UNIT-IV

MICROCONTROLLER

SYLLABUS: Architecture of 8051 – Special Function Registers(SFRs) - I/O Pins Ports and Circuits
- Instruction set - Addressing modes - Assembly language programming.

COURSE OBJECTIVE: To study the architecture and programming of 8051 microcontroller.

PART-A

1. What are the special function register? (EE2354 April/May2012)

The special function register are stack pointer, index pointer (DPL and DPH), I/O port
addresses, status (PSW) and accumulator.

2. What are the uses of accumulator register?

The accumulator registers (A and B at addresses OEOh and OFOh, respectively) are used to
store temporary values and the results of arithmetic operations.

3. What is PSW? (EE2354 Nov/Dec2011)

Program status word (PSW) is the set of flags that contains the status information and is
considered as one of the special function register.

4. What is stack pointer (sp)? (EE2354 April/May2011)

Stack pointer (SP) is a 8 bit wide register and is incremented before the data is stored into the
stack using PUSH or CALL instructions. It contains 8-bit stack top address. It is defined anywhere in
the on-chip 128-byte RAM. After reset, the SP register is initialized to 07. After each write to stack
operation, the 8-bit contents of the operand are stored onto the stack, after incrementing the SP
register by one. It is not a top-down data structure. It is allotted an address in the special function
register bank.

5. What is data pointer (DTPR)? (Nov/Dec2010)

It is a 16-bit register that contains a higher byte (DPH) and lower byte (DPL) of a 16-bit
external data RAM address. It is accessed as a 16-bit register or two 8-bit registers. It has been
allotted two addresses in the special function register bank, for its two bytes DPH and DPL.

6. Why oscillator circuit is used?

Oscillator circuit is used to generate the basic timing clock signal for the operation of the
circuit using crystal oscillator.

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7. What is the purpose of using instruction register?

Instruction register is used for the purpose of decoding the opcode of an instruction to be
executed and gives information to the timing and control unit generating necessary signals for the
execution of the instruction.

8. Give the purpose of ALE/PROG signal. (May/June2014)

ALE/PROG is an address latch enable output pulse and indicates that valid address bits
available on the respective pins. The ALE pulses are emitted at a rate of one-sixth of the oscillator
frequency. The signal is valid only for external memory accesses.

9. What are addressing modes?

The various ways of accessing data are called addressing modes.

10. Give the addressing modes of 8051? (April/May 2011)

There are six addressing modes in 8051.They are

 Direct addressing
 Indirect addressing
 Register instruction
 Register specific (register implicit)
 Immediate mode
 Indexed addressing

11. What is direct addressing mode?

The operands are specified using the 8-bit address field, in the instruction format. Only
internal data Ram and SFRS can be directly addressed. This is known as direct addressing mode.

It may be used for external timing or clockwise purpose. One ALE pulse is skipped during
each access to external data memory.

12.Explain the two power saving mode of operation. (April/May2011)

The two power saving modes of operation are:

 Idle mode: In this mode, the oscillator continues to run and the interrupt, serial port and timer
blocks are active, but the clock to the CPU is disabled. The CPU status is preserved. This
mode can be terminated with a hardware interrupt or hardware reset signal. After this, the
CPU resumes program execution from where it left off.

 Power down mode: In this mode, the on-chip oscillator is stopped. All the functions of the
controller are held maintaining the contents of RAM. The only way to terminate this mode is
hardware reset. The reset redefines all the SFRs but the RAM contents are left unchanged.
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12. Differentiate between program memory and data memory.
Program Memory
i. It stores the programs to be executed.
ii. It stores only program code which is to be executed and thus it need not be written, so it is
implemented using EPROM It stores the data, line intermediate results, variables and constants
required for the execution of the program.

Data Memory:The data memory may be read from or written to and thus it is implemented
using RAM.
Eg: Mov R0, 89H

13. What is indirect addressing mode?

In this mode, the 8-bit address of an operand is stored in a register and the register, instead of
the 8-bitaddress, is specified in the instruction. The registers R0 and R1 of the selected bank of
registers or stack pointer can be used as address registers for storing the 8-bit addresses. The address
register for 16-bit addresses can only be „data pointer‟ (DPTR).

Eg: ADD A, @ R0.

14. What is meant by register instructions addressing mode?

The operations are stored in the registers R0 – R7 of the selected register bank. One of these
eight registers(R0 – R7) is specified in the instruction using the 3-bit register specification field of
the opcode format. A register bank can be selected using the two bank select bits of the PSN. This is
called as register instruction addressing mode

Eg: ADD A, R7.

15. What is immediate addressing mode? (April/May2013)

An immediate data ie., a constant is specified in the instruction, after the opcode byte.

Eg: MOV A, #100 The immediate data 100 (decimal) is added to the contents of the accumulator.
For specifying a hex number,it should be followed by H. These are known as immediate addressing
mode.

16. MOV R4, R7 is invalid. Why?

The movement of data between the accumulator and Rn (for n = 0 to 7) is valid. But
movement of data between Rn register is not allowed. That is why MOV R4, R7 is invalid.

17. WHAT IS SFR? (Nov/Dec2014)

In the 8051 microcontroller registers A, B, PSW and DPTR are part of the group of registers
commonly referred to as special function registers (SFR).

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18. What is indexed addressing? (May/June2014)

This addressing mode is used only to access the program memory. It is accomplished in 8051
for look-up table manipulations. Program counter or data pointer are the allowed 16-bit address
storage registers, in this mode of addressing. These 16-bit registers point to the base of the look-up
table and the ACC register contains a code to be converted using the look-up table. The look-up table
data address is found out by adding the contents of register ACC with that of the program counter or
data pointer. In case of jump instruction, the contents of accumulator are added with one of the
specified 16-bit registers to form the jump destination address.

Eg: MOV C, A @ A + DPTP

JMP @ A + DPTR

19. WHAT ARE THE TWO MAIN FEATURES OF SFR ADDRESSES?

The following two points should be noted SFR addresses.

 The special function registers have addresses between 80H and FFH. These addresses are
above 80H, since the addresses 00 to 7FH are addresses of RAM memory inside the 8051.

 Not all the address space of 80 to FH is used by the SFR. The unused locations 80Hto FFH
are reserved and must not used by the 8051 programmer.

20. What is the difference between direct and register indirect addressing mode?

Loop is most efficient and is possible only in register indirect addressing whereas looping is
not direct addressing mode.

23 List out some compare instructions. (EE2354May/June2014)

The compare instructions are:

a. CJNE
b. CLR
c. CPL
24 Write a program to save the accumulator in r7 of bank 2.

CLR PSW – 3
SETB PSW – 4
MOV R7, A.
25. What are single bit instructions? Give example.

Instructions that are used for single bit operation are called single bit instructions

Examples: SETB bit, CLR bit, CPL bit

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26. Write a program to save the status of bits p1.2 and p1.3 on ram bit locations 6 and 7
respectively.

MOV C, P1.2; save status of P1.2 on CY

MOV O6, C; save carry in RAM bit location 06
MOV C, p1.3; save status of p1.3 on CY
MOV 07, C; save carry in RAM bit location 07.
27. Write a program to see if bits 0 and 5 of register b r1. If they are not, make them so
and save it in r0. (Nov/Dec2011)

JNB OFOH, NEXT – 1; JUMP if B.0 is low

SET BOFOH; Make bit B.0 high
NEXT – 1:JNB OF5H, NEXT – 2; JUMP if B.5 is low
SETB OF5H; Make B.5 high
NEXT – 2: MOV R0, B; Save register B.
28. Mention the size of DPTR and Stack Pointer in 8051 microcontroller.(April/May
2011),(May/June2014)

DPTR and SP are 16 bit register.

29. What is the operation of the given 8051 microcontroller instructions: XRL A, direct
(April/May2011)

XRLA, Direct Exclusive OR operation with A register content and Direct value

30. List the features of 8051 microcontroller? (May/June2013)

The features are

 Single supply +5 volt operation using HMOS technology.

 4096 bytes program memory on chip(not on 8031)

 128 data memory on chip.

 Four register banks.

 Two multiple mode, 16-bit timer/counter.

 Extensive Boolean processing capabilities.

 64 KB external RAM size

 32 bidirectional individually addressable I/O lines.

 8 bit CPU optimized for control applications.

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31. Compare Microprocessor and Microcontroller. (Nov/Dec 2006,2011)

Sl.No Microprocessor Microcontroller

Microprocessor contains ALU,

general purpose registers, stack Microcontroller contains the
pointer, program counter, clock circuitry of microprocessor and in
timing circuit and interrupt addition it has built in ROM, RAM,
1 circuit. I/O devices, timers and counters.

It has many instructions to It has one or two instructions to

move data between memory and move data between memory and
2 CPU. CPU.

It has one or two bit handling

It has many bit handling instructions.
3 instructions.

Access times for memory and Less access time for built-in memory
4 I/O devices are more and I/O devices

Microcontroller based system

Microprocessor based system
requires less hardware reducing PCB
requires more hardware
5 size and increasing the reliability.

32. Name the five interrupt sources of 8051? (MAY/JUNE2007) (APRIL/MAY2008)

The interrupts are:

Vector address

• External interrupt 0: IE0: 0003H

• Timer interrupt 0: TF0: 000BH

• External interrupt 1: IE1: 0013H

• Timer Interrupt 1: TF1: 001BH

• Serial Interrupt

Receive interrupt: RI: 0023H

Transmit interrupt: TI: 0023H

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 33. List the 8051 instructions that affect the overflow flag.

ADD, ADDC, DIV, MUL, SUBB

34. List the 8051 instructions that always clear the carry flag.

CLR C, DIV, MUL

35. List the 8051 instructions that affect all the flags. (NOV/DEC 2007)

ADD, ADDC and SUBB

36. What are the different types of ADC? (APR/MAY2008 NOV/DEC 2011)

The different types of ADC are successive approximation ADC, counter type ADC
flash type ADC, integrator converters and voltage to- frequency converters.

37. What is the necessity of interfacing DAC with microcontroller? (Nov/Dec 2014)

In many applications, the microcontroller has to produce analog signals for controlling
certain analog devices. Basically, the microcontroller can produce only digital signals. In
order to convert the digital signal to analog signal a Digital to Analog Converter has to be
employed.

38. Mention the number of register banks and their addresses in 8051? (Nov/Dec2015)

There are 4 register banks. They are Bank0, Bank1, Bank2& Bank3.
RAM locations from 00 to 07H for bank 0
RAM locations from 08 to 0FH for bank 1
RAM locations from 10 to 17H for bank 2
RAM locations from 18 to 1FH for bank 3

39. What is the jump range? (Nov/Dec2015)

AJMP addr11 (Absolute Jump) – Within 2K bytes of program memory.
LJMP addr16 (Long Jump) -Within 64K bytes of program memory.
SJMP Rel.addr (Short Jump) –128 to +127 of program memory.
40. What are the different ways of operand addressing in 8051? (May/June 2016)

The five addressing modes are,

1. Immediate addressing
2. Register addressing
3. Direct addressing
4. Register indirect addressing
5. Indexed addressing

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 PART-B

1. With the necessary diagram of control word format, explain the various operating modes of
timer in 8051microcontroller (EE2354May/June2014) U
2. With the help of neat diagram explain the memory organization of 8051 microcontroller
(April/May2011)(Nov/Dec2014) U
3. With neat sketch explain the architecture/ functional block diagram of 8051
microcontroller. (Nov/Dec2010), (April/May2010) (Apr/May 2015) (8) (Nov/Dec2014) U
4. Draw the Pin Diagram of 8051 and explain the function of various signals. (Nov/Dec2010) U
5. List the various Instructions available in 8051 microcontroller and explain. (EE2354
May/June2014) C
Data Transfer Instructions (Nov/Dec2014)
Boolean variable Manipulation Instructions (May/June 2013)
6. (i) Explain the Data transfer instructions and Program control instructions of 8051
microcontroller. (8) (April/May2011) U
(ii) Write an assembly language program based on 8051 microcontroller instruction set to
Perform four arithmetic operations on 2, 8 bit data. (8) (April/May2011) C
7. Discuss about the organization of Internal RAM and Special function registers of 8051
Microcontroller in detail. (16) (April/May2011) U
8. Explain the arithmetic and control instructions of 8051microcontroller. (10) (April/May2015) U
9. (i) Explain the Interrupt structure with the associated registers in 8051 microcontroller. (8)
(April/May2011) (Nov/Dec2014) U
10. Explain the TMOD function register and its timer modes of operations.(8)
(April/May2015) U
11. Explain in detail about the special function register of 8051 in detail. NOV/DEC’15](8) U
12. Explain the different addressing modes of 8051.[NOV/DEC’15] U

13. Give PSW of 8051 and describe the use of each bit in PSW. [NOV/DEC’15] U

14. Describe the functions of the following signals in 8051. RST, EA, PSEN and ALE. U
[NOV/DEC’15]
15. Explain the architecture of 8051 with its diagram. (16)U [May/June 2016]

16. Write an 8051 ALP to create a square wave of 66% duty cycle on bit 3 of port 1. (16)

COURSE OUTCOMES: Known the architecture and programming of 8051 microcontroller.

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 UNIT-V

INTERFACING MICROCONTROLLERS

SYLLABUS: Programming 8051 Timers - Serial Port Programming - Interrupts Programming –

LCD & Keyboard Interfacing - ADC, DAC & Sensor Interfacing - External Memory Interface-
Stepper Motor and Waveform generation.

COURSE OBJECTIVE: To learn design aspects of 8051 microcontroller.

PART-A

1. What is a serial data buffer?

Serial data buffer is a special function register and it initiates serial transmission when byte is
written to it and if read, it reads received serial data. It contains two independent registers internally.
One of them is a transmit buffer, which is a parallel-in serial-out register. The other is a receive
buffer, which is a serial-in parallel-out register

2. What are timer registers?

Timer registers are two 16-bit registers and can be accessed as their lower and upper bytes.
TLO represents the lower byte of the timing register 0, while THO represents higher bytes of the
timing register 0. Similarly, TLI and THI represent lower and higher bytes of timing register 1. These
registers can be accessed using the addresses allotted to them, which lie in the special function
registers address range, i.e., 801 H to FF.

3. What is the use of timing and control unit?

Timing and control unit is used to derive all the necessary timing and control signals required
for the internal operation of the circuit. It also derives control signals that are required for controlling
the external system bus.

4. When are timer overflow bits set and reset?

The timer overflow bits are set when timer rolls over and reset either by the execution of an
RET instruction or by software, manually clearing the bits. The bits are located in the TCON register
along with timer run control (TRn) bits.

5. Explain the mode (0 and1) operation of the timer. (April/May2012)

The operations are as follows:

• Timer mode 0 and 1 operations are similar for the 13 bit (mode) or 16 bit (mode 1) counter.
When the timer reaches the limits of the count, the overflow flag is set and the counter is reset
back to zero. The modes 0 and 1 can be used to time external events.

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• They can be used as specific time delays by loading them with an initial value before allowing
them to execute and overflow.

6. What is the different modes in which timer 2 can operate?

The two different modes in which Tmer 2 operates are.

i. Capture mode: Timer 2 operates as free running clocks, which saves the timers value on each high
to low transition. It can be used for recording bit lengths when receiving Manchester-encoded data.

ii. Auto-reload mode: When the timer overflows, value is written into TH2/TL2 registers from RCA
P2H/RCA P21 registers. This feature is used to implement a system watch dog timer.

7. What is the use of a watch dog timer?

A watching timer is used to protect an application in case the controlling microcontroller

begins to run amok and execute randomly rather than the preprogrammed instructions written for the
application.

8. Define interrupt.

Interrupt is defined as request that can be refused. If not refused and when an interrupt request is
acknowledged, a special set of routine or events are followed to handle the interrupt.

7. What are the steps followed to service an interrupt?

The steps followed are:

I. Save the context register information.
II. Reset the hardware requesting the interrupt.
III. Reset the interrupt controller.
IV. Process the interrupt.
V. Restore the context information.
VI. Return to the previously executing code.
8. How can 8051 be interrupted?

There are five different ways to interrupt 8051. Two of these are from external electrical
signals. The other three are caused by internal 8051 I/O hardware operations.

9. Give the format of the interrupt enable register. (April/ May2013)

The format of the interrupt enable register is,

EA--ES ET1 EX1 ET0 EX0

The register is used to enable or disable all 8051 interrupts and to selectively enable or
disable each of the five different interrupts.

 EA: Disables all interrupts

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  Es: Enables or disable the serial port interrupt.

 ET1: Enable or disable the timer 1 overflow interrupt.

 EX1: Enable or disable external interrupt 1.

 ET0: Enable or disable the timer 0 overflow interrupt.

 EX0: Enable or disable external interrupt 0.

10. What is meant by nesting of interrupts?

Nesting of interrupts means that interrupts are re-enabled inside an interrupt handler. If
another interrupt request codes in, while the first interrupt handler is executing, processor execution
will acknowledge the new interrupt and jump to its vector.

11. How is the 8051 serial port different from other micro controllers? (Nov/Dec2013)

The 8051 serial port is a very complex peripheral and able to send data synchronously and
asynchronously in a variety of different transmission modes.

12. Explain synchronous data transmission.

• In synchronous mode (mode 0), the instruction clock is used.

• Data transfer is initiated by writing to the serial data port address.

• Txd pin is used for clock output, while Rxd pin is for data transfer.

• When a character is received, the status of the data transfer is monitored by polling the RI-n bit in
serial control register (SCON).

13. Give an application for synchronous serial communication.

An application for synchronous serial communication is RS–232.

14. When is an external memory access generated in 8051?

In 8051, during execution the data is fetched continuous. Most of the data is executed out of
the 8051‟sbuilt-in control store. When an address is outside the internal control store, an external
memory access is generated.

15. Give the priority level of the interrupt sources. (Nov/Dec2010)

Interrupt source Priority within a level

IE0 (External INT0)

TF0 (Timer 0)

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IE 1 (External INT 1)

TF 1 (Timer 1)

RI = TI (Serial port) Highest

16. What is the use of stepper motor?

A stepper motor is a device used to obtain an accurate position control of rotating shafts. A
stepper motor employs rotation of its shaft in terms of steps, rather than continuous rotation as in
case of AC or DC motor.

17. What is meant by key bouncing?

Microprocessor must wait until the key reach to a steady state; this is known as Key bounce.

18. Explain the operating mode0 of 8051 serial ports?

In this mode serial enters &exits through RXD, TXD outputs the shift clock.8 bits are
transmitted/received:8 data bits(LSB first).The baud rate is fixed at 1/12 the oscillator frequency.

19. Explain the operating mode2 of 8051 serial ports? (April/May 2009&Nov/Dec2008)

In this mode 11 bits are transmitted(through TXD)or received(through RXD):a start bit(0), 8
data bits(LSB first),a programmable 9th data bit ,& a stop bit(1).ON transmit the 9th data bit (TB* in
SCON)can be assigned the value of 0 or 1.Or for eg:, the parity bit(P, in the PSW)could be moved
into TB8.On receive the 9thdatabit go in to the RB8 in Special Function Register SCON, while the
stop bit is ignored. The baud rate is programmable to either 1/32or1/64 the oscillator frequency.

20. Explain the mode3 of 8051 serial ports? (April/May2008)

In this mode,11 bits are transmitted(through TXD)or received(through RXD):a start bit(0), 8
data bits(LSB first),a programmable9th data bit ,& a stop bit(1).In fact ,Mode3 is the same as Mode2
in all respects except the baud rate. The baud rate in Mode3 is variable. In all the four modes,
transmission is initiated by any instruction that uses SBUF as a destination register. Reception is
initiated in Mode0 by the condition RI=0&REN=1.Reception is initiated in other modes by the
incoming start bit if REN=1.

21. Write a program to mask the 0th&7thbit using8051?

MOV A,#data
ANL A,#81
MOV DPTR,#4500
MOVX @DPTR,A
LOOP SJMP LOOP

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22. Write about CALL statement in 8051?

There are two subroutine CALL instructions. They are

*LCALL(Long CALL)
*ACALL(Absolute CALL)
Each increments the PC to the 1stbyte of the instruction & pushes them in to the stack.

23. Write a program to find the 2’s complement using 8051?

MOV A,R0
CPL A
INC A
24. Define baud rate. (May/June 2016)

Baud rate is used to indicate the rate at which data is being transferred.

Baud rate = 1/Time for a bit cell.

25. Mention the features of serial port in mode 0. (Nov/Dec2015)

In this mode serial enters and exits through RXD, TXD outputs the shiftclock. 8 bits are transmitted
/received 8 data bits first (LSB first).The baudrate is fixed at 1/12 the oscillator frequency.

26. Which register is used for serial programming in 8051 microcontroller?

Illustrate it. (Apr/May2015)

SBUF Register (Serial Buffer):

SBUF is an 8-bit register for serial communication in 8051.For a byte
of data to be transferred via TxD line and holds the byte of data when it is
received by 8051's RxD line.
SCON Register (Serial Control):
SCON is an 8 bit register used to program the start bit,stop bit and
data bits of data framing among other things.

27. How is A/D convertor interfaced with 8051? (Nov/Dec2015)

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28. Compare polling and interrupt. (May/June 2016)

The 8051 microcontroller can do only one task at a time. In polling, the microcontroller continuously
checks each port one by one according to the priority assigned to the ports, and if any device requires
service, then it provides it. In interrupt, when the device requires service, it sends the request to
microcontroller and the controller then provides service to it.

So essentially, the difference is that in polling, microcontroller has to check continuously whether
any device is asking for request, while in interrupt the device itself sends the request and the
controller satisfies it. And because microcontroller is freed from the task of checking each port, it can
do other work.

PART-B

1. With neat sketch explain the functions of 8255 PPI.(April/May2011) U

2. With neat sketch explain the functions of 8251.(Nov/Dec2011) U

3. With neat sketch explain the function of DMA controller. U

4. With neat sketch explain the function of Keyboard and display controller. (April/May2014) U

5. With neat sketch explain the function of A/D converter. (Nov/Dec 2014) U

6. With neat sketch explain the function of D/A converter. (Nov/Dec 2014) U

7. (i) Explain the interfacing of Keyboard/Display with 8051 microcontroller. (8) April/May2011) U
(ii) Explain the Servomotor control using 8051 microcontroller. (8) (April/May2011) U

8. (i) Explain in detail the modes of operation of Timer unit in 8051 microcontroller. (8)
(April/May2011) U
9. Explain the Stepper motor control using 8051 microcontroller. (8)(April/May2011)
(Nov/Dec2014) U

10. Using 8051 timer/Counter write a program for generating square wave of 100 ms and
50% duty cycle and Explain (April/May2011)(Nov/Dec2014)(Nov/Dec2010) C

11. With neat sketch explain the functions of 8254. (April/May2011) U

12. Describe the different modes of operation of timers/counters in 8051 with its associated
register.(April/May2015) (10) R

13. How does one interface a 16 x 2 LCD display using 8051 microcontroller.
(April/May2015) (6). A/E

14. Draw the diagram to interface a stepper motor with 8051 microcontroller and explain. Write
a 8051 assembly language program to run the stepper motor in both forward and reverse
direction with delay. (16). (April/May2015). C
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15. How to interface an LCD display with microcontroller? Explain how to display a
character using LCD display. (Nov/Dec 2014). (8) A/E

16. Draw the schematic for interfacinga stepper motor with 8051microcontroller and write 8051 ALP
for keypad scanning. [NOV/DEC'15][APR/MAY'15] C

17. With a neat circuit diagram explain how a 4x4 keypad is interfaced with 8051 microcontroller
and write 8051 ALP for keypad scanning.[NOV/DEC'15][MAY/JUNE’13] U

18. Draw the diagram to interface a stepper motor with 8051 microcontroller and Write its ALP to
run the stepper motor in both forward and reverse direction with delay.(16)[May/June 2016]

19. Explain 8051 serial port programming with examples. (16)[May/June 2016]

COURSE OUTCOMES: Ability to design and interface different application of 8051.

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COURSE CODE : EC6504
COURSE NAME : MICROPROCESSOR AND MICROCONTROLLER
YEAR/SEMESTER: III/V

COURSE OUTCOMES

At the end of course, students will have an

Apply and analyze the architecture, instruction set of microprocessor for developing
CO1 assembly language program.

Analyze the system bus structure and configurations of processors.

CO2
Analyze all peripheral devices.
CO3
Apply and analyze the architecture, instruction sets of Microcontroller for developing
CO4 assembly language programs.

Analyze the applications and interfacing of microcontroller.

CO5

CO-PO MATRIX

CO PO1 PO2 PO3 PO4 PO5 PO6 PO7 PO8 PO9 PO10 PO11 PO12
CO1 3 2 - - - - - - - - - -
CO2 3 2 - - - - - - - - - -
CO3 2 2 1 - - - - - - - - -
CO4 3 2 - - - - - - - - - -
CO5 3 2 - - - - - - - - - -
AVG 2.8 2 1 - - - - - - - - -

CO-PSO MATRIX

CO PSO1 PSO2 PSO3

CO1 - - -
CO2 - - -
CO3 - - -
CO4 - - -
CO5 - - -
AVG - - -

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44