MOOD
DISORDERS
Overview
of
Mood
Disorders
• The
spectrum
runs
from
severe
depression
to
extreme
mania
• DSM-‐5
divides
mood
disorders
into
two
general
categories
o Depressive
disorders
excessive
unhappiness
(dysphoria)
and
loss
of
interest
in
activities
(anhedonia)
o Bipolar
disorder
mood
swings
from
deep
sadness
to
high
elation
(euphoria)
and
expansive
mood
(mania)
Epidemiology:
Mood
Disorders
o Sex
Differences
o Females
are
twice
as
likely
to
have
a
mood
disorder
compared
to
men
o Bipolar
disorders
are
distributed
equally
between
males
and
females
o Mood
Disorders
Are
Fundamentally
Similar
in
Children
and
Adults
o High
susceptibility
in
young
adults
o Rate
of
depression
is
low
among
adults
over
age
65
and
is
difficult
to
diagnose
o Older
adults
are
less
willing
to
report
symptoms
o Symptoms
occur
in
the
context
of
a
serious
medical
illness
o People
with
a
history
of
depression
are
more
likely
to
die
before
reaching
old
age
o Symptom
variation
across
cultures
o Latino
cultures:
Complaints
of
nerves
and
headaches
o Asian
cultures
:Complaints
of
weakness,
fatigue,
and
poor
concentration
o Smaller
distance
from
equator
(longer
day
length)
and
higher
fish
consumption
associated
with
lower
rates
of
MDD
o Symptom
variation
across
life
span
o Children:
Stomach
and
headaches
o Older
adults:
Distractibility
and
forgetfulness
o Co-‐morbidity
o 2/3
of
those
with
MDD
will
also
meet
criteria
for
anxiety
disorder
at
some
point
o Median
age
of
onset
is
now
in
late
teens
and
early
20s.
o With
each
generation,
the
median
age
of
onset
for
MDD
gets
younger
ETIOLOGY
OF
MOOD
DISORDERS
Neurobiological
Factors
o Neurotransmitters
(NTs):
norepinephrine,
dopamine,
and
serotonin
o Original
models
focused
on
absolute
levels
of
NTs
o MDD
§ Low
levels
of
norepinephrine
and
serotonin
(less
extent
dopamine)
o Mania
§ High
levels
of
dopamine,
low
levels
of
serotonin
o However,
medication
alters
levels
immediately,
yet
relief
takes
2-‐3
weeks
Genetic
factors
o Heritability
estimates
o 37%
MDD
(Sullivan
et
al.,
2000)
o 93%
Bipolar
Disorder
(Kieseppa
et
al.,
2004)
o Much
research
in
progress
to
identify
specific
genes
involved
but
the
results
of
most
studies
have
not
been
replicated
(Kato,
2007)
o DRD4.2
gene,
which
influences
dopamine
function,
appears
to
be
related
to
MDD
(Lopez
Leon
et
al.,
2005).
The
Endocrine
System
o Elevated
cortisol
and
corticotrophin-‐releasing
hormone
(CRH)
o Hormonal
factors
also
explain
the
gender
differences
in
vulnerability
o Affect
serotonin
and
norepinephrine
Sleep
and
Circadian
Rhythms
o Hallmark
of
most
mood
disorders
o Relation
between
depression
and
sleep
Etiology
of
Mood
Disorders:
Psychological
Factors
o Life
stress
leads
to
depression
because
it
reduces
the
positive
reinforcers
in
a
person’s
life
o The
Learned
Helplessness
Theory
of
Depression
o Related
to
lack
of
perceived
control
over
life
events
o Learned
Helplessness
and
a
Depressive
Attributional
Style
– Negative
outcomes
are
one’s
own
fault
o Believing
future
negative
outcomes
will
be
one’s
fault
o Believing
negative
events
will
disrupt
many
life
activities
Negative
Coping
Styles
o Depression
–
A
tendency
to
interpret
life
events
negatively
o Depressed
persons
engage
in
cognitive
errors
o Types
of
Cognitive
Errors
– Arbitrary
inference
–
Overemphasize
the
negative
– Overgeneralization
–
Generalize
negatives
to
all
aspects
of
a
situation
– Catastrophizing
– Magnification
o The
Cognitive
Triad
(Beck)
o Interpersonal
theories
§ Interpersonal
difficulties
and
losses
are
commonly
reported
stressors
that
trigger
depression
§ Depression
may
engender
interpersonal
conflict
§ Rejection
sensitivity:
Easily
perceiving
rejection
by
others
o Sociocultural
theories
§ Cohort
effects:
Historical
changes
put
recent
generations
at
higher
risk
for
depression
§ Gender
differences
§ Ethnicity/race
differences
o Humanistic-‐Existential
§ Incongruence
of
the
self
§ Loss
of
lack
of
meaning
in
life
§ Existential
vacuum:
meaninglessness,
emptiness,
purposelessness
Etiology
of
Mood
Disorders:
Social
Factors
Life
events
o Prospective
research
o 42-‐67%
report
a
stressful
life
event
in
year
prior
to
depression
onset
o e.g.,
romantic
breakup,
loss
of
job,
death
of
loved
one
o Replicated
in
12
studies
across
6
countries
(Brown
&
Harris,
1989b)
o Lack
of
social
support
may
be
one
reason
a
stressor
triggers
depression
Interpersonal
Difficulties
o High
levels
of
expressed
emotion
(
critical
or
emotional
involvement)
by
family
member
predicts
relapse
o Marital
conflict
also
predicts
depression
The
occurrence
of
depression
is
often
associated
with:
o Life
event:
loss
of
parent
before
age
11
o Environmental
stress:
loss
of
spouse
DEPRESSION
o Depression
(symptom):
feeling
sad
or
miserable
o Occurs
without
existence
of
serious
problem,
and
is
common
at
all
ages
o Depression
(syndrome):
a
group
of
symptoms
that
occur
together
more
often
than
by
chance
o Mixed
symptoms
of
anxiety
and
depression
that
tend
to
cluster
on
a
single
dimension
of
negative
affect
Major
Depressive
Disorder
o The
DSM
major
depressive
disorder
(MDD)
diagnostic
criteria
require
the
occurrence
of
one
or
more
major
depressive
episodes.
Major
depressive
episode
must
have
at
least
5
of
the
following
for
at
least
two
weeks:
(Depressed
mood
or
anhedonia
must
be
present)
1. Depressed
mood
2. Anhedonia
(diminished
loss
of
interest
or
pleasure
in
almost
all
activities)
3. Significant
weight
or
appetite
disturbance
(loss
or
increased
appetite/weight)
4. Insomnia
or
hypersomnia
5. Psychomotor
agitation
or
retardation
(a
speeding
or
slowing
of
muscle
movement)
6. Loss
of
energy
or
fatigue
7. Feelings
of
worthlessness
or
guilt
8. Diminished
ability
to
think,
concentrate
and
make
decisions
9. Recurrent
thoughts
of
death,
dying
or
suicide
o Cause
clinically
significant
distress
or
impairment
o Physiological
causes
ruled
out
o Not
explained
by
schizoaffective,
not
superimposed
on
schizophrenia
etc
o Never
had
a
manic
or
hypomanic
episode
Diagnosing
Depressive
Disorders
Major
depressive
disorder:
o Major
depressive
disorder,
single
episode
o Major
depressive
disorder,
recurrent
episode
Persistent
depressive
disorder:
Depressed
mood
for
most
of
the
day
for
at
least
two
years
Premenstrual
dysphoric
disorder:
Increase
in
distress
during
the
premenstrual
phase
BIPOLAR
DISORDER
MANIC
EPISODE
A.
distinct
period
of
abnormally
and
persistently
elevated,
expansive,
or
irritable
mood
and
abnormally
and
persistently
increased
activity
or
energy,
lasting
at
least
one
week
and
present
most
of
the
day,
nearly
every
day
(or
any
duration
if
hospitalization
is
necessary).
B.
During
the
period
of
mood
disturbance
and
increased
energy
or
activity,
three
(or
more)
of
the
following
symptoms
(four
if
the
mood
is
only
irritable)
are
present
to
a
significant
degree
and
represent
a
noticeable
change
from
usual
behavior:
1)
Inflated
self-‐esteem
or
grandiosity.
2)
Decreased
need
for
sleep
(eg,
feels
rested
after
only
three
hours
of
sleep).
3)
More
talkative
than
usual
or
pressure
to
keep
talking.
4)
Flight
of
ideas
or
subjective
experience
that
thoughts
are
racing.
5)
Distractibility
(ie,
attention
too
easily
drawn
to
unimportant
or
irrelevant
external
stimuli),
as
reported
or
observed.
6)
Increase
in
goal-‐directed
activity
(either
socially,
at
work
or
school,
or
sexually)
or
psychomotor
agitation
(ie,
purposeless
non-‐goal-‐directed
activity).
7)
Excessive
involvement
in
activities
that
have
a
high
potential
for
painful
consequences
(eg,
engaging
in
unrestrained
buying
sprees,
sexual
indiscretions,
or
foolish
business
investments).
C.
The
mood
disturbance
is
sufficiently
severe
to
cause
marked
impairment
in
social
or
occupational
functioning
or
to
necessitate
hospitalization
to
prevent
harm
to
self
or
others,
or
there
are
psychotic
features.
D.
The
episode
is
not
attributable
to
the
physiological
effects
of
a
substance
(eg,
a
drug
of
abuse,
a
medication,
other
treatment)
or
to
another
medical
condition.
HYPOMANIC
EPISODE
o Same
mood
as
Manic
but
at
least
4
days
o Same
as
in
Manic
o Unequivocal
change
in
functioning
o Chang
in
mood
and
disturbance
is
observable
by
others
o Not
severe
enough
to
cause
impairment
o Not
attributable
to
physiological
causes
Bipolar
I
At
least
one
manic
episode
Bipolar
II
At
least
one
hypomanic
episode
&
one
major
depressive,
never
had
manic
episode
Cyclothymic
-‐Numerous
hypomanic
episodes
for
at
least
to
years
Biological
Theories
of
Bipolar
Disorders
o Less
common
than
depressive
disorders
o Men
and
women
are
equally
susceptible
o No
consistent
differences
in
the
prevalence
among
ethnic
groups
or
across
cultures
o Develops
mainly
in
late
adolescence
or
early
adulthood
o People
suffering
face
problems
on
the
job
and
in
their
relationships