Lesson Proper for Week 13

Recycling is the process of converting waste materials into new materials and objects. The recyclability
of a material depends on its ability to reacquire the properties it had in its virgin or original state. It is an
alternative to "conventional" waste disposal that can save material and help lower greenhouse
gas emissions. Recycling can prevent the waste of potentially useful materials and reduce the
consumption of fresh raw materials, thereby reducing: energy usage, air pollution (from incineration),
and water pollution (from landfilling).

Recycling is a key component of modern waste reduction and is the third component of the
"Reduce, Reuse, and Recycle" waste hierarchy. Thus, recycling aims at environmental sustainability by
substituting raw material inputs into and redirecting waste outputs out of the economic system. There
are some ISO standards related to recycling such as ISO 15270:2008 for plastics waste and ISO
14001:2015 for environmental management control of recycling practice.

Recyclable materials include many kinds of glass, paper, cardboard, metal, plastic, tires, textiles,
batteries, and electronics. The composting or other reuse of biodegradable waste—such
as food or garden waste—is also a form of recycling. Materials to be recycled are either delivered to a
household recycling center or picked up from curbside bins, then sorted, cleaned , and reprocessed into
new materials destined for manufacturing new products.

Recycling, recovery and reprocessing of waste materials for use in new products. The basic phases in
recycling are the collection of waste materials, their processing or manufacture into new products, and
the purchase of those products, which may then themselves be recycled. Typical materials that are
recycled include iron and steel scrap, aluminum cans, glass bottles, paper, wood, and plastics. The
materials reused in recycling serve as substitutes for raw materials obtained from such increasingly
scarce natural resources as petroleum, natural gas, coal, mineral ores, and trees. Recycling can help
reduce the quantities of solid waste deposited in landfills, which have become increasingly expensive.
Recycling also reduces the pollution of air, water, and land resulting
from waste disposal.

Types of Recycling(ISM Waste and Recycling)

Waste Paper and Cardboard

Recycling paper is vital to ensure you reduce your environmental impact and reduce general waste.
Industry and commerce dispose of approximately 12.5 million tonnes of paper and cardboard in the UK
each year! Every tonne of recycled paper or cardboard can save up to 17 trees, two cubic yards of
landfill capacity and 4100 kW/hours of electricity! Did you know that 70% less energy is used when
making new paper from recycled stock than when using virgin pulp!

Plastic Recycling

There are about 50 different groups of plastics, with hundreds of different varieties. Most types of
plastic are recyclable, and because of this, they need to be recycled to reduce the amount of waste sent
to landfill and help prevent rubbish from ending up in the oceans. Because most plastics are non-
degradable, they take a long time to break down, possibly up to hundreds of years. Although no-one
knows for sure as plastics haven't existed for long enough, it's believed that plastics can take over 500
years to decompose.
Metal Recycling

All grades of non-ferrous and ferrous metal are recyclable for future use. To get an idea of how much
energy recycling can conserve, recycling one aluminium drinks can alone, can save enough energy to
power a television for around three hours! Before the metals are recycled, metals get sorted in
our materials recycling facility (MRF) where they are separated into ferrous and non-ferrous types.
Ferrous metal includes Iron and Steel; non-ferrous includes aluminium, copper, stainless steel, brass and
lead to name but a few.

WEEE Recycling (Electronic Devices)

WEEE recycling is for the waste of electrical and electronic equipment recycling, which is nearly
everything that is powered by a battery or plug such as computers, mobile phones and TVs. Recycling of
electronic goods is a specialist part of the waste and recycling industry aiming to prevent electrical items
sent to landfill. The Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) Regulations (2013) became law in
the UK on 1 January 2014. At ISM Waste & Recycling we accept and recycle the majority of WEEE waste,
including computers, monitors, TVs, radios, mobile phones and electrical tools.

Wood Recycling
Wood is the ultimate renewable material because of its number of different uses. Wood can be reused
as a building material, recycled into mulch for landscaping and, even low-grade wood is useful because it
can be used for fuel to generate environmentally friendly energy. According to the Wood Recyclers
Association, around 5 million tonnes of waste wood is created in the UK every year, yet considerably less
than half of it is recycled. ISM Waste & Recycling can recover all types of uncontaminated timber. Wood
grades include such items as timber pallets, timber boxes, floorboards, chipboard, fencing, plywood,
furniture etc.

Glass Recycling

Glass can take around one million years to fully decompose, which is a big issue for landfill sites getting
too full. Glass is 100% recyclable and never loses any purity or quality when it's recycled. It is crucial to
ensure we recycle as much glass as possible. Glass can be reused over and over again, and the quality of
the material is as good as if it was made new from the raw materials. ISM can recycle various types of
glass which must be suitable for reprocessing. Glass should be as clean and contaminant-free as possible
for recycling. Grades include such items as bottles, jars, windows, drinking glasses, computer screens
etc. Similar to other recycled materials, recycling glass also saves significant amounts of energy.

Clothing and Textile

With the rise of fast-fashion in recent years, we are buying more clothes than ever and, therefore we
have more waste textiles than ever. It is estimated that there are more than 1 million tonnes of textiles
are thrown away every year in the UK. At least 50% of the textiles we throw away are recyclable. It's not
just the amount of textiles being sent to landfill that is the issue but increased use of raw materials used
to produce the clothes. At ISM Waste & Recycling we can recycle all textiles which suitable for
reprocessing, including redundant fabrics and clothing.
Bricks and Inert Waste Recycling

Hardcore rubble can be recycled into usable materials for many uses in other construction and building
projects. Bricks can also be cleaned and reused in another building or project. Alternatively, they can be
crushed into brick chips for use as a landscape material). These waste streams come to us on skip
wagons from industrial and demolition sites, it is tipped and then crushed to produce various grades of
aggregates to be reused on construction sites.

The 5’S Concept in Recycling

5S is a system to reduce waste and optimize productivity through maintaining an orderly workplace and
using visual cues to achieve more consistent operational results. Implementation of this method "cleans
up" and organizes the workplace basically in its existing configuration, and it is typically the first lean
method which organizations implement.

The 5S pillars, Sort (Seiri), Set in Order (Seiton), Shine (Seiso), Standardize (Seiketsu), and Sustain
(Shitsuke), provide a methodology for organizing, cleaning, developing, and sustaining a productive work
environment. In the daily work of a company, routines that maintain organization and orderliness are
essential to a smooth and efficient flow of activities. This lean method encourages workers to improve
their working conditions and helps them to learn to reduce waste, unplanned downtime, and in-process
inventory.

A typical 5S implementation would result in significant reductions in the square footage of space needed
for existing operations. It also would result in the organization of tools and materials into labeled and
color coded storage locations, as well as "kits" that contain just what is needed to perform a task. 5S
provides the foundation on which other lean methods, such as TPM, cellular manufacturing, just-in-time
production, and six sigma can be introduced.

Benefits of Recycling

· Reduces the amount of waste sent to landfills and incinerators.

· Conserves natural resources such as timber, water and minerals.

· Increases economic security by tapping a domestic source of materials.

· Prevents pollution by reducing the need to collect new raw materials.

· Saves energy.
Lesson Proper for Week 14

Recycling is a key component of modern waste reduction and is the third component of the
"Reduce, Reuse, and Recycle" waste hierarchy Thus, recycling aims at environmental sustainability by
substituting raw material inputs into and redirecting waste outputs out of the economic system. There
are some ISO standards related to recycling such as ISO 15270:2008 for plastics waste and ISO
14001:2015 for environmental management control of recycling practice.

Recyclable materials include many kinds of glass, paper, cardboard, metal, plastic, tires, textiles,
batteries, and electronics. The composting or other reuse of biodegradable waste—such
as food or garden waste—is also a form of recycling. Materials to be recycled are either delivered to a
household recycling center or picked up from curbside bins, then sorted, cleaned, and reprocessed into
new materials destined for manufacturing new products.

“The three R’s – reduce, reuse and recycle – all help to cut down on the amount of waste we throw
away. They conserve natural resources, landfill space and energy. Plus, the three R’s save land and
money that communities must use to dispose of waste in landfills. Siting a new landfill has become
difficult and more expensive due to environmental regulations and public opposition.”

By refusing to buy items that you don’t need, reusing items more than once and disposing the items that
are no longer in use at appropriate recycling centers, you can contribute towards a healthier planet.

The First ‘R’ – Reduce

The concept of reducing what is produced and what is consumed is essential to the waste hierarchy. The
logic behind it is simple to understand – if there is less waste, then there is less to recycle or reuse.

The process of ‘reduce’ begins with an examination of what you are using, and what it is used for. There
are three simple steps to assessing the reduction value of an item or process –
Using multi-use items is essential to beginning reduction. One example would be a coffeepot and a
cappuccino maker. Both of them distinctly do different things, but you can buy a coffeepot that has a
steaming attachment on it so it can do both.

The purchase of one item means that you don’t use two. It reduces the amount of production and the
amount of waste packaging material that will be generate

Buying one encourages production, wastes your resources and creates more generative waste than you
can imagine. Always make sure that what you consume, or keep in your life as preparation – matches
the reality of potential opportunity in your

Here are some of the things you can do to reduce waste:

1. Print on both sides of the paper to reduce paper wastage.

2. Use electronic mail to reach out to people instead of sending paper mail.
3. Remove your name from the mailing lists that you no longer want to receive.
4. Use cloth napkins instead of paper napkins.
5. Avoid using disposable plates, spoons, glass, cups and napkins. They add to the problem and result
in a large amount of waste.
6. Avoid buying items that are over-packaged with foil, paper, and plastic. This excess packaging goes
to waste.
7. Buy durable goods that have an extended warranty. They generally run longer and save landfill
space.
8. Use refillable pens instead of buying too many.
9. Purchase multi-tasking products that perform different kinds of jobs in one.
10. If something doesn’t have a valid purpose or real use anymore, then it adds to your waste. If you’re
not using any item for a long time, it’s time to put it away.

The Second ‘R’ – Reuse

You may have a box of things you keep that are broken or that you don’t have a use for that you hang on
to in-case you find another use for them; or you may find bargains on old furniture or go trash
picking and get things that you can refinish – in either case you are working towards reusing the item.
Learning to reuse items, or repurpose them for use different from what they are intended for is essential
in the waste hierarchy.
One of the best examples of how this is being done today is the modular construction of homes and
office buildings that are being created out of discarded shipping containers.

These large, semi-truck sized metal containers represent a huge waste problem. Repurposing them as
homes and offices saves them from landfills and doesn’t require the additional expenditure of natural
resources to meltdown and reconfigure the metals used to create them.

Third ‘R’ – Recycling

The last stage of the waste hierarchy is to recycle. To recycle something means that it will be
transformed again into a raw material that can be shaped into a new item. However, there are very few
materials on the earth that cannot be recycled.

1. Buy products from the market that are made up of recycled materials i.e., the product should
be environment friendly.
2. All products are recyclable such as some plastics. There is usually a recycling symbol on the bottom
of products to know whether or not it is recyclable.
3. Buy products that can be recycled like paper, glass, aluminum, plastic, etc. used in the house,
school or office. Aluminum can be recycled multiple times.
4. Invent new ways to recycle different items. However, recyclables need to be gathered
systematically and separated from the rest of the trash, ensuring a continuous supply for the
recycling process.
5. Avoid buying hazardous materials that could pose difficulty for you to recycle. Buy non-toxic
products whenever possible.
6. Buy products that have been made from recycled materials.
7. Using recycled products is as important as recycling items. Recycling can become economically
viable only when the recycled products are given significance and put to use.
8. Use recycled paper for printing or making paper handicrafts.
Benefits of the ‘Reduce, Reuse, Recycle’ Waste Hierarchy

 Since there will be a significant reduction in the amount of waste thrown into the environment,
the chances of spreading toxins also decrease. It automatically reduces the levels of
greenhouse gas emissions and pollution.

 The Waste Hierarchy eliminates the practice of improper waste disposal, i.e., burning waste and
trash haphazardly in an uncontrolled manner. Rather it enables us to manage waste in an eco-
friendly manner lessening the risk of damage to the environment.

 The primary objective of 3R principle is to lessen the use of newer resources and energy, making
more efficient use of resources. It promotes resource efficiency by using the already available
resources that are used multiple times, reprocessed, or entirely reduced.

 It contributes to more sustainable energy consumption as the resources available on hand are
used, and excessive consumption is cut down. It promotes the sustainability of not only energy
and resources but also the environment.

 It encourages the development of green technology that is ways to create cleaner, safer means
of waste disposal while reducing the impact on the environment and all habitats.

 It helps increase the use of renewable energy sources like solar, wind, geothermal, etc. as well.

 The 3Rs conserve energy and resources and generate jobs in resource management and boost
the economy.
Lesson Proper for Week 15

Design for recycling targets the same features as design for disassembly. It addresses more specifically
the selection of materials and sets their recycling rate. It further points out the need to form recycled
materials into new products. Particularly, fewer dissimilar materials in assemblies, or
in subassemblies of products designed for disassembly, will improve the possibilities of material life
extension. The German association “Verein Deutscher Ingenieure” (VDI) has developed design for
recycling guidelines, classified into three distinct stages of recycling: recycling during production, during
use, and after use (Dowie and Simon, 1995; see also the standard VDI2243, VDI, 1993). The “all-PP” (PP,
polypropylene) dashboard promoted by automotive tier-suppliers is an innovative concept described
by Braunmiller et al. (1999) to develop a recycling friendly complex composite product.

Examples of Decorating Finished Product

The importance of decorating and enhancing finished products is that enhancement makes the total
appearance of the product attractive, the parts are well-polished and no defects will be observed, and
to make the product more interesting and functional to the user.

· Finished products tend to be more saleable to customers when enhanced and decorated.
· Enhanced and decorated finished products help maintain their durability to harsh elements.
· Finished products that are enhanced or decorated beautify the product itself.

Decoration Methods

Debossing is a technique used to imprint images onto paper, leather, or vinyl. In debossing, the area
around the image is heat pressed so that the image is pushed down into the material.

Embossing is the opposite of debossing in that the image is pressed into the material so that the image
raises from the surface. Embossing can be used with textiles, paper, and non-woven materials such as
tissue paper, vinyl, or leather

Laser engraving is the process of using a laser to etch or mark the surface of an object. Advantages of
laser engraving is the ability to be extremely precise. Stone, glass, metal, plastic, and other natural
materials (including apparel) can all benefit from laser engraving..

In the simplest form, embroidery is the act of stitching a design onto fabric through the use of high-
speed, computer-controlled sewing machines. Many additions to embroidery are available including:
sequins, puff embroidery, etc.

Screen printing is the direct imprinting of a design onto the surface of a product. Ink is applied through a
fine screen leaving a color imprint. Each color requires it’s own screen and, oftentimes, printing a light
ink on a dark product requires a double hit of ink. Advancements to screenprinting include: soft hand,
specialty inks such as liquid silver, neon, crystalina inks, etc
Applique is similar to embroidery as it uses stitching to apply a piece of fabric or material that has a
pressure-sensitive or glue backing to a garment to create depth in a logo or design.

Sublimation is a process that transfers an image from a piece of special paper to a polyester or acrylic
surface using special heat-sensitive ink. When heat is applied to the piece of paper, the ink turns into a
gas from a solid and bonds with the fibers in the garment to create a more permanent design. Also,
sublimation does not wash away over time so if you are looking for a larger or all over, permanent
design on a t-shirt, sublimation would be your best bet.

Pad Printing

Pad printing is an imprint method where your logo or image is rendered onto a rubber stamp-like pad
template. Typically used for The typical surfaces that pad printing can be accomplished on are ceramic,
glass and leather. Pad printing can not be used on greasy or non-stick surfaces like silicone.smaller
imprints, pad printing can be used on virtually any promotional product such as pens, golf balls and glass
awards.

Digital Printing
Digital printing also called “Direct to Garment” printing is an imprint method that uses an ink cartridge
to print a logo directly onto a garment – like a desktop printer prints on paper. Digital printing is used
for most light colored garments like white t-shirts, polos and hoodies.

Hang tags

A tag attached to a garment or other piece of merchandise that includes information about the
manufacturer or designer, the fabric or material used, care instructions, and sometimes the price. We
can also customize the hang tag to include QR codes, Company or Event information, or even interactive
data such as raffle tickets, discount coupons, etc.

Four Color Process

This method of printing uses 4-color process inks, Cyan (C), Magenta (M), Yellow (Y), and Black (K), to
achieve a multi-colored design. The transparent inks are applied in a dot format that uses half-tones and
the blending of colors to achieve a look with many colors, shading and fine details.

Custom Mold
The custom mold method is most often used in the creation of our custom chocolate products. A 3-d
mold of your logo will be created. Melted chocolate will then be poured into the mold, shaken to
remove air bubbles and sent to the cooling rack. Once fully cooled, the finished product reveals your
custom molded chocolate piece.

Hot Stamp

Hot stamping uses heat and metallic film in a specialty printing process that produces a shiny design of
your logo. Hot stamping, also called foil stamping, dry stamping, foil imprinting, or leaf stamping, is
usually combined with an embossing process to result in a metallic impression of your logo on the
product. Hot stamping uses dies, or sculpted metal stamps. The heated dies seal a thin layer of metallic
leaf (foil) onto a surface. Once heated, the die presses the foil against the product with enough pressure
that the foil sticks only in the imprint area.

Offset Printing
Offset printing works on a very simple principle: ink and water don’t mix. Images (words and art) are put
on plates, which are dampened first by water, then ink. The ink adheres to the image area, the water to
the non-image area. Then the image is transferred to a rubber blanket and from the rubber blanket to
paper. That’s why the process is called “offset” – the image does not go directly to the paper from the
plates.

Transfer

Multi-color logos are applied to products through the use of transfers. Your logo is first reverse-screened
onto a paper-like transfer material and then applied to the material’s surface with heat and pressure.
It’s ideal for bold, colorful logos with sharp lines.

Decal Transfer

Imprinting method in which the decal is printed on an offset or letterset press, submerged in water, and
placed on the product. Excess water and air are squeegeed off and the product is kiln-fired, a process
that fuses the decal with the glaze.

Lenticular Printing
Process of creating multidimensional, animated, or bi-view effects by photographing with an
extremely fine screen and placing plastic made up of tiny lenses over the top.

Metal Die Cast

Process in which molten metal is injected into the cavity of a carved die.
Lesson Proper for Week 16

The term woodcraft — or woodlore — denotes skills and experience in matters relating to living and
thriving in the woods—such as hunting, fishing, and camping—whether on a short- or long-term basis.
Traditionally, woodcraft pertains to subsistence lifestyles, with implications of hunting-gathering. In
more recent times, and in developed countries, it relates more to either
outdoor recreationalism or survivalism.

Bamboo is considered more environmentally friendly than wood. With its high rate of photosynthesis,
bamboo can regenerate its mass many times faster than traditional hardwoods, and doesn’t require
replanting once it’s harvested. Because it is a readily renewable resource that looks a lot like wood,
some consumers have begun choosing it over wood products.

Some craftsmen have found the use of bamboo in their projects to be a selling point.
Woodcraft and bamboo craft can be enhanced using a variety of methods and techniques. These
include: Woodturning is a process of using a lathe to make various forms and shapes of wood. Hand
carving is considered a woodcraft in which a sharp object is used to create designs on the wood.

Methods /Techniques in Enhancing Wood and Bamboo Products

Woodturning is a process of using a lathe to make various forms and shapes of wood.

· Hand carving is considered a woodcraft in which a sharp object is used to create designs on the
wood. Various textures and surfaces can be created using this technique. Tools such as chip carving
knife, gouges, and chisels are used.
Pyrography is considered an art using a fire or heat to decorate wood or leather.

Flocking technique lines the interior of drawers and boxers with a soft velvety finish.

Inlaying combines several techniques that involve inserting decorative pieces in to a base object to
incorporate new designs on the original product.

Gilding is considered as a decorative technique in which powder is applied on wood or other materials
to give a thin coating of gold. Methods of this technique include glueing, chemical gilding, and
electroplating.
 Staining is used to color wood to give an illusion of texture. This may come in two varieties. First,
pigment-based stain will color large pores of the wood, while dye-based stain color small pores of the
wood.

Painting is considered the simplest way of decorating wood since there is a variety of colors that you can
choose from. One may also add a lacquer finish to make it more shiny and glossy.

Importance of Woodcraft and Bamboo Techniques

The importance of decorating and enhancing finished products are:

1. That enhancement makes the total appearance of the product attractive,

2. The parts are well-polished and no defects will be observed,
3. Make the product more interesting and functional to the user.
4. Metal, wood and bamboo products also need to be protected from rust, acidity, humidity and molds
bring about by the weather.
5. Decorating them will protect them from such change of weather.
Lesson Proper for Week 17

Woodworking Tips for Project Planning

5 Steps for Planning Woodworking Project

Before tackling your woodwork, it is important to visualize each step to ensure you get the result you
are aiming for. Here are 5 steps to help you design your project from woodworking tools to finish.

Step 1: Always start with function

If it is a table, how many people do you need to sit and what type of visual effect do you want it to have
in its setting?

It seems simple; however, if you don’t pay attention to this stage of the process, ultimately the end
product will only become more diluted and less defined as you progress.

Now that you have an idea of the general direction you want to move in, based on sketches of course

Step 2: What type of materials will you need?

Is this a ‘solid wood’ project or a ‘veneer over substrate’ type of project? Most projects are a
combination of the two, however I recommend defining this upfront.

If a project is mostly built from veneers over substrates, the tools, cutters, processing techniques, and
waste calculations that are required are quite different than if the project is made from mostly solid
wood.

Now, you have defined the general nature of your project.

Step 3: Plan the tools and cutters that you will need

This will take some thought as well as quite a few thumbnail drawings to determine what type of router
bits, shaper cutters, and other tooling will be necessary to complete your project according to your
design.

Finding the specific tools that you’ll need as you design your project will go a long way in saving time and
money later, as well as unwanted frustration in trying to find a specific tool that may or may not exist to
fit a poorly thought-out design.

Step 4: Develop and redevelop your thumbnails

As you progress on your project, it is inevitable that you will come across things that your original plans
did not foresee.

These adjustments to your planning shouldn’t require new tooling, but most likely just different depths
of cut or slightly changed parameters having to do with fine tuning a fit between one project piece and
another.

Step 5: Establish the glues, fillers, and finishes you will need
This step does not need to be drawn out like the others, however, they do need to be researched
thoroughly on the internet or through other reliable resources to ensure that what you have suitable for
your material and for your piece.

Making Bamboo products

A bamboo stand is made using bamboo sticks to work on it.

Bamboo shoot is cut into four or eight sections (as required).

Thin bamboo strips are singled out using a blade.

The bamboo strips are further given finer finish on a milling roller.

The strips are treated with boric acid in boiling water

Safety Rules in Making Wood Products

These woodworking safety rules are designed to be easy to remember and are mostly common sense.,
Failure to comply with the safety rules can cause serious injury. The work shop is not the place to
careless. It is the place to learn and adopt good safety working habits which will in turn make
woodworking more fun and enjoyable.

1. Always Wear Safety Equipment

This might seem like a common sense kind of rule, but it’s an important one to remember. During usage
of loud power tools like routers and surface planers, wearing ear protection is a noted advantage.
Similarly, wear latex gloves while applying finishes. NEVER BE WITHOUT YOUR SAFETY GLASSES. These
should be the first thing you reach for when entering the shop.

2. Wear The Right Clothes

The problem with wearing baggy or loose clothes is the very high chance that a part of them might get
caught in a cutting head or saw blade. As a result, try to always wear clothes that you are a better match
for the woodworking environment, but also protect you. Also always ensure that any dangling jewellery
or metal such as chains or bracelets, are removed before commencing work.

3. Avoid Using Anything That Can Impair Your Reaction Time and Judgement
It’s like when you’re driving a car: you want to stay out of the alcohol and drug cabinets to avoid
accidents. In the wood shop, the dangers are even higher by inadvertently using the wrong tool because
you’re too out of it to see what you are doing wrong. NEVER mix alcohol with work, even if it’s just a
beer…or ten.

4. Disconnect Power
Always remember to disconnect the power source itself before changing blades or bits on your power
tools. In addition to ensuring the switch is off, make sure there is no electricity being powered to the
tool, since the switch can malfunction and/or accidentally get turned on.

5. Use A Single Extension Cord

Using one heavy duty extension cord for all your power tools will ensure that you switch off the power
for each tool. Too many cords can get confusing and be a tripping hazard.

6. Never Use Blunt Blades & Bits

While this might seem obvious seeing as how dangerous a dull cutting tool can be. Dull tools will need to
be made to work harder to cut and as a result can bind or kick back. Sharp bits and blades will ensure
cleaner cuts as well.

7. Check Stock for Existing Metal

Before sawing through or making a cut, ensure that the piece of stock doesn’t have existing nails, screws
or other pieces of metal lodged into it already. Spinning blades and nails (and other pieces of metal)
don’t mix well together causing damage to both the stock and the cutting head. It can also cause stock
to kick back and cause injury, so always ensure (or use a metal detector to ensure for you) that the stock
is clean.

8. Work Against The Cutter

Most power tools are built in a way that requires the direction a piece of wood moves through the tool,
is the opposite direction of the cutting head’s movement. So you need to ensure that the blade or router
bit cuts against the motion of the wood instead of with it.

9. Never Reach Over A Running Blade

Always wait until a spinning blade has stopped moving before reaching to remove waste or cut-offs etc.
Or to be on the extremely safe side, remove waste by using a push stick or piece of scrap so as to ensure
an inadvertent power tool switch malfunction, doesn’t turn deadly.

10. Minimize Distractions

When dealing with distractions, you want to ensure that you finish what you were doing (finishing a cut,
especially when working with a power tool) before turning your attention elsewhere.