Definition of Sociology and Culture • Arts … reacts or reflects the culture it springs

from ( Sonia Sanchez).

• Sociology is the study of human society at a given
period in time. • Arts and culture do not really have a geopolitical
boundary.So it is probably one of the best ways of
• Anthropology is the study of human beings and
understanding between people( Diana Lee)
their social relations, and culture.
Note: Anthropology covers all characteristics of humanity, Collective Norm
including physiology, and evolutionary origins while • Informal guide about what is considered normal (What
Sociology focuses on social relationships. is correct or incorrect) social behavior in a particular
group.
Definition of Culture
• Collective norm is the typical behavior everyone expects
It is a way of life of a group of people who share similar
from one another.
beliefs and customs.
(Example, everyone else is expected to act somewhat to
Components of Culture everybody else’s ideas of collective norm.
Language • Rituals
• It is the most important symbolic aspect of culture. Definition of Popular
• There is a cultural thought pattern behind the language It is regarded with favor, approval, or affection by people
of communication. in general. It is intended and suited to the general masses
of people.
Religion
• is a set of beliefs concerning the cause, nature and Definition of Popular Culture
purpose of the universe, especially when considered as the It is the set of habits, beliefs, and objects that express a
creation of a superior human agency or agencies social system’s most held meaning is known as popular
devotional and ritual observances, and often containing a culture. It encompasses, among other things, media items,
moral code governing human affairs. amusement and leisure, fashion and trends, and linguistic
Social Habits conventions. (Kidd, 2021)

• According to Charles Duhigg, a movement starts because Popular Culture was developed by Spaniards to win the
of the social habits of friendship and strong ties between hearts of the Filipinos through plays and literature.
close acquaintances. It grows because of a habit of a Sources of Popular Culture
community, and the weak ties that hold neighborhoods and
clans together. And it endures because a movement’s 1. Print Culture
leaders give participants new habits that create a sense of
With the invention of the printing press in the sixteenth
identity and a feeling of ownership.
century, mass-produced, cheap books, pamphlets and
Cuisine periodicals became widely available to the public. With
this, the transmission of common knowledge and ideas
• a style of cooking, food that is cooked in a particular way. was possible.
Music 2. Radio Culture
• Culture changes, fashions change, customs In the 1890s, Nikola Tesla and Guglielmo Marconi created
change but Great music is immortal. the radiotelegraph, allowing for the modern radio to be
• Having a good time is a part of Filipino culture. born. This led to the radio being able to influence a more
Music and dancing expresses an "listened-to" culture, with individuals being able to feel
like they have a more direct impact.
underground culture and shows versatility of Filipino
youth.
3. Films 8. Social media
Films and cinema are highly influential to popular Social media is interactive computer-mediated
culture, as films as an art form are what people seem to technologies that facilitate the creation or sharing of
respond to the most.With moving pictures being first information, ideas, career interests and other forms of
captured by Eadweard Muybridge in 1877, films have expression via virtual communities and networks. Social
evolved into elements that can be cast into different media platforms such as Instagram, Facebook, Twitter,
digital formats, spreading to different cultures. YouTube, TikTok and Snapchat are the most popular
applications used on a daily basis for younger
4. Television Programs generations.
A television program is a segment of audiovisual content Social media tends to be implemented into the daily
intended for broadcast (other than a commercial, trailer, routine of individuals in our current society. Social media
or other content not serving as attraction for viewership). is a vital part of our culture as it continues to impact the
Television programs may be fictional (as in comedies and forms of communication used to connect with those in our
dramas), or non-fictional (as in documentary, light communities, families, or friend groups.
entertainment, news and reality television). They may be
topical (as in the case of a local newscast and some 9. Clothing
madefor-television movies), or historical (as in the case
The fashion industry has witnessed tremendous and rapid
of many documentaries and fictional series). They can be
and applaudable changes over the years, culminating in
primarily instructional or educational, or entertaining as
the production of masterpieces unimaginable in the past
is the case in situation comedy and game shows.
decades.
5. Music This dynamic trend has compelled renowned cloth lines
Popular music is music with wide appeal that is typically such as Christian Dior, Louis Vuitton, and Balenciaga to
distributed to large audiences through the music industry. intensify research and creative imagination to develop
appealing designs that are outstanding and fascinating.
These forms and styles can be enjoyed and performed by Fashion has changed from the classical baggy and
people with little or no musical training. It stands in oversize pieces to trendy and slim-fit clothes for both
contrast to both art music and traditional or "folk" music. males and females. Further, the past few decades have
Art music was historically disseminated through the seen the reintroduction of old designs, which have been
performances of written music, although since the revitalized and improvised to fit the current market needs.
beginning of the recording industry, it is also
disseminated through recordings. Traditional music Folk Culture VS Nationalist Culture
forms such as early blues songs or hymns were passed Folk Culture is a way of Nationalist Culture is the
orally or to smaller local audiences. living in a place in culture created
a specific time and through colonial
6. Sports
portrays the practices of resistance with collective
Sports include all forms of competitive physical activity certain people, and how of people on a given place
or games which, through casual or organized they cope to survive with and time.
participation, aim to use, maintain or improve physical nature. Examples:
ability and skills while providing enjoyment to Examples: Florante at Laura
participants, and in some cases, entertainment for • Riddles (Bugtong) Noli Me Tangere
spectators. • Sayings (Salawikain) El Filibusterismo
• Legends (Alamat)
7. Ad Branding • Kwentong Bayan (Folk
refers to the practice of promoting a brand name of a Tales)
corporate entity as opposed to specific products or • Epiko (Epics)
services or promoting personal branding through social
media.
Evolution of Philippine Popular Culture The 'Yuppie' (Young Urban Professional) movement
influenced looks like power dressing and business suits
According to the Great Nick Joaquin. "The Identity of the
which had a 'preppy look' and exaggerated shoulder pads
Filipino today is of a person asking what is his identity." and details.
We get what Mr. Quijano de Manila is talking about; 1990s
cultural identity is an ever-evolving concept that can only
be qualified at any given moment. How? The best After witnessing the breakthroughs of the past decade,
approximation is through pop culture. Who we summed Filipino creativity continued to be the focal point of the
up by what we like, who we emulate, what we listen to, 1990s, especially as Original Pinoy Music flourished.
and the clothes we put on our backs. And these change as One of the most prominent acts of the decade was Master
surely as time passes by. Rapper Francis Magalona. his groundbreaking hit "Mga
Kababayan Ko" Several acts also followed suit,
1950s including legendary alternative rock band Eraserheads,
Television was introduced in the Philippines in 1953 with who wrote "Para sa Masa" in 1997, sung by various artists
the opening of DZAQ-TV Channel 3 of Alto including Noel Cabangon, Ebe Dancel, etc.
Broadcasting System in Manila.Owned by Antonio Influences of fashion in the 90s were new technology,
QuirinoThe station operated on a four hour-a-day schedule internet, skateboarding and hip hop. The 90s was the age
(6 – 10 p.m.) and telecast only over a 50-mile radius. of electronics. There were many diverse styles in the 90s
1960s as personal expression dominated trends in fashion. The
very first Filipino-produced film, Jose Nepomuceno's
The 60s was known as the Age of Pop and also known as "Dalagang Bukid" was actually a movie adaptation of a
the Modernist Space age. popular musical stage play created by Hermogenes
Clothes were usually in very bright colors and often had Ilagan.
retro patterns. Some popular items of clothing were A-line
2000s age of pop
dresses, mini-skirts, pantsuits and pillbox hats. The
silhouette was a tubular shape. Pop music influenced According to We Are Social's Global Digital Report 2019,
fashion, creating a retro 'Pop Fashion' style. there are 76 million active Filipino social media users – 71
percent of the entire population – who spend an average
1970s
of four hours a day on different social media platforms. ...
Unisex clothing was a trend, and it became much more This just goes to show that, for Filipinos, Facebook is
acceptable for women to wear pants. Popular types of synonymous with the internet. 2000s were a great time for
pants were flared pants, high waisted jeans and hot pants. the Phil. Pop Culture.

During martial law in 1972, then-president Ferdinand

Marcos's first moves were to suppress press freedom Philippine Cultures that were influenced by Foreign
which forced the brightest journalists underground and Countries
even jailing some of them. Some newspapers were Spanish Influence
allowed to reopen but their slant was always
Religion
prodictatorship and pro-government.
Filipinos at home set up altars during the Hispanic
1980s
tradition, especially Catholic images, flowers, and
Noel Cabangon and the rest of his band Buklod emerged candles.
in the local music scene with socio-political-cultural hits
such as "Tatsulok" and "Kanlungan." Proudly local Values
shows like Batibot, That's Entertainment, Ipaglaban Mo! Women should be submissive towards men (Maria Clara
and Magandang Gabi Bayan were easily identifiable for as ideal woman at the that time)
Filipinos, too. Films such as Himala Nora Aunor, set the
bar higher for local cinema. it was also in this decade that
the country's first transit system,
Education 1. Belts
2. Suspenders
Established Catholic- Sectarian Schools. Friars or Nuns
were the leaders and first teachers. 3. Polo shirts
4. Tennis shoes
American Influence 5. Short skirts/dresses
Religious Freedom 6. Bonnets/hats
7. High heels
When the United States took over the Philippines, the
8. Pantyhose
people began to be free to join whatever religion they
9. Make-up
wanted. (During the Spanish rule, the Catholic church was
established as the national religion and was strongly Food
enforced). Because of this new found religious freedom,
Here is a list of some of the food that Americans
there began to be many different churches besides
introduced to the Philippines that have been widely
Catholicism. Today, it’s remarkable to see just how many
adopted into their lifestyle:
different Christian churches there are in the Philippines –
this religious diversity has become a big part of the 1. Hamburgers
culture. 2. Sandwiches
Free Education 3. Oatmeal
4. Ketchup
Americans introduced the idea of free education to the
5. Chewing gum
Philippine islands. The United States even sent teachers to
help establish schools where the Filipino children could 6. Apple pie
have a free education. A large group of these teachers were 7. Mayonnaise
called “Thomasites,” named after the boat that they came 8. Hot dogs
on, called Thomas. 9. Steak
10. Ice cream
English
11. Corn flakes
During this time, English began to be taught in the schools,
Some American restaurants that have become very
and this is the language that the teachers would use. Even
popular in the Philippines are:
today, most Filipinos can’t help but mix in English words
when they speak. “Taglish” has literally become part of 1. McDonald’s
the culture. In fact, English is now the 2nd national 2. KFC
language. Lots of English words have made their way into
3. Dunkin Donuts
the Tagalog language. Often they are pronounced the
same, but the dictionary spelling is Filipino-ized. Japanese Influences

Here are a few fun examples: During World War 2, the Japanese took the Philippines
from the control of the United States. This happened
1. Cake = Keyk between 1941 and 1945, when the United States was able
2. Cookie = Kukis to take back possession of the country. After regaining
3. Biscuit = Biskwit possession, the United States relinquished its control,
4. Ballpen= Bolpen fulfilling its promise of granting full independence to the
5. Interview = Interbyu Philippines.
6. Computer = Kompyuter Because the Japanese were there for such a short period,
7. X-ray = Eksrey they didn’t leave much that was permanently adopted into
the Filipino culture. But they definitely did change the
Clothing way things were done during their time in the Philippines.
Here are a few types of clothing that America introduced How things changed during the Japanese rule over the
to the Filipino culture: Philippines:
 1. A strict curfew was enforced Karaoke
2. Japanese currency was introduced
In Japan, karaoke is usually sung in private rooms with
3. Baranggays (neighborhood government systems) friends, at establishments called karaoke boxes.
were cut in half
4. A military government was implemented (as it Karaoke (カラオケ) is the singing of songs to music
was during a time of war) accompaniment synchronized with lyrics displayed on-
screen.
Today their influence in the Philippines is quite prevalent.
But it wasn’t so back then. Today, the most notable J-pop
Japanese influence on Filipino culture has been in The lyrics mostly in Japan. Many songs contain some
technology – such as karaoke, videoke, cameras, etc. English expression or have an English title.
JAPAN Amusement Parks
The history of Japan is long, unique, and blighted by Amusement park are very popular and numerous in Japan.
many conflicts. The ancestors of the indigenous Ainu and Tokyo Disney resort is especially popular among women
Yamata people arrived on the islands around 12,000 BC. and couples.
The country’s first permanent capital, Nara, was Hotspring
established in 710 AD, at the same time as the emergence
of the present-day Imperial dynasty. Buddhism was Natural hot spring (onsen) are numerous and highly
introduced from China in the mid-6th century and the popular across Japan.

temples at Nara became a power in the land. Manga and Anime

ARTS Manga has been developed from unique mixture of ukiyo-

e and foreign drawing styles.
Bonsai: are trees and plants grown in containers in such a
way so that they look their most beautiful JAPANESE CUISINE

Origami: It is the art of paper folding. In Japanese, Nikkei cuisine refers to the fusion of Japanese and
Peruvian flavors, but it also incorporates elements of
"ori" means folding and "gami" means paper, Filipino cuisine
MUSIC In recent years, a new culinary trend known as “Nikkei
Radio calisthenics: The Japanese also brought radio cuisine” has emerged, further highlighting the blend of
Japanese and Filipino influences.
calisthenics to the Philippines. Radio calisthenics refers
One of the most beloved examples of the Japanese
to the broadcasting of exercise music through radio influence on Filipino food is the dish called “Sisig.”
stations early in the morning to encourage exercise. California Maki
Anime and J-Pop: Japanese anime has a significant It’s known for its inside-out style, brightly colored layer of
following in the Philippines, and with it comes exposure tobiko or flying fish roe, and combination of fruit, kani,
and cucumber inside.
to Japanese music. Many anime series and movies
feature J-Pop songs as opening or ending themes.
Religion, Beliefs, & Values
Types of entertainment in japan
Buddhism - enlightenment, and the pursuit of inner peace,
• Karaoke has found a following among Filipinos seeking spiritual
• J-pop fulfillment.
• Amusement park
Shintoism- the indigenous religion of Japan, has also made
• Hotspring
an impact on Filipino spirituality. Shinto beliefs, centered
• Manga and anime
around the worship of kami (spirits), the veneration of • Education System Reforms
nature, and the importance of rituals, resonate with the • Healthcare System Management
deep-rooted animistic traditions of the Philippines • Cultural Exchanges and Protocol
Filipino festivals Filipino rituals beliefs • Economic and Industrial Policies
• Investment and Trade Agreements
Obon Festival, • Innovation and Technology Transfer
which is celebrated in many parts of the Philippines, Language & Education
Filipino communities pay homage to their ancestors
through offerings and ancestral rites, reminiscent of two main language families: Japonic and the Ainu.
Japanese Obon customs. The practice of bon odori, a “matsuri” (festival), and “ramen”(noodles)
traditional Japanese dance, has also found its way into
Filipino festivities, creating a vibrant blend of Japanese CHINA

and Filipino cultural expressions Introduce process of steaming, boiling and, they also enjoy
stir-frying their food in a process known as gisa, which is
Values called chǎo
• Mindfulness, • Noodle recipes: Lomi,
• Respect for nature, • Pancit and Mami
• Harmony • Siopao
• Siomai
• Lumpia
The concept of “wabi-sabi,
• Taho, Hopia, Tikoy, Kikiam
finding beauty in imperfection and transience, resonates
Music
with the Filipino appreciation for simplicity and the
acceptance of life’s fleeting nature. Folk song- John Taylor the music from ethnic group
called gaddang are inspired by the Chinese folk songs
POLITICS/ SOCIAL CULTURE China had established a presence in the country through
commerce and barter.
Japanese Occupation of the Philippines
Tools
• Honshu
Filipino word lithaw (plough) and the word puthaw (axe)
• Hokkaido
came from the Chinese words luey-thaw (犁 頭) and
• Kyushu
pothaw (斧頭)
• Shikoku
During Occupation:
Sculpture
• War
Many of our famous churches, like San Agustin Church,
• Comfort Women were largely built by Chinese hands and many of the
• Crimes famous religious images and sculptures were carved by
POLICIES/ LAWS THAT PHILIPPINES ADAPTED Chinese artisans.
Middle East
Laws that Philippines adapted from Japan
• FASTING
• Anti-Smoking Laws • PRAYER
• Disaster Preparedness and Response • PILGRIMAGE
• Criminal Justice and Law Enforcement Practices
• Efficient Public Transportation Systems 5 pillars of Islam
• Environmental Protection Laws
• Consumer Protection Laws
 1. Profession of Faith (shahada). The belief that was firmly established on Mindanao and Sulu and had
"There is no god but God, and Muhammad is the outposts on Cebu and Luzon.
Messenger of God" is central to Islam.
CLOTHING female
2. Prayer (salat). Muslims pray facing Mecca five
times a day: at dawn, noon, mid-afternoon, sunset, Hijab
and after dark.
a traditional headscarf worn by many Muslim women as a
3. Alms (zakat). In accordance with Islamic law,
symbol of modesty. It covers the head and neck but leaves
Muslims donate a fixed portion of their income to
the face uncovered.
community members in need.
4. Fasting (sawm). During the daylight hours of Niqab
Ramadan, the ninth month of the Islamic calendar,
all healthy adult Muslims are required to abstain a face veil that covers the lower part of the face, leaving
from food and drink. only the eyes visible.
5. Pilgrimage (hajj). Every Muslim whose health Abaya
and finances permit it must make at least one visit
to the holy city of Mecca, in present-day Saudi a long, loose-fitting cloak that covers the entire body
Arabia. The Ka'ba except the face, hands, and feet.

Language Songkok (male)

• Alam - ilm (‫( علم‬means knowledge or learning traditional cap worn by Muslim women in the Philippines.
Songkok" itself is derived from the Arabic word "sunnah,"
• Salapi - derived from arabic word salāp "َ ‫ لَسا‬means
which means "tradition" or "way of life."
money
• Sala: It means sin in Tagalog. The word comes Spices
from the Arabic ’salah.
• Cumin
• Alak: Borrowed from the Arabic"al-kuḥl" (‫(الكحل‬
which means alcoholic beverages. • Coriander
• Hari: The word for king in Tagalog, taken from • Turmeric
the Arabic ’harr. Dance
• Amin: In Tagalog, this word signifies ‘ours’ and
comes from the Arabic ’amin. SINGKIL - The name of the dance itself means "to
entangle the feet with disturbing objects such as vines or
• Wais: It means smart in Tagalog, derived from the
anything in your path". It is a popular dance performed
Arabic ‘wise
during celebrations and other festive entertainment.
• Almusal: From the Arabic "al-musawwir"
(‫(المصور‬, referring to breakfast or morning meal. Arts
EID’L FITR The Arabs also introduced the okir design, particularly the
elaborate designs on the beams of Maranaw houses in
Through Proclamation No. 944, President Rodrigo
Lanao.
Duterte declared that Eid’l Fitr is a regular national
holiday. As such, the whole nation is given the opportunity The okir design is found woven or printed in textiles,
to celebrate .the festival with our Muslim brothers and carved into wooden cemetery markers and wooden boxes,
sisters. The declaration further reasoned that the and it can also be found etched into knife or sword blades
declaration aims to “bring to the fore of national and handles, and cast or etched int various brass and silver
consciousness” the religious and cultural significance of objects
Eid’l Fitr.
The sarimanok, a very colorful bird in traditional Arabic
ISLAM lore, is likewise a design most common in Lanao that is
distinctively Arabic in origin. If there’s a symbol that the
Earlier, beginning in 1350, Islam had been spreading
Maranao people in the Philippines are associated with, it’s
northward from Indonesia into the Philippine archipelago.
the Sarimanok.
By the time the Spanish arrived in the 16th century, Islam
Europe
BEER BREWING World War II and Independence (20th Century)
The influence of European countries on beer brewing in Post-Independence Era (20th Century Onward)
the Philippines can be traced back to the colonial period
when the Philippines was under Spanish rule for over
three centuries (1565-1898). During this time, the Spanish
introduced many aspects of their culture, including their
beer brewing traditions. European beer culture had a
significant cultural impact in the Philippines, with beer
becoming a common part of social gatherings and
celebration
CHRISTMAS TREE
In some parts of the Philippines, particularly in the
northern region of Luzon, Christmas traditions have been
influenced by German customs. For example, the practice
of setting up Christmas trees and using colorful lights is
reminiscent of German Christmas traditions.
FOOD

• Adobo
• Lechon
• Empanada
• Longaniza
• Escabeche
• Menudo
• Pandesal
• Pochero
RELIGION
There were existing religions/beliefs before European
colonizers came as per William Henry Scott. Spaniards
Miguel Lopez de Legazpi brought catholic friars to the
north. Southern half of the archipelago put up a strong
resistance against the domination of Catholics. A long
standing Spanish – Moro war, a series of long standing
hostilities between Spaniards and Muslims
CLOTHING/FASHION
Here are some of the examples of European cultural
influences that have been adopted into Filipino cultures:

• Spaniards Influence
• American Influence
• British Influence
• Italian Influence
POLITICS
Spanish Colonial Period (16th to 19th Century)
American Colonial Period (20th Century)