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HO Mood

The document provides an overview of mood disorders including depressive disorders and bipolar disorder. It discusses the spectrum of mood disorders and how they are categorized in the DSM-5. Key facts include that females are twice as likely to have a mood disorder compared to males and that mood disorders have been linked to neurotransmitters like serotonin and norepinephrine as well as genetic and environmental factors.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
64 views6 pages

HO Mood

The document provides an overview of mood disorders including depressive disorders and bipolar disorder. It discusses the spectrum of mood disorders and how they are categorized in the DSM-5. Key facts include that females are twice as likely to have a mood disorder compared to males and that mood disorders have been linked to neurotransmitters like serotonin and norepinephrine as well as genetic and environmental factors.

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20210023707
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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MOOD

 DISORDERS  
Overview  of  Mood  Disorders  

•   The  spectrum  runs  from  severe  depression  to  extreme  mania  


•   DSM-­‐5  divides  mood  disorders  into  two  general  categories  
o   Depressive  disorders  excessive  unhappiness  (dysphoria)  and  loss  of  interest  in  
activities  (anhedonia)  
o   Bipolar  disorder  mood  swings  from  deep  sadness  to  high  elation  (euphoria)  and  
expansive  mood  (mania)  
Epidemiology:  Mood  Disorders  
o   Sex  Differences  
o   Females  are  twice  as  likely  to  have  a  mood  disorder  compared  to  men  
o   Bipolar  disorders  are  distributed  equally  between  males  and  females  
o   Mood  Disorders  Are  Fundamentally  Similar  in  Children  and  Adults  
o   High  susceptibility  in  young  adults  
o   Rate  of  depression  is  low  among  adults  over  age  65  and  is  difficult  to  diagnose  
o   Older  adults  are  less  willing  to  report  symptoms  
o   Symptoms  occur  in  the  context  of  a  serious  medical  illness  
o   People  with  a  history  of  depression  are  more  likely  to  die  before  reaching  old  age  
o   Symptom  variation  across  cultures  
o   Latino  cultures:  Complaints  of  nerves  and  headaches  
o   Asian  cultures  :Complaints  of  weakness,  fatigue,  and  poor  concentration  
o   Smaller  distance  from  equator  (longer  day  length)  and  higher  fish  consumption  
associated  with  lower  rates  of  MDD  
o   Symptom  variation  across  life  span  
o   Children:  Stomach  and  headaches  
o   Older  adults:  Distractibility  and  forgetfulness  
o   Co-­‐morbidity  
o   2/3  of  those  with  MDD  will  also  meet  criteria  for  anxiety  disorder  at  some  point    
o   Median  age  of  onset  is  now  in  late  teens  and  early  20s.  
o   With  each  generation,  the  median  age  of  onset  for  MDD    gets  younger  
ETIOLOGY  OF  MOOD  DISORDERS  
Neurobiological  Factors  
o   Neurotransmitters  (NTs):  norepinephrine,  dopamine,  and  serotonin  
o   Original  models  focused  on  absolute  levels  of  NTs  
o   MDD  
§   Low  levels  of  norepinephrine  and  serotonin  (less  extent  dopamine)  
o   Mania  
§   High  levels  of  dopamine,  low  levels  of  serotonin  
o   However,  medication  alters  levels  immediately,  yet  relief  takes  2-­‐3  weeks  
Genetic  factors  
o   Heritability  estimates  
o   37%  MDD  (Sullivan  et  al.,  2000)  
o   93%  Bipolar  Disorder  (Kieseppa  et  al.,  2004)  
o   Much  research  in  progress  to  identify  specific  genes  involved  but  the  results  of  most  
studies  have  not  been  replicated  (Kato,  2007)  
o   DRD4.2  gene,  which  influences  dopamine  function,  appears  to  be  related  to  MDD  (Lopez  
Leon  et  al.,  2005).    
The  Endocrine  System  
o   Elevated  cortisol  and  corticotrophin-­‐releasing  hormone  (CRH)  
o   Hormonal  factors  also  explain  the  gender  differences  in  vulnerability    
o   Affect  serotonin  and  norepinephrine  
Sleep  and  Circadian  Rhythms  
o   Hallmark  of  most  mood  disorders  
o   Relation  between  depression  and  sleep  
 
Etiology  of  Mood  Disorders:    
Psychological  Factors  
o   Life  stress  leads  to  depression  because  it  reduces  the  positive  reinforcers  in  a  person’s  
life  
o   The  Learned  Helplessness  Theory  of  Depression  
o   Related  to  lack  of  perceived  control  over  life  events  
o   Learned  Helplessness  and  a  Depressive  Attributional  Style  
–   Negative  outcomes  are  one’s  own  fault  
o   Believing  future  negative  outcomes  will  be  one’s  fault  
o   Believing  negative  events  will  disrupt  many  life  activities    
Negative  Coping  Styles  
o   Depression  –  A  tendency  to  interpret  life  events  negatively  
o   Depressed  persons  engage  in  cognitive  errors  
o   Types  of  Cognitive  Errors  
–   Arbitrary  inference  –  Overemphasize  the  negative  
–   Overgeneralization  –  Generalize  negatives  to  all  aspects  of  a  situation  
–   Catastrophizing    
–   Magnification  
o   The  Cognitive  Triad  (Beck)  
o   Interpersonal  theories  
§   Interpersonal  difficulties  and  losses  are  commonly  reported  stressors  that  
trigger  depression  
§   Depression  may  engender  interpersonal  conflict  
§   Rejection  sensitivity:  Easily  perceiving  rejection  by  others  
o   Sociocultural  theories  
§   Cohort  effects:  Historical  changes  put  recent  generations  at  higher  risk  
for  depression    
§   Gender  differences  
§   Ethnicity/race  differences  
 
o   Humanistic-­‐Existential  
§   Incongruence  of  the  self  
§   Loss  of  lack  of  meaning  in  life    
§   Existential  vacuum:  meaninglessness,  emptiness,  purposelessness    
Etiology  of  Mood  Disorders:    
Social  Factors  
Life  events  
o   Prospective  research  
o   42-­‐67%  report  a  stressful  life  event  in  year  prior  to  depression  onset    
o   e.g.,  romantic  breakup,  loss  of  job,  death  of  loved  one  
o   Replicated  in  12  studies  across  6  countries  (Brown  &  Harris,  1989b)  
o   Lack  of  social  support  may  be  one  reason  a  stressor  triggers  depression    
Interpersonal  Difficulties  
o   High  levels  of  expressed  emotion    (  critical  or  emotional  involvement)  by  family  member  
predicts  relapse  
o   Marital  conflict  also  predicts  depression  
The  occurrence  of  depression  is  often  associated  with:  
o   Life  event:  loss  of  parent  before  age  11    
o   Environmental  stress:  loss  of  spouse  
 
 
 
DEPRESSION  
o   Depression  (symptom):  feeling  sad  or  miserable  
o   Occurs  without  existence  of  serious  problem,  and  is  common  at  all  ages    
o   Depression  (syndrome):  a  group  of  symptoms  that  occur  together  more  often  than  by  
chance  
o   Mixed  symptoms  of  anxiety  and  depression  that  tend  to  cluster  on  a  single  dimension  of  
negative  affect  
 
Major  Depressive  Disorder  
o   The  DSM  major  depressive  disorder  (MDD)  diagnostic  criteria  require  the  occurrence  of  one  
or  more  major  depressive  episodes.  Major  depressive  episode  must  have  at  least  5  of  the  
following    for  at  least  two  weeks:  (Depressed  mood  or  anhedonia  must  be  present)  
1.  Depressed  mood  
2.  Anhedonia  (diminished  loss  of  interest  or  pleasure  in  almost  all  activities)  
3.  Significant  weight  or  appetite  disturbance  (loss  or  increased  appetite/weight)  
4.  Insomnia  or  hypersomnia  
5.  Psychomotor  agitation  or  retardation  (a  speeding  or  slowing  of  muscle  movement)  
6.  Loss  of  energy  or  fatigue  
7.  Feelings  of  worthlessness  or  guilt  
8.  Diminished  ability  to  think,  concentrate  and  make  decisions  
9.  Recurrent  thoughts  of  death,  dying  or  suicide  
 
o   Cause  clinically  significant  distress  or  impairment  
o   Physiological  causes  ruled  out  
o   Not  explained  by  schizoaffective,  not  superimposed  on  schizophrenia  etc  
o   Never  had  a  manic  or  hypomanic  episode  
Diagnosing  Depressive  Disorders  
Major  depressive  disorder:    
o   Major  depressive  disorder,  single  episode  
o   Major  depressive  disorder,  recurrent  episode  
Persistent  depressive  disorder:  Depressed  mood  for  most  of  the  day  for  at  least  two  years  
Premenstrual  dysphoric  disorder:  Increase  in  distress  during  the  premenstrual  phase  
 
 
BIPOLAR  DISORDER  
MANIC  EPISODE  
A.  distinct  period  of  abnormally  and  persistently  elevated,  expansive,  or  irritable  mood  and  
abnormally  and  persistently  increased  activity  or  energy,  lasting  at  least  one  week  and  present  
most  of  the  day,  nearly  every  day  (or  any  duration  if  hospitalization  is  necessary).  
B.  During  the  period  of  mood  disturbance  and  increased  energy  or  activity,  three  (or  more)  of  
the  following  symptoms  (four  if  the  mood  is  only  irritable)  are  present  to  a  significant  degree  
and  represent  a  noticeable  change  from  usual  behavior:  
1)  Inflated  self-­‐esteem  or  grandiosity.  
2)  Decreased  need  for  sleep  (eg,  feels  rested  after  only  three  hours  of  sleep).  
3)  More  talkative  than  usual  or  pressure  to  keep  talking.  
4)  Flight  of  ideas  or  subjective  experience  that  thoughts  are  racing.  
5)  Distractibility  (ie,  attention  too  easily  drawn  to  unimportant  or  irrelevant  external  stimuli),  as  
reported  or  observed.  
6)  Increase  in  goal-­‐directed  activity  (either  socially,  at  work  or  school,  or  sexually)  or  psychomotor  
agitation  (ie,  purposeless  non-­‐goal-­‐directed  activity).  
7)  Excessive  involvement  in  activities  that  have  a  high  potential  for  painful  consequences  (eg,  
engaging  in  unrestrained  buying  sprees,  sexual  indiscretions,  or  foolish  business  investments).  
C.  The  mood  disturbance  is  sufficiently  severe  to  cause  marked  impairment  in  social  or  
occupational  functioning  or  to  necessitate  hospitalization  to  prevent  harm  to  self  or  others,  or  
there  are  psychotic  features.  
D.  The  episode  is  not  attributable  to  the  physiological  effects  of  a  substance  (eg,  a  drug  of  
abuse,  a  medication,  other  treatment)  or  to  another  medical  condition.  
HYPOMANIC  EPISODE  
o   Same  mood  as  Manic  but  at  least  4  days  
o   Same  as  in  Manic  
o   Unequivocal  change  in    functioning  
o   Chang  in  mood  and  disturbance  is  observable  by  others  
o   Not  severe  enough  to  cause  impairment  
o   Not  attributable  to  physiological  causes  
Bipolar  I    
At  least  one  manic  episode    
Bipolar  II  
At  least  one  hypomanic  episode  &  one  major  depressive,  never  had  manic  episode  
Cyclothymic  -­‐Numerous  hypomanic  episodes  for  at  least  to  years    
 
Biological  Theories  of  Bipolar  Disorders  
o   Less  common  than  depressive  disorders  
o   Men  and  women  are  equally  susceptible  
o   No  consistent  differences  in  the  prevalence  among  ethnic  groups  or  across  cultures  
o   Develops  mainly  in  late  adolescence  or  early  adulthood  
o   People  suffering  face  problems  on  the  job  and  in  their  relationships  
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

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