AISC Night School – Session 32.

2 Design of Industrial Structures

August 15, 2023 Primary and Secondary Structural Systems

Night School 32:

Industrial Structure
Design

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Industrial Structure Design, Session 2: Primary and Secondary

Structural Systems
August 15, 2023 | Scott Thompson, PE, SE

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AISC Night School – Session 32.2 Design of Industrial Structures
August 15, 2023 Primary and Secondary Structural Systems

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Industrial Structure Design, Session 2:

Primary and Secondary Structural Systems
August 15, 2023 | Scott Thompson, PE, SE

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AISC Night School – Session 32.2 Industrial Structure Design
August 15, 2023 Primary and Secondary Structural Systems

Night School 32: Industrial Structure Design

Session 2: Primary and Secondary Structural Systems
August 15, 2023

Scott Thompson, PE, SE

Vice President
CSD Structural Engineers
Milwaukee, WI

Session Description
32.2 Primary and Secondary Structural Systems for Industrial
Crane Runway Structures
September 19, 2023

This session will discuss primary and secondary structural system selection for
light to heavy industrial crane runway structures. This session will review
design considerations which will guide engineers in the layout and design of
these structural systems.

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Learning Objectives

• Participants will understand the impacts design constraints and layout have
on system selection for industrial crane runway structures.
• Participants will develop practical considerations to assist in the selection
and design of primary and secondary structural systems.

Session 2 Outline

1. Building layout and its impact on system selection

2. Transverse primary framing systems for Industrial Crane Runway structures
3. Longitudinal primary framing systems for Industrial Crane Runway structures
4. Secondary framing systems for Industrial Crane Runway structures

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August 15, 2023 Primary and Secondary Structural Systems

Session 1 Summary

• Industrial Structures = Equipment Focus

• Environmental and equipment load development

• Library of reference material

AISC Design Guide 7 (ASIC DG 7)
AIST Technical Report 13 (AIST TR13)

• Introduced example problem

Session 2 Outline

1. Building layout and its impact on system selection

2. Transverse primary framing systems for Industrial Crane Runway structures
3. Longitudinal primary framing systems for Industrial Crane Runway structures
4. Secondary framing systems for Industrial Crane Runway structures

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Layout - Plan Considerations

Aisle Width
• Typically considered the rail-to-rail dimension or
Overhead Crane Span

Aisle Width
• Process dictates based on hook coverage Process
• Interface with Crane Supplier necessary to Direction
determine hook-to-rail dimension
• 40-ft to 125-ft common
• 200-ft+ possible

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Layout - Plan Considerations

Bay Length
Typical column-to-column spacing based
Bay
• Process layout Length
Process
• Overall facility length
Direction
• Secondary framing considerations
– Cold formed 20ft to 30ft
– Hot rolled 20ft to 40ft
– Open web joists 20-ft to 60ft+
• Wind and Seismic forces
• Foundation requirements / limitations
• Special conditions for large equipment and
material transfer to adjacent bays

Layout - Plan Considerations

Bay Length
• Light Industrial
– Commonly 20-ft to 30-ft
• Heavy Industrial
– Commonly 30-ft to 50-ft
• Special considerations
– >50-ft generally based on specific process
which requires modification to the typical
column space.
– Not uncommon 60-ft to 100-ft
– Heavy structures with deep foundations,
incorporate wind columns to achieve longer
primary column spacing and maintain
common secondary framing system spans
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Layout - Plan Considerations

Bay Length
• Maximum column load may not change
appreciably with increased bay length
• Based on CSD’s studies most economical bay
spacing is typically around 40 feet for heavy
industrial facilities.
• Consideration for cost of superstructure,
foundations, fabrication & erection.
– Least weight is often not Least cost
– Fewer pieces and fewer foundations often
leads to reduced cost
• Crane Runway Beam >> Crane Runway Girder 67% Increase in Span
10% Increase in Column Load

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Layout – Cross Section Considerations

General Considerations
• Rail height and Rail-to-Rail dictated by
operations and hook clearance.

• Crane manufacturer supplies geometry

of crane based on operational features.
Design around the crane envelope.

• Laced/Batten column gage: ±8-10% of

eave height as starting point

• Consider shipping restrictions for trusses

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Layout – Cross Section Considerations

At roof framing
OSHA 1910.179(b)(6)(i) requires a
minimum of 3 in clearance from crane to
nearest obstruction.
• Employee access at crane bridge
• Roof deflection
• Truss splices
• Lighting and mechanical

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Layout – Cross Section Considerations

At runway rail
• OSHA 1910.179(b)(6)(i) requires a
minimum of 2 in. lateral clearance from
crane to nearest obstruction.
• Employee access at maintenance catwalks
• Rail alignment tolerance
• Crane wheel “float”
• Fabrication and erection tolerances.

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Layout – Cross Section Considerations

At runway rail

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Design Example
Owner’s need:
• Needs approximately 45,000
sq ft hook coverage (450ft x
100ft)
• Steel coil processing facility
• (1) 65-ton cab operated
overhead crane
• 27-ft Minimum clear height
• Future expansion
– Added bays
– Added aisle at high side

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Design Example
Rail-to-Rail Spacing: Building Length:
Minimum Hook Coverage = 100’-0” Minimum Hook Coverage = 450’-0”
Hook approach = 5’-0” (crane supplier) Out-to-Out Crane = 26’-8” (crane supplier)
Rail-to-Rail = 100’ + 5’ + 5’ = 110’ Min. Building Length = 450’ + 26’-8” = 476’-8”
 Use 110’-0” Use (12) Bays at 40’-0” = 480’-0”

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Design Example
Side Clearance: Crane Overhead Clearance:
13” Extreme Crane + 2” OSHA = 15” min. Extreme Crane = 9’-8”
Estimated 24” Upper shaft Minimum OSHA Clearance = 3”
Rail-to-Upper shaft = 15”+ (24”/2) = 27” min Minium Rail-to-Roof = 9’-8” + 3” = 9’-11”
Use 3’-0” CL Rail to CL Column Use 10’-0” minimum

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Design Example
Eave Height:
Top of Rail = 30’-0”
Crane Clearance = 10’-0”
Truss Span = 110’-0” + 2*(3’-0”) = 116’-0”
Truss Depth = Single slope roof expansion
1/2:12 pitch
= for max shipping ≈ 10’-0”
Truss at Eave = 48” = 4’-0”
Truss at Ridge = 48” + 0.5*116 = 106” = 8’-10”

Use Low Eave Height = 44’-0”

Upper Eave Height = 48’-10”

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Design Example
Laced Column Gage:
10% Eave height ≈ 5’-0”
Rail-to-Upper Shaft = 3’-0”
Assume symmetrical aisle at future expansion
Center upper shaft on upper eave side

Use 6’-0” for laced column gage

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Design Example – Overall Framing Plan

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Design Example – Cross Section

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AISC Night School – Session 32.2 Industrial Structure Design
August 15, 2023 Primary and Secondary Structural Systems

Session 2 Outline

1. Building layout and its impact on system selection

2. Transverse primary framing systems for Industrial Crane Runway structures
3. Longitudinal primary framing systems for Industrial Crane Runway structures
4. Secondary framing systems for Industrial Crane Runway structures

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10 Design Considerations for Industrial Building Design

• Safety is imperative • Load will happen

• Process drives the bus • Wear and abuse will happen

• Time = Money • Redundancy is a good thing

• Least weight ≠ Least cost • 50+ years: Process will change with time

• Clarity and completeness is essential • Adaptability is a good thing

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Transverse Framing System

Typical simplified frames – Remember This

Fixity determination: Column type, base details, foundation system

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Transverse Framing System

Complicated 3d frames – Minimize This

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Transverse Framing System

Design Requirements
• Strength
– IBC  AISC 360
– Reference Session 1
– AISC Design Guide 7
• Serviceability
– AISC Design Guide 3 and 7
– Control displacement at crane rail
elevation
• Preliminary Design
– Commonly indeterminant problem
– Develop preliminary sizes and
refine with frame analysis
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Transverse Framing System

Serviceability Requirements
AISC DG 3 and AIST TR13

10-year Wind or Crane Lateral Roof Live or Snow or Crane Vertical

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Transverse Framing System

To Frame or Not to Frame…
Frames
• Typical for Stepped, Lean-to, and Bracketed columns
• Improved lateral stiffness
• Reduction of overturning forces
• Efficient structure

Not to Frame
• Simplicity. Structural independence of columns
• Adaptability – future modifications
• Long roof spans and Heavy Roof Loads  Thrust

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Transverse Framing System – Horizontal Truss

Considerations
• Effective when Crane Lateral or crane induced Seismic > Wind
• Typically located at roof truss bottom chord
• Shop-built frames vs stick-built truss.
• Added benefit to reduce bottom chord unbrace length of roof
truss subject to uplift.

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Transverse Framing System – Horizontal Truss

3d Frame with plan bracing 2d Frame without plan bracing 3d Frame with plan bracing
Uniform displacement from wind Non-uniform displacement Non-uniform displacement
Due to crane lateral loads Due to crane laterals
Load sharing to adjacent bents
REF: AISC DG 7
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Transverse Framing System – Horizontal Truss

Refer to generic example in AISC DG 7
• In theory, distribution between 5+ frames, however…
• AISC DG 7 recommends limiting distribution to (3) frames
• Potential for slip or member sag may lead to unconservative results.

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Transverse Framing System – Deck Diaphragms

Yes? No? Maybe?
Typically, No.
Imperative to consider the nature of the loads, the environment of the facility,
maintenance, facility inspection (access), and materials.
• Magnitude and concentration of crane lateral forces is unlike common lateral
forces on most structures.
• Cyclic nature requires careful consideration of deck attachment.
• Interior environment (heat, water, steam, dust, process chemicals) may be such
that roof deck will wear with time.
• How accessible is the roof? Is it safe to be on? Can it be inspected?
• Common roof materials include standing seam panels and metal panel (not deck).
• However, may need to consider lean-tos and adjacent structures.
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Transverse Framing System – Defining Ic

Common Column Geometry

Bracketed Independent Stepped Battened Laced

CRANE CAPACITY & RAIL HEIGHT
FABRICATION COST 34

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Transverse Framing System – Defining Ic

Bracketed
• Efficient solution for light duty systems and secondary runways.
• Easy to fabricate
• Limit use to crane reactions less than 50 kips (AIST TR13) (15-ton crane)
• Fatigue!! Not redundant.
• Sensitive to rolling and fabrication tolerance. Account for tolerance in
connections.
• Lateral displacement due to vertical and lateral loads is critical.
• Consideration for down-aisle load path is necessary
• Flange bracing and column bracing… what works as a brace?
• Upgrade capability is limited.

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Transverse Framing System – Defining Ic

Independent
• Common solution for
– Rigid frame structures (metal buildings)
– Low to average eave heights
– Additions to existing structures / runways.
• Similar details for crane runway girder support as
laced/battened columns
• Simple fabrication
• Second order analysis to consider “leaning” columns
• Orientate web parallel to runway.
• Provide discrete ties back to frame column for lateral brace

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Transverse Framing System – Defining Ic

Stepped
• Common solution for rigid frame structures.
• Column slenderness requires attention in average height to
tall structures.
• Relatively Simple fabrication.
• Eccentric crane and roof loads. Consider use of added
channel at inside flange.
• Careful consideration of flange bracing and stiffness.
• Consider geometric limitations with rolled shapes.
• Consider crane side clearance and maintenance access.
• Reference AISC Design Guide 7 for full design example.
• Usually not ideally suited for crane upgrades.

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Transverse Framing System – Defining Ic

Battened
• Building column perpendicular or parallel to runway
• Crane column parallel to runway.
• Best suited for high-capacity and taller runways as more complex
fabrication.
• Column gage can be optimized for overturning and stiffness
considerations. Efficient use of structure (Ad2).
• Geometry can be optimized for crane side clearance and access walkways.
• Inherently fixed base column.
• Axial shortening of crane column influences building column.
• Allows for passage of process piping and ducts.

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Transverse Framing System – Defining Ic

Laced
• Flexibility from small to large capacity cranes. Ideal for tall structures.
• Column gage can be optimized for overturning and stiffness
considerations. Efficient use of structure (Ad2).
• Geometry optimized for crane side clearance and access walkways.
• Inherently fixed base column.
• Axial shortening of crane column influences building column.
• Allows for passage of process piping and ducts.
• Well suited for future upgrades.
• More complex fabrication, however, typically shop fabricated
assemblies shipped as a unit or with bolted splices.

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Transverse Framing System

Crane Column Loading
• Important to consider the position of the crane girder on the crane runway column.
• Balanced vs Unbalanced condition

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Design Example – Transverse Frame

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Design Example – Transverse Frame

Design Assumptions
• Use of laced columns
– Future additions and runway upgrades
– Deep foundations required  fixed base columns
• Pinned Roof Truss –
– Frame simplicity and column independence
– Note, roof truss will share wind load across aisle
• Design using AIST TR13
– Roof Live Load = 20 psf (not reducible)
– Deflection at Rail < H/400 or 2”
• No bottom chord bracing system. Wind Controls Shear and Overturning.
– 1.6*Crane Lateral = 71 kips / 2038k-ft
– 1.0*Wind = 97.4 kips / 3884k-ft
– Seismic does not control. R=3
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Design Example – Transverse Frame

Gravity / Crane Load Summary (unfactored)
Refer to Session 1 for development
WD = 300 PLF
WC = 200 PLF
WLr = 800 PLF
WS= 400 PLF

WD = 160 PLF
AT WALLS
Css = 22.2k

PD = 24k
Max - Balanced Min - Balanced PC = 10k PD = 2k
PCd = 91.2k PCd = 71.1k PC = 10k
PCv = 120.6k PCv = 5.1k
Max - Unbalanced Min - Unbalanced
PCd = 83.6k MCd = 62.7k-ft PCd = 63.0k MCd = 47.3k-ft
PCv = 110.4k MCv = 82.8k-ft PCv = 4.5k MCv = 3.4k-ft
M based on W18 Initial Assumption

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Design Example – Transverse Frame

Wind Load Summary (Ultimate 1.0W)
Refer to Session 1 for development

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Design Example – Transverse Frame

Preliminary Sizes
Crane Column (Ic1)
L/rx < 150 24.33*12/150 = 1.9
L/ry < 150 13.67*12/150 = 1.1
Approximate Wind Overturning (1.0W) = 1.264plf*46.833ft2/2 = 1386k-ft
Approximate Wind Axial Load (1.0W) = 1386k-ft / 6ft = 231k
Approximate Css Axial Load = 22.2k*27.5ft / 6ft = 102k
Preliminary Approximate Axial Loads
1.2(D+C+Cd)+1.6(Cv+Css)+0.5Lr = 1.2*(34+16+91)+1.6*(121+102)+0.5*(25) = 539k
1.2(D+C+Cd)+1.0W+Cv+0.5Lr = 1.2*(34+16+91)+1.0*(231)+121+0.5*(25) = 534k
Using AISC Manual Table 6-2, Try W18x76 (11in flange width)
L/rx = 48.3
L/ry = 66.1 ɸPn = 751k Util≈0.72

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Design Example – Transverse Frame

Preliminary Sizes
Building Column (Ic1)
L/rx < 150 24.33*12/150 = 1.9
L/ry < 150 13.67*12/150 = 1.1
Approximate Wind Overturning (1.0W) = 1.264plf*46.833ft2/2 = 1386k-ft
Approximate Wind Axial Load (1.0W) = 1386k-ft / 6ft = 231k
Approximate Css Axial Load = 22.2k*27.5ft / 6ft = 102k
Preliminary Approximate Axial Loads
1.2(D+C+Cd)+1.6(Cv+Css)+0.5Lr = 1.2*(32+16+0)+1.6*(0+102)+0.5*(25) = 233k
1.2(D+C+Cd)+1.0W+Cv+0.5Lr = 1.2*(32+16+0)+1.0*(231)+0+0.5*(25) = 301k
Using AISC Manual Table 6-2, Try W18x76 (11in flange width)
L/rx = 48.3
L/ry = 66.1 ɸPn = 751k Util≈0.40 (Future expansion of runway)

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Design Example – Transverse Frame

Preliminary Sizes
Upper Shaft (Ic2)
L/rx < 150 24.25*12/150 = 1.9
L/ry < 150 24.25*12/150 = 1.9
Approximate Wind Moment (1.0W) = 1.264plf*24.252/2 = 372k-ft
Approximate Wind Axial Load (1.0W) = (336plf-284plf)*119ft/2 = 3k
Preliminary Approximate Axial Loads
1.2(D+C)+1.0W+0.5Lr = 1.2*(20+12)+1.0*(3)+0.5*(48) = 65k Mu=372k-ft
1.2(D+C)+1.6Lr+0.5W = 1.2*(20+12)+1.6*(48)+0.5*(3) = 117k Mu=186k-ft
Using AISC Manual Table 6-2, Try W18x76
L/rx = 29.7
L/ry = 111.5 ɸPn = 404k ɸMn = 611k-ft (Cb≈1.5) Util≈0.69

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Design Example – Transverse Frame

Preliminary Sizes
Cross Member
Match upper shaft for connection purposes. Panel zone shear and member end shear will be
confirmed with final design.

Lacing Angles
Approximate Base Shear (1.0W) = 1.264plf*46.833ft + 336plf*46.833/2 = 67k
Maximum Diagonal Force = (6.833ft2+ 6ft2) 0.5 = 9.1ft = 67k*(9.1ft/6ft) = 102k
Use battened angle design, with (2) intermediate connectors, and Grade 50 (Fy=50ksi) material
Try L4x4x5/16 angles ɸPn = 120k Util≈0.86

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Design Example – Transverse Frame

Initial Frame and Displacement Check
-Unreduced stiffness

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Design Example – Transverse Frame

Final Frame Design
Using Direct Analysis Method
• Second order analysis including P-Δ and P-δ using
reduced stiffness EI* and EA* per AISC 360 Chapter C
• Refer to AISC DG 25, 2nd Ed for a nice summary of DM
method and effective length factors.
• Use K=1.0 of the segments considering Lx, Ly, Lz
• Δ2nd / Δ1st < 1.5  Notional loads for gravity cases
• Load Combinations per AISC Design Guide 7 and AIST
TR13. See Session 1 for Load Combination discussion.
• Final Frame
– Building column upsized for future crane aisle.
– Cross member checked for panel zone shear.

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Design Example – Transverse Frame

A Final Note on Frame Behavior

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Session 2 Outline

1. Building layout and its impact on system selection

2. Transverse primary framing systems for Industrial Crane Runway structures
3. Longitudinal primary framing systems for Industrial Crane Runway structures
4. Secondary framing systems for Industrial Crane Runway structures

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Longitudinal Framing System

Combination of end wall framing, horizontal plan framing, and vertical bracing.
Load Sources
• End wall wind
• Longitudinal seismic (all lines)
• Crane tractive and end stop
forces (crane column)
Design considerations
• Tension only common given
length of braces
• Consider Slenderness (L/300??)
• Avoid rod bracing
• Subject to abuse, relocation,
modification
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Longitudinal Framing System

Layout Considerations
• Ideal to locate within 1st or 2nd bay of building
– Crane end stop forces
– Wind load
• AIST TR13 recommends a maximum spacing of
200-ft between braced bays
• In long span trusses, build-up of stability forces is
considerable. More discussed in Session 7.
• Avoid attachment to crane runway girders. Further
details provided in Session 6.

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Longitudinal Framing System

Something to Consider…

“Better to be in an over-braced, under-designed structure

than an under-braced, over-designed structure.”

Dr. James M. Fisher

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Design Example – Longitudinal Frame

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Design Example – Longitudinal Frame

Roof Level Force Distribution

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Design Example – Longitudinal Frame

Runway Level Force Distribution

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Design Example – Longitudinal Frame

End Wall Force Summary
Using MWFRS (see Session 1)
LINE 13 LINE 1
Leeward = -19.8psf Windward = +31.6psf
P4: 409FT2 = 8.1k P1: 409FT2 = 12.9k
P5: 1286FT2 = 25.5k P2: 1329FT2 = 42.0k
P6: 324FT2 = 6.5k P3: 324FT2 = 10.2k

P11: 259FT2 = 5.1k P7: 259FT2 = 8.2k

P12: 580FT2 = 11.5k P8: 627FT2 = 19.8k
P13: 533FT2 = 10.6k P9: 577FT2 = 18.2k
P14: 217FT2 = 4.3k P10: 217FT2 = 6.9k Total Longitudinal Bracing Wind Shear = 189.8k

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Design Example – Longitudinal Frame

Roof Level Force Distribution (1.0W)

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Design Example – Longitudinal Frame

Runway Level Force Distribution (1.0W)

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Design Example – Longitudinal Frame

Runway Level Force Distribution (Tractive and Bumper)

Note: Bumper force shown acting in both directions for illustration. Occurs in one direction at a given time.
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Design Example – Longitudinal Frame

Roof Plan Bracing
• Welded strap bracing at top chord of truss
• Tension only member
• Refer to previous roof force distribution for summary of roof loads.
• Session 6 will discuss connection design
0.5
16.9k 402+58.422
Brace Force = ∗ =14.9k (LRFD) 8.9k (ASD)
2 40
Try 3/16” x 4” plate
ɸPn = 0.9*50ksi*0.1875in*4in = 33.8k
Pn/Ω = 1/1.67*50ksi* 0.1875in*4in = 22.5k

Plate upsized to ¼”x5” plate for fabricator preferences

and to facilitate connection geometry.

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Design Example – Longitudinal Frame

Upper Shaft Bracing
Brace Length = (19.962+402)0.5=44.7ft
Brace Force
= 13.8k*(44.7ft/40ft)=15.4k (LRFD)
= 0.6*15.4k = 9.2k (ASD)
Slenderness = 44.7ft*12/r < 300
rmin = 1.78
Try (2)L4x4x3/8
ry = 1.8
ɸPn = 0.9*50ksi*5.72in2 = 257.4k
Pn/Ω = 1/1.67*50ksi*5.72in2 = 171.2k

Forces at Cross Member (1.0W)

Fx = 13.8k Fy = 15.4k*(19.96ft/44.7ft) = 6.8k

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Design Example – Longitudinal Frame

Building Column Bracing
Wall Struts
• Stabilizes laced column shaft and ties vertical bracing
• Replaced by new crane girder in future expansion
• Work point results in eccentric load on strut
L/r < 200 = 40ft*12/200 = 2.4
Try W12x53 ry = 2.48
Strut force = 15.1kips (LRFD) 9.1kips (ASD)
Work Point Eccentricity = d/2 = 6in
End Moment = 15.1k*6in/12 =7.6k-ft (LRFD) 4.6k-ft (ASD)
1.2∗53plf∗40ft2
Self-Weight Moment = =12.7k-ft
8∗1000
Mu = 22.8k-ft Mr = 17.3k-ft
Using AISC Manual Table 6-2
ɸPn=94.1k ɸMn=120k-ft Util=0.27
Pn/Ω=62.6k Mn/Ω= 79.8k-ft Util=0.29
65

Design Example – Longitudinal Frame

Building Column Bracing
Brace Length = (23.952+402)0.5=46.6ft
Brace Force = 10.2k*(46.6ft/40ft) (1.0W)
=11.9k (LRFD) 7.1k (ASD)
Slenderness = 46.6ft*12/r < 300
rmin = 1.86
Try (2)L5x5x5/16
ry = 2.2
ɸPn = 0.9*50ksi*6.06in2 = 272.7k
Pn/Ω = 1/1.67*50ksi*6.06in2 = 181.4k

See crane column bracing for

sizing for future expansion of runway

66

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AISC Night School – Session 32.2 Industrial Structure Design
August 15, 2023 Primary and Secondary Structural Systems

Design Example – Longitudinal Frame

Crane Column Bracing
Crane bumper force controls design (1.0Cbs).
Brace Length = (23.952+402)0.5=46.6ft
Brace Force = 67.5k*(46.6ft/40ft)
=78.6k (LRFD) 52.7k (ASD)
Slenderness = 46.6ft*12/r < 300
rmin = 1.86
Try (2)L5x5x5/16
ry = 2.2
ɸPn = 0.9*50ksi*6.06in2 = 272.7k
Pn/Ω = 1/1.67*50ksi*6.06in2 = 181.4k

Member upsized to (2)L5x5x1/2 for environmental

robustness and fabricator material availability.

67

Session 2 Outline

1. Building layout and its impact on system selection

2. Transverse primary framing systems for Industrial Crane Runway structures
3. Longitudinal primary framing systems for Industrial Crane Runway structures
4. Secondary framing systems for Industrial Crane Runway structures

68

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AISC Night School – Session 32.2 Industrial Structure Design
August 15, 2023 Primary and Secondary Structural Systems

Cladding Systems
Standing Seam Panel
• Common 26ga and 24ga. 22ga possible. 4ft to 6ft spans.
• Attached with discrete clips (typical) or continuous runners
(high wind).
• Flexible!
– Accommodate thermal movement common in industrial buildings.
– Anchored at one end. Must account for down slope loads
– Eave lacing
• Negligible diaphragm. Not an adequate flange brace for
secondary framing.
• Refer to manufacturer for testing data, span capacity, and
anchorage details. May require special framing in high wind
applications.
• More expensive than screw down metal panel

69

Downslope Roof Loads

Standing Seam Panel
• Panels anchored at one end, typically eave.
• Gravity loads have down slope component which must be
resisted by secondary framing system.
• Commonly use horizontal truss or flexural member to resist
• Horizontal truss results in additional axial loads in eave
members.
• Roof slope impacts magnitude.

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AISC Night School – Session 32.2 Industrial Structure Design
August 15, 2023 Primary and Secondary Structural Systems

Cladding Systems
Screw-down Metal Panel
• Common 26ga and 24ga. 22ga possible.
• 4ft to 8ft spans typical
• Used at roof and walls
• Cost effective solution
• Thermal movement = leaks at screw holes
• Acts as lateral brace for secondary framing.
• Limited diaphragm capacity.
• Refer to manufacturer for testing data and span capacity.
• Easy to replace damaged sections.

71

Cladding Systems
Steel Roof Deck
• Common 24ga and 22ga. 20ga and 18ga available.
• 1 ½”, 2”, and 3” common thicknesses
• 5ft to 15ft spans based on depth and gage
• Common for conditioned buildings with insulated
membrane roofs.
• Acts as lateral brace for roof framing.
• Diaphragm capacity.
– Know the environment if using the diaphragm
– Not recommended for distribution of crane lateral forces
– Reference Steel Deck Institute Diaphragm Design Manual
• Refer to manufacturer for testing data and span capacity.

72

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AISC Night School – Session 32.2 Industrial Structure Design
August 15, 2023 Primary and Secondary Structural Systems

Cladding Systems
Insulated Metal Panel (IMP)
• Wall and Roof Applications
• Common thickness 26ga and 24ga. 22ga is available.
• Improved span capacity.
• Expense considerations
• Typical 40ft to 50ft lengths. Requires stack joints.
• Provides a finished interior surface and eliminates need for 3-
piece wall systems (Outer panel, insulation, inner panel).
• Typically, concealed fasteners. Exposed fasteners in high wind
applications.
• Improved R-value
• Installation tolerance can be restrictive (1/4” in 20-ft). Allow
for adjustment in secondary framing or plan for shimming of
panel. Requires coordination!

73

Cladding Systems
Insulated Metal Panel (IMP)
Panel Support Tolerances: Confirm that metal panel supports are within tolerances
acceptable to metal panel manufacturer but not greater than the following:
a. 1/4 inch (6 mm) in 20 foot (6100 mm) in any direction.
b. 3/8 inch (9 mm) over any single wall plane.
c. Girt Spacing 8 feet (2438 mm) or more: 1/4 inch (6 mm) out only.
d. Girt Spacing Less Than 8 feet (2438 mm): 1/8 inch (3 mm) out only.

Specification from Metal Panel Supplier

Stack Joint Concepts 74

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August 15, 2023 Primary and Secondary Structural Systems

Wall Framing Systems

Tilt-wall / Precast Concrete Panels
• Improved durability. Limited added framing.
• Significant mass for seismic considerations
• Vertically spanning…
• Larger forces at roof level (H/2)
• Tall structure provide back-up beams “girts” to reduce span
length.
• Overhead doors = Spandrels… Coordination!
• Refer to AISC DG 3 for drift criteria. Consider rotation at
base of panels. Detail for expected drift
• If delegated, provide coordination, loading, drift criteria,
typical details, and openings.
• Future changes and openings more difficult and expensive.

75

Wall Framing Systems

Tilt-wall / Precast Concrete Panels
For relatively tall panels, reaction at roof line is considerable

W = 31.6psf
H = 30ft
R = 474plf

Consider detailing at base of panel… Pin?

76

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AISC Night School – Session 32.2 Industrial Structure Design
August 15, 2023 Primary and Secondary Structural Systems

Wall Framing Systems

Masonry
• Improved durability. Limited added framing.
• Common for 8-ft wainscoting for durability and metal panel
above.
• Considerable mass for seismic considerations
• Refer to AISC DG 3 for drift criteria. Need to control rotation
at base of panels. More stringent drift criteria?
• Detail for relative movement between rigid wall and flexible
structure.
• Future changes and openings more difficult and expensive.

77

Wall Framing Systems

Masonry
AISC DG 3 Δmax < 1/16” crack at base of wall due to 10-year wind

Example: 12in masonry wall with 40-ft bay spacing

H = 30ft

12 30∗12
=
1/16 ∆
30∗12∗1/16
∆= =1.875in
12
∆= H / 192

At 40-ft horizontal spanning girt…

∆= 40*12 / 1.875 = L / 256

78

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American Institute of Steel Construction 41
AISC Night School – Session 32.2 Industrial Structure Design
August 15, 2023 Primary and Secondary Structural Systems

Wall Framing Systems

Cold-Formed Purlins and Girts
• Commonly 20 ft. to 30 ft. spans. Beyond 30-ft
coordinate with suppliers before specifying.
• Cee and Zee Sections.
• 16ga and 14ga typical. 12ga when needed
• Up to 12-in depth
• Manufacture's have preferred / common section sizes.
• Sag rods and/or laps for negative moments
• Can be used to brace primary framing with
consideration of strength and stiffness.
• Refer to AISI Specification and manufactures for load
tables.

79

Wall Framing Systems

Cold-Formed Purlins and Girts
• Girt lap for negative moment regions

• Use to reduce/eliminate sag rods

• Consider lap length addition to total material

Photo Credit: MBCI CI Manual

80

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American Institute of Steel Construction 42
AISC Night School – Session 32.2 Industrial Structure Design
August 15, 2023 Primary and Secondary Structural Systems

Wall Framing Systems

Open-web Joist Purlins and Girts
• Span lengths from 10-ft to over 100-ft
• Delegated design. EOR to provide loads, typical connection
concepts, special detailing, and specification.
• Bridging for uplift / suction forces provided by joist supplier
• Transfer of axial forces requires special consideration and detailing.
Refer to Manufacture's catalogs and Steel Joist Institute for
recommendations.
• As girt framing, consider wall weight at roof eave.
• Refer to Steel Joist Institute (SJI) for SJI Technical Digest

81

Wall Framing Systems

Open-web Joist Purlins and Girts

Wall weight at eave Axial transfer across joist seat

82

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AISC Night School – Session 32.2 Industrial Structure Design
August 15, 2023 Primary and Secondary Structural Systems

Wall Framing Systems

WF and Channel Purlins and Girts
• Solution where cold-formed sections do not work for given
load criteria.
• Use in corrosive or abusive environment for improved
durability.
• Girts typically require sag angles/rods to maintain alignment
• Use sag angles to brace interior flange.
• Provide weep holes at WF girts sections for construction

83

Bracing Considerations
Secondary Members bracing Primary Framing
Answer the question…. Is it a brace?
• A brace must satisfy AISC 360 Appendix 6
– 6.2 Column Bracing
– 6.3 Beam Bracing
– 6.4 Beam-Column Bracing
• Secondary framing = Point Brace
• Satisfy strength and stiffness requirements of each section
• NOTE!!! Section 6.4 requires the sum of 6.2 and 6.3

Photo Credit: AISC 360 C-A-6.1 84

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AISC Night School – Session 32.2 Industrial Structure Design
August 15, 2023 Primary and Secondary Structural Systems

Bracing Considerations
Do the girts brace the column?

Girt-to-Column Detail Wall Elevation

85

Bracing Considerations
Do the girts brace the column?

2
   EIy  ho2  
Fe  2  2   a2   GJ 
Ar0  Lcz  4  

Girt and panel prevent Offset Girt allows for Modified FTB E4-2
lateral translation rotation of shear center (Comm. Eqn. C-E4-1)
at brace point
86

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American Institute of Steel Construction 45
AISC Night School – Session 32.2 Industrial Structure Design
August 15, 2023 Primary and Secondary Structural Systems

Bracing Considerations
Do the girts brace the column?

An improved detail

87

Bracing Considerations
Just because you can… Doesn’t mean you should

In abusive environments consider…

• Not using secondaries to brace crane columns
• Not using secondaries to brace columns below
overhead door heights
• Use secondaries only to brace wind columns
• When using secondaries,
– field verify installation
– clearly note flange braces can not be removed
– clearly note girts damaged or removed must be
replaced

88

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American Institute of Steel Construction 46
AISC Night School – Session 32.2 Industrial Structure Design
August 15, 2023 Primary and Secondary Structural Systems

Design Example – Downslope Load

Eave Truss
D+C+Lr = 30psf (ASD) 1.2(D+C)+1.6Lr = 44psf (LRFD)
WD = 5 PSF
Roof Length = 120.5ft WC = 5 PSF
WLr = 20 PSF
Roof slope = 0.5 / 12 = 2.38° WS= 10 PSF
Down Slope = 30psf∗120.5ft∗ sin 2.38 =150plf (ASD)
44psf∗120.5ft∗ sin 2.38 =220plf (LRFD)

Moment at horizontal truss

150∗402 220∗402
Mr = =30k−ft (ASD) Mu = =44k−ft (LRFD)
8∗1000 8∗1000

Eave Lacing gage = 2’-0”

Eave Lacing Chord Force = Pr = 30/2 = 15k (ASD)
Pu= 44/2 = 22k (LRFD)
Joist supplier to consider this force
89

Design Example – Downslope Load

Eave Truss
Eave Lacing
150∗40
Vr = =4.2k (ASD)
2∗1000∗sin(45)
220∗40
Vu= =6.2k (LRFD)
2∗1000∗sin(45)

From AISC Manual Table 4-12 for L3x3x1/4

(eccentrically loaded single angle)
Lb = 2ft / sin(45) = 2.8ft

Pn/Ω = 16k (ASD)

ɸPn = 24k (LRFD)

90

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American Institute of Steel Construction 47
AISC Night School – Session 32.2 Industrial Structure Design
August 15, 2023 Primary and Secondary Structural Systems

Thank you!

Scott Thompson

CSD Structural Engineers

www.CSD-ENG.com

AISC | Questions?

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AISC | Thank you

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