1908 1997 1878 1894 1984
University (Public)
Islamic
770 796 796 880 887 894 851 917 894 888 906
University(Pub+Pri)
International
158 273 273
University
Medical University 434 442 442 450 458 488 519 593 493 481 481
Veteranary and
Animale Science 53 62 62 98 108 117 131 130 138 137 137
University,Chittagong
Science &Tech.
845 1034 1034 1635 1604 1738 1899 2260 2449 2471 2531
University
University (Private)* 8063 8485 8485 13384 13130 14899 15075 15575 15583 15277 15390
Teachers Training
1594 1594 1594 1601 1604 1614 1251 1799 1799 1799 1799
College
Medical College 2794 2856 2856 4919 4950 4971 5070 10062 6658 6658 9851

Dental College 260 265 265 286 290 297 314 327 327 327 379

Law College 638 642 642 640 640 369 635 635 635 635 602

Homeopathic College 470 474 474 511 512 1111 699 792 789 789 1218

Physical College 281 285 285 285 285 286 165 405 405 405 405
College of Leather
16 16 16 17 17 17 18 22 22 22 22
technology
Music College 20 20 20 20 20 20 36 44 44 44 44
College of Textile
89 90 90 97 97 111 107 110 110 110 110
Technology
Higher Secondary
Teachers Training 66 69 69 43 43 45 39 49 151 151 151
Institute (HSTTI)
Source: BANBEIS, Ministry of Education.

Statistical Appendices | 322

Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

Appendix-32.3 (a): Number of Students at Higher Education Level Institutions

Number of Students
Type of Institutions
2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

General college (Public) 503540 609480 715420 805033 855559 906084 1165389

General college (Private) 599428 694910 790392 855700 953346 1050992 1328352

General University (Public) 111741 114254 116770 113326 118907 122514 341701

Agriculture University (Public) 6572 6732 6891 7721 7725 9165 9913

Engineering and Technology 14714 14827 14940 15710 18013 16448 20434
University (Public)
Islamic University (Pub+Pri) 13741 18776 23813 26363 26994 21851 28308

Medical University 1025 1235 1445 1452 1616 1706 1145

Veteranary and Animale Science

336 325 315 374 375 620 799
University,Chittagong
Science and Technology 8355 9562 12301 15098 17626 20331 19773
University
University(Private) 124267 168775 169600 185001 212315 246532 297055

Teachers Training College 19248 20142 21036 21036 22431 19248 19308

Medical College 18685 20757 21832 22518 23275 26880 29726

Dental College 1216 1196 1260 1390 1396 1226 1248

Law College 18452 18062 17675 17881 17939 17675 18242

Homeopathic College 15170 15170 15170 15170 14757 15966 18028

Physical College 3502 3522 3530 3626 4218 3508 3513

College of Leather technology 435 435 435 452 466 435 436

Music College 120 176 233 340 342 233 314

College of textile technology 781 705 628 676 713 780 860

Higher Secondary Teachers 542 542 542 542 542 542 544
Training Institute(HSTTI)
Source: BANBEIS, Ministry of Education.

Statistical Appendices | 323

 Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

Appendix-32.3 (b): Number of Students at Higher Education Level Institutions

Number of Students
Type of
Institutions 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022*

General college
1175380 1316866 1336132 1388901 1405030 2123534 2160771 2310755 2408810 2464950
(Public)
General college
1330220 1598569 1715570 1737649 1818106 1413612 1442992 1494616 1493852 1487039
(Private)
General University
345624 345624 408309 439799 432385 489448 706957 701185 764603 597882
(Public)
Agriculture
20226 20226 12095 13157 13213 14001 15286 15056 15375 17473
University (Public)
Engineering and
Technology 20586 20586 25775 25501 26537 28171 27496 28686 30066 28981
University (Public)
Islamic University
28523 28523 29272 29469 29579 103253 28607 28828 27309 24702
(Pub+Pri)
International
3311 3331 3834
University
Medical University 1266 1266 1928 3017 3409 3867 2444 927 2367 2367
Veteranary and
Animale Science 804 804 891 1200 1285 1216 1102 1270 1547 1621
University,Chittagong
Science and
Technology 21091 21091 31882 35013 42659 49873 50438 58249 56911 56522
University
University(Private) 298202 298202 362739 353771 326910 338485 347466 335389 328689 310107
Teachers Training
19436 19436 19314 19330 19345 9127 12487 12487 12487 12487
College
Medical College 29844 29844 33784 36756 43881 45388 45388 52049 52049 50594

Dental College 1262 1262 8044 8180 6326 6853 6867 7186 7186 7186

Law College 18402 18402 18272 18278 18470 23395 23395 7896 7896 7440
Homeopathic
18124 18124 18841 18849 26201 27264 28851 46830 46830 45842
College
Physical College 3572 3572 3524 3548 3635 1206 3039 3039 3039 3039
College of Leather
438 438 438 440 440 440 575 786 786 786
technology
Music College 414 414 414 414 414 372 424 424 424 424
College of textile
871 871 866 872 882 1196 1210 1210 1210 1210
technology
Higher Secondary
Teachers Training 552 552 2247 2248 2254 1447 3453 1272 1272 1272
Institute(HSTTI)
Source: BANBEIS, Ministry of Education.

Statistical Appendices | 324

Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

Appendix-33: Number of Government Hospitals, Dispensaries, Doctors, Nurses and Beds

Year No. of govt. No. of beds in No. of No. of No. of No. of TB No. of thana
dispensaries govt. hospitals & registered registered registered clinics health
dispensaries doctors nurses midwives complexes
1980-81 1399 15845 10081 3014 1353 44 306
1981-82 1391 16171 12306 3734 2201 44 316
1982-83 1275 16277 12736 4500 2934 44 332
1983-84 1275 17408 13944 5164 3688 44 337
1984-85 1275 20126 14944 5303 4031 44 343
1985-86 1275 20926 15944 5905 5558 44 344
1986-87 1275 21126 16026 6716 5141 44 344
1987-88 1275 21926 16793 7385 5799 44 344
1988-89 1275 22046 19340 8056 6556 44 345
1989-90 1275 22090 19340 9274 7035 44 351
1990-91 1275 23870 20396 9274 7485 44 351
1991-92 1275 23870 20396 9274 7485 44 351
1992-93 1362 27111 21455 11061 9363 44 347
1993-94 1362 27401 21749 12025 10104 44 354
1994-95 1362 27544 23805 13000 11000 44 365
1995-96 1362 28204 24338 13800 11200 44 372
1996-97 1362 29106 26535 13800 13500 44 397
1997-98 1362 29850 27546 15408 13500 44 402
1998-99 1362 30629 28312 16972 14915 44 402
1999-00 1362 31872 30864 17446 15235 44 402
2000-01 1362 31972 31952 17922 15652 44 402
2001-02 1362 32022 32498 18135 15794 44 402
2002-03 1362 32459 34502 19066 16553 44 402
2003-04 1362 34693 36576 19500 17622 44 403
2004-05 1362 35579 40210 20009 18037 44 406
2005-06 1362 37661 42010 20100 18958 44 413
2006-07 1362 38211 44632 20129 19911 44 419
2007-08 1362 41107 49608 23266 21936 44 421
2008-09 1362 41107 51993 24151 22653 44 422
2009-10 1362 43996 52884 25604 24034 44 424
2010-11 1362 39639 53063 25018 23472 44 463
2011-12 1362 41655 58977 28793 - 44 463
2012-13 1362 45621 64434 30516 - 44 463
2013-14 1184 94318 71918 33183 27000 44 424
2014-15 1962 123177 74099 39041 27000 44 424
2015-16 1362 127360 85587 46507 - 44 424
2016-17 1362 137024 93763 54459 - 44 424
2017-18 1362 142957 94926 56659 -- 44 424
Source: Ministry of Health & Family Welfare. Note: Government and private included.

Statistical Appendices | 325

Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

Appendix 34: Demographic Statistics

Total Natural Crude Birth Crude Infant Total Life
Population Population Rate Death Rate Mortality Rate Fertility Expectancy
Year
( million) Growth (%) (thousand) (thousand) (per thousand Rate
live birth) (per women)
1981 89.9* 2.31 34.6 11.5 111 5.04 54.8
1982 91.4 2.26 34.8 12.2 122 5.21 54.5
1983 93.3 2.27 35.0 12.3 117 5.07 54.9
1984 95.3 2.25 34.8 12.3 119 4.83 54.8
1985 97.4 2.26 34.6 12.0 112 4.71 55.1
1986 99.5 2.25 34.4 11.9 116 4.70 55.2
1987 101.7 2.18 33.3 11.5 113 4.42 56.4
1988 103.9 2.19 33.2 11.3 110 4.45 56.0
1989 106.2 2.17 33.0 11.3 102 4.35 56.0
1990 108.6 2.14 32.8 11.4 94 4.33 56.1
1991 111.5 2.04 31.6 11.2 92 4.24 56.1
1992 113.3 1.98 30.8 11.0 88 4.18 56.3
1993 115.5 1.88 28.8 10.0 84 3.84 57.9
1994 117.5 1.80 27.0 9.0 77 3.58 58.0
1995 119.3 1.81 26.5 8.4 71 3.45 58.7
1996 121.2 1.75 25.6 8.1 67 3.41 58.9
1997 123.0 1.55 21.0 5.5 60 3.10 60.1
1998 124.8 1.51 19.9 4.8 57 2.98 61.5*
1999 126.6 1.41 19.2 5.1 59 2.64 62.7*
2000 128.4 1.41 19.0 4.9 58 2.59 63.6*
2001 130.0 1.41 18.9 4.8 56 2.56 64.2*
2002 132.0 1.50 20.1 5.1 53 2.56 64.9
2003 133.9 1.50 20.9 5.9 53 2.57 64.9
2004 135.9 1.50 20.8 5.8 51 2.52 65.1
2005 137.8 1.49 20.7 5.8 50 2.46 65.2
2006 139.8 1.49 20.6 5.6 45 2.41 65.4
2007 141.8 1.47 20.9 6.2 43 2.39 66.6
2008 143.8 1.45 20.5 6.0 41 2.30 66.8
2009 146.7 1.36 19.4 5.8 39 2.15 67.2
2010 140.6 1.36 19.2 5.6 36 2.12 67.7
2011 148.7 1.37 19.2 5.5 35 2.11 69.0
2012 152.7 1.36 18.9 5.3 33 2.12 69.4
2013 154.7 1.37 19.0 5.3 31 2.11 70.4
2014 156.8 1.37 18.9 5.2 30 2.11 70.7
2015 158.9 1.37 18.8 5.1 2.9 2.10 70.9
2016 160.8 1.36 18.7 5.1 28 2.10 71.6
2017 162.75 1.34 18.5 5.1 24 2.05 72.0
2018 163.65 1.32 18.3 5.0 22 2.05 72.3
2019 166.50 1.32 18.1 4.9 21 2.04 72.6
2020 168.22 1.37 18.1 5.1 21 2.04 72.8
2021 170.26 1.37 18.8 5.7 22 2.05 72.8
Source: BBS.

Statistical Appendices | 326

Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

Appendix-35.1: Revenue Budget

(Revenue Receipts: 1987-88 to 1996-97)
(In crore Tk.)
Revenue Income 87-88 88-89 89-90 90-91 91-92 92-93 93-94 94-95 95-96 96-97
A) Tax receipts
1. Customs duty 1618 1820 2166 2328 2820 2835 3070 3670 3900 4252
2. Excise duty 1172 1400 1700 1713 1360 320 175 180 180 207
3. Income tax 664 750 875 1071 1300 1720 1735 1560 1510 1735
4.Sales tax 525 540 531 823 - - - - - -
5. VAT - - - - 1675 2500 2775 3275 3742 4440
6. Land tax 89 85 114 60 85 100 120 150 170 185
7. Supplementary duty - - - - 20 945 1290 1450 1700 2173
8. Non-judicial stamp 170 170 177 187 251 312 355 420 477 527
9. Motor vehicle sreceipts 20 20 35 35 40 50 60 85 110 130
10. Registration fees 60 63 70 70 80 96 120 130 150 165
11. Narcotics duty - - - 20 25 22 25 25 26 27
12. Other taxes and duties 49 48 113 76 85 130 155 165 268 233
Total tax receipts (A) 4367 4896 5781 6383 7741 9030 9880 11110 12233 14074
B)Non-tax receipts
13. Profit & dividend from State- 135 185 128 163 320 429 418 654 526 525
owned enterprises
14. Profit & dividend from non- 80 70 50 276 381 360 415 227 219 216
financial institutions
15. Interest income 225 220 345 300 300 350 350 465 450 530
16.Economic services 52 92 120 133 132 140 163 300 311 316
17.General administration and services 122 104 109 125 154 181 220 242 310 414
18.Jamuna bridge surcharge and levies 58 60 65 70 80 45 58 - 2 -
19. T&T department (net) 65 110 80 244 283 325 459 635 659 630
20. Post Office department (net) -28 -32 -270 -24 -29 -30 -28 -28 -36 -26
21. Railway (net) -149 -150 -139 -149 -126 -100 -95 -90 -159 -89
22. Agriculture and allied services 61 78 33 40 49 64 69 78 92 103
23. Social and community services 37 44 47 55 55 78 93 108 143 158
24. Transport and communication 23 42 42 48 35 42 43 46 68 89
(others)
25. Other non-tax receipts 65 89 127 131 133 143 185 400 644 127
26. Revenue from capital investment 31 13 17 24 9 3 50 53 50 78
27. Irrigation, water resources, 2 1 - 3 - - - - - -
transport, etc.
Total non-tax receipts (B) 779 926 997 1439 1776 2030 2400 3100 3279 3071
Total revenue (A+B) 5146 5822 6778 7822 9517 11060 12280 14210 15512 17145
Source: Finance Division, Ministry of Finance.
Note: Figures are based on revised budget.

Statistical Appendices | 327

Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

Appendix -35.2: Revenue Budget

(Revenue Receipts: 1997-98 to 2004-05)
(In crore Tk.)
Particulars 1997-98 1998-99 1999-00 2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05

(A) Receipts from taxes under NBR

admin.
1. Tax on income and profit 2100 2335 2980 3600 4100 4788 5270 5850

2. Tax on transfer of property and assets 11 10 2 0 0 1 -- 10605

3. Value added tax (VAT) 4692 4800 5405 6132 6960 8071 8575 8000

4. Customs duty 4460 4755 4536 4770 5350 5875 7300 --

5. Excise duty 214 205 240 275 300 310 170 150

6. Supplementary duty 2384 2540 2664 3363 3850 4390 5430 5600
7. Other taxes and duty 239 205 173 160 170 315 305 295

Total (A) 14100 14850 16000 18300 20730 23750 27050 30500

(B) Receipts from non-NBR sources

8. Narcotics duty 28 40 27 40 30 35 40 45

9. Motor vehicles tax 115 125 111 144 145 225 241 267

10. Land tax 197 215 266 214 214 206 259 326

11. Stamp (non-judicial) 561 625 692 792 811 734 710 812

Total (B) 901 1005 1096 1190 1200 1200 1250 1450
Total (A+B) 15001 15855 17096 19490 21930 24950 28300 31950

(C) Non-tax receipts

12. Dividend & Profit 815 1017 1064 774 1162 832 1054 1165
13. Interest 570 525 547 550 449 725 750 636
14. Royalty and income from property -- -- 1 1 2 7 --
15. Administrative fees 889 900 887 1022 872 779 964 988
16. Penalty and forfeiture 23 24 11 11 11 41 62 67
17. Receipts from services 141 148 199 254 274 471 482 433
18. Rent and leasing 50 66 76 121 125 104 78 92
19. Tolls and levies 48 52 43 46 57 89 139 151
20. Non-commercial sale 143 139 165 213 252 296 310 264
21. Receipts from Defence 90 90 73 111 114 126 133 228
22. Non-tax receipts 241 138 203 252 238 481 715 882

23. Railway -81 -75 -76 -134 390 415 453 479

24. Post Office Department -40 -51 -38 -75 132 133 147 150
25. T&T Board 765 767 1018 1260 1603 1600 1702 1650

26. Capital receipts 120 95 75 275 59 70 111 65

Total (C) 3776 3845 4249 4683 5740 6170 7100 7250

Grand Total (A+B+C) 18777 19700 21345 24173 27670 31120 35400 39200
Source: Finance Division, Ministry of Finance.
Note: Figures are based on revised budget.

Statistical Appendices | 328

Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

Appendix -35.3: Revenue Budget

(Revenue Receipts: 2005-06 to 2011-12)
(In crore Tk.)
Particulars 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12
(A) Receipts from taxes under NBR
admin.
1. Tax on income and profit 6960 8924 11005 13538 16560 22105 28061
2. Value added tax (VAT) 12398 13683 17013 20116 22795 28274 34304
3. Import duty 8235 8279 9300 9570 10430 10888 12634
4. Export duty -- -- -- -- -- 27 30
5. Excise duty 163 185 213 237 261 275 450
6. Supplementary duty 6394 6095 7970 9121 10485 13554 16220
7. Other taxes and duty. 306 313 469 418 469 477 671
Total (A) 34456 37479 45970 53000 61000 75600 92370
(B) Receipts from non-NBR sources
8. Narcotics duty 45 50 50 52 60 60 65
9. Motor vehicles tax 331 367 495 550 675 905 900
10. Land tax 384 402 364 409 392 525 550
11. Stamp (non-judicial) 959 949 1133 1515 1829 1962 2400
Total (B) 1719 1768 2042 2526 2956 3452 3915
Total (A+B) 36175 39247 48012 55526 63956 79052 96285
(C) Non-tax receipts
12. Dividend & Profit 1271 1995 2476 3058 2545 1382 2517
13. Interest 732 1043 1110 935 1551 2173 696
14. Administrative fees 1103 1195 1413 1765 1960 2560 2782
15. Penalty and forfeiture 72 84 107 132 176 280 288
16. Receipts from services 466 458 492 652 769 844 939
17. Rent and leasing 98 103 96 108 86 129 125
18. Tolls and levies 151 165 190 360 322 375 350
19. Non-commercial sale 284 307 246 273 248 338 340
20. receipts from Defence 693 717 629 1668 1942 2028 1884
21. Non-tax receipts 1309 1575 3072 3807 5091 5106 7904
22. Railway 521 515 563 580 565 628 518
23. Post Office Department 158 189 199 220 220 237 223
24. T&T Board 1772 1822 1882 0 0 0 0
25. Capital receipts 63 57 52 96 53 55 34
Total (C) 8693 10225 12527 13654 15528 16135 18600
Grand Total (A+B+C) 44868 49472 60539 69180 79484 95187 114885
Source: Finance Division, Ministry of Finance.
Note: Figures are based on revised budget.

Statistical Appendices | 329

 Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

Appendix -35.4: Revenue Budget

(Revenue Receipts: 2012-13 to 2022-23)
(In crore Tk.)
Particulars 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16 2016-17 2017-18 2018-19 2019-20 2020-21 2021-22 2022-23*
(A) Receipts from taxes under
NBR admin.
1. Tax on income and profit 35300 44370 48614 51796 62754 77736 95167 102894 95950 96122 61842
2. Value added tax (VAT) 40466 45877 49573 53913 68675 82713 104797 109846 115217 116994 83381
3. Import duty 14528 13433 15103 17119 21571 26538 45219 47135 37154 34368 26560
4. Export duty 40 41 31 34 33 40 31393 31684 54 1 3
5. Excise duty 997 1203 935 1033 1199 1664 46 49 3277 3107 3254
6. Supplementary duty 19969 19157 9852 25064 29519 34766 1976 5345 48298 41187 29362
7. Other taxes and duty. 959 919 920 1040 1245 1543 1402 1547 1050 1103 1014
Total (A) 112259 125000 35028 150000 185000 225000 280000 300500 301000 292882 205416
(B) Receipts from non-NBR
sources
8. Narcotics duty 70 72 95 98 150 85 98 108 126 100 84
9. Motor vehicles tax 1100 1155 1248 1351 1720 1550 1430 750 798 1642 1120
10. Land tax 574 687 797 829 1120 1220 1402 1400 1662 860 643
11. Stamp (non-judicial) 2821 3264 3509 3121 4269 3944 6179 9798 11851 2747
3391
12. Surcharge/1 - - - - - 403 491 511 563 419 295
Total (B) 4565 5178 5649 5400 7261 7202 9600 12567 15000 6412 4889
Total (A+B) 116824 130178 140677 155400 192261 232202 289600 313067 316000 299294 210305
(C) Non-tax receipts
12. Dividend & Profit 3928 5009 3104 4544 3709 2971 2241 3490 1579 5019 1300

13. Interest 878 1025 733 755 2931 1936 5140 5309 18848 1949 3939

14. Administrative fees 4000 4439 4635 4719 4858 3412 4366 8734 7169 2364 1810
15. Penalty and forfeiture 481 458 288 241 425 644 556 254 420 1094 808

16. Receipts from services 986 490 481 584 641 5094 6037 7694 4736 4695 3557

17. Rent and leasing 148 159 162 145 135 700 487 499 623 892 476
18. Tolls and levies 432 475 495 549 918 606 658 655 1004 826 507

19. Non-commercial sale 379 413 507 503 565 2523 1831 2438 2375 2807 1384

20. receipts from Defence 2542 2529 2453 2154 2345 9316 5367 5803 - - -
21. Non-tax receipts 7658 10086 8373 6272 7822 - 330 126 5922 15109 10492
22. Railway 1070 1000 1100 1204 1510 - - - -
23. Post Office Department 250 294 274 274 310 - - - -
24. T&T Board 0 0 0 0 0 - - - -
25. Capital receipts 51 116 133 51 64 50 323 300 172

Total (C) 22846 26493 22694 22000 27252 27013 35002 35532 35055 24445
Grand Total (A+B+C) 139670 156671 163371 177400 259454 316613 348069 351532 334349 234750
Source: Finance Division, Ministry of Finance.*Upto February 2023.

Statistical Appendices | 330

Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

Appendix-35.5: Revenue Budget

(Revenue Expenditure: 1987-88 to 1996-97)
(In crore Tk.)
Revenue Expenditure 87-88 88-89 89-90 90-91 91-92 92-93 93-94 94-95 95-96 96-97
1. Organs of government 43 32 52 58 79 57 69 64 151 87
2. Administration and law 29 30 34 33 40 50 47 51 52 53
3. Audit 27 28 34 35 39 48 57 61 62 63
4. Fiscal services 128 131 175 177 245 268 273 293 292 350
5. Secretariat 44 46 52 53 56 71 81 89 93 93
6. Foreign Affairs 91 67 73 93 105 103 106 117 110 113
7. Administration (Excluding 175 189 210 199 219 245 253 294 324 333
Police & BDR)
8. Police 230 245 304 305 350 419 449 490 519 579
9. Bangladesh Rifles 102 124 130 140 171 205 209 136 249 255
10. General services 150 161 174 188 208 238 241 248 253 279
11. Defence 832 1015 1149 1180 1301 1494 1634 1887 2069 2265
12. Education 820 948 1094 1182 1382 1674 1756 2008 2148 2296
13. Health and population control 305 321 367 387 431 517 607 685 730 769
14. Pension and retirement 123 144 169 224 250 300 370 650 508 565
benefits
15. Social and community 525 720 563 709 621 689 727 805 990 1039
services
16. General economic services 53 56 63 66 74 86 98 104 120 122
17. Agriculture and allied 149 156 188 203 212 346 393 451 570 528
services and water resources
18. Industry, mining and energy 22 23 28 26 29 33 36 43 40 41
19. Water, electricity and power 47 78 68 79 87 - - - - -
20. Communication (except 86 98 113 118 167 209 242 245 296 277
Railway, T&T and Post
Office)
21. Extraordinary expenditure - - - 66 5 - - - - -
22. Subsidies 65 706 941 771 589 187 242 296 285 483
23. Grants-in-aid contribution 84 119 96 101 109 124 135 159 173 162
24. Interest on domestic debt 240 250 285 417 565 550 519 606 1040 1080
25. Interest on foreign debt 350 483 377 438 473 475 549 600 700 676
26. Unexpected expenditure 10 - 1 63 23 22 57 18 40 27

Total revenue expenditure 4730 6170 6740 7310 7900 8510 9150 10300 11814 12535

Source: Finance Division, Ministry of Finance. Note: Figures are based on revised budget. Previous 'Non Development Expenditure'
is termed as 'Operating Expenditure' in new Budget and Accounting Classification System.

Statistical Appendices | 331

 Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

Appendix-35.6: Revenue Budget

(Non-development Expenditure: 1997-98 to 2004-05)
(In crore Tk.)
Particulars 1997-98 1998-99 1999-00 2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05
1. President 3 3 3 3 3 4 3 4
2. National Parliament 26 26 35 33 31 32 44 42
3. Prime Minister 46 40 48 53 57 57 77 62
4. Cabinet Division 8 7 13 14 10 15 11 16
5. Election Commission 56 22 51 88 103 78 27 30
6. Ministry of Establishment 208 210 235 248 260 309 303 335
7. Public Service Commission 4 4 5 5 5 6 7 7
8. Finance Division-loans and advances, except 1274 1330 1363 1514 1760 2731 3263 3746
repayment of domestic loan and investment
9. Internal Resources Division 338 462 697 1063 1029 567 568 581
10. Economic Relations Division 29 18 20 21 24 22 23 19
11. Planning Division 37 41 45 47 48 51 54 62
12. IMED 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 5
13. Ministry of Foreign Affairs 134 156 168 174 174 184 194 242
14. Local Government Division 277 291 314 348 377 449 506 763
15. Rural Development and Cooperatives Division 69 74 81 83 83 86 227 228
16. Ministry of Chittagong Hill tracts Affairs 106 69 85 91 99 98 78 114
17. Ministry of Defence 2644 2940 3217 3392 3391 3406 3778 4067
18. Ministry of Law and Justice 88 100 116 128 133 144 160 177
19. Ministry of Home Affairs 1181 1299 1520 1587 1605 1803 2034 2661
20. Anticorruption Commission - - - - - - - 2
21. Ministry of Primary and Mass Education 1145 1199 1312 1378 1428 1469 1630 1804
22. Ministry of Education 1544 1769 1945 2209 2311 2494 2844 3268
23. Ministry of Science and ICT 65 69 69 86 73 78 88 99
24. Ministry of Health and Family Welfare 813 887 972 1099 1286 1334 1497 1803
25. Ministry of Social Welfare 86 126 136 181 202 255 318 422
26. Ministry of Women and Children Affairs 13 15 41 22 27 28 137 473
27. Ministry of Disaster Management and Relief 490 1050 688 772 661 611 784 864
28. Ministry of Liberation Affairs - - - - 9 47 75 58
29. Ministry of Housing and Public Works 228 233 259 285 299 369 472 544
30. Ministry of Information 117 118 126 144 137 186 184 190
31. Ministry of Cultural Affairs 28 29 31 31 32 35 38 41
32. Ministry of Religious Affairs 17 20 22 27 30 45 66 74
33. Ministry of Youth and Sports 36 26 42 36 39 49 102 99
34. Energy and Mineral Resources Division - - - - 6 7 7 8
35. Power Division 6 7 7 8 2 2 2 2
36. Ministry of Agriculture 205 273 284 307 308 331 416 1877
37. Ministry of Fisheries and Livestock 117 121 132 147 156 184 227 259
38. Ministry of Environment and Forest 44 47 52 57 59 72 102 107
39. Ministry of Land 122 141 148 160 165 173 182 189
40. Ministry of Water Resources 132 146 138 177 165 202 344 377
41. Ministry of Food 3 2 2 2 2 5 3 -
42. Ministry of Industries 23 23 26 28 30 36 40 42
43. Ministry of Jute 8 7 8 8 8 8 11 -
44. Ministry of Textile 10 11 12 14 16 19 19 34
45. Ministry of Commerce 35 32 25 24 24 27 33 37
46. Ministry of Labour and Manpower 27 28 31 35 25 13 13 16
47. Ministry of Expatriate Welfare & Employment - - - - 11 29 28 29
48. Ministry of Communication (Except Railway) 313 321 337 374 916 1026 1257 1582
49. Ministry of Shipping 22 23 24 27 29 31 35 44
50. Ministry Civil Aviation and Tourism 1 1 1 2 1 2 2 2
51. Ministry of Post and Telecommunication (Except Post 1 1 1 1 520 521 625 654
and T&T)
52. Interest on Domestic Debt 1594 2221 2769 3306 3585 4617 4841 5303
53. Interest on Foreign Debt 725 725 785 820 935 957 1001 1200
Total 14500 16765 18444 20662 22692 25307 28783 34664
Source: Finance Division, Ministry of Finance.
Note: Figures are based on revised budget.

Statistical Appendices | 332

Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

Appendix-35.7: Revenue Budget

(Non-development Expenditure: 2005-06 to 2011-12)
(In crore Tk.)
Particulars 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12
1.President 4 5 6 7 9 11 11
2.National Parliament 46 32 20 45 73 105 113
3.Prime Minister 63 79 100 95 151 181 177
4.Cabinet Division 21 16 15 16 31 48 47
5.Election Commission 94 110 103 461 339 311 190
6.Ministry of Public Administration 389 555 620 695 740 930 852
7.Public Service Commission 7 9 11 13 17 19 19
8.Finance Division-loans and advances, except repayment of 3175 3265 5274 5755 9621 5287 12532
domestic loan and investment
9.Internal Resources Division 621 682 740 878 862 919 975
10.Banking and Financial Institution Division - - - - 28 40 59
11.Economic Relations Division 23 53 78 87 128 131 133
12.Planning Division 67 86 90 104 134 39 44
13.IMED 5 5 7 8 10 11 12
14.Statistics and Informatics Division - - - - - 86 132
15.Ministry of Foreign Affairs 257 253 294 342 571 596 621
16.Tax Ombudsman Office - - 0 1 1 1 -
17.Local Government Division 778 1137 1034 1190 1253 1502 1496
18.Rural Development and Cooperatives Division 224 153 152 185 189 216 236
19.Ministry of Chittagong Hilltracts Affairs 128 145 213 230 190 238 249
20.Ministry of Defence (including other defence services) 4411 5281 5776 6786 7743 9131 11961
21.Armed Forces Division - - - - - - 12
22.Law and Justice Division 200 206 279 292 378 438 483
23.Supreme Court - 28 37 55 76 90
24.Ministry of Home Affairs (Public Security Dept+ SSD) 2992 3868 4422 5228 5729 6352 7358
25.Anti corruption Commission 5 9 26 27 24 30 32
26.Legislative and Parliament Affairs Division - - - - 5 8 7
27.Ministry of Primary and Mass Education 2124 3201 3386 3464 4019 4936 5267
28.Ministry of Education (SHED + Technical & Madrasha 4223 4706 5161 5732 7520 8431 8658
Division)
29.Ministry of Science and Technology 111 112 111 131 257 309 194
30.Ministry of ICT - - - - - - 78
31.Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (Health 2065 2682 2898 3581 4004 4881 5114
Edu+Health Service)
32.Ministry of Social Welfare 552 666 749 921 1204 1674 1773
33.Ministry of Women and Children Affairs 515 584 1029 1099 1058 988 1055
34.Ministry of Liberation Affairs 89 84 106 161 307 491 518
35.Ministry of Food - - 329 972 851
36.Disaster Management and Relief Division 789 1086 1673 3789 3565 4312 3971
37.Ministry of Housing and Public Works 564 545 620 649 713 828 868
38.Ministry of Information 195 235 317 458 311 366 385
39.Ministry of Cultural Affairs 59 67 61 64 82 158 140
40.Ministry of Religious Affairs 50 65 59 63 76 102 111
41.Ministry of Youth and Sports 125 138 124 146 255 374 491
42.Energy and Mineral Resources Division 21 24 26 28 33 214 39
43.Power Division 2 3 3 4 4 5 6
44.Ministry of Agriculture 1767 2391 5352 6868 5752 7393 8238
45.Ministry of Fisheries and Livestock 276 336 354 407 473 492 514
46.Ministry of Environment and Forest 115 148 179 179 769 942 959
47.Ministry of Land 230 303 313 351 416 477 548
48.Ministry of Water Resources 384 419 513 565 698 689 717
49.Ministry of Industries 43 55 162 164 78 95 100
50.Ministry of Textile and Jute 115 43 50 55 63 147 79
51.Ministry of Commerce 43 45 51 80 82 75 105
52.Ministry of Labour and Employment 16 23 23 24 35 50 73
53.Ministry of Expatriate Welfare & overseas Employment 30 35 47 58 138 141 91
54.Roads Division 1701 1558 2267 2262 2443 2760 1335
55.Ministry of Railway - - - - - - 1526
56.Ministry of Shipping 64 66 56 101 141 196 192
57.Ministry Civil Aviation and Tourism 2 6 6 6 8 18 78
58.Ministry of Post and Telecommunication 733 742 968 332 377 386 416
59.Bridges Division - - - - - 2 0
60.Interest on Domestic Debt 6246 7854 10621 12003 13255 13156 18145
61.Interest on Foreign Debt 1299 1300 1346 1311 1391 1422 1651
Total 38070 45502 57922 67603 78136 84188 102130
Source: Finance Division, Ministry of Finance. Note: Figures are based on revised budget.

Statistical Appendices | 333

 Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

Appendix-35.8: Revenue Budget

(Non-development Expenditure: 2012-13 to 2022-23)
(In crore Tk.)
Particulars 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16 2016-17 2017-18 2018-19 2019-20 2020-21 2021-22 2022-23*
1.President 12 13 15 20 19 22 23 24 26 27 28
2.National Parliament 134 164 200 238 294 298 298 315 312 314 306
3.Prime Minister 208 255 325 359 418 585 487 628 604 643 723
4.Cabinet Division 30 33 35 46 52 65 74 232 224 146 81
5.Election Commission 213 1146 249 849 340 348 1685 573 1005 1036 674
6.Ministry of Public Administration 910 1053 1224 1649 1788 1970 2177 2475 2634 2934 3191
7.Public Service Commission 26 32 31 39 44 52 47 68 69 75 86
8.Finance Division-loans and advances, except 7263 19734 22847 13369 23034 24404 63795 58145 73380 102788 115347
repayment of domestic loan and investment
9.Internal Resources Division 1157 1304 1177 1465 1682 1791 2037 2301 2406 2497 2669
10.Banking and Financial Institution Division 62 368 70 131 158 359 279 109 85 154 80
11.Economic Relations Division 157 116 147 203 226 233 244 291 275 6389 9473
12.Planning Division 41 45 52 66 65 69 73 85 80 76 69
13.IMED 14 14 16 28 39 52 37 50 30 52 54
14.Statistics and Informatics Division 130 155 169 197 156 165 182 219 205 232 206
15.Ministry of Foreign Affairs 683 697 789 837 1033 1173 1120 1512 1444 1466 1510
16.Tax Ombudsman Office - - - - - - - - - -
17.Local Government Division 1946 1917 2140 2481 2844 3690 3682 4317 4818 5164 5633
18.Rural Development and Cooperatives 258 316 334 426 471 481 514 592 605 786 621
Division
19.Ministry of Chittagong Hill tracts Affairs 257 270 261 271 301 329 320 354 371 385 441
20.Ministry of Defence (including other 13276 14934 17463 20241 22526 24438 26750 30969 31971 35298 34393
defence services)
21.Armed Forces Division 12 14 23 26 31 30 35 131 39 48 37
22.Law and Justice Division 542 629 688 883 915 975 1040 1198 1313 1435 1421
23.Supreme Court 81 103 111 135 168 168 180 199 187 224 209
24.Ministry of Home Affairs (Public Security 8302 10153 11638 14855 17451 20237 22231 20137 22067 23840 23580
Division+ SSD)
25.Anti-corruption Commission 37 47 63 74 77 83 89 113 110 124 133
26.Legislative and Parliament Affairs Division 9 12 13 20 23 26 35 31 32 35 33
27.Ministry of Primary and Mass Education 5537 7435 8084 11600 11535 12687 14154 14685 15259 19015 19918
28.Ministry of Education (SHED + TMED) 9290 11215 12055 16001 20669 21586 23768 25202 26254 28388 30653
29.Ministry of Science and Technology 199 211 232 351 396 445 480 530 542 563 578
30.Ministry of ICT 73 101 130 115 224 189 213 305 363 367 335
31.Ministry of Health and Family Welfare 5507 6139 6976 9690 9911 11314 12242 14432 17607 17180 17447
(HSD+ MEFWD)
32.Ministry of Social Welfare 1826 2031 2692 3137 4004 4625 5339 6633 7476 8570 9325
33.Ministry of Women and Children Affairs 1133 1174 1406 1624 2015 2408 2980 3125 3228 3300 3608
34.Ministry of Liberation Affairs 554 945 1429 2231 2748 3574 3711 3933 3994 6036 5816
35.Ministry of Food 815 902 791 1189 2703 1599 3391 4046 3895 5057 4842
36.Disaster Management and Relief Division 4202 4650 4740 5135 5480 5612 6162 6449 5297 5566 6233
37.Ministry of Housing and Public Works 899 953 1114 1271 1175 1272 1443 1613 1617 1755 1899
38.Ministry of Information 421 458 482 581 657 629 643 745 745 827 854
39.Ministry of Cultural Affairs 152 187 220 276 257 283 290 322 339 367 367
40.Ministry of Religious Affairs 147 150 168 196 212 225 247 276 221 279 314
41.Ministry of Youth and Sports 552 516 501 556 690 965 1193 1301 897 805 848
42.Energy and Mineral Resources Division 40 35 33 51 43 95 165 63 57 66 60
43.Power Division 6 7 11 18 29 63 43 42 36 47 41
44.Ministry of Agriculture 13726 10947 10846 9327 8604 8728 11951 11087 11813 15742 29705
45.Ministry of Fisheries and Livestock 541 606 660 846 840 937 984 1503 1547 1610 1668
46.Ministry of Environment and Forest 650 491 515 561 1494 548 789 816 623 671 720
47.Ministry of Land 557 617 681 883 941 1007 1101 1092 1136 1233 1331
48.Ministry of Water Resources 732 746 788 930 966 1371 1487 1671 1765 2047 2223
49.Ministry of Industries 280 126 253 235 256 498 293 336 331 270 254
50.Ministry of Textile and Jute 80 81 89 125 418 161 185 194 190 198 194
51.Ministry of Commerce 120 186 137 150 186 182 209 213 222 270 254
52.Ministry of Labour and Employment 54 49 71 100 76 92 111 114 162 139 187
53.Ministry of Expatriate Welfare & overseas 107 158 175 234 244 271 287 296 288 310 332
Employment
54.Roads Division 1829 2097 2264 2467 2674 3562 3563 4089 4357 4704 5300
55.Ministry of Railway 1590 1709 1878 2632 2704 3062 3387 3540 3508 3778 3882
56.Ministry of Shipping 252 237 248 420 522 552 632 724 717 764 776
57.Ministry Civil Aviation and Tourism 29 43 42 44 43 43 47 52 45 46 60
58.Ministry of Post and Telecommunication 420 534 529 750 1042 967 1002 1049 1038 1134 1127
59.Bridges Division 0 0 1 32 31 26 2 4 4 6 5
60.Interest on Domestic Debt 21604 24854 28187 30044 33495 35404 48377 52796 58500 62000 80691
61.Interest on Foreign Debt 1743 1686 1738 1625 1863 2516 2963 4868 5323 6589 9322
Total 111429 135800 155310 164335 193302 210578 282415 202349 323688
385867 442167
Source: Finance Division, Ministry of Finance., Note:* Figures are based on revised budget. Previous Non Development Expenditure is
termed as “Operating Expenditure’ in new Budget and Accounting Classification System

Statistical Appendices | 334

Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

Appendix - 36: Revised Annual Development Programme (Allocation and Expenditure)

(In crore Tk.)
FY Allocation Expenditure
Total Taka Project Aid Total Taka Project Aid
1976-77 1006 756 250 999 (99%) 810 (107%) 189 (76%)
1977-78 1203 816 387 1257 (104%) 889 (109%) 368 (95%)
1978-79 1603 1079 524 1483 (93%) 1077 (100%) 406 (77%)
1979-80 2330 1568 762 2082 (89%) 1492 (95%) 590 (77%)
1980-81 2369 1569 800 2364 (100%) 1633 (104%) 731 (91%)
1981-82 2715 1715 1000 2391 (88%) 1614 (94%) 777 (78%)
1982-83 3126 1812 1314 2688 (86%) 1657 (91%) 1031 (78%)
1983-84 3585 1932 1653 3006 (84%) 1905 (99%) 1101 (67%)
1984-85 3498 1933 1565 3167 (91%) 1875 (97%) 1292 (83%)
1985-86 4096 1912 2184 3628 (89%) 1882 (98%) 1746 (80%)
1986-87 4513 2025 2488 4439 (98% 1998 (99%) 2441 (98%)
1987-88 4651 2007 2644 4150 (89%) 2015 (100%) 2135 (81%)
1988-89 4596 1960 2636 4622 (101%) 1985 (101%) 2637 (100%)
1989-90 5103 1853 3250 5717 (112%) 2653 (143%) 3064 (94%)
1990-91 6126 2451 3675 5269 (86%) 2297 (94%) 2972 (81%)
1991-92 7150 3100 4050 6024 (84%) 2632 (85%) 3392 (84%)
1992-93 8121 3892 4229 6550 (81%) 3163 (81%) 3387 (80%)
1993-94 9600 5240 4360 8983 (94%) 4886 (93%) 4097 (94%)
1994-95 11150 6510 4640 10303 (92%) 5993 (92%) 4310 (93%)
1995-96 10447 5987 4460 10016 (96%) 6060 (101%) 3956 (89%)
1996-97 11700 6776 4924 11041 (94%) 6808 (100%) 4233 (86%)
1997-98 12200 7086 5114 11037 (90%) 6823 (96%) 4214 (82%)
1998-99 14000 8226 5774 12509 (89%) 7444 (90%) 5065 (88%)
1999-00 16500 9750 6750 15471 (94%) 9730 (100%) 5741 (85%)
2000-01 18200 10726 7474 16151 (89%) 10329 (96%) 5822 (78%)
2001-02 16000 9180 6820 14090 (88%) 8589 (94%) 5501 (81%)
2002-03 17100 10741 6359 15434 (90%) 10286 (96%) 5148 (81%)
2003-04 19000 12000 7000 16817 (89%) 11266 (94%) 5551 (79%)
2004-05 20500 14475 6025 18771 (92%) 13162 (91%) 5609 (93%)
2005-06 21500 14375 7125 19473 (91%) 13219 (92%) 6254 (88%)
2006-07 21600 13650 7950 17916 (83%) 11708 (86%) 6208(78%)
2007-08 22500 13550 8950 18455 (82%) 11480 (85%) 6975 (78%)
2008-09 23000 12800 10200 19668 (86%) 11755 (92%) 7913 (78%)
2009-10 28500 17200 11300 25917 (91%) 16405 (95%) 9512 (84%)
2010-11 35880 23950 11930 33007(92%) 23315 (97%) 9692 (81%)
2011-12 41080 26080 15000 38020 (93%) 25445 (98%) 12275 (84%)
2012-13 52366 33866 18500 50035 (96%) 33628 (99%) 16407 (89%)
2013-14 60000 38800 21200 56913 (95%) 38116 (98%) 18797 (89%)
2014-15 77836 50100 24900 71215 (91%) 46116 (92%) 22469 (90%)
2015-16 93905 64745 29160 87067 (92%) 61843 (96%) 25284 (87%)
2016-17 119296 77700 35797 107085 (90%) 72410 (93%) 28430 (86.%)
2017-18 157594 96331 52050 148176 (94%) 89155 (93%) 52337 (101%)
2018-19 167000 116000 51000 158269 (95%) 111165 (96%) 47104 (92%)
2019-20 192921 130921 62000 155698 (80%) 108172 (82%) 47526 (75%)
2020-21 197643 134643 63000 164482 (83 %) 111966 (83 %) 52516 (83 %)
2021-22 209977 137300 72677 193807(93%) 126468 (92 %) 67339 (93 %)
2022-23* 227566 153066 74500 94875 (42%) 56151 (37%) 38724 (52%)
Source: Programming Division, Planning Commission; IMED, Ministry of Planning,*Up to March 2023.
Note-1: Figures in parentheses indicate expenditure as percent of allocation, 2: Excluding own funded projects.

Statistical Appendices | 335

Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

Appendix 37.1: Sector wise Revised ADP Allocation (FY 1998-99 to FY 2004-05)
(In crore Tk.)
Economic Sector 1998-99 1999-00 2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05
1. Agriculture 664.92 814.30 837.90 773.46 747.75 774.35 664.01
2. Rural Development & Institutions (including FFW) 1412.48 2089.72 2219.40 1709.12 1870.82 2323.74 2796.79
3. Water Resources 1149.22 1311.42 1224.47 958.27 833.27 723.57 990.84
4. Industries 109.65 308.83 601.05 249.04 237.78 470.93 526.91
5. Power 1443.42 2005.28 2118.60 1909.84 2339.44 3092.18 3307.63
6. Oil, Gas and Natural Resources 609.65 684.27 440.36 481.77 663.42 877.24 954.68
7. Transport 2626.01 2796.39 3722.24 3230.05 3246.83 3388.15 3366.89
8. Communication 471.92 456.70 549.14 707.32 654.63 464.39 1176.88
9. Physical Planning, Water Supply & Housing 782.92 1123.48 1201.00 1176.59 1115.83 1095.76 1446.03
10. Education & Religious Affairs 1776.2 2004.50 2274.38 2171.38 2591.40 2429.49 2110.29
11. Sports & Culture 52.45 85.90 112.52 78.84 90.73 116.71 110.26
12. Health, Population & Family Welfare 1256.27 1452.23 1616.49 1442.53 1541.58 1972.75 1468.27
13. Mass Media 48.57 31.68 35.02 26.05 27.87 36.57 44.39
14. Social Welfare, Women Affairs & Youth Dev 168.76 179.99 188.98 173.37 219.95 187.51 185.98
15. Public Administration 149.20 163.86 164.13 135.90 135.98 187.47 256.42
16. Science & Technology 22.66 77.00 100.01 69.70 84.30 93.81 94.88
17. Labour & Employment 9.20 13.00 18.08 17.60 26.80 42.38 72.12
18. Block 1266.50 911.45 764.19 689.16 661.74 631.00 946.73
Total 14000.00 16500.00 18200.00 16000.00 17100.00 19000.00 20500.00
Source: IMED, Ministry of Planning, Programming Division, Planning Commission, RADP of different years.

Appendix 37.2: Sector wise Revised ADP Allocation (FY 2005-06 to FY 2012-13)
(In crore Tk.)
Economic Sector 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13
1. Agriculture 1092.81 1300.19 1350.36 1401.10 1766.28 2246.35 2541.34 2905.76
2. Rural Development & Institutions (including 3394.84 3427.43 3177.92 3584.06 4017.90 4565.26 5027.61 6712.47
FFW)
3. Water Resources 667.38 582.54 888.73 862.55 1192.98 1311.09 1420.46 1593.25
4. Industries 345.21 289.17 297.14 450.87 481.07 374.68 969.05 1915.25
5. Power 3397.12 2863.43 3097.32 2676.57 2644.26 5981.88 7208.10 8569.04
6. Oil, Gas and Natural Resources 349.96 144.26 459.02 199.70 1091.83 1054.86 738.82 1386.19
7. Transport 2995.28 3191.93 2590.24 2526.18 3784.96 5355.40 6193.24 8306.32
8. Communication 749.56 569.71 412.68 230.54 326.16 276.17 877.96 911.10
9. Physical Planning, Water Supply & Housing 1562.07 1559.10 1611.17 2477.31 2977.06 3293.54 4196.09 4881.32
10. Education & Religious Affairs 2864.73 2929.72 3060.47 3249.44 4481.29 5047.65 4829.06 6610.72
11. Sports & Culture 164.88 95.97 97.25 103.17 171.90 366.79 152.42 177.52
12. Health, Population & Family Welfare 2151.05 2402.85 2492.03 2742.58 3022.70 3162.08 3385.15 4027.31
13. Mass Media 20.89 28.53 60.13 39.09 82.40 92.10 86.25 52.04
14. Social Welfare, Women Affairs & Youth Dev 195.76 160.37 148.30 229.83 271.24 317.42 325.07 409.11
15. Public Administration 408.59 550.34 949.84 682.49 836.21 1003.81 982.44 1037.20
16. Science & Technology 97.82 129.59 147.36 140.43 154.07 147.37 139.74 299.20
17. Labour & Employment 88.31 70.30 104.87 116.60 34.38 39.38 130.97 282.75
18. Block 951.74 1304.58 1555.18 1287.04 1168.32 1244.17 1796.23 2289.45
Total 21500.00 21600.00 22500.00 23000.00 28500.00 35880.00 41000.00 52366
Source: IMED, Ministry of Planning, Programming Division, Planning Commission, RADP of different years.

Statistical Appendices | 336

Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

Appendix 37.3: Sector wise Revised ADP Allocation (FY 2012-13 to FY 2020-21)
(In Crore Tk.)
Economic Sector 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16 2016-17 2017-18 2018-19 2019-20 2020-21
1. Agriculture 2905.76 3511.76 4157.71 4410.05 5741.6 5283.52 6918.24 6623.53 7734.29
2. Rural Development
& Institutions (including 6712.47 6977.15 7840.09 9046.13 10761.43 16722 15154.25 15777.91 18289.7
FFW)
3. Water Resources 1593.25 1889.38 2035.92 2609.49 3342.11 4147.31 5000.87 6552.79 6708.93
4. Industries 1915.25 2727.14 1863.8 1711.35 974.12 1563.55 2046.27 3238.10 3500.09
5. Power 8569.04 8066.11 8223.71 15478.21 13447.57 22340.32 23225.36 23631.78 21945.17
6. Oil, Gas and Natural
1386.19 1912.66 1071.15 1068.17 1067.87 1346.48 2209.12 2417.07 1748.79
Resources
7. Transport 8306.32 10295.13 17361.9 19212.13 27360.23 37513.22 38099.58 47431.92 49212.86
8. Communication 911.1 786.67 1003.58 1434.82 1915.79 937.44 2021.01 1739.64 1537.33
9. Physical Planning,
4881.32 5383.35 7194.27 11092.38 14391.17 15146.83 20371.84 26839.25 26491.96
Water Supply & Housing
10. Education &
6610.72 7994.74 9026.65 10101.74 12845.97 14186.56 15468.65 20429.10 24571.96
Religious Affairs
11. Sports & Culture 177.52 265.92 166.92 261 314.19 318.61 653.66 587.93 484.5
12. Health, Population &
4027.31 4219.79 5041.61 5556.47 5655.33 9607.51 10902.07 10108.40 14921.9
Family Welfare
13. Mass Media 52.04 111.9 109.95 117.98 176 219.65 250.39 171.25 248.25
14. Social Welfare,
Women Affairs & Youth 409.11 451.31 409.04 424.48 347.19 431.86 649.71 798.06 875.29
Dev
15. Public
1037.2 1371.27 1703.35 2327.43 2344.55 2118.91 4964.3 5137.49 3377.52
Administration
16. Science &
299.2 1559.03 4628.82 1808.38 5472.04 12593.18 13353.63 16790.43 11575.66
Technology
17. Labour &
282.75 354.4 511.1 421.29 450.77 356.25 464.3 544.37 537.72
Employment
Block/Others 2289.45 2122.29 2650.43 3918.5 4092.07 3547.8 5246.75 4101.56 3881.24
Total 52366 60000 75000 91000 110700 148381 167000 192921 197643
Source: IMED, Ministry of Planning, Programming Division, Planning Commission, RADP of different years.

Appendix 37.4 : Sector wise Revised ADP Allocation (FY 2021-22 to FY 2022-23)
(In Crore Tk.)

Sector 2021-22 2022-23

1. General Government Services 3036.46 2921.26
2. Defence 988.11 1270.05
3. Public Order and Safety 3204.98 3609.77
4. Industry and Economic Services 7499.15 6982.14
5. Agriculture 7665.37 10143.57
6. Power and Energy 49408.89 44388.77
7. Transport and Communication 64926.81 72269.45
8. Local Government and Rural Development 14299.89 16465.02
9. Environment, Climate Change and Water Resources 8526.23 9859.25
10. Housing and Community Facilities 25351.53 26086.62
11. Health 17311.82 19277.87
12. Religion, culture and Recreation 2218.93 2376.91
13. Education 23177.96 29081.38
14. Science and Technology 3676.87 4233.74
15. Social Safety 1646.3 2569.73
Sub-total 232939.3 251634.3
Development support (Total) 3853.79 4369
Total 236793.1 256003.3
Source: IMED, Ministry of Planning, Programming Division, Planning Commission, RADP of different years.

Statistical Appendices | 337

Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

Appendix 38.1: Sector wise Revised ADP Expenditure (FY 1998-99 to FY 2004-05)
(In crore Tk.)
Economic Sector 1998-99 1999-00 2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05
1. Agriculture 608.27 724.80 731.38 622.91 639.82 678.79 587.04
2. Rural Development & Institutions (including FFW) 1268.00 1885.04 1967.90 1562.96 1725.78 2326.41 2505.59
3. Water Resources 876.73 1066.49 983.48 759.50 732.88 678.59 912.60
4. Industries 98.38 225.76 541.05 266.09 394.58 461.46 510.52
5. Power 1497.48 1994.82 1972.3 1700.37 2352.01 2903.14 3187.82
6. Oil, Gas and Natural Resources 583.62 668.34 399.65 430.57 685.42 859.29 844.62
7. Transport 2245.08 2690.46 3298.80 2799.60 2912.38 3034.12 3030.96
8. Communication 344.07 778.69 457.83 858.90 620.81 374.48 1049.47
9. Physical Planning, Water Supply & Housing 670.11 1083.83 1211.50 931.17 959.78 973.55 1359.56
10. Education & Religious Affairs 1693.47 1979.62 2147.96 2001.48 2373.97 2065.13 1975.59
11. Sports & Culture 46.27 83.91 109.56 74.79 82.54 96.21 105.59
12. Health, Population & Family Welfare 1020.27 1246.32 1178.28 1010.42 1149.01 1391.48 1389.38
13. Mass Media 47.45 31.24 34.44 18.30 25.38 24.86 15.62
14. Social Welfare, Women Affairs & Youth Dev 165.83 173.04 182.37 155.22 195.54 165.76 160.21
15. Public Administration 125.13 127.80 113.54 88.84 68.08 111.40 175.12
16. Science & Technology 21.64 75.00 83.16 49.13 75.48 67.69 68.33
17. Labour & Employment 8.60 12.12 16.23 15.83 23.83 39.89 59.55
Block 1167.66 503.40 810.69 644.09 617.02 543.89 822.42
Total 12508.86 15470.65 16240.17 14090.17 15434.31 16817.38 18770.33
Source: IMED, Ministry of Planning.

Appendix 38.2: Sector wise Revised ADP Expenditure (FY2005-06 to FY 2010-11)

(In crore Tk.)
Economic Sector 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11
1. Agriculture 1011.69 1050.04 1227.24 1235.20 1627.74 2093.36
2. Rural Development & Institutions (including 3081.74 3071.60 2780.37 3276.45 3640.94 4398.16
FFW)
3. Water Resources 626.34 410.53 688.61 805.72 1077.89 1155.26
4. Industries 319.00 222.29 247.31 412.53 452.39 344.78
5. Power 3159.34 2485.21 2449.46 2298.73 2024.54 6189.92
6. Oil, Gas and Natural Resources 315.20 132.35 259.77 210.88 1367.64 990.02
7. Transport 2784.54 2580.55 2011.46 1997.06 3242.26 3847.10
8. Communication 549.27 486.59 292.61 183.95 271.65 261.80
9. Physical Planning, Water Supply & Housing 1472.36 1229.74 1312.83 2263.65 2923.72 3062.41
10. Education & Religious Affairs 2692.54 2774.17 2872.19 3150.05 4305.30 4879.22
11. Sports & Culture 156.29 69.44 71.97 70.59 155.18 342.69
12. Health, Population & Family Welfare 1866.88 1786.32 2094.53 2110.76 2590.87 2865.20
13. Mass Media 11.32 18.00 47.67 9.99 80.40 88.59
14. Social Welfare, Women Affairs & Youth Dev 179.48 135.20 133.37 188.68 251.45 277.74
15. Public Administration 246.50 309.28 595.11 473.25 639.32 820.59
16. Science & Technology 83.52 85.39 119.04 123.77 143.77 137.91
17. Labour & Employment 85.36 57.15 71.66 93.65 30.40 34.49
Block 831.54 1011.40 1179.87 795.83 1091.90 1218.20
Total 19472.90 17916.26 18455.08 19700.76 25917.35 33007.43
Source: IMED, Ministry of Planning.

Statistical Appendices | 338

Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

Appendix 38.3: Sector wise Revised ADP Expenditure

(FY 2011-12 to FY 2020-21) (In crore Tk.)

Economic Sector 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16 2016-17 2017-18 2018-19 2019-20 2020-21
1. Agriculture 2423.37 2696.17 3420.05 3927.78 4867.51 5506.41 4865.70 6538.20 5,670.78 6,893.2
2. Rural Development
& Institutions 4905.58 6771.38 7138.77 8399.26 8924.60 10669.09 16188.62 14787.78 13,776.63 15,981.43
(including FFW)
3. Water Resources 1268.4 1593.42 1833.62 1922.27 2482.45 3030.41 3876.55 5199.03 5,158.40 5,462.9
4. Industries 932.95 1713.71 2374.66 1366.53 1356.58 1031.46 1406.38 2036.37 5,513.57 3,847.26
5. Power 7179.65 8868.01 7843.99 8230.78 15558.46 18136.89 25743.92 25114.53 23,905.04 23,084.89
6. Oil, Gas and
746.02 1629.82 1832.38 1879.71 2008.34 2435.90 1332.47 5550.78 3,152.59 3,075.78
Natural Resources
7. Transport 5364.03 8208.10 10197.61 13701.29 16660.23 21657.86 34717.99 38683.48 39,542.16 43,601.36
8. Communication 839.65 685.81 631.62 1237.72 1764.13 2269.82 567.12 1830.31 1465.19 1,107.68
9. Physical Planning,
Water Supply & 4000.82 4325.37 5085.47 8325.17 12564.44 16118.00 14673.40 20759.13 20105.23 21,687.32
Housing
10. Education &
4660.74 6461.72 7954.45 8840.21 9957.88 11773.89 12587.39 14934.03 15,434.95 20,290.46
Religious Affairs
11. Sports & Culture 132.87 172.79 262.51 162.75 252.87 300.44 324.95 689.80 458.00 367.23
12. Health, Population
2966.33 3508.84 3717.52 4128.24 4438.29 4382.74 8470.54 9323.81 7,257.50 9,003.79
& Family Welfare
13. Mass Media 56.84 53.96 106.23 102.00 119.78 149.02 187.34 207.79 112.93 87.68
14. Social Welfare,
Women Affairs & 292.13 391.21 408.62 342.93 382.11 314.34 386.14 588.42 500.97 678.63
Youth Dev
15. Public
716.59 880.80 895.62 1174.12 1195.07 1895.64 1302.09 4928.91 3,739.16 2,412.28
Administration
16. Science &
124.83 260.51 1413.66 4584.38 1959.82 4806.82 12245.46 13150.91 13,051.52 11,567.72
Technology
17. Labour &
104.44 295.81 336.01 484.13 355.03 282.79 268.94 396.80 427.64 428.35
Employment
Block 1304.63 1518.53 1460.76 2405.81 2219.75 2323.00 2404.22 2465.99 2,468.35 2,257.81
Total 38019.9 50035.27 56913.45 71215.08 87067.34 107084.55 14154930 167186.08 1,61,740.61 1,71,835.77
Source: IMED, Ministry of Planning.

Appendix 38.4: Sector wise Revised ADP Expenditure (FY 2021-22) (In Crore Tk.)

Sector 2021-22
1. General Government Services 1990.55
2. Defence 997.32
3. Public Order and Safety 2810.71
4. Industry and Economic Services 7430.74
5. Agriculture 6758.75
6. Power and Energy 42439.82
7. Transport and Communication 55723.78
8. Local Government and Rural Development 15042.16
9. Environment, Climate Change and Water Resources 8825.81
10. Housing and Community Facilities 22805.00
11. Health 13362.52
12. Religion, culture and Recreation 2595.20
13. Education 15980.41
14. Science and Technology 2259.93
15. Social Safety 1710.08
Total development assistance of 9 areas 2915.97
Subtotal 203648.49
Development assistance for special needs -
Total Allocation: 203648.49
Source: IMED, Ministry of Planning.

Statistical Appendices | 339

Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

Appendix-39.1: Economic Classification of Revenue Expenditure

(1989-90 to 1996-97)
(In crore Tk.)
Classification 1989-90 1990-91 1991-92 1992-93 1993-94 1994-95 1995-96 1996-97
1. Expenditure on goods and 4038.2 4294.6 4774.8 5459.2 5991.1 6735.7 7323.5 7597.4
services
1.1 Pay and Allowances 2251.3 2307.4 2810.7 339.5 3598.2 3958.2 4207.6 4391.5
1.2 Operation and maintenance 277.6 319.1 434.8 548.3 663.7 780.7 828.0 837.1
1.3 Works 240.2 250.8 235.6 252.0 183.3 185.0 200.0 210.0
1.4 Other-contingencies 1269.1 1417.3 1293.7 1319.4 1545.9 1811.8 2087.9 2158.8
2. Interest payments 662.1 854.6 1107.6 1025.0 1067.8 1206.1 1739.7 1755.5
2.1 Domestic 285.1 417.1 634.4 550.0 519.0 606.1 1039.7 1080.0
2.2 Foreign 377.0 437.5 473.2 475.0 548.8 600.0 700.0 675.5
3. Subsidies and other current 2296.4 2391.8 2248.1 2231.0 2331.2 2727.7 3177.6 3480.1
transfers
3.1 Subsidy on food grains 631.4 372.7 343.6 153.4 149.0 248.0 273.0 294.0
3.2 Other subsidies 309.4 397.3 245.8 133.8 92.6 47.6 11.6 188.6
3.3 VGD and test Relief 282.2 387.0 277.5 295.0 261.5 325.0 415.0 471.0
3.4 Operational deficit 166.1 173.0 155.0 129.7 122.6 118.0 194.8 114.9
ofdepartmental enterprises
Railway (139.4) (149.1) (125.8) (99.5) (95.0) (90.0) (158.8) (89.3)
Post Office (26.7) (23.9) (29.2) (30.2) (27.6) (28.0) (36.0) (25.6)
3.5 Transfers to local govt. 50.0 53.9 54.5 55.4 56.3 73.0 70.9 71.3
3.6 Grants-in-aid and other transfer 684.9 783.7 831.6 1057.6 1179.2 1356.1 1563.9 1630.1
payment
3.7 Pension and retirement benefits 169.4 224.1 340.0 405.2 470.0 560.0 648.4 710.0
(receipts)
4. Unallocated 0.7 63.2 23.2 22.2 45.8 18.1 37.3 27.0
Total 6997.4 7604.2 8153.6 8736.6 9446.9 10687.6 12278.1 12860.0
5. Deduct:
5.1 Recoveries 91.0 120.9 98.6 96.9 174.2 269.6 269.4 210.0
5.2 Deficits of departmental 166.0 173.1 155.0 129.7 1226.6 118.0 194.8 114.9
enterprises
Net receipts 6740.0 7310.2 7900.0 8510.0 9150.1 10300.0 11813.9 12534.9

Source: Finance Division, Ministry of Finance. Note: Figures are based on revised budget.

Statistical Appendices | 340

Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

Appendix-39.2: Economic Classification of Non-Development Expenditure

(FY 1997-98 to FY 2002-03)

(In crore Tk.)

Particulars 1997-98 1998-99 1999-00 2000-01 2001-02 2002-03
Pay and Allowances 4645 5100 5715 5949 6801 7282
Pay of Officers 527 551 586 612 637 702
Pay of Staff 2230 2434 2529 2644 2996 3122
Allowances 1888 2115 2600 2693 3168 3458

Goods and Services 2045 2256 2456 2839 3452 4265

Supply and Services 1425 1440 1641 1974 2421 3052
Repair and maintenance 620 816 815 865 1031 1213

Payment of Interest 2319 2946 3554 4126 4520 5574

Domestic 1594 2221 2769 3306 3585 4617
Foreign 725 725 785 820 935 957

Subsidies and current transfers 3829 4850 4846 5578 5915 7084
Subsidies 553 433 594 544 681 1463
Grants-in-aid 2467 3322 3126 3615 3648 3931
Subscription to the international 27 17 18 20 22 23

organizations -- -- -- -- -- 0

Write-off of Loan Advances 782 1078 1108 1399 1564 1667

Pension and gratuity

Block 779 643 914 1238 1231 566
Unexpected -- -- 100 90 81 100
Other -- -- 814 1148 1150 466

Procurement of assets & public works 1162 1024 1014 1023 1106 1053
Procurement of assets 922 786 709 758 831 801
Purchase of land 11 15 44 5 38 15
Construction and works 229 242 261 260 237 237

Total: 14779 16819 18499 20753 23025 25824

Deduction-recovery 73 54 55 91 333 517
Extraordinary expenditure 206 -- -- -- -- --

Net: 14500 16765 18444 20662 22692 25307

Source: Finance Division, Ministry of Finance. Note: Figures are based on revised budget
.

Statistical Appendices | 341

Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

Appendix-39.3: Economic Classification of Non-Development Expenditure

(FY 2003-04 to FY 2010-11)

(In crore Tk.)
Particulars 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11
Pay and Allowances 7913 8762 10122 12883 13660 15106 17047 20479
Pay of Officers 763 860 1050 1153 1186 1249 1839 2072
Pay of Staff 3217 3637 4952 5508 5815 5772 8331 8636
Allowances 3933 4265 4120 6222 6659 8085 6877 9771
Goods and Services 4880 5794 6203 6291 8024 9164 9693 10943
Supply and Services 3310 3544 3832 4314 5327 6601 6926 7891
Repair and maintenance 1570 2250 2371 1977 2697 2563 2767 3052

Payment of Interest 5842 6503 7545 9154 11967 13314 14646 14578
Domestic 4841 5303 6246 7854 10621 12003 13255 13156
Foreign 1001 1200 1299 1300 1346 1311 1391 1422
Subsidies and current 8186 10437 11073 14274 19524 25889 27932 32260
transfers 1348 2157 1730 3172 5929 8373 7643 9411
Subsidies 4897 6148 7104 8138 10132 13853 16437 18753
Grants-in-aid 24 25 28 34 37 43 86 88
Subscription to the int.org. 0 1 1 2 3 3 3 3
Write-off of Loan Advances 1917 2106 2210 2928 3423 3617 3763 4005
Pension and gratuity - - - - - - - -
others
Block 441 634 621 521 447 421 598 641
Unexpected 200 171 50 139 64 183 323 315
Other 241 463 571 382 383 238 326
275
Deduct
Recoveries 455 540 759 1059 1370 1218 1205 1798
Acquisition of Assets & 1583 1733 1813 1676 1981 2375 2851 3817
Works 1238 1343 1440 1380 1622 1804 2416 3372
Acquisition of assets 8 48 26 53 78 279 93 50
Acquisition of land 337 342 347 243 281 292 342 395
Construction and works
Invest. in Shares and Equities 183 347 439 672 3192 2074 5566 2257
Share Capital 7 27 4 176 2439 349 2646 207
Equity Investment 66 166 125 75 95 215 1900 300
Investment for 110 49 273 421 198 1500 1000 1050
Recapitalisation
0 105 37 0 460 10 20 700
Others
Development Programme 210 994 1013 1000 497 478 1009 1011
under Revenue Budget
203 411 388 168 237 244 764 790
Detail Estimates
7 583 625 832 260 234 245 221
Block Allocation
Total- Non-development 28783 34664 38070 45412 57922 67603 78137 84188
Expenditure
Source: Finance Division, Ministry of Finance.
Note: Figures are based on revised budget.

Statistical Appendices | 342

Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

Appendix-39.4: Economic Classification of Non-Development Expenditure

(FY 2011-12 to FY 2021-22)

(In crore Tk)
Particulars 2011-12 2012- 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16 2016-17 2017-18 2018- 2019- 2020- 2021-22 2022-23*
13 19 20 21
Pay and Allowances 21522 22530 27507 29350 42489 49747 53210 57994 61109 65617 71537 73173
Pay of Officers 2161 2460 2864 3188 6214 6706 7245 7659 9106 10260 10999 11474
Pay of Staff 9231 9243 9879 10520 20290 20047 20926 22751 23460 24650 26275 26939
Allowances 10130 10827 14764 15642 15985 22994 25039 27584 28543 30707 34263 34760
Goods and Services 11653 13847 16324 17385 19283 23004 26656 31032 32435 34120 34980 38954
Supply and Services 8560 9984 12141 12666 14141 17251 18896 22569 24298 25196 25300 28505
Repair and 3093 3863 4183 4719 5142 5753 7760 2063 8137 8924 9680 10449
maintenance
Payment of Interest 19796 23347 26540 29865 31669 35358 37920 48742 57663 63823 71244 90013
Domestic 18145 21604 24854 28187 30044 33495 35404 45275 52795 58500 65000 80691
Foreign 1651 1743 1686 1678 1625 1863 2516 3467 4868 5323 6244 9322
Subsidies and current 37653 42746 45168 50482 56659 69763 75512 107240 122083 136520 159995 185655
transfers
Subsidies 46151 77196
12263 16808 15465 16516 12885 15330 17329 30901 31981 48451
Grants-in-aid 20218 20276 22765 25235 32542 41688 41730 47205 51500 58616 67794 60552
Subscription to the 113 118 111 113 76 67 - - - - - -
int.org.
- -
Write-off of Loan
Advances 4 4 4 4 4 4 - - - - 15225
14025
Pension and gratuity 5042 5533 6816 8607 11145 12667 13686 26527 27088 27585 29136
28536
others 13 7 7 7 7 7 2767 - 11514 1868
3489 3546

Block 1199 423 457 289 279 282 530 2139 1617 2467 2816 2564
Unexpected 871 179 179 30 29 0 176 276 846 1822 2299 2000
Other 328 244 278 259 250 282 354 1863 771 645 517 564
Deduction receipt 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Acquisition of Assets 4343 5018 6446 8231 8623 11732 14684 16987 18829 18482 21344 16536
& Works 3768 4085 4829 6456 6381 7993 13468 15270 17756 17420 20099 15800
Acquisition of assets 72 48 461 193 295 808 1216 1717 1079 1062 1245 736
Acquisition of land 503 885 1156 1582 1947 2931 - - - - - -
Construction and
works
Invest. in Shares and 4820 2717 12463 13797 3248 3046 2066 1994 1544 2614 4667 7558
Equities
896 1751 7020 7472 1023 521 2066 1994 1499 2614 4667 7558
Share Capital
800 400 350 1300 400 500 - - - - -
Equity Investment
700 541 5068 5000 1800 2000 - - - - -
Investment for
Recapitalisation 2424 25 25 25 25 25 - - 45 - -
-
Others -
Development 1144 801 893 786 585 370 - - - - - -
Programme under
Revenue Budget 539 550 731 594 507 276 - - - - - -
Detail Estimates 605 251 162 192 78 94 - - - - - -
Block Allocation
Total- Non- 102130 111429 135800 150185 162835 193302 210578 266728 295280 323688 366583 414453
development
Expenditure
Source: Finance Division, Ministry of Finance.
Note: Figures are based on revised budget.

Statistical Appendices | 343

Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

Appendix-40: Money Supply and its Components

(In crore Tk.)
Year Currency Demand Narrow Time Broad % of % of demand % of time
(June outside deposits money deposits money currency deposits in deposits in
Balance) Banks supply supply outside bank money money
(M1) (M2) (4+5) in money supply supply
(2+3) supply
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
1973-74 331 414 745 499 1244 26.61 33.28 40.11
1974-75 290 509 799 460 1259 23.03 40.43 36.54
1975-76 330 552 882 515 1397 23.62 39.51 36.86
1976-77 356 616 972 767 1739 20.47 35.42 44.11
1977-78 504 720 1224 917 2141 23.54 33.63 42.83
1978-79 613 911 1524 1235 2759 22.22 33.02 44.76
1979-80 693 1038 1731 1513 3244 21.36 32 46.64
1980-81 915 1071 1986 2150 4136 22.12 25.89 51.98
1981-82 878 1135 2013 2537 4550 19.3 24.95 55.76
1982-83 1139 1495 2634 3264 5898 19.31 25.35 55.34
1983-84 1556 1994 3550 4836 8386 18.55 23.78 57.67
1984-85 1723 2509 4232 6302 10534 16.36 23.82 59.83
1985-86 1953 2975 4928 7410 12338 15.83 24.11 60.06
1986-87 2075 3188 5263 9090 14353 14.46 22.21 63.33
1987-88 2415 2633 5048 11360 16408 14.72 16.05 69.23
1988-89 2616 2845 5461 13617 19078 13.71 14.91 71.38
1989-90 3188 3181 6369 15929 22298 14.3 14.27 71.44
1990-91 3612 3592 7204 17801 25005 14.45 14.37 71.19
1991-92 4073 4185 8258 20269 28527 14.28 14.67 71.05
1992-93 4480 4583 9063 22473 31536 14.21 14.53 71.26
1993-94 5416 5751 11167 25236 36403 14.88 15.8 69.32
1994-95 6565 6614 13179 29033 42212 15.55 15.67 68.78
1995-96 7123 7336 14459 31231 45691 15.59 16.06 68.35
1996-97 7575 7592 15167 35461 50628 14.96 15 70.04
1997-98 8153 7735 15889 39981 55869 14.59 13.85 71.56
1998-99 8687 8563 17249 45777 63027 13.78 13.59 72.63
1999-00 10176 9705 19881 54881 74762 13.61 12.98 73.41
2000-01 11478 10869 22347 64827 87174 13.17 12.47 74.36
2001-02 12531 11630 24161 74455 98616 12.71 11.79 75.5
2002-03 13902 12842 26743 87251 113995 12.2 11.27 76.54
2003-04 15811 14689 30500 99274 129774 12.18 11.32 76.5
2004-05 18518 17028 35546 116042 151588 12.22 11.23 76.55
2005-06 22862 20272 43134 138022 181156 12.62 11.19 76.19
2006-07 26644 24006 50650 161336 211986 12.57 11.32 76.11
2007-08 32690 26625 59315 189480 248795 13.14 10.7 76.16
2008-09 36049 30378 66427 230073 296500 12.16 10.25 77.6
2009-10 46157 41831 87988 275043 363031 12.71 11.52 75.76
2010-11 54795 48306 103101 337419 440520 12.44 10.97 76.6
2011-12 58417 51304 109721 407388 517110 11.3 9.92 78.78
2012-13 67553 56050 123603 479902 603505 11.19 9.29 79.52
2013-14 76908 64737 141645 558978 700623 10.98 9.24 79.78
2014-15 87941 72873 160814 626800 787614 11.17 9.25 79.58
2015-16 122075 90356 212431 703947 916378 13.32 9.86 76.82
2016-17 137532 102547 240078 775998 1016076 13.54 10.09 76.37
2017-18 140918 113976 254894 855087 1109981 12.7 10.27 77.04
2018-19 154287 119006 273293 946318 1219612 12.65 9.76 77.59
2019-20 192115 136149 328264 1045471 1373735 13.98 9.91 76.1
2020-21 209518 166311 375829 1185067 1560896 13.42 10.65 75.92
2021-22 236449 189456 425905 1282218 1708122 13.84 11.09 75.07
2022-23* 257668 179631 437298 1325734 1763032 14.62 10.19 75.20
Source: Bangladesh Bank. * Up to February 2023.

Statistical Appendices | 344

 Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

Appendix-41.1: Bank Advances Classified by Economic Purposes

(June 2005 to June 2012)
(In crore Tk.)
Economic Sector June'05 June'06 June'07 June’08 June’09 June’10 June'11 June'12

a) Agriculture, forestry & 10675 11353 10903 12226 13754 15569 19655 20930
fisheries 19952 24476 30108 36864 45126 54265 73464 85798
b) Manufacturing (other than
working capital financing) 22069 25799 28510 32833 35669 38516 47060 50007
c) Working capital financing 7456 8668 10513 11675 14392 18192 24306 32189
d) Construction 6 3 15 5 24 62 0 0
e) Electricity, gas & sanitary
services 1384 1960 2870 3955 3579 3524 3675 4954
f) Transport and communication 779 919 675 518 626 638 118384 145856
g) Storage 39493 43760 48621 64048 74045 97170 17861 20976
h) Trade 9998 12227 14358 19429 21833 29507 16879 25222
i) Miscellaneous
total 111732 129165 146573 181553 209049 257443 321285 385933
Source: Bangladesh Bank.

Appendix-41.2: Bank Advances Classified by Economic Purposes

(June 2013 to December 2022)
(In crore Tk.)

Economic Sector June’13 June’14 June’15 June’16 June’17 June’18 June’19 June’20 June’21 June’22 Dec’22
a) a) agriculture,
22971 25952 29450 34361 37782 42912 45835 48342 53699 62767 66967
forestry & fisheries
b) Industry 10523
96137 79393 95510 129393 159383 191847 215777 236985 262619 272942
0
c) Working capital 12869
57048 85973 98825 147793 182714 197599 223336 237659 270757 270215
financing 5
d) Construction 38705 40729 44030 54196 65247 78681 91236 93622 96053 105942 111162
e) Trasport and
5853 5312 4058 4762 5091 7361 7598 14095 13550 11197 11703
communication
f) Trade and 22259
156337 184922 195666 258408 288695 322122 353598 384265 441861 484406
Commerce 3
g) Consumer
28022 28731 52259 53202 55670 60701 68759 66492 86179 106423 128879
Financing
h) Miscellaneous 19732 18572 16350 5538 22301 26568 33033 33426 30456 37093 41429
Total 426166 469583 536148 621557 721685 847015 958029 1048688 1138846 1298659 1387704
Source: Bangladesh Bank.

Statistical Appendices | 345

 Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

Appendix-42.1: Bank Advances Classified by Sectors (June 2005 to June 2012)

(In crore Tk.)
Economic Sector June'05 June'06 June'07 June’08 June’09 June’10 June’11 June’12
1. Public Sector 6886 7463 6687 6479 8467 9878 11922 10270
a) Government 324 415 370 400 499 217 336 317
b) Autonomous & semi-autonomous 214 76 490 79 1703 2124 1113 2097
bodies
c) Financial institutions (excluding 4 2 17 0 17 0 0 0
Deposit Money Banks)
d) Non-financial institutions 6298 6957 5792 5984 6235 7527 10466 7851
e) Local authorities 46 32 18 16 13 10 7 5
2. Private Sector 104846 121702 139886 175073 200582 247565 309363 375663
a) Farmers and fishermen 10309 11782 11416 12875 13827 15932 20548 21791
b) Manufacturing companies 41678 50368 60368 75030 88696 104654 104717 122544
c) Trade and commerce 32064 35268 39496 50467 56467 74829 5123 6712
d) Transport companies 1156 1450 1480 1505 1864 2549 28165 39119
e) Construction companies 2404 2947 3430 3834 4717 6128 16010 18720
f) Storage companies 744 416 257 160 121 98 93656 108952
g) Trust Fund and non-profitable 31 77 76 1 91 95 111 139
organizations
h) Private financial institutions (except 2353 1083 2812 3728 3647 6237 8917 10922
Deposit Money Banks)
i) Personal (professional and self- 7590 9886 10684 12030 14363 18327 30676 39407
employed persons)
j) Others 6517 15888 9867 1443 16789 18716 1441 7356
Total: 111732 129165 146573 181553 209049 257443 321285 385933
Source: Bangladesh Bank.

Appendix-42.2: Bank Advances Classified by Sectors (June 2013 to December 2022)

(In crore Tk.)
Economic Sector June’ June’ June’ June’ June’ June’ June’ June’ June’ June’ Dec’
13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 22*
1. Public Sector 11232 8381 9882 8072 8607 12693 14083 19541 21453 33644 40254
a) Government 269 527 454 429 267 766 1202 468 855 1481 561
b) Autonomous bodies 2623 1142 1479 1232 2110 3314 3164 2935 3666 8946 13178
c) Financial institutions 0 10 0 65 0 213 200 200 827 984 1022
d) Non-financial
8339 6698 7945 6347 6230 8399 9517 15938 16106 22233 25493
institutions
e) Local authorities 0 4 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
2. Private Sector 413573 461202 526266 613484 713078 834323 943946 1029147 1117392 1265015 1347450
f) Farmers and fishermen 22001 8817 15354 19457 11305 8725 10474 10203 11170 12870 20169
g) Manufacturing
134957 159840 170534 197859 242846 297389 337282 389119 422834 472448 494008
companies
h) Gas/Electricity/Power
6827 8043 7877 8274 11009 15782 19778 21430 25531 32777 34760
generating companies
i) Service industries 46789 55494 61352 79236 90448 105920 121321 130455 142191 153226 152118
j) Agro-based and agro
22191 18616 25630 37577 41654 51251 57575 65237 68335 79520 78168
processing industries
k) Trade and Commerce 118304 126592 143169 161946 184301 204408 228960 236614 253045 279547 304599
l) Trust Fund and non-
profitable 195 167 551 563 716 1060 714 327 370 411 188
organizations
m) Private financial
11726 14486 15508 20720 24333 27199 33669 34054 30517 38061 40558
institutions
n) Individuals 47018 62577 83418 85096 103698 120058 131483 138104 159556 191476 219104
o) Others 2856 6570 2873 2756 2768 2532 2691 3604 3843 4678 3779
Total: 424804 469583 536148 621557 721685 847015 958029 1048688 1138846 1298659 1387704
Source: Bangladesh Bank.*Provisional

Statistical Appendices | 346

Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

Appendix-43: Domestic Credit through Banking System

(In crore Tk.)
Year Net Credit to Gross credit to other Total credit to Gross credit to Total domestic
(June Balance) Government public sector public sector (2+3) private sector credit (4+5)

1 2 3 4 5 6
1974-75 627 588 1215 289 1504
1975-76 721 689 1410 346 1756
1976-77 731 736 1467 516 1983
1977-78 824 925 1749 723 2472
1978-79 856 1236 2092 926 3018
1979-80 1042 1511 2553 1396 3949
1980-81 1663 1847 3510 1763 5273
1981-82 1662 2435 4097 2365 6462
1982-83 1606 2463 4069 3098 7167
1983-84 2069 2552 4621 4914 9535
1984-85 1988 3230 5218 6890 12108
1985-86 1853 3973 5826 8356 14182
1986-87 1979 4355 6334 8974 15308
1987-88 1820 4360 6180 10896 17076
1988-89 1373 4634 6007 13359 19366
1989-90 2017 5011 7028 16005 23033
1990-91 2188 5357 7545 17823 25368
1991-92 3626 5643 9269 17939 27208
1992-93 3922 6034 9956 19318 29274
1993-94 3808 5619 9427 20973 30400
1994-95 4509 5796 10305 30023 40328
1995-96 6310 5689 11999 34870 46869
1996-97 8017 6122 14139 38948 53087
1997-98 9272 6492 15764 44206 59970
1998-99 11264 6310 17574 51125 68698
1999-00 14790 6509 21299 56521 77819
2000-01 17694 7694 25388 65659 91046
2001-02 20262 7580 27843 74554 102397
2002-03 19028 7594 26621 84028 110649
2003-04 21899 9018 30917 95869 126786
2004-05 25583 11239 36822 112016 148838
2005-06 30903 14561 45463 132318 177781
2006-07 35284 16046 51329 152177 203506
2007-08 45193 10162 55355 190136 245491
2008-09 56794 10920 67714 217927 285641
2009-10 52716 12814 65530 270761 336291
2010-11 73228 16952 90180 340713 430893
2011-12 91729 15342 107071 407902 514973
2012-13 110125 9455 119580 452157 571737
2013-14 117529 12737 130266 507640 637906
2014-15 110257 16670 126927 574599 701527
2015-16 114220 16051 130271 671009 801280
2016-17 97334 17280 114614 776057 890670
2017-18 94895 19200 114095 907532 1021627
2018-19 113273 23356 136629 1010256 1146885
2019-20 181151 29215 210366 1097268 1307634
2020-21 221026 30018 251044 1188855 1439899
2021-22 283315 37199 320513 1351236 1671749
2022-23* 309866 43250 353116 1434069 1787185
Source: Bangladesh Bank, *Up to February 2023.

Statistical Appendices | 347

Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

Appendix-44.1: Bank Deposits

(In crore Tk.)
Type of account June'07 June’08 June’09 June’10 June’11 June’12 June’13
1) Fixed deposit 76968 94896 124678 139022 185664 240280 298062
a. 3 months to less than 6 months 16649 20916 31491 37878 61409 91233 128963
b. 6 months to less than 1 year 9698 12759 14453 14899 20021 24057 25327
c. 1 year to less than 2 years 34645 40288 50148 54192 63198 73633 80627
d. 2 years to less than 3 years 7164 8411 11619 16480 16405 12866 13813
e. 3 years and over 08812 12522 16967 15574 24631 38491 49332
2) Current deposits 19749 22653 25110 33012 41501 42379 45468
3) Deposit withdrawable on sight 3041 3850 4386 8211 6633 7881 7985
4) Saving deposits 48957 54948 61080 76081 86030 93016 99316
5) Convertible taka a/c of foreigners - 542 914 706 730 1496 1243
6) Foreign currency account - 976 1679 2591 2638 3729 3091
7) Deposits of wage earners - 1701 1715 1438 2159 1708 1356
8) Foreign currency account of - 2362 1812 1945 2194 3255 5651
residents
9) Short-term deposits 24888 20720 25447 36513 37857 40106 45797
10) Deposit pension scheme 16692 18571 21268 24375 28379 30325 40942
11) Margin deposits - 2929 3155 4652 6148 7125 7072
12) Special purpose deposits - 6180 6626 8037 9978 13363 14413
13) Negotiable certificate of deposits 1137 1250 1497 1323 1665 1709 1670
14) Restricted/blocked Deposits - 26 23 14 10 34 40
15) Foreign currency account of non- 3681 - - - - - -
residents
16) Convertible taka a/c of non- 92 - - - - - -
residents
Total deposits 195205 231605 279391 337920 411586 486407 572108
Source: Bangladesh Bank.

Appendix-44.2: Bank Deposits

(In crore Tk.)
Type of account June’14 June’15 June’16 June’17 June’18 June’19 June’20 June’21 June’22 Dec’22*
1) Fixed deposit 349474 382536 410762 423216 471384 526071 565625 640843 684624 691431
a. 3 months to less
141002 152295 167851 175765 192063 184843 201009 213160 259504 266413
than 6 months
b. 6 months to less
33678 41665 41355 43056 53996 83399 81987 99716 97518 97751
than 1 year
c. 1 year to less than 2
105697 116212 123464 125398 148423 180474 184514 223880 238325 234994
years
d. 2 years to less than 3
12543 9556 10514 9548 9590 9266 11415 15787 10968 17030
years
e. 3 years and over 56554 62808 67580 69449 67312 68088 86700 88301 78310 75245
2) Current deposits 50418 59936 87835 84777 87711 93084 108081 131287 146133 144608
3) Deposit withdrawable
10114 12391 15008 17715 22358 23250 22635 24097 28771 22963
on sight
4) Saving deposits 108204 135290 164698 188647 204358 228539 265952 310943 359223 353912
5) Convertible taka a/c
1325 1644 1387 1184 1253 1355 3089 1318 2378 2414
of foreigners
6) Foreign currency
2568 2410 3796 4139 6398 7651 5348 4837 5267 6816
account
7) Deposits of wage
1870 1788 2284 2223 3526 3778 4376 1803 2374 3281
earners
8) Foreign currency
4988 6859 6495 8309 9403 12075 15189 19483 21250 21771
account of residents
9) Short-term deposits 51157 57478 73853 99313 109994 111914 131124 146985 144618 152045
10) Deposit pension
42715 56045 66573 74361 80430 89572 98708 109735 116021 110508
scheme
11) Margin deposits 6730 7873 8564 8942 11474 13322 13952 13542 23185 33732
12) Special purpose
18181 19551 24158 25889 26732 27720 28609 33399 38682 43457
deposits
13) Negotiable
1662 1784 1806 1706 1576 1456 1430 1418 1241 1019
certificate of deposits
14) Restricted/blocked
34 22 35 35 45 46 47 72 56 54
Deposits
15) Foreign currency
account of non-residents
- - - - - - - - - -
16) Convertible taka a/c
of non-residents
- - - - - - - - - -
Total deposits 649440 745606 847454 940458 1036641 1139832 1264167 1439763 1573823 1588011
Source: Bangladesh Bank. *Provisional

Statistical Appendices | 348

Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

Appendix 45: Monetary Survey

(In crore Tk.)
Assets Liabilities
Fiscal Net Net Claims Claims Claims on Other Broad Narrow Currency Demand Time
Foreign Domestic on Govt. on Private items Money Money outside Deposit Deposits
Year
Assets Assets (Net) other Sector (Net) Supply Supply Bank including
Public (Net) (M2) (M1) Foreign
Sector Currency
(Net) Deposits
1974-75 179 1080 626 587 289 -423 1259 799 290 509 460
1975-76 -15 1412 721 689 346 -345 1397 882 330 552 515
1976-77 113 1627 731 736 516 -356 1740 973 356 616 767
1977-78 29 2112 824 925 723 -361 2141 1224 504 720 917
1978-79 216 2544 856 1236 926 -474 2760 1525 613 911 1235

1979-80 -41 3286 1042 1511 1396 -664 3245 1732 693 1038 1513
1980-81 -361 4497 1663 1847 1763 -776 4136 1986 915 1071 2150
1981-82 -1130 5679 1662 2435 2365 -784 4549 2012 878 1135 2537
1982-83 -457 6355 1606 2463 3098 -812 5898 2634 1139 1495 3264

1983-84 147 8239 2069 2552 4915 -1297 8386 3550 1556 1994 4836
1984-85 -3 10537 1988 3230 6891 -1572 10534 4232 1723 2509 6302
1985-86 74 12264 1853 3973 8356 -1918 12338 4928 1953 2975 7410

1986-87 389 13965 1979 4356 8974 -1344 14353 5263 2075 3188 9090

1987-88 600 15808 1718 4360 10896 -1165 16408 5048 2415 2633 11360

1988-89 777 18301 1270 4634 13360 -963 19078 5461 2616 2845 13617

1989-90 428 21870 2015 5012 16005 -1161 22298 6369 3188 3180 15929

1990-91 1752 23253 2188 5358 17823 -2116 25004 7204 3612 3592 17801

1991-92 4025 24501 3626 5644 17939 -2707 28526 8257 4073 4185 20269

1992-93 5961 25575 3922 6034 19317 -3699 31536 9063 4480 4583 22473

1993-94 9061 27342 3808 5619 20973 -3058 36403 11167 5416 5751 25236

1994-95 10372 31840 4509 5796 30023 -8488 42212 13179 6565 6614 29033

1995-96 6644 39046 6310 5689 34870 -7822 45691 14459 7123 7336 31231

1996-97 6453 44175 8017 6122 38948 -8912 50628 15167 7575 7592 35461

1997-98 6702 49167 9272 6492 44206 -10803 55869 15889 8153 7735 39981

1998-99 6311 56717 11264 6310 51125 -11982 63027 17249 8687 8563 45777

1999-00 8269 66494 14790 6509 56521 -11325 74762 19881 10176 9705 54881

2000-01 7154 80021 17694 7694 65659 -11026 87174 22347 11478 10869 64827

2001-02 9234 89382 20262 7580 74554 -13015 98616 24161 12531 11630 74455

2002-03 13591 100403 19028 7594 84028 -10246 113995 26743 13902 12842 87251

2003-04 15913 113808 21899 9018 95869 -12978 129774 30500 15811 14689 99274
2004-05 18229 133217 25583 11239 112016 -15608 151588 35546 18518 17028 116042
2005-06 21525 159149 31534 14561 132318 -19249 181156 43134 22862 20272 138022

2006-07 32397 179107 35939 16046 152177 -25038 211986 50650 26644 24006 161336
2007-08 37318 211477 46751 10162 190136 -35550 248795 59315 32690 26625 189481
2008-09 47459 249040 58008 10920 217928 -37797 296500 66427 36049 30378 230073

2009-10 67074 295958 54253 12814 270761 -41846 363031 87988 46157 41831 275043

2010-11 70620 369900 73228 16952 340713 -60946 440520 103101 54795 48306 337419
2011-12 78819 438291 91729 15342 407902 -76682 517110 109721 58417 51304 407388
2012-13 113250 490255 110125 9455 452157 -81482 603505 123603 67553 56050 479902
2013-14 160057 540567 117529 12737 507640 -97339 700623 141645 76908 64737 558978
2014-15 189229 598385 110257 16670 574599 -103141 787614 160814 87941 72873 626800
2015-16 233121 683257 114220 16051 671009 -118023 916378 212431 122075 90356 703947
2016-17 266697 749379 97334 17280 776057 -141291 1016076 240078 137532 102547 775998
2017-18 264674 845307 94895 19200 907532 -176320 1109981 254894 140918 113976 855087
2018-19 272400 947212 113273 23356 1010256 -199673 1219612 273293 154287 119006 946318
2019-20 297336 1076399 181151 29215 1097268 -231235 1373735 328264 192115 136149 1045471
2020-21 382338 1178558 221026 30018 1188855 -261341 1560896 375829 209518 166311 1185067
2021-22 364299 1343824 283315 37199 1351236 -327925 1708122 425905 236449 189456 1282218
2022-23* 314276 1448756 309866 43250 1434069 -338429 1763032 437298 257668 179631 1325734
Source: Bangladesh Bank, * Up to February 2023.

Statistical Appendices | 349

Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

Appendix-46: Terms of Trade Appendix-47: Average Nominal Exchange Rate

FY Export price Import price Terms Taka-Dollar average exchange
FY
indices indices of trade rate (1 dollar equal to )

Base Year: 1979-80=100

1971-72 7.3000
1985-86 78.9 98.5 80.1
1972-73 7.8763
1986-87 81.8 89.9 91.0 1973-74 7.9664
1974-75 8.8752
1987-88 95.7 91.4 104.7
1975-76 15.0541
1988-89 92.6 97.2 95.3 1976-77 15.4260
1977-78 15.1168
1989-90 95.6 103.0 92.8
1978-79 15.2231
1990-91 101.9 107.4 94.9 1979-80 15.4900
1980-81 16.2586
1991-92 100.4 104.4 96.2
1981-82 20.0652
1992-93 107.3 107.8 99.6 1982-83 23.7953
1983-84 24.9437
1993-94 113.3 110.8 102.3 25.9634
1984-85
1994-95 120.8 120.7 100.1 1985-86 29.8861
1986-87 30.6294
Base Year: 1988-89=100 1987-88 31.2422
1995-96 149.0 149.1 99.9 1988-89 32.1399
1989-90 32.9214
1996-97 153.2 151.5 101.1 1990-91 35.6752
1991-92 38.1453
1997-98 168.0 163.0 103.1
1992-93 39.1395
Base Year: 1995-96=100 1993-94 40.0009
1994-95 40.2005
1998-99 117.54 125.54 93.63
1995-96 40.8365
1999-00 117.49 126.64 92.77 1996-97 42.7008
1997-98 45.4563
2000-01 120.31 136.17 88.35 48.0644
1998-99
2001-02 123.15 146.41 84.11 1999-00 50.3112
2000-01 53.9592
2002-03 126.23 157.76 80.01 2001-02 57.4347
2003-04 135.19 164.15 82.36 2002-03 57.9000
2003-04 58.9353
2004-05 139.60 169.96 82.14 2004-05 61.3939
2005-06 142.38 176.66 80.60 2005-06 67.0797
2006-07 69.0318
Base Year: 2005-06=100 2007-08 68.6019
2008-09 68.8012
2006-07 104.85 103.64 101.17
2009-10 69.1848
2007-08 116.34 131.42 88.53 2010-11 71.1719
2008-09 125.13 140.35 89.16 2011-12 79.0963
2012-13 79.9326
2009-10 132.64 148.32 89.43
2013-14 77.7218
2010-11 146.41 166.51 87.93 2014-15 77.6746
2011-12 151.71 176.44 85.98 2015-16 78.2637
2016-17 79.1192
2012-13 163.04 189.62 85.98 82.1009
2017-18
2013-14 174.71 203.19 85.98 2018-19 84.0263
2019-20 84.7811
2014-15 182.34 211.90 86.05
2020-21 84.8063
Source: Planning Commission (up to FY 1994-95) 2021-22 86.3006
& Bangladesh Bank (since FY 1995-96) 2022-23* 97.2573

Source: Bangladesh Bank *July-Feb. 2023

Source: Bangladesh Bank. (*July-February 2023)

Statistical Appendices | 350

 Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

Appendix 48.1: Real Effective Exchange Rate-REER Index, 1994-95=100 (11 Currency Basket)
FY 1997-98 1998-99 1999-00 2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08
REER 109.60 111.64 108.06 102.04 101.48 96.98 93.42 91.74 86.90 89.65 90.97
Index
Source: Bangladesh Bank.

Appendix 48.2: Real Effective Exchange Rate-REER Index, 2000-01=100 (8 Currency Basket)
FY 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16
REER 89.3 88.4 83.9 86.6 86.0 91.3 97.7 89.4 91.4 101.5 107.2 130.62 137.95
Index
Source: Bangladesh Bank.

Appendix 48.3: Real Effective Exchange Rate-REER Index, 2000-01=100 (10 Currency Basket)
FY 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16 2016-17(Feb.-17)
REER Index 100 100.6 110.05 114.39 130.62 138.22 149.99
Source: Bangladesh Bank.

Appendix 48.4: Real Effective Exchange Rate-REER Index, (Base: 2014-15=100)

(15 Currency Basket)
Fiscal Year 2014-15 2015-16 2016-17
REER Index* 100 105.53 107.51
Source: Bangladesh Bank. *Estimated

Appendix 48.5: Real Effective Exchange Rate-REER Index, (Base: 2015-16=100)

(15 Currency Basket)
Fiscal 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16 2016-17 2017-18 2018-19 2019-20 2020-21 2021-22 2022-23*
Year (Feb-2023)
REER
Index* 72.67 79.6 83.01 94.7 100 102.42 100.46 106.38 113.51 110.72 111.30 101.51
Source: Bangladesh Bank. *Estimated

Statistical Appendices | 351

Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

Appendix-49.1: Value of Exports by Major Commodities

(In million US$)
Commodity 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12
a) Primarycommodities
1. Raw Jute 96 148 147 165 148 196 357 266

2. Tea 16 12 7 15 12 6 3 3
3. Frozen food 421 459 515 534 455 445 625 598
4. Agricultural products 82 105 88 120 147 184 262 304
5. Other primary commodities 33 49 75 154 108 53 69 96

Total Primary commodities(1-5) 648 773 832 988 870 884 1316 1267

b) Manufactured goods
6. Jute goods 307 361 321 318 269 540 758 701
7. Leather 221 257 266 284 177 226 298 330
8. Naphtha, furnace oil and bitumen 35 88 84 185 142 301 261 275
9. Readymade garments 3598 4084 4658 5167 5919 6013 8432 9603
10. Knitwear 2819 3817 4554 5533 6429 6483 9482 9486
11. Chemical products 197 206 215 216 280 103 105 103
12. Shoe 88 95 136 170 187 204 298 336
13. Handicrafts 5 4 8 5 6 4 4 5
14. Engineering products 85 111 237 220 189 311 310 376
15. Other mfg. products 652 730 867 1025 1096 1135 1664 1820

Total Manufactured goods (6-15) 8006 9753 11346 13123 14695 15321 21612 23035

Grand Total (a+b) 8654 10526 12178 14111 15565 16205 22928 24302
Source: Export Promotion Bureau and Bangladesh Bank.

Statistical Appendices | 352

 Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

Appendix-49.2: Value of Exports by Major Commodities

(In million US$)
Commodity 2012-13 2013- 2014- 2015-16 2016-17 2017-18 2018-19 2019-20 2020-21 2021-22 2022-23*
14 15
a) Primary commodities
1. Raw Jute 230 126 112 173 168 156 112 130 138 216 130
2 4 3 2 4 3 3 3 4 2 1
2. Tea
544 638 568 536 526 508 500 456 477 533 319
3. Frozen food
351 402 339 308 275 381 437 472 532 502 341
4. Agricultural products
183 209 244 286 275 290 469 387 492 658 281
5. Other primary
commodities
Total Primary 1310 1379 1266 1305 1248 1338 1521 1448 1643 1911 1072
commodities(1-5)
b) Manufactured goods
6. Jute goods 801 699 757 747 794 870 704 752 1023 911 480
7. Leather 400 506 398 278 233 183 165 98 119 151 86
8. Naphtha, furnace oil and 314 162 78 297 244 34 204 23 23 34 12
bitumen
9. Readymade garments 11040 12442 13065 14739 14393 15426 17245 14041 14497 19399 14302
10. Knitwear 10476 12050 12427 13355 13757 15189 16889 13908 16960 23214 17060
11. Chemical products 93 93 112 124 140 151 205 199 281 364 202
12. Shoe 419 172 189 219 241 241 272 277 344 449 314
13. Handicrafts 6 8 9 10 14 17 20 21 34 43 19
14. Engineering products 368 367 447 510 689 356 341 293 529 796 349
15. Other mfg. products 1800 2309 2461 2673 2903 2863 2969 2614 3305 4811 3182

Total Manufactured goods 25717 28808 29943 32952 33408 35330 39014 32226 37115 50172 36006

(6-15)
Grand Total (a+b) 27027 30187 31209 34257 34656 36668 40535 33674 38758 52083 37078
Source: Export Promotion Bureau and Bangladesh Bank. * July-February 2023.

Statistical Appendices | 353

 Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

Appendix-50: Country wise Export

(In million US$)
FY USA UK Germany France Belgium Italy Netherlands Canada Japan Others Total
1972-73 71.39 26.55 10.54 8.74 22.99 14.36 8.14 7.03 6.70 171.98 348.42
1973-74 60.04 25.16 5.14 8.05 15.83 11.05 8.9 6.29 14.25 217.05 371.76
1974-75 56.91 23.55 7.1 4.84 11.63 12.4 9.06 6.27 5.74 245.18 382.68
1975-76 61.92 29.48 7.37 8.89 17.25 23.24 8.16 6.08 9.22 208.86 380.47
1976-77 53.44 40.69 9.31 9.42 15.98 23.6 9.03 6.3 10.65 238.59 417.01
1977-78 64.92 40.98 8.54 6.22 15.95 18.58 8.97 5.84 15.13 308.61 493.74
1978-79 83.22 45.71 13.82 6.1 18.46 43.41 9.64 6.65 33.25 358.56 618.82
1979-80 87.51 48.8 16.35 7.65 26.02 31.59 15.35 9.04 34.25 472.86 749.44
1980-81 83.52 24.75 9.65 5.43 14.3 27.36 11.42 6.06 19.34 508.02 709.85
1981-82 50.43 28.36 1.22 7.26 15.89 31.4 13.3 3.66 27.64 446.73 625.89
1982-83 78.86 30.96 13.75 7.26 30.29 32.14 12.79 6.68 45.01 428.86 686.6
1983-84 111.14 42.62 13.3 10.93 47.02 69.13 16.96 7.37 43.14 449.38 810.99
1984-85 165.97 43.75 18.15 11.56 72.66 51.79 16.45 12.05 65.27 476.78 934.43
1985-86 173.22 46.13 21.44 6.96 34.39 36.28 15.41 15.08 61.18 409.12 819.21
1986-87 321.43 59.99 37.67 10.01 41.87 99.67 21.83 16.33 66.3 398.67 1073.77
1987-88 356.46 73.03 61.4 26.53 42.06 115.95 27.42 24.41 57.09 446.85 1231.2
1988-89 346.08 75.7 69.85 35.04 53.17 105.67 29.17 16.66 55.02 505.2 1291.56
1989-90 444.58 97.14 83.56 62.37 62.64 131.37 38.12 22.24 55.6 526.09 1523.71
1990-91 507.29 136.9 164.91 86.4 83.55 115.94 61.86 30.25 41.26 489.19 1717.55
1991-92 673.81 130.4 180.34 116.1 82.08 147.29 81.33 27.64 40.6 514.33 1993.92
1992-93 822.51 183.42 216.21 127.36 83.14 137.4 85.8 44.38 53.31 629.36 2382.89
1993-94 734.82 259.26 275.21 157.72 98.41 170.61 104.9 57.23 61.02 614.72 2533.9
1994-95 1184.28 318.31 300.26 192.93 128.58 211.26 136.66 69.38 99.65 831.26 3472.57
1995-96 1197.54 417.7 369.18 272.88 186.93 207.1 183.22 69.09 120.8 857.98 3882.42
1996-97 1432.15 437.69 428.29 312.65 210.57 203.62 208.59 69.12 114.05 1001.55 4418.28
1997-98 1929.21 440 510.93 369.07 210.07 270.47 236.08 106.84 112 976.53 5161.2
1998-99 1968.46 491.34 625.13 345.36 227.62 270.01 251.61 104.91 92.76 935.66 5312.86
1999-00 2273.76 499.99 658.71 367.37 225.89 248.28 282.77 110.63 97.64 987.16 5752.2
2000-01 2500.42 594.18 789.88 365.99 253.91 295.73 327.96 125.66 107.58 1101.69 6467
2001-02 2218.79 647.96 681.44 413.69 211.39 262.31 283.36 109.85 96.13 1061.17 5986.09
2002-03 2155.45 778.25 820.72 418.51 289.48 258.99 277.95 170.26 108.03 1270.8 6548.44
2003-04 1966.58 898.21 1298.54 552.96 326.95 315.93 290.44 284.33 118.16 1550.89 7602.99
2004-05 2418.67 944.18 1351.06 625.51 327.8 369.78 290.92 335.25 122.53 1868.82 8654.52
2005-06 3039.77 1053.74 1763.38 678.94 359.33 427.89 327.2 406.97 138.45 2330.49 10526.16
2006-07 3441.02 1173.95 1955.38 731.76 435.82 515.66 459.01 457.21 147.47 2860.58 12177.86
2007-08 3590.56 1374.03 2174.81 953.13 488.39 579.23 653.88 532.9 172.56 3591.31 14110.8
2008-09 4052 1501.2 2269.7 1031.05 409.8 615.51 970.8 663.2 202.6 3849.33 15565.19
2009-10 3950.47 1508.54 2187.35 1025.88 390.54 623.92 1016.88 666.83 330.56 4503.68 16204.65
2010-11 5107.52 2065.38 3438.7 1537.98 666.24 866.42 1107.13 944.67 434.12 6760.06 22928.22
2011-12 5100.91 2444.57 3688.98 1380.37 741.96 977.41 691.3 993.67 600.53 7682.2 24301.9
2012-13 5419.6 2764.9 3962.6 1513.89 730.81 1036.6 712.47 1090.02 750.26 9046.21 27027.36
2013-14 5583.62 2917.73 4720.49 1677.67 970.53 1332.38 858.13 1099.63 862.07 10164.75 30187
2014-15 5783.43 3205.45 4705.36 1743.54 975.13 1382.35 840.34 1029.13 915.22 10628.99 31208.94
2015-16 6220.65 3809.7 4988.08 1852.16 1015.33 1385.67 845.92 1112.88 1079.55 11947.24 34257.18
2016-17 5846.64 3569.26 5475.73 1892.55 918.85 1462.95 1045.69 1079.19 1012.98 12352.06 34655.9
2017-18 5983.31 3989.12 5890.72 2004.97 877.9 1559.92 1205.37 1118.72 1131.9 12906.24 36668.17
2018-19 6876.29 4169.31 6173.16 2217.56 946.93 1643.12 1278.69 1339.8 1365.74 14524.44 40535.04
2019-20 5832.39 3453.88 5099.19 1703.58 723.43 1282.81 1098.68 1000.49 1200.78 12278.86 33674.09
2020-21 6974.01 3751.27 5953.51 1962.14 704.98 1308.62 1277.44 1164.01 1183.64 14478.69 38758.31
2021-22 10417.72 4828.08 7590.97 2711.06 900.03 1702.29 1775.01 1522.96 1353.85 19280.69 52082.66
2022-23* 6439.77 3547.55 4906.13 2107.64 644.08 1627.79 1421.81 1101.56 1285.71 13995.64 37077.68
Source: Export Promotion Bureau, NBR * Up to February 2023.
Note: Data from FY2013-14 is based on custom records.

Statistical Appendices | 354

 Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

Appendix-51.1: Value of Imports by Major Commodities (FY2005-06 to FY2011-12)

(In million US$)
Commodity 2005 -06 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12
a) Major primary goods 1854 2069 3455 2916 2940 5626 4148
Rice 117 180 874 239 75 830 288
Wheat 301 401 537 643 761 1081 613
Oilseeds 90 106 136 159 130 103 177
Crude petroleum 604 524 695 584 535 923 987
Raw cotton 742 858 1213 1291 1439 2689 2083
b) Major intermediate goods 3002 3569 4844 5035 4957 7511 9263
Edible oil 473 583 1006 865 1050 1067 1644
Petroleum products 1400 1709 2058 1997 2021 3186 3922
Fertilizer 342 357 632 955 717 1241 1381
Clinker 210 240 347 314 333 446 504
Staple fibre 76 97 110 112 118 180 428
Yarn 501 582 691 792 718 1391 1384
c) Capital machinery 1539 1929 1664 1420 1595 2325 2005
d) Other goods 8351 9590 11666 13136 14246 18196 20099
Total imports (a+b+c+d) 14746 17157 21629 22507 23738 33658 35516
Source: Bangladesh Bank and National Board of Revenue (NBR).
Note: 1) Data from FY2007-08 to FY2011-12 is based on banking records.

Appendix-51.2: Value of Imports by Major Commodities (FY2012-13 to FY2022-23)

(In million US$)
Commodity 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16 2016-17 2017-18 2018-19 2019-20 2020-21 2021-22 2022-23*

e) Major primary
4075 5327 4477 4227 4725 7270 5846 6548 9889 9695 6476
goods
Rice 30 347 508 113 89 1605 115 22 851 427 537
Wheat 696 1118 983 949 1197 1494 1437 1651 1830 2135 1239
Oilseeds 242 508 374 534 432 571 796 1183 1406 1758 829
Crude petroleum 1102 929 316 386 478 365 416 731 2616 936 677
Raw cotton 2005 2425 2296 2245 2529 3235 3082 2961 3186 4439 3194
f) Major intermediate
8529 9475 7906 8403 8894 10818 12185 11145 14179 22378 13643
goods
Edible oil 1402 1761 924 1450 1626 1863 1656 1617 1926 2893 2056
Petroleum products 3642 4070 2076 2275 2898 3652 4562 4627 6369 7057 3748
Fertilizer 1188 1026 1339 1117 737 1006 1301 1035 1360 4391 4189
Clinker 487 619 638 574 644 766 993 879 1048 1223 772
Staple fibre 454 493 1078 1018 1017 1180 1228 1086 1040 1569 1009
Yarn 1356 1506 1851 1969 1972 2351 2445 1901 2436 5245 1869
g) Capital machinery 1835 2332 3321 3556 3817 5462 5413 3581 3825 5463 3365
h) Other goods 19645 23598 25000 26936 29569 35315 36471 33511 37702 51626 29229
Total imports
34084 40732 40704 43122 47005 58865 59915 54785 65595 89162 52713
(a+b+c+d)
Source: Bangladesh Bank and National Board of Revenue (NBR), * Up to February 2023.
Note: 1) Data from FY2012-13 to FY2013-14 is based on banking records and data for FY2014-15 is based on custom records.

Statistical Appendices | 355

Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

Appendix 52: Countrywise Import

(In million US$)
FY India China Singapore Japan Hongkong Taiwan S. Korea USA Malaysia Others Total
1988-89 104 110 186 445 116 - 103 325 50 1936 3375
1989-90 145 132 323 475 157 - 126 208 41 2152 3759
1990-91 181 133 334 336 184 - 165 181 32 1964 3510
1991-92 231 149 275 286 247 - 181 230 42 1885 3526
1992-93 342 248 211 365 299 - 258 207 53 2088 4071
1993-94 414 223 200 498 331 - 284 202 57 1982 4191
1994-95 689 420 275 587 399 118 340 274 41 2691 5834
1995-96 1100 707 343 695 390 216 366 330 69 2715 6931
1996-97 922 575 297 647 409 300 360 302 197 3143 7152
1997-98 934 593 321 483 443 353 381 311 172 3529 7520
1998-99 1235 560 553 494 452 361 287 301 131 3632 8006
1999-00 833 568 701 685 455 386 319 325 108 3994 8374
2000-01 1184 709 824 846 478 412 411 248 148 4075 9335
2001-02 1019 878 871 655 441 312 346 261 145 3612 8540
2002-03 1358 938 1000 605 433 328 333 223 169 4271 9658
2003-04 1602 1198 911 552 433 377 420 226 255 4929 10903
2004-05 2030 1642 888 559 565 439 426 329 276 5993 13147
2005-06 1868 2079 849 651 626 473 489 345 332 7034 14746
2006-07 2268 2571 1035 690 747 473 553 380 334 8106 17157
2007-08 3393 3137 1273 832 821 478 620 490 451 10134 21629
2008-09 2864 3452 1768 1015 851 498 864 461 703 10031 22507
2009-10 3214 3819 1550 1046 788 542 839 469 1232 10239 23738
2010-11 4569 5918 1294 1308 777 731 1124 677 1760 15500 33658
2011-12 4743 6440 1710 1455 703 792 1544 709 1406 16014 35516
2012-13 4777 6328 1422 1180 612 733 1296 538 1903 15295 34084
2013-14 5985 7550 2407 1291 762 897 1182 792 2084 17782 40732
2014-15 5588 11268 2894 1816 881 1060 1417 880 1361 13539 40704
2015-16 5722 12582 1203 2075 827 1004 1417 1134 1184 15974 43122
2016-17 6336 13292 2113 2031 726 990 1483 1358 1040 17636 47005
2017-18 8941 15937 2255 2422 676 1129 1907 2160 1342 22096 58865
2018-19 8242 17265 2274 2254 614 1175 1618 2370 1520 22583 59915
2019-20 6663 14360 1883 2092 382 1084 1525 2839 1623 22334 54785
2020-21 10334 16974 2436 2468 275 971 1436 2398 1801 26502 65595
2021-22 15179 24255 3066 3402 334 1466 2006 3193 2966 33295 89162
2022-23* 6576 14381 1623 1858 187 861 1054 1753 1693 22727 52713
Source: Bangladesh Bank and National Board of Revenue (NBR), * Revised, **Up to February 2023.
Note: Data from FY2007-08 to FY2013-14 is based on banking records and data for FY2014-15 is based on custom records.

Statistical Appendices | 356

Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

Appendix-53: Overseas Employment and Remittances

FY Number of expatriates Remittances
(‘000’) Million US$ Crore Tk.
1975-76 - 10 15
1976-77 14 49 75
1977-78 18 101 154
1978-79 25 122 189
1979-80 27 237 378
1980-81 38 381 620
1981-82 66 418 840
1982-83 64 619 1474
1983-84 52 591 1473
1984-85 69 442 1148
1985-86 78 649 1940
1986-87 61 697 2135
1987-88 74 737 2304
1988-89 87 771 2477
1989-90 110 758 2495
1990-91 97 764 2726
1991-92 185 848 3242
1992-93 238 947 3710
1993-94 192 1089 4355
1994-95 200 1198 4814
1995-96 181 1217 4978
1996-97 228 1475 6304
1997-98 243 1525 6951
1998-99 270 1706 8213
1999-00 248 1949 9825
2000-01 213 1882 10266
2001-02 195 2501 14377
2002-03 251 3062 17730
2003-04 277 3372 19870
2004-05 250 3848 23647
2005-06 291 4802 32275
2006-07 564 5978 41299
2007-08 981 7915 54295
2008-09 650 9689 66676
2009-10 427 10987 76110
2010-11 439 11650 82993
2011-12 691 12843 101883
2012-13 441 14461 115646
2013-14 409 14228 110582
2014-15 461 15317 118982
2015-16 685 14931 116857
2016-17 905 12769 101099
2017-18 880 14982 123156
2018-19 693 16419 138007
2019-20 530 18205 154353
2020-21 280 24778 210131
2021-22 576 13439 114891
2022-23* 734 14013 136175
Source: BMET and Bangladesh Bank. * Up to February 2023.

Statistical Appendices | 357

Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

Appendix-54: Country wise Remittances

(In million US$)
Country KSA UAE Qatar Oman Bahrain Kuwait USA UK Malaysia Singapore Others Total
1980-81 83.88 65.59 13.67 5.91 - 19.09 32.99 104.9 - - 53.89 381.18
1981-82 120.91 55.49 15.98 10.36 - 22.97 31.86 69.27 - - 89.15 418.47
1982-83 199.72 78.68 28.99 12.65 - 44.94 39.52 84.55 - 4.04 122.71 619.48
1983-84 215.1 59.8 30.2 24.1 - 50.5 36.8 70.6 - 6.6 88.8 590.6
1984-85 153.7 42.1 22.1 27.5 - 37.6 32.4 50.9 - 3.4 65.1 441.6
1985-86 180.4 54 22.3 54.1 - 62.3 38.7 77.6 - 2.4 147.41 648.61
1986-87 216.3 60.9 38.4 53.4 - 101.3 43.2 92.8 - 2.6 77.25 697.45
1986-87 216.66 63.03 38.43 53.33 - 101.38 43.27 93.01 - - 88.34 697.45
1987-88 226.46 62.36 45.7 51.92 - 96.37 61.44 88.39 - 2.11 90.29 737.43
1988-89 219.39 61.23 44.84 45.31 - 96.41 83.96 67.39 - 2.09 136.96 770.82
1989-90 226.19 55.16 40.27 40.55 - 89.22 82.38 58.4 - 2.28 149.45 758.2
1990-91 264.9 78.13 59.5 49.69 - 9.01 60.15 68.83 - 2.16 155.18 764.04
1991-92 315.68 79.56 48.07 60.55 - 66.9 55.43 57.15 - 1.52 142.91 847.97
1992-93 398.42 80.22 53.83 60.08 - 124.09 68.06 48.44 4.22 2.53 81.75 944
1993-94 441.14 88.1 56.16 73.03 - 185.17 78.68 48.49 10.19 2.32 78.21 1088.79
1994-95 476.87 81.34 72.18 81.27 - 174.72 102.23 47.02 50.02 3.03 75.24 1197.63
1995-96 498.2 83.7 53.28 81.71 - 174.27 115.36 41.28 74.43 3.99 60.76 1217.06
1996-97 587.15 89.64 53.16 94.45 - 211.49 157.39 56.2 94.51 6.66 93.23 1475.4
1997-98 589.29 106.86 57.81 87.61 - 213.15 203.13 65.8 78.09 7.69 83.57 1525.42
1998-99 685.49 125.34 63.94 91.93 38.9 230.22 239.43 54.04 67.52 13.07 95.82 1705.74
1999-00 916.01 129.86 63.73 93.01 41.8 245.01 241.3 71.79 54.04 11.63 81.14 1949.32
2000-01 919.61 144.28 63.44 83.66 44.1 247.39 225.62 55.7 30.6 7.84 59.91 1882.1
2001-02 1147.95 233.49 90.6 103.27 54.1 285.75 356.24 103.31 46.85 14.26 65.29 2501.13
2002-03 1254.31 327.4 113.55 114.06 63.7 338.59 458.05 220.22 41.4 31.06 99.61 3061.97
2003-04 1386.03 373.46 113.94 118.53 61.1 361.24 467.81 297.54 37.06 32.37 123.18 3371.97
2004-05 1510.45 442.24 136.41 131.32 67.2 406.8 557.31 375.77 25.51 47.69 147.6 3848.29
2005-06 1696.96 561.44 175.64 165.25 67.3 494.39 760.69 555.71 20.82 64.84 238.81 4801.88
2006-07 1734.7 804.84 233.17 196.47 80 680.7 930.33 886.9 11.84 80.24 339.32 5978.47
2007-08 2324.2 1135.1 289.8 220.6 138.2 863.7 1380.1 896.1 92.44 130.1 444.5 7914.8
2008-09 2859.09 1754.92 343.36 290.06 157.4 970.75 1575.22 789.65 282.2 165.13 501.33 9689.16
2009-10 3427.1 1890.3 360.9 349.1 170.1 1019.2 1451.9 827.5 587.1 193.5 710.7 10987.4
2010-11 3290 2002.6 319.4 334.3 185.9 1075.8 1848.5 889.6 703.7 202.3 798.2 11650.3
2011-12 3684.4 2404.7 335.3 400.9 298.5 1190.1 1498.5 987.5 847.5 311.5 884.5 12843.4
2012-13 3829.5 2829.4 286.9 610.1 361.7 1186.9 1859.8 991.6 997.4 498.8 1006.7 14461.2
2013-14 3119.6 2684.9 257.5 701.1 459.4 1106.9 2323.3 901.2 1064.7 429.1 1180.3 14228
2014-15 3345.2 2823.8 310.2 915.3 554.3 1077.8 2380.2 812.3 1381.5 443.4 1272.9 15316.9
2015-16 2955.6 2711.7 435.6 909.7 490 1040 2424.3 863.3 1337.1 387.2 1376.6 14931.1
2016-17 2267.2 2093.5 576 897.7 437.1 1033.3 1688.9 808.2 1103.6 300.9 1563.1 12769.5
2017-18 2591.6 2430 844.1 958.2 541.6 1199.7 1997.5 1106 1107.2 330.2 1875.6 14981.7
2018-19 3110.4 2540.4 1023.9 1066.1 470.1 1463.4 1842.9 1175.6 1197.6 368.3 2160.9 16419.6
2019-20 4015.2 2472.6 1019.6 1240.5 437.2 1372.2 2403.4 1364.9 1231.3 457.4 2190.7 18205
2020-21 5721.4 2440 1450.2 1535.6 577.7 1886.5 3461.7 2023.6 2002.4 624.9 3053.7 24777.7
2021-22 4542.0 2071.9 1346.5 897.4 566.6 1689.6 3438.4 2039.2 1021.9 385.2 3033.1 21031.7
2022-23* 2480.1 1896.5 948.7 438.6 319.1 1019.3 2497.2 1248.3 732.3 252.2 2181.1 14013.4
Source: BMET and Bangladesh Bank, *Up to February 2023.

Statistical Appendices | 358

Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

Appendix-55.1: Balance of Payments (FY2002-03 to FY2009-10)

(In million US$)
Transactions 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10
Trade Balance -2215 -2319 -3297 -2889 -3458 -5330 -4710 -5152
Export, fob.(including EPZ) 6492 7521 8573 10412 12053 14151 15581 16236
Import, fob.(including EPZ) 8707 9840 11870 13301 15511 19481 20291 21388
Services -691 -874 -870 -1023 -1261 -1525 -1616 -1240
Receipts 887 924 1177 1340 1484 1891 1832 2471
Payments 1578 1798 2047 2363 2745 3416 3448 3711
Income -358 -374 -680 -702 -883 -994 -1484 -1484
Receipts 64 63 116 136 245 217 95 52
Payments -422 -437 -796 -838 -1128 -1211 -1579 -1536
Of which: Official interest payments 167 175 203 204 212 234 238 215
Current transfers 3440 3743 4290 5438 6554 8529 10226 11613
Official 82 61 37 125 97 127 72 125
Private 3358 3682 4253 5313 6457 8402 10154 11488
Of which: workers' remittances 3062 3372 3848 4802 5979 7915 9689 10987

Current account balance 176 176 -557 824 952 680 2416 3724

Capital account 428 196 163 375 490 576 451 488
Capital transfers 428 196 163 375 490 576 451 488
Financial account 413 78 760 -141 721 -457 -825 -638
Foreign Direct Investment (net) 376 385 776 743 760 748 961 913
Portfolio investments 2 6 0 32 106 47 -159 -117
Other investments 35 -313 -16 -916 -145 -1252 -1627 -1434
Medium and long-term 918 544 940 1124 1037 1338 1204 1604
borrowings(MLT) -452 -397 -449 -488 -525 -580 -641 -687
MLT amortization Payments -20 -41 -46 -37 -29 -6 -70 -156
Other long-term loan (net) 142 13 241 -256 493 -160 -169 67
Other short-term loan (net) -125 -125 -182 -495 -524 -603 -650 -902
Other Assets -499 -321 -320 -898 -470 -1108 -1277 -1045
Trade Credit(net) 71 14 -200 235 -127 -133 -24 -315
Commercial Bank 217 86 -91 31 -98 -146 -129 -410
Assets -146 -72 -109 204 -29 13 105 95
Liabilities -202 -279 -299 -720 -670 -468 16 -722
Errors and omissions
815 171 67 338 1493 331 2058 2865
Overall balance
-815 -171 -67 -338 -1493 -331 -2058 -2865
Reserve Assets -815 -171 -67 -338 -1493 -331 -2058 -2865
Bangladesh Bank -887 -235 -225 -554 -1593 -799 -1883 -3616
Assets 72 64 158 216 100 468 -175 751
Liabilities
Source: Bangladesh Bank.

Statistical Appendices | 359

 Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

Appendix-55.2: Balance of Payments (FY2010-11 to FY 2022-23)

(In million US$)
Transactions 2010- 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16 2016-17 2017-18 2018- 2019-20 2020-21 2021-22 2022-23*
11 19
Trade balance -9935 -9320 7009- 6794- -6965 -6460 -9472 -18178 -15835 -18569 -23778 -33250 -13828
Export f.o.b
22592 23989 26567 29777 30697 33441 34019 36285 39604 32121 36903 49245 34966
(including EPZ)
Import f.o.b (including
32527 33309 33576 36571 37662 39901 43491 54463 55439 50690 60681 82495 48794
EPZ)
Services -2612 -3001 3162- 4099- -3186 -2708 -3288 -4201 -3176 -2578 -3002 -3955 -2557
Credit 2573 2694 2830 3115 3084 3523 3621 4540 7154 6716 7439 9925 5838
Debit 5185 5695 5992 7214 6270 6231 6909 8741 10330 9294 10441 13880 8395
Primary income -1454 -1549 2369- -2635 -2252 -1915 -1870 -2641 -2382 -3070 -3172 -3152 -2451
Credit 124 193 120 131 76 74 82 146 177 174 217 345 290
Debit 1578 1742 2489 2766 2328 1989 1952 2787 2559 3244 3389 3497 2741
Of which : Official
345 373 476 427 366 382 384 597 758 960 909 942 855
interest payments
Secondary income 12315 13423 14928 14934 15895 15345 13299 15453 16903 18782 25377 21718 14449
Official transfers 103 106 97 83 75 67 59 51 41 19 33 16 40
Private transfers 12212 13317 14831 14851 15820 15278 13240 15402 16862 18763 25344 21702 14409
Of which: workers'
11513 12735 14338 14116 15170 14717 12769 14982 16420 18205 24778 21032 14013
remittances
Current account - -4387
-1686 -447 2388 1406 3492 4262 -1331 -9567 -4490 -5435 -4575
balance 18639
Capital account 642 482 629 598 496 464 400 331 239 256 458 181 203
Capital transfers 642 482 629 598 496 464 400 331 239 256 458 181 203
Financial account 651 1436 2863 2855 1267 944 4247 9011 5130 8654 14067 13775 -1537
Foreign direct
- - - - 2525 2502 3038 3290 4946 3233 3387 4636 3504
investment (net)
Of whch: FDI net
775 1191 1726 1432 1172 1285 1653 1778 2628 1271 1355 1827 1535
inflows
Portfolio investment 109 240 368 937 379 139 457 349 171 44 -269 -158 -43
Other investment -233 5 769 444 -284 -480 2137 6884 2331 7339 12007 12106 -3029
MLT loans (excluding
1032 1539 2085 2404 2472 3033 3218 5987 6263 6996 6726 9811 4633
suppliers credit)
MLT amortization
739 789 906 1018 910 849 895 1113 1202 1257 1417 1527 1007
payments
Other long term loans
-101 79 150- 477 -35 -110 -153 141 302 499 1684 1443 45
(net)
Other short term loans
531 242 100- -838 -105 -435 1030 1508 272 1142 2064 3114 -1175
(net)
Other assets -661 0 0 0 0 0 0 1947 0 -616 1741
Trade credit (net) 135- -1118 -250 -340 -2508 -2101 -1185 -1270 -3493 236 3498 -1920 -3002
Commercial Bank -160 52 90 -241 802 -18 122 1631 189 -277 -548 791 708
Assets 452 443 396 898 86 347 178 -50 367 -234 391 791 708
Liabilities 292 495 486 657 888 329 300 1581 556 -511 -157 1976 -1815
Errors and omissions -263 -977 752- 666 -882 -634 -147 -632 -700 -306 -676 -697 -2228
Overall balance -656 494 5128 5483 4373 5036 3169 -857 179 3169 9274 -5380 -7949
Reserve assets 656 -494 5128- -5483 -4373 -5036 -3169 857 -179 -3169 -9274 5380 7949
Bangladesh Bank 656 -494 5128- -5483 -4373 -5036 -3169 857 -179 -3169 -9274 5380 7949
Assets -481 293 5196 5933 4249 5322 3208 -633 -155 3250 9924 -3711 -8472
Liabilit 175 -201 68 450 -124 286 39 224 -334 81 650 1669 -523
Source: Bangladesh Bank. July-Feb. 2023
Note: 1)Disinvestment, repayments of loans & loss have been deducted as per BPM6 and it includes in financial account calculation instead
of gross FDI from FY 2014-15.
2) Classification are given according to BPM-6 manual: Exports and Imports both are compiled on the basis of Shipment data.

Statistical Appendices | 360

Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

Appendix-56: Foreign Exchange Reserves Appendix-57: Commitment and Disbursement of Foreign

Economic Assistance
(In million US$)
FY Million US$ FY Commitment Disbursement
(June balance) Grant Loan Total Grant Loan Total
1982-83 358 1973-74 106.758 448.31 555.068 218.562 242.675 461.237
1974-75 345.223 921.467 1266.69 374.84 526.209 901.049
1983-84 540
1975-76 380.551 578.33 958.881 233.811 566.719 800.53
1984-85 395 1976-77 400.51 326.471 726.981 255.501 279.211 534.712
1977-78 433.195 714.679 1147.874 392.868 440.991 833.859
1985-86 476 1978-79 936.011 824.228 1760.239 501.839 528.21 1030.049
1979-80 485.023 668.234 1153.257 650.559 572.502 1223.061
1986-87 715 1980-81 549.996 1009.241 1559.237 593.677 552.768 1146.445
1981-82 805.563 1117.286 1922.849 653.819 585.812 1239.631
1987-88 856
1982-83 836.626 685.906 1522.532 587.503 589.88 1177.383
1988-89 913 1983-84 858.448 836.539 1694.987 733.734 534.665 1268.399
1984-85 874.999 1105.873 1980.872 703.333 566.113 1269.446
1989-90 520 1985-86 873.593 787.852 1661.445 545.589 760.339 1305.928
1986-87 893.715 709.542 1603.257 661.592 933.568 1595.16
1990-91 880
1987-88 880.852 648.926 1529.778 823.776 816.604 1640.38
1991-92 1608 1988-89 661.152 1212.318 1873.47 672.956 995.522 1668.478
1989-90 884.706 1290.36 2175.066 765.884 1043.675 1809.559
1992-93 2121
1990-91 485.064 885.28 1370.344 831.463 901.112 1732.575
1993-94 2765 1991-92 1140.428 775.182 1915.61 817.25 794.218 1611.468
1992-93 734.548 540 1274.548 818.25 856.758 1675.008
1994-95 3070
1993-94 463.85 1946.334 2410.184 710.091 848.552 1558.643
1995-96 2039 1994-95 860.905 751.307 1612.212 890.121 848.97 1739.091
1996-97 1719 1995-96 863.84 415.735 1279.575 677.489 766.261 1443.75
1996-97 842.25 818.867 1661.117 736.069 745.161 1481.23
1997-98 1739
1997-98 584.569 1206.146 1790.715 502.842 748.531 1251.373
1998-99 1523
1998-99 861.879 1786.637 2648.516 669.345 866.711 1536.056
1999-00 1602
2000-01 1307 1999-00 619.248 855.779 1475.027 726.079 861.869 1587.948
2001-02 1583 2000-01 937.729 1115.111 2052.84 504.147 864.657 1368.804
2002-03 2470 2001-02 401.769 476.975 878.744 478.806 963.428 1442.234
2003-04 2705 2002-03 383.298 1309.273 1692.571 510.147 1074.875 1585.022
2004-05 2930 2003-04 886.778 1036.302 1923.08 338.452 694.98 1033.432
2005-06 3484 2004-05 302.917 1277.79 1580.707 244.229 1244.218 1488.447
2006-07 5077 2005-06 628.381 1158.979 1787.36 500.543 1067.093 1567.636
2007-08 6149 2006-07 728.493 1527.635 2256.128 590.171 1040.404 1630.575
2008-09 7471
2007-08 961.881 1880.563 2842.444 658.115 1403.399 2061.514
2009-10 10750
2008-09 423.257 2021.06 2444.317 657.805 1189.5 1847.305
2010-11 10912
2011-12 10364 2009-10 555.147 2428.53 2983.677 639.171 1588.603 2227.774
2010-11 830.46 5138.166 5968.626 745.1 1031.642 1776.742
2012-13 15315
2011-12 1441.375 3323.15 4764.525 587.996 1538.482 2126.478
2013-14 21508
2012-13 554.53 5300.077 5854.607 726.274 2084.726 2811
2014-15 25020
2013-14 497.817 5346.4 5844.217 680.729 2403.659 3084.388
2015-16 30176
2014-15 493.656 4764.809 5258.465 570.825 2472.247 3043.072
2016-17 33493
2015-16 544.918 6503.157 7048.075 530.555 3033.031 3563.586
2017-18 32943
2018-19 32717 2016-17 404.528 17557.322 17961.85 459.35 3217.941 3677.291
2019-20 36037 2017-18 705.107 14269.816 14974.92 382.422 5986.953 6369.375
2019-20 36037 2018-19 1571.893 8334.968 9906.861 279.703 6262.871 6542.574
2020-21 46391 2019-20 583.962 9213.912 9797.874 307.677 7074.047 7381.724
2021-22 41827 2020-21 700.62 8741.75 9442.37 508.88 7448.68 7957.75
2022-23* 32267 2021-22 2381 7792 10173 674.77 10294.52 10969.29
2022-23* 248.92 1534.36 1783.28 243.29 4633.23 4876.52
Source: Bangladesh Bank. July-Feb.-2023 . Source: ERD, Ministry of Finance. *Up to February 2023

Statistical Appendices | 361

Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

Appendix-58: Foreign Debt Service Payment

(In million US$)
FY Medium and long-term debt service Export Total foreign Total DS as % Total DSL as
payments earnings exchange of total export % of total
Interest Principal Total earnings* earnings foreign
exchange
earnings
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
1975-76 20 36 56 381 474 14.6 11.7
1976-77 28 22 50 417 548 11.2 9.1
1977-78 31 34 65 494 704 13.2 9.2
1978-79 39 50 89 619 898 14.4 9.9
1979-80 42 66 108 726 1228 14.9 8.8
1980-81 41 44 85 710 1364 12.0 6.3
1981-82 47 45 92 626 1285 14.6 7.1
1982-83 51 85 136 687 1533 19.8 8.9
1983-84 58 71 129 811 1686 15.8 7.6
1984-85 64 106 170 934 1661 18.2 10.2
1985-86 73 111 184 819 1634 22.4 11.2
1986-87 81 152 233 1074 2032 21.7 11.3
1987-88 123 166 289 1231 2278 24.4 12.6
1988-89 123 170 293 1292 2453 22.8 11.7
1989-90 116 186 302 1524 2731 19.8 10.9
1990-91 120 197 317 1718 2942 19.4 11.0
1991-92 127 210 337 2994 3406 16.9 9.8
1992-93 135 239 374 2383 3944 15.7 9.5
1993-94 139 263 405 2534 4293 17.2 10.4
1994-95 154 314 468 3473 5490 13.5 8.5
1995-96 152 316 468 3882 5908 12.1 7.9
1996-97 147 316 463 4427 6647 10.5 7.0
1997-98 137 307 444 5172 7495 8.6 5.9
1998-99 166 373 539 5324 7737 10.1 7.0
1999-00 172 447 619 5762 8560 10.7 7.2
2000-01 159 438 597 6476 9117 9.2 6.5
2001-02 151 435 586 5986 9295 9.8 6.3
2002-03 156 452 608 6548 10497 9.28 5.8
2003-04 165 423 588 7603 11899 7.73 4.94
2004-05 185 434 619 8655 13680 7.2 4.5
2005-06 176 502 678 10526 16624 6.4 4.1
2006-07 182 540 722 12178 19641 5.9 3.7
2007-08 185 586 770 14111 21404 5.5 3.6
2008-09 200 656 855 15565 27086 5.5 3.2
2009-10 190 686 876 16205 29670 5.4 3
2010-11 200 729 929 22928 37144 4.1 2.5
2011-12 197 770 967 24288 39815 4 2.4
2012-13 196 895 1091 27018 44186 4 2.5
2013-14 206 1088 1294 29765 46945 4.28 2.75
2014-15 188 909 1097 30768 49102 3.51 2.24
2015-16 202 849 1051 - - - -
2016-17 229 894 1123 - - - -
2017-18 229 1110 1409 - - - -
2018-19 391 1202 1593 -
2019-20 477 1257 1734 - - - -
2020-21 496 1419 1915 - - - -
2021-22 491 1527 2018
2022-23* 403 1021 1424
Source: ERD, Ministry of Finance, * Up to February 2023
Note: Total foreign exchange earnings = commodity export earnings + workers remittances + invisible receipts

Statistical Appendices | 362

Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

Appendix-59: External Debt Outstanding

(In million US$)
FY Disbursement** Debt service payment***
Debt outstanding
Principal Interest Total at the end of each
FY
1973-74 243 9 9 18 501
1974-75 526 58 13 71 974
1975-76 567 36 20 56 1577
1976-77 279 22 28 50 1828
1977-78 442 34 31 65 2783
1978-79 528 50 39 89 3193
1979-80 573 66 42 108 3400
1980-81 554 44 41 85 4383
1981-82 586 45 47 92 4959
1982-83 590 85 51 136 5452
1983-84 535 71 58 129 5941
1984-85 569 106 64 170 6281
1985-86 760 111 73 184 7438
1986-87 934 152 81 233 8364
1987-88 817 166 123 289 9473
1988-89 996 170 124 294 9879
1989-90 1044 186 116 302 10609
1990-91 901 197 120 317 12714
1991-92 794 210 127 337 13330
1992-93 857 239 135 374 13615
1993-94 849 263 139 402 15373
1994-95 849 314 154 468 16767
1995-96 766 316 153 469 15166
1996-97 745 316 147 463 15025
1997-98 748 307 137 444 14033
1998-99 867 373 166 539 14843
1999-00 862 447 172 619 16211
2000-01 865 438 159 597 15074
2001-02 963 435 151 586 16276
2002-03 1075 452 156 608 17411
2003-04 695 423 165 588 18511
2004-05 1257 434 183 655 19286
2005-06 1067 502 176 678 19420
2006-07 1040 540 182 722 20713
2007-08 1403 586 184 770 20265
2008-09 1190 655 199 855 20859
2009-10 1589 686 190 876 20336
2010-11 1032 729 200 929 22086
2011-12 1538 770 197 967 22095
2012-13 2085 895 196 1091 22381
2013-14 2404 1089 206 1294 24388
2014-15 2472 909 188 1097 23901
2015-16 3033 848 202 1050 26306
2016-17 3218 894 229 1123 28337
2017-18 5987 1110 299 1409 33512
2018-19 6263 1202 391 1593 38475
2019-20 7074 1257 477 1734 44095
2020-21 7449 1419 496 1915 50879
2021-22 10295 1527 491 2018 55602
2022-23* 4633 1021 403 1424 59214

Source: ERD, Ministry of Finance, * Up to February 2023

Note: ** Only loan, *** excluding short-term loans like IMF borrowing, food loan, Biman, import of oil.

Statistical Appendices | 363

Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

Appendix 60.1: Foreign Assistance by Source

(In million US$)
Country/Agency 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12
IDA 635.33 680.10 795.84 507.52 397.48 553.14 620.84
Japan 31.05 31.62 88.74 103.04 78.96 121.34 247.59
ADB 264.56 342.46 448.32 618.56 1086.75 486.85 460.78
USA 3.95 61.91 14.57 - - - -
UN Organization* 111.15 76.15 177.94 14.38 211.74 162.3 142.11
Canada 62.04 17.7 41.75 19.25 13.66 31.14 4.64
Germany/Kfw/Giz 15.29 19.71 29.79 63.62 70.39 46.23 43.02
UK 156.80 69.37 127.62 132.15 124.33 102.81 106.77
EC-EU 72.65 66.38 70.20 32.64 83.01 18.4 15.96
Netherlands 12.61 23.88 5.41 11.01 1.21 - -
Saudi Arabia - - - - - 2.33 0.35
Sweden 1.79 57.42 42.44 24.77 9.30 11.71 33.77
Norway 10.79 46.45 - - - - -
Denmark 14.28 50.00 32.80 81.89 30.11 33.06 45.44
France - - - - - - -
UNICEF 18.09 29.78 52.01 78.00 - 54.31 59.04
India - - - - - - 12.91
Australia 10.56 - 6.45 - - - -
IDB 25.08 22.64 10.76 21.21 25.76 17.19 17.18
IFAD - - - 12.099 20.39 21.55 43.50
Kuwait - - - 32.378 12.35 10.22 13.23
OPEC - - - 2.291 5.222 10.86 23.05
South Korea - - - 4.53 20.07 74.6 60.13
NDF - - - - 3.10 3.56 -
China - - - - - - -
Russia - - - - - - -
Other’s** 121.62 35.01 116.91 12.453 - 19.12 176.12
Total 1567.64 1630.58 2061.51 1847.31 2227.77 1777.16 2136.47
Source: ERD, Ministry of Finance.
Note: *excluding UNICEF; **includes NDF,USA,UAE, Abu Dhabi, Australia, France, AFD, Italy, Nederland, Norway and Turkey
(TIKA).

Statistical Appendices | 364

 Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

Appendix 60.2: Foreign Assistance by Source

(In million US$)
Country/
2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16 2016-17 2017-18 2018-19 2019-20 2020-21 2021-22 2022-23*
Agency
IDA 769.63 936.05 977.89 1157.90 1399.66 1422.65 2030.93 1509.93 1640.69 1739.69 748.5
Japan 348.58 450.78 366.46 553.06 645.71 1544.46 1195.65 1692.91 1945.44 2314.77 1150.7
ADB 752.05 464.68 715.76 813.76 757.11 896.39 1255.02 1706.94 1309.02 2628.66 725.58
USA 0.00 0.46 1.53 0.00 3.00 1.24 4.88 - - 143.76 66.65
UN
171.49 26.63 144.76 128.95 103.21 169.96 67.82 98.46 107.04 244.84 54.29
Organization**
Canada 3.52 16.28 13.28 20.51 8.63 8.42 0 - - - -
Germany/
68.71 35.34 30.08 60.82 44.81 31.93 14.63 24.06 61.35 20.44 35
Kfw/Giz
UK 108.95 116.02 79.30 65.44 21.86 31.43 0 - - 1.84 0.5
EC-EU 51.73 51.12 29.74 3.74 43.38 0.00 0 50.64 181.25 15.57 17.72
EIB 40.19 11.16 14.61
Netherlands 4.60 6.96 0.93 2.71 12.53 0.00 0 - 0.00 - -
Saudi Arabia 3.42 6.42 9.76 28.76 29.93 18.24 26.81 6.27 9.11 16.41 -
Sweden 11.26 23.97 10.15 0.007 0.00 0.00 0 - - - -
Norway 0.00 4.6 2.84 0.00 0.00 0.00 0 - - - -
Denmark 41.42 62.67 29.53 24.16 14.94 15.18 0 - 13.79 6.95 1.6
France 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.34 12.32 68.37 18.44 32.43 141.62 158.35 74.46
UNICEF 66.66 16.88 39.16 38.95 46.77 79.59 76.48 61.55 43.21 34.76 -
India 175.32 123.37 94.00 84.79 80.23 46.92 137.86 136.38 142.46 327.87 183.53
Australia 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 4.85 0.00 0 - - - -
IDB 2.82 76.94 132.92 100.49 39.83 32.96 33.33 39.87 104.54 100.64 43.67
IFAD 17.09 14.28 42.29 51.89 49.08 21.98 27.88 25.01 40.79 57.51 12.32
Kuwait 10.65 9.35 7.22 16.62 32.01 18.58 27.68 9.74 36.54 19.66 10.73
OPEC 6.31 6.65 10.61 25.90 29.95 15.79 34.56 20.92 54.31 119.23 8.02
South Korea 37.841 35.54 55.73 33.23 31.01 6.19 57.61 79.18 118.25 190.3 34.74
NDF 0.00 4.6 2.84 0.70 0.08 0.00 0 - - - -
China 77.04 472.71 121.23 115.73 36.39 988.66 515.09 408.87 244.53 989.53 615.18
Russia 0.00 0.00 113.91 202.69 92.41 832.82 903.86 854.78 1029.55 1434.06 747.2
Other’s*** 61.84 126.69 13.83 29.44 137.47 33.79 114.04 623.78 693.68 393.29 -
Total 2811.00 3084.39 3043.07 3563.59 3677.29 6290.75 6542.57 7381.72 7957.55 10969.29 4876.52
Source: ERD, Ministry of Finance, * Up to February 2023
Note: **excluding UNICEF; ***includes NDF,USA,UAE, Abu Dhabi, Australia, France, AFD, Italy, Nederland, Norway and Turkey
(TIKA).

Statistical Appendices | 365

 Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

Appendix 61.1: Foreign Assistance Disbursement by Economic Sector

(In million US$)
Sector 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12
Agriculture 52.3 69.4 35.8 30.1 83.5 65.2 49.6
Rural Development & Institution 47.1 38.4 57.4 57.0 93.4 42.0 41.5
Water Resources 89.1 71.9 67.8 74.1 52.4 57.5 63.5
Industries 61.6 14.8 8.2 19.1 1.9 23.4 81.6
Power 162.4 233.4 355.9 234.2 191.8 275.7 398.5
Oil, Gas & Mineral Resources 14.5 32.9 17.5 19.1 101.9 20.9 27.3
Transport 76.0 83.7 119.6 150.7 103.9 103.3 114.3
Communication 0.0 0.0 8.4 4.4 11.1 13.5 86.4
Physical Planning, Water Supply & Housing 118.2 95.6 81.3 98.0 116.7 97.0 245.4
Education & Religion 316.7 364.6 217.0 220.6 254.3 243.7 279.8
Sports & Culture 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Health, Population & Family Welfare 173.9 249.5 193.9 172.9 176.2 224.5 274.1
Mass Media 0.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Social Welfare, Women Affairs & Youth Dev. 13.1 3.8 20.5 7.1 20.7 15.0 50.8
Public Administration 344.4 312.5 767.3 707.5 926.6 540.2 344.5
Science & Technology 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Labour & Manpower 0.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Total 1470.4 1570.7 1950.7 1794.9 2134.4 1721.8 2057.2
Source: ERD, Ministry of Finance.

Appendix 61.2: Foreign Assistance Disbursement by Economic Sector

(In million US$)
Sector 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16 2016-17 2017-18 2018-19 2019-20 2020-21 2021-22*
Agriculture 73.3 122.7 215 227.27 210.22 171.4 228.1 222.46 356 338.7
Rural Development & Institution 58.8 49.1 49.9 65.84 241.22 202.6 402 310.7 344 405.5
Environment, Climate change and
73.2 96.6 90 121.35 63.67 65.7 128.4 83.51 79.1 99.3
Water Resources
Industries 128.7 321.3 82 27.79 37.34 45.3 73.5 149.8 106.9 262.3
Power 556.1 498.9 629 973.09 602.73 1396.9 1009.5 1212.88 2214.3 3063.4
Oil, Gas & Mineral Resources 54.3 69.8 18.1 38.44 75.03 80.9 203.3 209.85 135.4
Transport 238.7 431.2 282.1 410.14 647.14 1810.8 1097.8 1708.26 1904.6 2075.7
Communication 57 113.3 96.1 71.02 4.89 8.5 54.5 98.03 49.9
Physical Planning, Water Supply &
141.4 187 301.1 338.1 431.2 496.8 526.6 524.82 457.6 360.3
Housing
Education & Religion 417.2 352.9 375.1 474.92 468.93 433.2 672.36 268.86 210.1 260.7
Sports & Culture 0 0 0 -- 1.12 1.1 0.1 0.07 0 0
Health, Population & Family Welfare 224 242.7 177.4 206.15 252.51 202.7 173.6 162.72 291.9 1748.7
Mass Media 0 0 0 -- 0 0 0 - 72.6 305.4
Social Welfare, Women Affairs &
60.9 92.4 66.6 144.34 230.15 210.8 303.1 63.36 294.3 81.5
Youth Dev.
Public Administration 676.3 468.7 622.5 398.82 274.02 266.7 569.6 1449.89 1295.7 1882.6
Science & Technology 0 0 0 29.05 103.54 954.7 1072.9 886.37 16.9 26.2
Labour & Manpower 0 0 0.6 5.41 4.77 7.8 4.6 29.31 111.6
Disipline and wel protected 39.9
Total 2760.8 3046.8 3005.5 3531.72 3648.47 6355.9 6519.96 7380.89 7940.9 10950.2
Source: ERD, Ministry of Finance.

Statistical Appendices | 366

Bangladesh Economic Review 2023

Appendix 62: Size, Actual Expenditure and Growth Rate of GDP of Five Year Past Plan
(Respective Base Year Price)
(In million Tk.)
Plan Size of the Plan Estimated Actual Expenditure Growth Achieved
(As % of Plan Size) Rate Growth Rate
Target (%)
Total Public Private Total Public Private (%)
1st Five Year Plan 44,550 39,520 5,030 20,740 16,350 4,390 5.50 4.00
(46.55) (41.37) (87.28)
Two- Year Plan 38,680 32,610 6,000 33,590 24,020 9,570 5.60 3.50
(87.00) (73.66) (159.50)
2nd Five Year Plan 172,000 111,000 61,000 152,970 103,280 49,690 5.40 3.80
(88.94) (93.05) (81.46)

3rd Five Year Plan 386,000 250,000 136,000 270,110 171,290 98,802 5.40 3.80
(69.98) (68.52) (72.66)
4th Five Year Plan 620,000 347,000 273,000 598,480 274,083 324,397 5.00 4.15
(96.53) (78.99) (118.83)
5th Five Year Plan 1959,521 858,939 1100,582 1373,639 635,368 378,271 7.00 5.21
(70.10) (73.97) (67.08)
6th Five Year Plan 17633,657 3874,616 13759,040 17115,829 3799,576 13316,253 7.3 6.35
(97.06) (98.06) (96.78)
7th Five Year Plan 3102,800 7252,300 2,46,50,500 - - - 7.4 7.13

8th Five Year Plan 63600,000 16100,000 47500,000 - - - 8.51

Source: General Economics Division, Planning Commission and BBS.

* Growth of fiscal year 2018-19.

Statistical Appendices | 367

 Contributors

Name Designation
Abul Monsur Economic Adviser

Dr. Md. Fardous Alom Deputy Economic Adviser

Dr. Najmus Sayadat Deputy Economic Adviser

Md. Mominur Rahman Deputy Secretary

Sabina Eyasmin Senior Assistant Secretary

Monoara Parvin Mitu Senior Assistant Secretary

Tasnova Rahman Senior Assistant Secretary

Md. Yeakub Ali Assistant Secretary