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Chapter 6:
Earthquake Load Design

Introduction

1
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Introduction
Plate Tectonics
95% of earthquakes occur along the edges of the interacting plates

Introduction
1 Ground Motion - Measuring MMI Scale

2
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Introduction
2 Richter Scale

Introduction
Measuring MMI and Richter Scale

3
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Introduction

Earthquake Effects on Structures

Epicenter Bedrock Surface Building

Identify Selection Attenuation Local site effect

seismotectonic Relationship analysis
condition formula

Introduction
3 Ground Motion - Measuring MMI and Acceleration

4
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Introduction

Ground Motion - Seismic Hazard map (Global)

Introduction

Earthquake Effect to Malaysia – Comparison to Indonesia Seismic Zone Map

10

5
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Introduction
Padang Earthquake
30 Sept 2009 (M=7.6)

11

11

Earthquake
Catalogue
(up to 2019)

12

6
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Active Fault Identification

13

The reference peak ground acceleration agR

Source :
MS EN 1998-1:2017

14

7
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Introduction

Prof. Felix Tongkol

15

Introduction

Prof. Felix Tongkol

16

8
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Introduction to Eurocode
Changing Design Philosophies
Pre 1990’s 1990 – to date The future

Force-based Design Capacity Design Performance –based

(e.g. British Standard) (e.g. Eurocode) engineering
• Consider deformation of • Extend Capacity Design
• Design elements to take extra
system • Or use non-linear elastic concept
loads
• Dissipate energy through • Explicitly identify serviceability and
• Did not consider structure as ultimate performance requirements
a system – did not consider plastic hinge formation
(hysterisis damping) • Run many non-linear numerical
how it would fail as a whole simulations
• Poor actual performance • Design for particular collapse
mechanism (but building will • Develop fragility curve (probability
• Life safety
be damage / unstable?) distribution)
• Life safety • Design for explicit risk
• Continued serviceability
• Life Safety

17

Introduction to Eurocodes

The Programme

The following structural Eurocodes, each generally consisting of a number of parts, will
be released as ENs between 2000 and 2004. All exist at present as ENVs:

ENV 1990 Basis of Design

ENV 1991 Eurocode 1: Actions on structures
ENV 1992 Eurocode 2: Design of concrete structures
ENV 1993 Eurocode 3 : Design of steel structures
ENV 1994 Eurocode 4 : Design of composite steel and concrete structures
ENV 1995 Eurocode 5 : Design of timber structures
ENV 1996 Eurocode 6 : Design of masonry structures
ENV 1997 Eurocode 7 : Geotechnical design
ENV 1998 Eurocode 8 : Design of structures for earthquake resistance
ENV 1999 Eurocode 9 : Design of aluminium structures

Co-existence between Eurocodes & National Codes After a Eurocode becomes an EN,
under CEN rules there will be a period of coexistence, with the appropriate National
Code (possibly five years) following which the National Code will cease to be maintained.

18

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Eurocodes
Eurocode Family Superseded Standards
BS 8110 : Part 1 – Section 2

BS 6399, BS 648 BD 37/88

BS 8110, BS5400 & BS8007

Part 1: General rules, seismic actions and rules for

buildings
Part 2: Bridges
Part 3: Assessment and retrofitting of buildings
Part 4: Silos, tanks and pipelines
Part 5: Foundations, retaining structures and
geotechnical aspects
Part 6: Towers, masts and chimneys

19

Introduction to Eurocodes
Eurocode 8 : BS EN 1998
Part 1: General rules, seismic actions and rules for buildings
Part 2: Bridges
Part 3: Assessment and retrofitting of buildings
Part 4: Silos, tanks and pipelines
Part 5: Foundations, retaining structures and geotechnical aspects
Part 6: Towers, masts and chimneys

20

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Introduction to Eurocodes

MS EN 1998-1:2015

Eurocode 8:
Design of structures for
earthquake resistance

• Part 1: General rules,

seismic actions and rules
for buildings

21

Introduction to Eurocodes
Eurocode 8 : MS EN 1998-1 & NA

22

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Introduction to Eurocodes

Scope of EN 1998
EN 1998 applies to the design Special structures,
and construction of buildings 01 02 such as nuclear
and civil engineering works in power plants,
seismic regions. Its purpose is offshore structures
to ensure that in the event of and large dams, are
earthquakes: beyond the scope
− human lives are protected;
− damage is limited; and
− structures important for civil
protection remain operational.

Subdivided into Contains only those provisions

various separate that, in addition to the provisions
04 03 of the other relevant Eurocodes,
Parts
must be observed for the design
of structures in seismic regions.
It complements in this respect
the other Eurocodes.

23

23

Seismic Hazard and Structure Performance

Near Field Far Field

< 50km Tn = Long

Tn = Long
<10~15km
Tn = Short
Residential Tn = Short
College
Residential Hospital
epicentre College
Hospital

n soil
ctio Hard ground
dire Soft soil
Distance
Horizontal bedrock
and vertical Horizontal Direction
Direction
In a short period of time, a Ground motion is
large kinetic energy is characterized by its longer
transferred to the structure. duration and richness in
low frequency content.
They have higher Therefore, tall buildings
acceleration and more that have larger period can
limited frequencies be more excited by far-
compared to higher field records.
frequencies of far-field
earthquakes

The ratio of vertical to horizontal spectrum in near-field earthquakes is much more than far-filed ones

24

12
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ULASAN DAN CADANGAN PERMOHONAN KEBENARAN

MERANCANG PROJEK DARI JMG

TOH
ON
C

25

Preliminary Analysis : Parameters

There are three basic parameters used in deciding on seismic design requirements. The
analysis of these parameter will determine whether to consider seismic design in a
proposed buildings or not. If the seismic design need to be considered, the next
decision is to decide whether the design just require to take loadings as the extra loads,
or to comply the reinforcements requirements for ductility design procedures.

01 The importance
factor (γI)

02
Seismic
The reference peak Zones
ground acceleration
(agR)

03 Ground Type and

Soil Factor (S)

26

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Preliminary Analysis : Parameters

01 The importance factor γI

Importance factor, γI
Importance class Buildings
MS NA EC8
I Buildings of minor importance for 0.8
public safety, e.g. agricultural
buildings, etc.
II Ordinary buildings, not belonging in 1.0
the other categories.
III Buildings whose seismic resistance is 1.2
of importance in view of the
consequences associated with a
collapse, e.g. schools, assembly
halls, cultural institutions etc.
IV Buildings whose integrity during 1.5
earthquakes is of vital importance
for civil protection, e.g. hospitals,
fire stations, power plants, etc.

27

Preliminary Analysis : Parameters

02 The reference peak ground acceleration agR

The reference peak ground acceleration, chosen by

the National Authorities for each seismic zone,
corresponds to the reference return period TNCR of
the seismic action for the no-collapse requirement
(or equivalently the reference probability of
exceedance in 50 years, PNCR) chosen by the
National Authorities

The reference seismic action associated with

a reference probability of exceedance,
PNCR=10% in 50 years or a reference return
period, TNCR = 475years
TNCR = -TL / ln(1 - PNCR)
= -50 / ln(1 - 0.1)
= 475

28

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Source :
MS NA EN 1998-1:2017

29

Preliminary Analysis : Parameters

03 Ground Type and

Soil Factor (S)

The site should be classified according to

the value of the average shear wave
velocity, vs,30 , if this is available. Otherwise
the value of NSPT should be used.

The average shear wave velocity vs,30 should

be computed in accordance with the
following expression:

where hi and vi denote the thickness (in

metres) and shear-wave velocity (at a shear
strain level of 10 –5 or less) of the i-th
formation or layer, in a total of N, existing in
the top 30 m.

30

15
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Preliminary Analysis : Parameters

03 Ground Type and

Soil Factor (S)

31

Preliminary Analysis : Parameters

03 Ground Type and

Soil Factor (S)

32

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Preliminary Analysis : Parameters

03 Ground Type and

Soil Factor (S)

33

Preliminary Analysis : Parameters

03 Ground Type and

Soil Factor (S)

34

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Preliminary Analysis : Parameters

03 Ground Type and

Soil Factor (S)

35

Preliminary Analysis : Parameters

03 Ground Type and

Soil Factor (S)
Horizontal elastic response spectra.

36

18
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Preliminary Analysis : Parameters

03 Ground Type and

Soil Factor (S)

Horizontal elastic response spectra.

37

Preliminary Analysis : Seismic Zones

38

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Preliminary Analysis : Seismic Zones

Zones ag or agS Ductility Class

Very Low Seismicity ag ≤ 0.04g ag S ≤ 0.05g -

0.05g < agS ≤ Ductility Class Low

Low Seismicity 0.04g < ag ≤ 0.08g
0.10g (DCL)

Low to Moderate Ductility Class

ag > 0.08g agS > 0.10g
Seismicity Medium (DCM)

39

Introduction to Response Spectrum

0.15
0.122612
0.1
Acceleration (g)

0.05

0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
-0.05

-0.1
-0.124038
-0.15
Time (Sec)

2
1.5
1
Velocity (in/sec)

0.5
0
-0.5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

-1
-1.5
-2
-2.5
Time (Sec)

40

20
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Introduction to Response
Spectrum

41

Introduction to Response Spectrum

42

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RESPONSE SPECTRUM IN EUROCODE 8

Horizontal Elastic Response Spectrum, Se(T)

Damping correction factor

where
Se(T) is the elastic response spectrum;
T is the vibration period of a linear single-degree-of-freedom system;
ag is the design ground acceleration on type A ground (ag = γI.agR);
TB is the lower limit of the period of the constant spectral acceleration branch;
TC is the upper limit of the period of the constant spectral acceleration branch;
TD is the value defining the beginning of the constant displacement response range of the spectrum;
S is the soil factor;
η is the damping correction factor with a reference value of η = 1 for 5% viscous damping.
C is a constant value

43

RESPONSE SPECTRUM IN EUROCODE 8

Horizontal Elastic Response Spectrum
Eurocode recommendation vs Malaysia National Annex

44

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EUROCODE 8
Horizontal Elastic Response Spectrum
Malaysia National Annex : soil deposit less than 30m in depth

45

EUROCODE 8
Horizontal Elastic Response Spectrum
Malaysia National Annex : soil deposit exceeding 30m in depth

46

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EUROCODE 8
Vertical Elastic Response Spectrum

Vertical component of seismic action Sve(T)

Eurocode recommendation vs Malaysia National Annex

47

EUROCODE 8
Design Spectrum for Elastic Analysis

01
The capacity of structural systems
to resist seismic actions in the
non-linear range generally De
permits their design for resistance Spe sign
ctr
to seismic forces smaller than um
those corresponding to a linear
elastic response.

02
To avoid explicit inelastic structural
analysis in design, the capacity of
the structure to dissipate energy,
through mainly ductile behaviour
of its elements and/or other
mechanisms, is taken into account
by performing an elastic analysis
based on a response spectrum
reduced with respect to the elastic
one, henceforth called a ''design
spectrum''. This reduction is
accomplished by introducing the
behaviour factor q.

48

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EUROCODE 8
Design Spectrum for Elastic Analysis

“Behaviour Factor” , q

The Behavior Factor (also Known as

Response Modification Factor, R)
reduces linear elastic response spectra
to inelastic response spectra by taking
into account the inherent ductility and
over-strength of a structure.

•The proposed q factor in Eurocode 8

ranges from 1.5 to 5.0, while in the US
codes the R factor is taken up to 8.0

•Behavior factor depends significantly

on the ductility (Rd) and over-strength
(Ω) of a building.

49

EUROCODE 8

Design Spectrum for Elastic Analysis

Design spectrum Sd(T) in horizontal components

50

25
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EUROCODE 8

Design Spectrum for Elastic Analysis

Design spectrum Sd(T) in vertical components
For the vertical component of the seismic
action the design spectrum is given by
02
01 expressions (3.13) to (3.16), with the
design ground acceleration in the vertical
direction, avg replacing ag, S taken as being
equal to 1.0 and the other parameters as
defined in Vertical elastic response For the vertical component of the
spectrum in Cl 3.2.2.3. seismic action a behaviour factor
q up to to 1.5 should generally be
adopted for all materials and
structural systems. The adoption
03
The design spectrum as defined
above is not sufficient for the of values for q greater than 1,5 in
design of structures with base- the vertical direction should be
isolation or energy-dissipation justified through an appropriate
systems. analysis.

51

Conceptual Design

Basic principles of conceptual design

− structural simplicity;

− uniformity, symmetry and redundancy;

− bi-directional resistance and stiffness;

− torsional resistance and stiffness;

− diaphragmatic behaviour at storey level;

− adequate foundation.

52

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Conceptual Design

Basic Principles – Plan irregularity

53

Conceptual Design

Basic Principles - Torsional resistance and stiffness

54

27
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Conceptual Design

Basic Principles

55

Conceptual Design

Basic Principles - Vertical irregularity

56

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Conceptual Design

Basic Principles - Soft-storey effect

57

Conceptual Design

Basic Principles - Torsional resistance and stiffness

58

29
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Conceptual Design

Basic Principles

59

Conceptual Design
Basic Principles

60

30
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Conceptual Design

Basic Principles

61

Analysis Method – Static Force Analysis

62

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Methods of Analysis
1. Linear-elastic analysis
– to determine the seismic effects and the effects of the other actions
considered
– may be performed using 2 planar models where one is for main
horizontal direction
– Two types of linear elastic can be used:
Method 1 • Lateral force method of analysis
Method 2 • Modal response spectrum analysis

2. Non-linear analysis
– an alternative to the linear method
– should be properly substantiated with regard to seismic input,
constitutive model used, method of interpreting results of analysis and
the requirements to be met
– Two types of non-linear analysis:
• Non-linear static (push over) analysis
• Non-linear time history (dynamic) analysis

63

Fo
Str rce
uct s Static Dynamic
ure
Lateral Forces Method Modal Response Spectrum
Analysis
Linear

Push over Analysis Time History Analysis

Non-Linear

64

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Criteria for structural regularity

• Characterization of structural regularity is important for its effect on:
ü the structural model: simplified planar model or a spatial model;
ü the method of analysis: simplified response spectrum analysis (lateral
force procedure) or a modal analysis
ü the value of the behavior factor q

Table 4.1: Consequences of structural regularity on seismic analysis and design

Regularity Allowed Simplification Behaviour factor
Plan Elevation Model Linear-elastic Analysis (for linear analysis)
Yes Yes Planar Lateral force Reference value
Yes No Planar Modal Decreased value
No Yes Spatial Lateral force Reference value
No No Spatial Modal Decreased value

65

Criteria for regularity in plan

ü Building structure is approximately symmetrical in plan (lateral

stiffness and mass distribution)
ü plan configuration shall be compact
ü The in-plan stiffness of the floors shall be sufficiently large in
comparison with the lateral stiffness of the vertical structural
elements
ü The slenderness λ = Lmax/Lmin ≤ 4
ü structural eccentricity eo and the torsional radius r should be eox
≤ 0,30rx

66

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Criteria for regularity in elevation

ü Criteria for regularity of buildings with setbacks
i) setback occurs above 0,15H
a b

L1 - L2 L3 + L1
£ 0,20 £ 0,20
L2 L

ii) setback occurs below 0,15H d

c
L - L2
£ 0,30
L3 + L1 L
£ 0,50
L
L1 - L2
£ 0,10
L1

67

Methods of Analysis

Method 1
Lateral force method of analysis

• This type of analysis may be applied to buildings whose response is not

significantly affected by contributions from modes of vibration higher than the
fundamental mode in each principal direction.

Applicable to Structures that meet following Conditions:

a)The Fundamental period of the structure is less than or equal to 2sec.

b)The Fundamental period of the structure is less than or equal to 4Tc.
c)Considered to be Regular in Elevation.

68

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Static lateral force method

START Step 1:
Preliminary Screening
Response of buildings is not significantly
affected by contribution from modes of
vibration higher than the fundamental modes
in each principal direction

T1 = fundamental
Regularity in
period of vibration ì4.TC
T1 £ í elevation
î2,0s (Given in 4.2.3.3)
TC = given in Table
3.2 or Table 3.2
EN 1998-1: 2003
Yes
Yes

STATIC LATERAL FORCE

METHOD

69

Static lateral force method

Step 2:
1
Sd (T1 ) = the ordinate of the design Determination of Base shear force
spectrum (see 3.2.2.5) at period T1;

T1 = the fundamental period of

vibration of the building for lateral BASE SHEAR FORCE, Fb
Ct = 0,085 for moment resistant
motion in the direction considered; space steel frames,
0,075 for moment resistant
m = the total mass of the
Fb = Sd (T1 ).m.l space concrete frames
building, and for eccentrically
braced steel frames and
λ = the correction factor. 0,050 for all other structures;
λ = 0,85 if T1 < 2 TC and the
building has more than two T1 H = the height of the building, in m
storeys, or λ = 1,0 otherwise. T1 = 2. d T1 = Ct .H 3 4

Ct for structures with concrete or masonry

T1 = the fundamental period of shear walls
vibration of the building, expressions Ct = 0,075 / Ac
based on methods of structural
dynamics Ac = the total effective area of the
shear walls in the first storey of the

d = the lateral elastic displacement of

[
Ac = å Ai .(0,2 + (lwi / H ))
2
] building, in m2 ;

the top of the building, in m Ai = the effective cross-sectional area

of the shear wall i in the first storey of
the building, in m2 ;

lwi = the length of the shear wall i in

the first storey in the direction
2
parallel to the applied forces, in m,
with the restriction that lwi/H < 0,9.

70

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Static lateral force method

2
Step 3:
Horizontal seismic force
Fi = the horizontal force acting on
When the fundamental mode shape
storey i; DISTRIBUTION OF THE is approximated by horizontal
HORIZONTAL SEISMIC FORCES, Fi displacements increasing linearly
Fb = the seismic base shear
along the height
si, sj = the displacements of masses mi, si .mi z i .mi
Fi = Fb . Fi = Fb . zi, zj = the heights of the masses mi
å s .m å
mj in the fundamental mode shape;
j j z j .m j mj above the level of application of
the seismic action (foundation or
mi, mj = the storey masses computed in
top of a rigid basement).
accordance with 3.2.4(2).

TORSIONAL EFFECT
x = the distance of the element
under consideration from the centre x eai = the accidental eccentricity of
of mass of the building in plan, d = 1 + 0,6. eai = ±0,05.Li storey mass i from its nominal
measured perpendicularly to the Le location, applied in the same
direction of the seismic action direction at all floors;
considered;
The action effects in the individual load Li = the floor-dimension
Le = the distance between the two resisting elements resulting from the perpendicular to the direction of the
outermost lateral load resisting application of Fi multiplied by d seismic action.
elements, measured perpendicularly
to the direction of the seismic action
considered. Step 4:
Torsional effect
END

71

Analysis Example

Method 1 - Lateral Force Method (Example 1)

A three-story concrete shear wall
school building are determined using
Eurocode 8 to design seismic forces. It 36 m

is located in Kuala Lumpur Malaysia A

on shallow soil with a shear wave

velocity of 900 m/s. The story heights B 7562 kN
are 3.9 m for the first floor and 3.3 m 55 m

3.3 m
for the second and third floors. The C
8896 kN

story dead loads are 9786 kN, 8896 kN D

3.3 m
and 7562 kN from the bottom up. The 9786 kN

plan dimensions are 55 m by 36 m. 1 2

3.9 m
The walls in the direction under (a) Plan view
consideration are 36 m long and are
without opening.
(b) Elevation view

72

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Analysis Example
Preliminary Analysis : Parameters

01 The importance factor

(γI)

73

Analysis Example
Preliminary Analysis : Parameters

02 The reference peak

ground acceleration (agR)

Source : MS NA EN 1998-1:2017

74

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Analysis Example
Preliminary Analysis : Parameters
3.1.2 (1) Identification of ground types

03 Ground Types

75

Analysis Example
3.2.2.2 Horizontal elastic response spectrum

03 Ground Type and

Soil Factor (S)

76

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Analysis Example
Preliminary Analysis : Parameters
There are three basic parameters

01 The importance factor (γI)

02
- School Building
The reference peak
- Importance Class III ground acceleration (agR)
- γI = 1.2
- Kuala Lumpur
- agR = 0.08g

03 -
Ground Type and
Soil Factor (S)
Vs30 = 900 m/s
- Ground Type = A
- Response Spectrum = Shallow soil Peninsular Malaysia
- Soil Factor (S) = 1.0

77

Analysis Example
Preliminary Analysis : Seismic Zone

ag = agR x γI
Zones ag agS Ductility Class = 0.08g x 1.2
Very Low Seismicity ag ≤ 0.04g ag S ≤ 0.05g - = 0.096g
Low Seismicity 0.04g < ag ≤ 0.08g 0.05g < agS ≤ 0.10g Ductility Class Low (DCL)
agS = agR x γI x 1.0
Low to Moderate Ductility Class Medium
Seismicity
ag > 0.08g agS > 0.10g
(DCM) = 0.08g x 1.2 x 1.0
= 0.096g

78

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Analysis Example
Method 1 - Lateral Force Method (Example 1)
4.3.3.2.2 Base shear force

T1 = 0.05 (10.5 m) ¾
= 0.29 sec.

(dual system - other

structures)

79

Analysis Example
Method 1 - Lateral Force Method (Example 1)

5.2.2.2 Behaviour factors for horizontal seismic

actions
T1 = 0.29 sec q = 3.0au/a1 = 3.0 (1.2) = 3.6

3.2.2.5 Design spectrum for elastic analysis

ag = 0.096g

Sd (T1) = 0.046

80

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Analysis Example

Method 1 - Lateral Force Method (Example 1)

“Behaviour Factor” , q

Zones ag or ag S Behavior Factor, q

Very Low Seismicity ag ≤ 0.04g ag S ≤ 0.05g -

Low Seismicity 0.04g <ag ≤ 0.08g 0.05g < agS ≤ 0.10g 1.5

Low to Moderate
ag > 0.08g agS > 0.10g 1.5 to 3.9
Seismicity

High Intensity 2.0 to 6.0

81

Analysis Example

Method 1 - Lateral Force Method (Example 1)

7562 kN

3.3 m
8896 kN Base Shear, Fb Correction factor (Eq. 4.5)
λ = 0.85 (because T1 < 2TC,
Fb = Sd (T1 ).m.l
3.3 m
9786 kN
and > 2 storey)
3.9 m

W = 26,244 KN
m = 26,244 x103 N
9.81 Fb = (0.046 x 9.81) (2,675,229) (0.85)
= 2,675,229 kg = 1,017 kN (taken into design)

82

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Analysis Example
Method 1 - Lateral Force Method (Example 1)

83

Analysis Example
Method 1 - Lateral Force Method (Example 1)
Vertical Distribution:
z i mi
Fi = Fb ( ) Mass (m)~ Load (kN)
å z jmj

Overturning Moment:

Mi = å Fi (hi - h j )
n

i= j

Table 6.1 : Example 6.1

Level zi mi zimi zimi / S zjmj Fi
(m) (kN) (kNm) (kN)

3 10.5 7,562 79,401 0.4372 445

2 7.2 8,896 64,051.2 0.3527 359
1 3.9 9,786 38,165.4 0.2101 213
S 26,244 181617.6 1.0000 1,017

84

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Analysis Example

Method 1 - Lateral Force Method (Example 1)

445 kN

10.5 m

359 kN

7.2 m

213 KN

3.9 m

Fb = 1,017 kN

Lateral force distribution based on EBD

85

Analysis Example
Ground Type A

86

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Analysis Example
Ground Type B

87

Analysis Example
Ground Type C

88

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Analysis Example
Ground Type D

89

Analysis Example
Ground Type E

90

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Analysis Example

Method 1 - Lateral Force Method (Example 2)

Load Combination: Gk + 1.2 AEd + 0.3 Qk
(DL + 1.2 EQL + 0.3 LL)

Gk + 0.3Qk

F12
F11
F10
F9
1.2 EQL

F8
F7
F6
F5
F4
F3
1
F2
F1

3 x 6.7 = 20.1 m

Figure 6. 5: Load distribution

91

Analysis Example

Method 1 - Lateral Force Method (Example 2)

(a) Bending Moment (b) Shear Force (c) Axial Force

Result of Analysis (Internal Forces)

92

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Analysis Example

Tutorial 1 (Method 1)
Design Example for Frame-Shear Wall Building:
i. Hospital Building 1 – 4 Storey
ii. Hospital Building 2 – 8 Storey
iii. Hospital Building 3 – 12 Storey

• The application of earthquake resistance design provisions of this Seismic Design Guidelines
with respect to design loads and EC 2 relating to proportioning and detailing of members
will be illustrated for representative elements of a 4, 8 and 12 reinforced concrete story
frame, located in Penang with agr=0.06g on site with a shear wave velocity of 650 m/s.

• The typical framing plan and section of the structure considered are shown in Figure 1 and
Figure 2, respectively. The columns and structural walls have constant cross sections
throughout the height of the building. The floor beams and slabs also have the same
dimensions at all floor levels

93

Analysis Example

Tutorial 1 (Method 1)
Total load per story:
• Roof : 1,277 kN
• Each story: 1,696 kN
12
A
11

10
3 x 6.7 = 20.1 m

9
B
8
[email protected]

C 6

4
D 3

2
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
1
4.9 m
7 x 7.9 = 55.3 m
3 x 6.7 = 20.1 m
Figure 1: Typical Floor Framing Plan
Figure 2: Transverse Section 3/A-D

94

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Example Building 1 Building 2

Building Location Penang
PGA (g) 0.06
0.05
Building Period, T

Structure Type, C t

Building Height, H (m) 15.7

T (sec) 0.39

Soil Shear Velocity, Vs,30 900

Ground Type A
Response Spectrum Type Type 1
Elastic Response Spectrum S T B(s) T c(s) T D(s) S T B(s) T c(s) T D(s) S T B(s) T c(s) T D(s)

Parameters 1 0.15 0.4 2.0

Location of T 0.15 ≦ T ≦ 0.4

Formula of Sd(T)

Behaviour factor, q
Lower Bound Factor, 𝛽 -
S d(T) 0.04
BASE SHEAR, Fb

Building Mass, m (kN) 6,365

Correction Factor, 𝜆 0.85

F b (kN) 225.7
95

Analysis Example

3 Storey Building Analysis

0.4

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Analysis Example
10 Storey Building Analysis

0.4

97

20 Storey Building Analysis

0.4

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Modal Response Spectrum

99

Methods of Analysis

Method 2
Modal Response Spectrum analysis

• This type of analysis shall be applied to buildings which do not satisfy the
conditions given in 4.3.3.2.1(2) for applying the lateral force method of
analysis.
• The response of all modes of vibration contributing significantly to the global
response shall be taken into account.
• The requirements specified in paragraph (2)P may be deemed to be satisfied if
either of the following can be demonstrated:
− the sum of the effective modal masses for the modes taken into
account amounts to at least 90% of the total mass of the structure;
− all modes with effective modal masses greater than 5% of the total
mass are taken into account.

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Method 2 – Modal Response Spectrum (Example)

Note: Mass = x103

101

Method 2 – Modal Response Spectrum (Example)

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Method 2 – Modal Response Spectrum (Example)

103

Tutorial 2 (Method 2)

Building
Information

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Tutorial 2 (Method 2)
National Annex, MS-EN1998 Response Spectrum

105

Tutorial 2 (Method 2)
National Annex, MS-EN1998 Response Spectrum = Ground Type A

Building 1 Building 2 Building 3

Location PGA, ag (g)

Total mass (kg)

Modes 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4
% mass for each
modes
Mass For Each Modes
(Kg)

PGA for Each modes

(m/s2)

Modal Base Shear (N)

Total Base Shear, Vb

(kN)

(Vb/(Total
massx9.81)) 100

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Tutorial 2 (Method 2)
National Annex, MS-EN1998 Response Spectrum = Ground Type D

Building 1 Building 2 Building 3

Location PGA, ag (g)

Total mass (kg)

Modes 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4
% mass for each
modes
Mass For Each Modes
(Kg)

PGA for Each modes

(m/s2)

Modal Base Shear (N)

Total Base Shear, Vb

(kN)

(Vb/(Total
7.42% 2.25% 1.77%
massx9.81)) 100

107

Load Combination

For directional effect of the two

horizontal seismic load cases I both X
and Y direction, 100% of the seismic
action applied in one direction and 30%
of the seismic action applied in the
perpendicular direction.

100% Seismic 30% Seismic

Action (X Action (X
Direction) Direction)

30% Seismic Action 100% Seismic Action

(Y Direction) (Y Direction)
Seismic action combination for Seismic action combination for
X-direction loading Y-direction loading

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Specific Rules For Concrete Buildings

109

Importance Terms
1
Scope
2
Critical region - region of a
Ductile wall - wall fixed at
primary seismic element,
its base so that the relative
where the most adverse
1 combination of action effects
rotation of this base with
respect to the rest of the
(M, N, V, T) occurs and where
structural system is
plastic hinges may form
Design of reinforced concrete prevented, and that is
buildings in seismic regions. designed and detailed to
Both monolithically cast-in- 3 dissipate energy in a
situ and precast buildings are flexural plastic hinge zone
addressed. Frame system - Frames free of openings or large
take >65% of seismic perforations, just above its
base shear base

4 6
2
Wall system - Wall Frame-equivalent dual
For the design of concrete take >65% of seismic system - Frames take
buildings EN 1992-1-1:2004 base shear between 50 % & 65% of
applies. The following rules seismic base shear
are additional to those given
5 7
in EN 1992-1-1:2004.
Dual system - Walls and Wall-equivalent dual system -
frames take between 35 % & Walls take between 50 % & 65% of
65% of seismic base shear seismic base shear

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Design Concept
Design Aim
The design of earthquake resistant concrete buildings shall provide the structure with an
adequate capacity to dissipate energy without substantial reduction of its overall
resistance against horizontal and vertical loading.

Structural layout & relative sizing of members ensures beam sway mechanism (capacity
design). This can only be achieved if strength degradation during hysteretic cycling is
suppressed by appropriate detailing (critical zones) i.e. plastic hinge regions (beam ends)
are designed & detailed to ensure inelastic deformation demands (high local rotational
ductility) and ductile (flexure) failure modes to precede brittle (shear) failure modes with
sufficient reliability

To satisfy the
NO YES
above, Ductility
Classes...

111

Concrete Building - Ductility Classes

This leads to the adaptation of three
levels of absorbing energy:

Ø Low (Ductility class low (DCL)) that

does not require delayed ductility and the
resistanse to seismic loading is achieved
through the capacity of the structure.

Ø Medium (DCM) that allowes high levels

of ductility and there are responsive
design demands.

Ø High (DCH) that allowes even higher

levels of ductility and there are
responsive strict and complicated design
demands.

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Concrete Building - Ductility Classes

DCL (Low)
Only for low seismicity areas (q=1.5 {overstrength} or less)
Design without energy dissipation & ductility to EC2 & EC7

DCM (Medium)
For Moderate to High seismicity areas (1.5 < q < 4)
Most common in practice
Global ductility (structure to remain straight in elevation via shear walls, bracing systems
or strong columns in frames (ΣMRc > ΣMRb)
Local ductility (plastic hinges detailed for ductility, brittle failures prevented by overdesign
/ capacity design)
Foundations/soils designed to remain elastic under the actions corresponding to the
ductile yielding mechanism (EC8-Part 5)

DCH (High)
For moderate to high seismicity areas (4 < q < 6)
As DCM but more stringent local ductility requirements i.e. materials, sections, detailing &
prevention of brittle failure modes
More complex (CEN) structural details require more skilled workforce?

113

Seismic Zones, Ductility and Design Principles

Peak Ground Acceleration Ductility
No Zones Design Principles
ag agS Class
1 Very Low - No Added Forces
Seismicity ag ≤ 0.04g ag S ≤ 0.05g No Reinforcement Requirement
(Follow Eurocode 2 (EC2) only)
2 Low OR Ductility Need to Add Forces
Seismicity Class Low No Reinforcement Requirement
0.04g < ag ≤ 0.08g 0.05g < agS ≤ 0.10g
(DCL) (Follow Eurocode 2 (EC2) only)

3 Low to Ductility Need to Add Forces

Moderate Class Need Reinforcement
ag > 0.08g 0.10g < agS ≤ 0.32g
Seismicity Medium Requirement
(DCM) (Need to follow Eurocode 8)
4 High Ductility Need to Add Forces
Seismicity Class Need Reinforcement
ag > 0.30g ag > 0.32g Requirement
Height
(DCH) (Need to follow Eurocode 8)
Note: ag = agR . γI

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Concrete Grade and Reinforcement

Concrete Building - Material Limitations

115

EN 1992-1-1-2004

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Design for DCM Geometrical constraints - Beam

hw
bw
bc is the largest cross-
sectional dimension of the
column normal to the
longitudinal axis of the beam
bc

117

Design for DCM Geometrical constraints - Column

Minimum the cross-sectional dimensions of primary seismic column

200 mm
Unless
The interstorey drift sensitivity coefficient, q £ 0.1

Use

or
250 mm
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Detailing
Moment- Resisting Frames (MRF)

Distribution of Internal
Moments under lateral
Load in MRFs
Location of Zero Moments in
MRFs

Ductile Design
Overlaping of column
main bars at location of
zero moments

119

Detailing : Moment- Resisting Frames (MRF)

Outside Beam Critical Region

Beam Beam
Critical Critical
Column Region Region
Beam / Column Critical hcr
Join Special Region
Confining hw
Reinforcement Column
Critical S hcr
S
Region

Overlapping of
Splice

column main bars hc

at location of zero
moments

Column lcr
lcr
Critical
Beam / Column Region
Join Special
Confining
Reinforcement
Column
Critical
Region

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Detailing for local ductility

Compared design rules for DCM and DCH for beam
longitudinal bars
As.min, top-span { DCH = As.top-span /4
DCM= ----

As.min, supports bottom { DCH = As.bottom-span /4

DCM= As.bottom-span /4 As.min, critical region bottom { DCH = 0.5 As.top
DCM= 0.5 As.top

Critical Region
<50mm

hw
S

𝒍cr 𝒍cr

Critical region length { DCH = 1.5hw

DCM= hw
𝞺min, tension side { DCH = 0.5ftcm/fyk
DCM= 0.5ftcm/fyk

As.min, top & bottom { DCH = 2𝚽14 (308mm2)

DCM= ----
𝞺max, critical regions { DCH = 𝞺’ + 0.0018fcd /(µΦɛsv,dfvd)
DCM= 𝞺’ + 0.0018fcd /(µΦɛsv,dfvd)

6.25(1+0.8Vd)!"#$

dbL /hc-bar anchored at exterior joint {

DCH = ≤ 6.25(1+0.8Vd)
!"#$
! %&
!"#$
dbL /hc-bar crossing interior joint { DCH = ≤
'().+,
𝞺’
𝞺max ! %&
7.5(1+0.8Vd)!"#$
DCM= ≤ 7.5(1+0.8Vd) DCM= ≤
! %& 𝞺’
'().,
𝞺max ! %&

121

Detailing for local ductility

Compared design rules for DCM and DCH for beam
transverse bars

spacing sw ≤ { DCH = 6dbL , hw /4 , 24dbw , 175mm

DCM= 8dbL , hw /4 , 24dbw , 225mm
dbw ≥ { DCH = 6mm
DCM= 6mm

In critical regions

spacing sw ≤ { DCH = 0.75 d

DCM= 0.75 d

Outside critical regions

𝝆w ≥ { DCH = 0.08 (fck(MPA)) 1/2/ fyk (MPA)
DCM= 0.08 (fck(MPA)) 1/2/ fyk (MPA)

dbw – diameter of the hoops

dbL – minimum diameter of the longitudinal bar

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Detailing for local ductility

Compared
design rules
Cross-section sides, h, bb c ≥ { DCH = 0.25; hv/10 if 𝚹=P𝛅/Vh > 0.1
DCM= ------

for DCM and

DCH for
Column hw Critical region Length ≥ { DCH = 1.5 max (hc , bc ), 0.6m, 𝒍c/5
DCM= max (hc , bc ), 0.6m, 𝒍c/5
longitudinal
bars bi
S
b0 bc

bc h0
hc

Critical Region

𝞺min { DCH = 1%
DCM= 1%
𝞺max { DCH = 4%
DCM= 4%
dbL ≥ { DCH = 8mm
DCM= 8mm
bars per side ≥ { DCH = 3
DCM= 3

Spacing between restrained bars { DCH = ≤ 150mm

DCM= ≤ 200mm
Distance of unrestrained to nearest
restrained bar { DCH = ≤ 150mm
DCM= ≤ 150mm

123

Detailing for local ductility

Compared dbw ≥ { DCH = 6mm, dbL /4

DCM= 6mm, dbL /4
design rules
Outside
for DCM and
DCH for
critical regions spacing sw ≤ { DCH = 20dbL , min (hc , bc ), 400mm
DCM= 20dbL , min (hc , bc ), 400mm

column
transverse sw in splices ≤ { DCH = 12dbL , 0.6 min (hc , bc ), 240mm
DCM= 12dbL , 0.6 min (hc , bc ), 240mm
bars

dbw ≥ { DCH = 6mm, 0.4 (fyd / fywd)1/2 dbL

DCM= 6mm, dbL /4

Within critical
regions sw ≤ { DCH = 6dbL , b0 /3, 125mm
DCM= 8dbL , b0 /2, 175mm

𝛼 𝜔wd≥ { DCH = 30 𝜇𝜙 *𝜈d 𝜺sv.d bc / b0 -0.035

DCM= ------- 𝜔wd≥ { DCH = 0.08
DCM= ----

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Intelligence building
“Base-isolated structural design using rubber bearings is useful in
minimizing earthquake damage.”
-“..after the 1995 Kobe Earthquake, 99% of Japanese bridges adopted
base isolation technique using rubber bearings.”
Dr. Kamaruddin Abd. Malek, RRIM

Seismic Reduction Device

Conventional Structure Seismically Isolated

The deformation pattern Structure
of a conventional The deformation
structure during an pattern of an isolated
earthquake.
Accelerations of the
structure during an
earthquake. Movement
Base Isolator Damper
ground are amplified on
the higher floors and the takes place at the level
Rubber
loose contents are of the isolators. Floor
Steel Plates
damaged.
deformations
Building
&
accelerations are low;
the building, its
Layer
distortions could be occupants and loose
permanent. contents are safe.

Bottom
Mounting Plate
“The Design must also look to the existing structures. Design the building to be
intelligence building. The dampers and base isolation system could be look”
Dr. Tan Hock Chuan

125

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127

128

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129

Strengthening/ retrofitting and Control

-Natural Rubber Bearings (high damping rubber bearing) for Earthquake Protection of
Buildings conduct by Malaysia Rubber Board (MRB)

Dr. Kamaruddin Adb. Malek, RRIM

“base-isolated structural design using rubber bearings is useful in minimizing earthquake
damage.”
“..after the recent Kobe earthquake, 99% of Japanese bridges adopted base
isolation technique using rubber bearings.”

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Damper System

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