Applications and Applied Mathematics: An International

Journal (AAM)

Volume 18 Issue 1 Article 16

6-2023

(R2026) Special Smarandache Ruled Surfaces According to Flc

Frame in E^3
Süleyman Şenyurt
Ordu University

Kebire Hilal Ayvacı

Ordu University

Davut Canlı
Ordu University

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Recommended Citation
Şenyurt, Süleyman; Ayvacı, Kebire Hilal; and Canlı, Davut (2023). (R2026) Special Smarandache Ruled
Surfaces According to Flc Frame in E^3, Applications and Applied Mathematics: An International Journal
(AAM), Vol. 18, Iss. 1, Article 16.
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 ?enyurt et al.: Special Smarandache Ruled Surfaces

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ISSN: 1932-9466 (AAM)

Vol. 18, Issue 1 (June 2023), Article 16, 18 pages

Special Smarandache Ruled Surfaces According to Flc Frame in E 3

1
Süleyman Şenyurt, 2∗ Kebire Hilal Ayvacı, and 3 Davut Canlı

1,2∗,3
Department of Mathematics
Faculty of Arts and Science
Ordu University
52200, Ordu,Turkey
1
[email protected]; 2∗ [email protected];
3
[email protected]

∗
Corresponding Author

Received: September 1, 2022; Accepted: May 10, 2023

Abstract

In this study, we introduce some special ruled surfaces according to the Flc frame of a given poly-
nomial curve. We name these ruled surfaces as T D2 , T D1 ve D2 D1 Smarandache ruled surfaces
and provide their characteristics such as Gauss and mean curvatures in order to specify their de-
velopability and minimality conditions. Moreover, we examine the conditions if the parametric
curves of the surfaces are asymptotic, geodesic or curvature line. Such conditions are also argued
in terms of the developability and minimality conditions. Finally, we give an example and picture
the corresponding graphs of ruled surfaces by using Maple 17.

Keywords: Smarandache ruled surfaces; Mean curvature; Gaussian curvature; Flc frame;
Polynomial curves

MSC 2010: 53A04, 53A05

1

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1. Introduction

The theory of curves and surfaces with its vast application and field of study is an important subject
of differential geometry. Surfaces, especially, have potential to provide solutions to the real world
problems as the technological developments are continuously advancing and letting them to be
more integrated in. As a special kind, the ruled surfaces introduced first by G. Monge are very pop-
ular since they are easy to be handled in computational sense. These surfaces are widely referred in
the fields such as kinematics, architectural designs, computer aided geometric designs (CAGDs),
etc. For example, the kinematic characteristic of a spatial motion particle can be explained by ruled
surfaces and their corresponding orthogonal frames (Karger and Novak (1978)). The examples of
ruled surfaces are also found in important architectural structures like the Ciechanow water tower,
Kobe Port Tower, Shuckhov tower, and so on. In the geometric point of view, a ruled surface is
defined to be family of lines as it is formed by a moving line along a given curve. The most famous
examples of those are cylinders and cones. The extensive use of ruled surfaces lead researchers to
question some of their characterizations. Topics such as the developability and minimality of ruled
surfaces, and the characterization of the curves on a ruled surface are the most researched subjects.

For instance, the cylindrical helix and Bertrand curves on ruled surfaces were discussed by Izu-
miya and Takeuchi (2003) and they provided the relationships between the cylindrical helix curve
(respectively, Bertrand curve) and Gaussian (respectively, mean) curvature of the ruled surface in
Izumiya and Takeuchi (2003). Yu et al. (2014) defined the structural functions of ruled surfaces and
investigated the invariants, kinematic properties and geometric properties of non-developable ruled
surfaces. Ruled surfaces accepting the focal curve as a direction curve were examined by Alegre
et al. (2010) and their various characterizations were discussed. Hu et al. (2020) constructed new
ruled surfaces by referring Bezier curves. Özsoy (2019) introduced normal and binormal ruled
surfaces where the base curve was assigned to be W-direction curve, and by providing the char-
acteristics of these surfaces, they worked the cases of the base curve as asymptotic, geodesic and
curvature line. More recently, Ouarab (2021) put forth a new concept on ruled surfaces by utilizing
the definition of Smarandache curve and introduced new ruled surfaces. Smarandache curves are
another interested subject of differential geometry. A Smarandache curve is defined to be the linear
combinations of the vector elements of Frenet frame of a regular curve (Ashbacher (1997)).

The Smarandache curve was first introduced by Turgut and Yılmaz (2008) in Minkowski space
and they studied the Serret-Frenet apparatus of it. Ali A.T. (2010) considered these curves in the
Euclidean space E 3 . Following these, Çetin et al. (2011) defined new Smarandache curves ac-
cording to Bishop frame while Bektaş and Yüce (2013) worked on these curves according to Dar-
boux frame. Taşköprü and Tosun (2014) studied Smarandache curves on unit sphere S 2 . Şenyurt
and Çalışkan (2016) defined the N ∗ C ∗ Smarandache curves of Mannheim and Bertrand curve
pairs according to the Frenet frame respectively. Demircan (2015) presented new Smarandache
curves according to Type 2-Bishop frame and gave some geometric characterizations of those.
Mandal (2019) exploited the q-frame to construct Smarandache curves in both Euclidean and
space. Şenyurt et al. (2020) Smarandache curves constructed by the Frenet vectors of spacelike
anti-Salkowski curve with a spacelike principal normal defined. As already pointed out, Ouarab

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(2021) exploited the idea of the construction of Smarandache curves and extended the concept to
the ruled surfaces. She introduced some special Smarandache ruled surfaces according to Frenet
frame, alternative frame and Darboux frame.

Motivated by these, in this paper, we have studied some special ruled surfaces according to the Flc
frame of a given polynomial curve. We name these ruled surfaces as T D2 , T D1 ve D2 D1 Smaran-
dache ruled surfaces and provide their characteristics such as Gauss and mean curvatures in order
to specify their developability and minimality conditions. Moreover, we examine the conditions
if the parametric curves of the surfaces are asymptotic, geodesic or curvature line. Such condi-
tions are also argued in terms of the developability and minimality conditions. Finally, we give an
example and picture the corresponding graphs of ruled surfaces by using Maple 17.

2. Some Special Smarandache Ruled Surfaces According to Flc Frame in

E3

In this section, we introduce some of new special ruled surfaces according to the vectors of Flc
frame.

Definition 2.1.
Let α = α (s) be a polynomial curve in E 3 and denote {T, D2 , D1 } as the Flc frame of α. By
taking the base curve as T D2 Smarandache curve and the generator vector as D1 , we define T D2
Smarandache ruled surface as following:
1
φ1 (s, v) = √ (T + D2 ) + vD1 . (1)
2

Theorem 2.1.
The Gauss and mean curvatures of T D2 Smarandache ruled surface denoted by φ1 (s, v) are given
by
d1 2 (d2 + d3 )2
K=− √ √
2 ,
2 (d1 )2 − d1 2vd3 + (vd3 )2 + d1 2vd2 + (vd2 )2

√
2d1 η −2 (X1 + Y1 ) + 2d1 (d2 + d3 )2 − 2vη −2 (d3 X1 − d2 Y1 )
H= √ √
3/2 ,
4 (d1 )2 − d1 2vd3 + (vd3 )2 + d1 2vd2 + (vd2 )2
respectively, where the coefficients X1 , Y1 , Z1 are
√ √ √ √
2 2 2 2 ′ 2 2 2 ′
X1 = − (ηd2 ) − (ηd1 ) − v(ηd2 ) − η d2 d3 − (ηd1 ) + vη 2 d1 d3 ,
√2 √ 2 √ 2 2 √
2 ′ 2 2 2 2 ′ 2
Y1 = (ηd1 ) − (ηd3 ) − 2
η d2 d3 − vη d1 d2 − v(ηd3 ) − (ηd1 )2 ,
√2 √2 2 √ √2
2 ′ 2 2 2 ′ 2 2
Z1 = (ηd3 ) + η d1 d3 − v (ηd3 )2 + (ηd2 ) − v (ηd2 )2 − η d1 d2 .
2 2 2 2

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Proof:
The first and second order partial derivatives of φ1 (s, v) with respect to s and v are
√ ! √ ! √
2 2 2
φ1s (s, v) = −η d1 + vd2 T + η d1 − vd3 D2 + η (d2 + d3 ) D1 ,
2 2 2
√ √ √ √ !
2 2 ′ 2 2 ′
φ1ss (s, v) = − (ηd2 )2 + (ηd1 )2 + v(ηd2 ) + η 2 d2 d3 + (ηd1 ) − vη 2 d1 d3 T
2 2 2 2
√ √ √ √ !
2 ′ 2 2 ′ 2
+ (ηd1 ) − (ηd3 )2 − η 2 d2 d3 − vη 2 d1 d2 − v(ηd3 ) − (ηd1 )2 D2
2 2 2 2
√ √ √ √ !
2 ′ 2 2 2 ′ 2
+ (ηd3 ) + η d1 d3 − v (ηd3 )2 + (ηd2 ) − v (ηd2 )2 − η 2 d1 d2 D1 ,
2 2 2 2
φ1v (s, v) = D1 , φ1sv (s, v) = −ηd2 T − ηd3 D2 , φ1vv (s, v) = 0.

φ1s × φ1v
The unit normal vector field of φ1 (s, v) defined by is given in the following:
∥φ1s × φ1v ∥
√
√

d1 2 − 2vd3 T + d1 2 + 2vd2 D2
Nφ1 = q √ √ .
2 2 2
2 (d1 ) − d1 2vd3 + (vd3 ) + d1 2vd2 + (vd2 )

For the sake of simplicity, we restate the expression of φ1ss as

φ1ss (s, v) = X1 T + Y1 D2 + Z1 D1 ,
and then, we calculate the coefficients of first and second fundamental forms as
√ √
Eφ1 = ⟨φ1s , φ1s ⟩ = (ηd1 )2 + η 2 d1 2vd2 + (ηvd2 )2 − η 2 d1 2vd3
1 1
+ (ηvd3 )2 + (ηd2 )2 + η 2 d2 d3 + (ηd3 )2 ,
2 √ 2
2
Fφ1 = ⟨φ1s , φ1v ⟩ = η (d2 + d3 ) , Gφ1 = ⟨φ1v , φ1v ⟩ = 1,
2 √ √
d1 2X1 + d1 2Y1 + 2d2 Y1 v − 2d3 X1 v
eφ1 = ⟨φ1ss , Nφ1 ⟩ = q √ √ ,
2 2 2
2 (d1 ) − d1 2vd3 + (vd3 ) + d1 2vd2 + (vd2 )
√
ηd1 (d2 + d3 ) 2
fφ1 = ⟨φ1sv , Nφ1 ⟩ = − q √ √ ,
2 2 2
2 (d1 ) − d1 2vd3 + (vd3 ) + d1 2vd2 + (vd2 )
gφ1 = ⟨φ1vv , Nφ1 ⟩ = 0.
Finally, when substituted these relations in Gaussian and Mean curvatures of the ruled surface φ1 ,
the proof is complete. ■

Theorem 2.2.
The necessary and sufficient condition for T D2 Smarandache ruled surface, φ1 (s, v) to have a

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singularity on the point (s0 , v0 ) is that

√
2d1 = v0 (d3 − d2 ) .

Proof:
From the definition (see Do-Carmo (1976)), φ1 (s, v) has a singular point, (s0 , v0 ) , if and only if
∥φ1s × φ1v ∥ (s0 , v0 ) = 0. Therefore,
s 2 2
1 √ 1 √

∥φ1s × φ1v ∥ (s0 , v0 ) = η d1 2 − v0 d3 + d1 2 + v0 d2 = 0 (η ̸= 0)
2 2
√
=⇒ 2d1 = v0 (d3 − d2 ) ,

which completes the proof. ■

Theorem 2.3.
Any parametric curve of φ1 (s, v) Smarandache ruled surface is a curvature line if and only if
d2 = −d3 .

Proof:
By definition (Do-Carmo (1976)), a parametric curve of a ruled surface is a curvature line if and
only if F = f = 0. Thus, we have
√
2
Fφ1 = η (d2 + d3 ) = 0,
2 √
ηd1 (d2 + d3 ) 2
fφ1 =− q √ √ = 0.
2 (d1 )2 − d1 2vd3 + (vd3 )2 + d1 2vd2 + (vd2 )2

The common solution to the above two relations is that d2 = −d3 . ■

Theorem 2.4.
For φ1 (s, v) Smarandache ruled surface:

(i.) s parametric curves are asymptotic if and only if

√
X1 + Y1 2v
= .
d 3 X1 − d 2 Y1 d1

(ii.) v parametric curves are always asymptotic.

Proof:
(i.) s parametric curves are asymptotic on a surface if and only if e = 0, (Do-Carmo (1976)).

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Therefore,
√ √
d1 2X1 + d1 2Y1 + 2d2 Y1 v − 2d3 X1 v
eφ1 = q √ √ =0
2 (d1 )2 − d1 2vd3 + (vd3 )2 + d1 2vd2 + (vd2 )2
√ √
⇒ d1 2X1 + d1 2Y1 + 2d2 (s) Y1 v − 2d3 X1 v = 0
√
X1 + Y1 2v
⇒ = .
d3 X1 − d2 Y1 d1
(ii.) On the other hand, v parametric curves are asymptotic on a surface if and only if g = 0
(Do-Carmo (1976)). Since it is the case in gφ1 = 0, v parametric curves on φ1 (s, v) are always
asymptotic. ■

Theorem 2.5.
For φ1 (s, v) Smarandache ruled surface:

(i.) s parametric curves are non-geodesic.

(ii.) v parametric curves are always geodesic.

Proof:
(i.) In order for s parametric curves to be geodesic on φ1 (s, v) Smarandache ruled surface, the
following relations should hold:
√
√

−Z1 √ d1 2 + 2vd√2 T + Z1 d1 2 − 2vd3 D2

+ 2d1 X1 − 2d1 Y1 + 2d2 X1 v + 2d3 Y1 v D1
Nφ1 × φ1ss = q √ √ = 0.
2 2 2
2 (d1 ) − d1 2vd3 + (vd3 ) + d1 2vd2 + (vd2 )

With some manipulations on this, we get

√ √
=⇒ d1 2 + 2vd2 = 0, d1 2 − 2vd3 = 0
√
=⇒ 2d1 = v (d3 − d2 )
However, the points satisfying the above relations are the singular ones. Therefore, s parametric
curves cannot be geodesic on φ1 (s, v).

(ii.) On the other hand, since Nφ1 × φ1vv = 0, v parametric curves are always geodesic on
φ1 (s, v). ■

Corollary 2.1.
If any parametric curve of φ1 (s, v) is a line of curvature, then the surface is developable.

Proof:
For the φ1 surface to be devolapable, K = 0. This is achieved if the parameter curves on the
surface are lines of curvature. ■

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Corollary 2.2.
If any parametric curve of φ1 (s, v) is asymptotic and d1 = 0 , then the surface is minimal.

Proof:
For the φ1 surface to be minimal, H = 0. This is achieved if the parameter curves on the surface
are asymptotic and d1 = 0 . ■

Definition 2.2.
Let α = α (s) be a polynomial curve in E 3 and denote {T, D2 , D1 } as the Flc frame of α. By
taking the base curve as T D1 Smarandache curve and the generator vector as D2 , we define T D1
Smarandache ruled surface as following:

1
φ2 (s, v) = √ (T + D1 ) + vD2 . (2)
2

Theorem 2.6.
The Gauss and mean curvatures of T D1 Smarandache ruled surface denoted by φ2 (s, v) are given

(d2 )2 (d1 − d3 )2
K=− √ √
2 ,
2 (d2 )2 + d2 2vd3 (s) + (vd3 )2 + d2 2vd1 + (vd1 )2

√
2d2 (d1 − d3 )2 + η −2 d2 2(X2 − Z2 ) + 2vη −2 (d3 X2 + d1 Z2 )
H=− √ √
3/2 ,
4 (d2 )2 + d2 2vd3 + (vd3 )2 + d2 2vd1 + (vd1 )2

where the coefficients X2 , Y2 , Z2 are

√ √ √ √
2 ′ 2 2 2 2 2 2 ′
X2 = − (ηd2 ) − (ηd1 ) − (ηd2 ) + η d1 d3 − v(ηd1 ) − vη 2 d2 d3 ,
√2 2
√ √2 2 √
2 2 2 ′ 2 2 2 2 ′
Y2 = − η d2 d3 − (ηd3 ) − η d1 d2 − v (ηd1 ) + (ηd1 ) − v (ηd3 )2 ,
2 √ 2 √ 2 √ √ 2
′ 2 2 2 2 ′ 2
Z2 = v(ηd3 ) + η d1 d3 − (ηd2 )2 + (ηd2 ) − (ηd3 )2 − vη 2 d1 d2 .
2 2 2 2

Proof:
The first and second order partial derivatives of φ2 (s, v) are

√ ! √ √ !
2 2 2
φ2s (s, v) = −η d2 + vd1 T + η (d1 − d3 ) D2 + η d2 + vd3 D1 ,
2 2 2

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√ √ √ √ !
2 ′ 2 2 2 2 2 2 ′
2
φ2ss (s, v) = − (ηd2 ) + (ηd1 ) + (ηd2 ) − η d1 d3 + v(ηd1 ) + vη d2 d3 T
2 2 2 2
√ √ √ √ !
2 2 2 ′ 2 2 2 ′
− η d2 d3 + (ηd3 ) + η d1 d2 + v (ηd1 )2 − (ηd1 ) + v (ηd3 )2 D2
2 2 2 2
√ √ √ √ !
′ 2 2 2 2 ′ 2
+ v(ηd3 ) + η d1 d3 − (ηd2 )2 + (ηd2 ) − (ηd3 )2 − vη 2 d1 d2 D1 ,
2 2 2 2
φ2sv (s, v) = −η(d1 T + d3 D1 ), φ2v (s, v) = D2 , φ2vv (s, v) = 0.
φ2s × φ2v
Next, the unit normal vector field of φ2 (s, v) defined as is calculated by following:
∥φ2s × φ2v ∥
√
√

d2 2 + 2vd3 T + d2 2 + 2vd1 D1
Nφ2 =− q √ √ .
2 2 2
2 (d2 ) + d2 2vd3 + (vd3 ) + d2 2vd1 + (vd1 )

For simplicity, we restate the expression this time for φ2ss (s, v) as

φ2ss (s, v) = X2 T + Y2 D2 + Z2 D1 .

Then, we compute the coefficients of first and second fundamental forms such that
√ !2
2
√ !2
2 η 2 2
Eφ2 = ⟨φ2s , φ2s ⟩ = η 2 d2 + vd1 + (d1 − d3 ) + η 2 d2 + vd3 ,
2 2 2
√
2
Fφ2 = ⟨φ2s , φ2v ⟩ = η (d1 − d3 ) , Gφ2 = ⟨φ2v , φ2v ⟩ = 1,
2 √ √
2d1 Z2 v + d2 2X2 + d2 2Z2 + 2d3 X2 v
eφ2 = ⟨φ2ss , Nφ2 ⟩ = − q √ √ ,
2 2 2 2 2
2 (d2 ) + d2 2vd3 + v (d3 ) + d2 2vd1 + v (d1 )
√
ηd2 (d1 − d3 ) 2
fφ2 = ⟨φ2sv , Nφ2 ⟩ = q √ √ ,
2 2 2
2 (d2 ) + d2 2vd3 + (vd3 ) + d2 2vd1 + (vd1 )
gφ2 = ⟨φ2vv , Nφ2 ⟩ = 0.

Finally, when substituted these relations in Gaussian and Mean curvatures of the ruled surface φ2 ,
the proof is complete. ■

Theorem 2.7.
The necessary and sufficient condition for T D2 Smarandache ruled surface, φ2 (s, v) to have a
singularity on the point (s0 , v0 ) is that
√
2d2 = −v0 (d1 + d3 ) .

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Proof:
φ2 (s, v) has a singular point, (s0 , v0 ), if and only if ∥φ2s × φ2v ∥ (s0 , v0 ) = 0 (Do-Carmo (1976)).
Therefore,
u √ √
v !2 !2
u 2 2
∥φ2s × φ2v ∥ (s0 , v0 ) = η t d2 + v0 d3 + d2 + v0 d1 = 0 (η ̸= 0)
2 2
√
=⇒ 2d2 = −v0 (d1 + d3 ) ,
which completes the proof. ■

Theorem 2.8.
Any parametric curve of φ2 (s, v) Smarandache ruled surface is a curvature line if and only if
d1 = d3 .

Proof:
A parametric curve of a ruled surface is a curvature line if and only if F = f = 0, (Do-Carmo
(1976)). Thus, we have
√
2
Fφ2 = η (d1 − d3 ) = 0,
2 √
ηd2 (d1 − d3 ) 2
fφ2 = q √ √ = 0.
2 2 2
2 (d2 ) + d2 2vd3 + (vd3 ) + d2 2vd1 + (vd1 )
The common solution to the above two relations is that d1 = d3 , completing the proof. ■

Theorem 2.9.
For φ2 (s, v) Smarandache ruled surface:

(i.) s parametric curves are asymptotic if and only if

√
X2 + Z2 2v
=− .
d3 X2 + d1 Z2 d2
(ii.) v parametric curves are always asymptotic.

Proof:
(i.) s parametric curves are asymptotic on a surface if and only if e = 0 (Do-Carmo (1976)).
Therefore,
√ √
2d1 Z2 v + d2 2X2 + d2 2Z2 + 2d3 X2 v
eφ2 = − q √ √ =0
2 2 2
2 (d2 ) + d2 2vd3 + (vd3 ) + d2 2vd1 + (vd1 )
√ √
⇒ 2d1 Z2 v + d2 2X2 + d2 2Z2 + 2d3 X2 v = 0
√
X2 + Z 2 2v
⇒ =− .
d3 X2 + d1 Z2 d2

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(ii.) On the other hand, v parametric curves are asymptotic on a surface if and only if g = 0
(Do-Carmo (1976)). Since it is the case in gφ2 = 0, v parametric curves on φ2 (s, v) are always
asymptotic. ■

Theorem 2.10.
For φ2 (s, v) Smarandache ruled surface:

(i.) s parametric curves are non-geodesic.

(ii.) v parametric curves are always geodesic.

Proof:
(i.) In order for s parametric curves to be geodesic on φ2 (s, v) Smarandache ruled surface, the
following relation should hold:
√
√ √

−Y2 d2 2√+ 2vd1 T
+ 2d2 X2 − 2d2 Z2 + 2d1 X2 v − 2d3 Z2 v D2
+Y2 d2 2 + 2vd3 D1
Nφ2 × φ2ss = q √ √ = 0.
2 (d2 )2 + d2 2vd3 + (vd3 )2 + d2 2vd1 + (vd1 )2
With some elementary manipulations on this, we have
√ √
=⇒ d2 2 + 2vd1 = 0, d2 2 + 2vd3 = 0
√
=⇒ 2d2 = −v (d1 + d3 ) .
However, the points satisfying the above relations are the singular ones. Therefore, s parametric
curves cannot be geodesic on φ2 (s, v).

(ii.) On the other hand, since Nφ2 × φ2vv = 0, v parametric curves are always geodesic on
φ2 (s, v). ■

Corollary 2.3.
If any parametric curve of φ2 (s, v) is a line of curvature, then the surface is developable.

Proof:
For the φ2 surface to be developable, K = 0. This is achieved if the parameter curves on the
surface are lines of curvature. ■

Corollary 2.4.
If any parametric curve of φ2 (s, v) is asymptotic and d2 = 0 , then the surface is minimal.

Proof:
For the φ2 surface to be minimal, H = 0. This is achieved if the parameter curves on the surface
are asymptotic and d2 = 0 . ■

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Definition 2.3.
Let α = α (s) be a polynomial curve in E 3 and denote {T, D2 , D1 } as the Flc frame of α. By
taking the base curve as D2 D1 Smarandache curve and the generator vector as T , we define D2 D1
Smarandache ruled surface as following:

1
φ3 (s, v) = √ (D2 + D1 ) + vT. (3)
2

Theorem 2.11.
The Gauss and mean curvatures of D2 D1 Smarandache ruled surface denoted by φ3 (s, v) are given

(d3 )2 (d1 + d2 )2
K=− √ √
2 ,
2 (d3 )2 + d3 2vd2 + (vd2 )2 − d3 2vd1 + (vd1 )2

√
2d3 (d1 + d2 )2 + 2vη −2 (d2 Y3 − d1 Z3 ) + η −2 d3 2(Y3 + Z3 )
H= √ √
3/2 ,
4 (d3 )2 + d3 2vd2 + (vd2 )2 − d3 2vd1 + (vd1 )2

where the coefficients X3 , Y3 , Z3 are

√ √ √ √
2 ′ 2 2 2 2 2 2 ′
X3 = − (ηd2 ) + η d1 d3 − v (ηd2 ) − η d2 d3 − (ηd1 ) − v (ηd1 )2 ,
√2 √2 √ 2 √2
2 ′ 2 2 2 ′ 2
Y3 = − (ηd3 ) − (ηd1 )2 − η d1 d2 + v(ηd1 ) − (ηd3 )2 − vη 2 d2 d3 ,
√2 2
√ 2
√ 2√
2 2 2 2 ′ ′
Z3 = − (ηd2 )2 − η 2 d1 d2 − (ηd3 )2 + vη 2 d1 d3 + (ηd3 ) + v(ηd2 ) .
2 2 2 2

Proof:
The first and second order partial derivatives of φ3 (s, v) are

√ √ ! √ !
2 2 2
φ3s (s, v) = −η (d2 + d1 ) T + η − d3 + vd1 D2 + η d3 + vd2 D1 ,
2 2 2
√ √ √ √ !
2 ′ 2 2 2 2 ′
φ3ss (s, v) = − (ηd2 ) − η d1 d3 + v (ηd2 )2 + η 2 d2 d3 + (ηd1 ) + v (ηd1 )2 T
2 2 2 2
√ √ √ √ !
2 ′ 2 2 ′ 2
− (ηd3 ) + (ηd1 )2 + η 2 d1 d2 − v(ηd1 ) + (ηd3 )2 + vη 2 d2 d3 D2
2 2 2 2
√ √ √ √ !
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 ′ ′
− (ηd2 ) + η d1 d2 + (ηd3 ) − vη 2 d1 d3 − (ηd3 ) − v(ηd2 ) D1 ,
2 2 2 2
φ3sv (s, v) = η(d1 D2 + d2 D1 ), φ3v (s, v) = T, φ3vv (s, v) = 0.

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φ3s × φ3v
Next, the unit normal vector field of φ3 (s, v) defined as is calculated by following:
∥φ3s × φ3v ∥
√
√

d3 2 + 2vd2 D2 + d3 2 − 2vd1 D1
Nφ3 = q √ √ .
2 (d3 )2 + d2 2vd3 + (vd2 )2 − d3 2vd1 + (vd1 )2

For simplicity, we restate the expression this time for φ3ss (s, v) as

φ3ss (s, v) = X3 T + Y3 D2 + Z3 D1 .

Then, we compute the coefficients of first and second fundamental forms such that
√ !2 √ !2
η2 2 2 2
Eφ3 = ⟨φ3s , φ3s ⟩ = (d2 + d1 ) + η 2 − d3 + vd1 + η2 d3 + vd2 ,
2 2 2
√
2
Fφ3 = ⟨φ3s , φ3v ⟩ = − η (d2 + d1 ) , Gφ3 = ⟨φ3v , φ3v ⟩ = 1,
2 √ √
2d2 Y3 v + d3 2Y3 + d3 2Z3 − 2d1 Z3 v
eφ3 = ⟨φ3ss , Nφ3 ⟩ = q √ √ ,
2 2 2 2 2
2 (d3 ) + d3 2vd2 + v (d2 ) − d3 2vd1 + v (d1 )
√
ηd3 (d1 + d2 ) 2
fφ3 = ⟨φ3sv , Nφ3 ⟩ = q √ √ ,
2 2 2 2 2
2 (d3 ) + d3 2vd2 + v (d2 ) − d3 2vd1 + v (d1 )
gφ3 = ⟨φ3vv , Nφ3 ⟩ = 0.

Finally, when substituted these relations in Gaussian and Mean curvatures of the ruled surface φ3 ,
the proof is complete. ■

Theorem 2.12.
The necessary and sufficient condition for D2 D1 Smarandache ruled surface, φ3 (s, v) to have a
singularity on the point (s0 , v0 ) is that
√
2d3 = v0 (d1 − d2 ) .

Proof:
φ3 (s, v) has a singular point (s0 , v0 ) if and only if ∥φ3s × φ3v ∥ (s0 , v0 ) = 0 (Do-Carmo (1976)).
Thus,
u √ √
v !2 !2
u 2 2
∥φ3s × φ3v ∥ (s0 , v0 ) = η t d3 + vd2 + d3 − vd1 = 0 (η ̸= 0)
2 2
√
=⇒ 2d3 = v0 (d1 − d2 ) ,

which completes the proof. ■

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Theorem 2.13.
Any parametric curve of φ3 (s, v) Smarandache ruled surface is a curvature line if and only if
d1 = −d2 .

Proof:
A parametric curve of a ruled surface is a curvature line if and only if F = f = 0 (Do-Carmo
(1976)). Thus, we have
√
2
Fφ3 = − η (d1 + d2 ) = 0,
2 √
ηd3 (d1 + d2 ) 2
fφ3 = q √ √ = 0.
2 2 2 2 2
2 (d3 ) + d3 2vd2 + v (d2 ) − d3 2vd1 + v (d1 )

The common solution to the above two relations is that d1 = −d2 , which completes the proof. ■

Theorem 2.14.
For φ3 (s, v) Smarandache ruled surface:

(i.) s parametric curves are asymptotic if and only if

√
Y3 + Z 3 2v
= ,
d1 Z3 − d2 Y3 d3
(ii.) v parametric curves are always asymptotic.

Proof:
(i.) s parametric curves are asymptotic on a surface if and only if e = 0 (Do-Carmo (1976)).
Therefore,
√ √
2d2 Y3 v + d3 2Y3 + d3 2Z3 − 2d1 Z3 v
eφ3 = q √ √ =0
2 2 2 2 2
2 (d3 ) + d3 2vd2 + v (d2 ) − d3 2vd1 + v (d1 )
√ √
⇒ 2d2 Y3 v + d3 2Y3 + d3 2Z3 − 2d1 Z3 v = 0
√
Y3 + Z3 2v
⇒ = .
d1 Z3 − d2 Y3 d3
(ii.) v parametric curves are asymptotic on a surface if and only if g = 0 (Do-Carmo (1976)). Since
it is the case in gφ3 = 0, v parametric curves on φ3 (s, v) are always asymptotic. ■

Theorem 2.15.
For φ3 (s, v) Smarandache ruled surface:

(i.) s parametric curves are non-geodesic.

(ii.) v parametric curves are always geodesic.

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14 S. Şenyurt et al.

Proof:
(i.) In order for s parametric curves to be geodesic on φ3 (s, v) Smarandache ruled surface, the
following relation should hold
√ √

2d3 Y3 − 2d3 Z√ 3 −

2d 2 Z3 v − 2d 1 Y3√
T
v
+X3 2vd1 − d3 2 D2 + 2vd2 + d3 2 D1
Nφ3 × φ3ss = q √ √ = 0.
2 (d3 )2 + d3 2vd2 + v 2 (d2 )2 − d3 2vd1 + v 2 (d1 )2
With some elementary manipulations on this, we have
√ √
=⇒ 2vd1 − d3 2 = 0, 2vd2 + d3 2 = 0,
√
=⇒ v(d1 − d2 ) = 2d3 .
However, the points satisfying the above relations are the singular ones. Therefore, s parametric
curves cannot be geodesic on φ3 (s, v).

(ii.) On the other hand, since Nφ3 × φ3vv = 0, then v parametric curves are always geodesic on
φ3 (s, v). ■

Corollary 2.5.
If any parametric curve of φ3 (s, v) is a line of curvature, then the surface is developable.

Proof:
For the φ3 surface to be developable, K = 0. This is achieved if the parameter curves on the
surface are lines of curvature. ■

Corollary 2.6.
If any parametric curve of φ3 (s, v) is asymptotic and d3 = 0 , then the surface is minimal.

Proof:
For the φ3 surface to be minimal, H = 0. This is achieved if the parameter curves on the surface
are asymptotic and d3 = 0 . ■

3. Examples

Let us consider a helical polynomial curve parameterized as α(s) = (6s, 3s2 , s3 ). Then the Flc
frame elements of α are given by
s2
 
2 2s
T (s) = , , ,
s2 + 2 s2 + 2 s2 + 2
 
s −1
D2 (s) = √ ,√ ,0 ,
s2 + 1 s2 + 1

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√ !
s2 s3 2 s2 + 1
D1 (s) = −√ , −√ , ,
s2 + 1(s2 + 2) s2 + 1(s2 + 2) s2 + 2
and the corresponding curvatures according to Flc frame are as following:
2s 2 s2
d1 (s) = √ , d2 (s) = − √ , d3 (s) = .
3 s2 + 1(s2 + 2)2 3 s2 + 1(s2 + 2)2 3(s2 + 1)(s2 + 2)2
(i) Thus, we have the parametric form for T D2 Smarandache ruled surface as following:
√ 
s2

2 2 vs
φ1 (s, v) = 2
−√ +√ ,
2 s +2 2 2
s + 1(s + 2) s2 + 1
√  √ √ !!
s3 2 s2 + 2 s2 + 1

2 2s v
−√ −√ , .
2 s2 + 2 s2 + 1(s2 + 2) s2 + 1 2 s2 + 2

(a) with T D2 Smarandache curve (b) with striction curve and singular (c) with parametric curves
point

Figure 1. T D2 Smarandache ruled surfaces from different angles

(ii) Next, the parametric form for T D1 Smarandache ruled surface is as:
√ 
vs2

2 2 s
φ2 (s, v) = + √ − √ ,
2 s2 + 2 s2 + 1 s2 + 1(s2 + 2)
√  √  2  √ !
vs3

2 2s 1 2 s 2v s2 + 1
√ −√ −√ , + .
2 s2 + 2 s2 + 1 s2 + 1(s2 + 2) 2 s2 + 2 s2 + 2

(iii) Last, we parameterize the D2 D1 Smarandache ruled surface as

√ 
s2

2 s 2v
φ3 (s, v) = √ −√ + 2 ,
2 s2 + 1 s2 + 1(s2 + 2) s +2
√  √ !
s3 vs2

2 1 2vs 2s2 + 2
− √ +√ + 2 , + 2 .
2 s2 + 1 s2 + 1(s2 + 2) s +2 s2 + 2 s +2

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16 S. Şenyurt et al.

(a) with T D1 Smarandache (b) with striction curve and singular point (c) with parametric curves
curve

Figure 2. T D1 Smarandache ruled surfaces from different angles

(a) with D2 D1 Smarandache curve (b) with striction curve and singular (c) with parametric curves
point

Figure 3. D2 D1 Smarandache ruled surfaces from different angles

4. Conclusion

In this paper, we have studied some special ruled surfaces according to the Flc frame of a given
polynomial curve. We examine the conditions if the parametric curves of the surfaces are asymp-
totic, geodesic or curvature line. Such conditions are also argued in terms of the developability and
minimality conditions. Finally, we give an example and picture the corresponding graphs of ruled
surfaces.

Acknowledgment:

The authors would like to express their gratitude to the referees and the editor in chief Prof. Dr. Ali-
akbar Montazer Haghighi for insightful comments which have considerably improved the earlier
version of the paper.

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