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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
A microprocessor is a programmable electronics chip that has computing and decision-making
capabilities similar to central processing unit of a computer. Any microprocessor based
systems having limited number of resources are called microcomputers. Nowadays,
microprocessor can be seen in almost all types of electronics devices like mobile phones,
printers, washing machines etc.
A processor or Central Processing Unit (CPU) is an electronic circuit that can execute
computer programs. It is the logic circuitry that responds to and processes the basic instructions
that drives a computer. A computer processor analyzes data and controls data flow in a
computer. It handles the central management functions of a high-powered a High-powered.
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INDEX
SR NO CONTENT PAGE NO
1 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 3
2 MICROPROJRCT PROPOSAL –PART A 5
3 MICRO PROJECT- PART B 7
4 MICRO PROJECT EVALUATION
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Part A – Format for Micro- Project Proposal
Title of Micro-project: Report on Micro Processor
1.Rationale:
The Microprocessor Was a Turning Point for Modern Computing
It was the successful development of the microprocessor that led to the home computer. General purpose
microprocessors are what allows our computers to be used for text editing, multimedia display, computation,
and communication over the Internet.
2. Intended Course Outcomes
A. Configure BIOS setting.
3. Literature Review
The increase in dissipated power per unit area of electronic components sets higher demands on the
performance of the heat sink. Also, if we continue at our current rate of miniaturization, laptops and other
electronic devices can get heated up tremendously. Hence, we require a better heat dissipating heat sink
system to overcome the excess heat generating problem. To handle the excessive and often unpredictable
heating up of high-performance electronic components like microprocessors, we need to predict the profile
based on temperature of the heat sink used. Bearing in mind the A performance analysis has presented on
heat sinks of the same model in this project, namely a graphite metal heat sink and aluminum heat sink. In
the same conditions, the temperature distribution, pressure and velocity fields of the aluminum heat sink
were analyzed. Besides, the temperature distribution and thermal resistance of these heat sinks were
compared and analyzed with the graphite metal heat sink.
4. Proposed methodology:
The microprocessor repeats three steps fetch, decode, and execute over and over again to
complete whatever task the computer is required to do. Particular areas of the microprocessor
are designed to complete these three steps.
5. Practical learning outcomes:
1.Configure BIOS setting.
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6. Action plan:
Sr. No Details of Activity Planned Planned Name of
start date Finish date Responsible
Team Members
1 Finalisation of topic Omkar
Khandekar
2 Collection of Sanket Karade
information
3 Finalisation of content Sarthak Bhopale
4 Content writing Shridhar Shelar
5 Formatting and Editing Sanskar
Bhuimbar
6 Finalizing the project Om Gondukupe
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PART B-Format for Micro-Project Proposal
Title of Micro-Project: Report on Micro Processor
1. Rationale
Microprocessor, any of a type of miniature electronic device that contains the arithmetic, logic, and control
circuitry necessary to perform the functions of a digital computer's central processing unit.
2. Course Outcomes Addressed:
A. Select processors required for relevant system
3. Literature Review:
Microprocessor:
Microprocessor, any of a type of miniature electronic device that contains the arithmetic, logic, and control
circuitry necessary to perform the functions of a digital computer’s central processing unit. In effect, this
kind of integrated circuit can interpret and execute program instructions as well as handle arithmetic
operations.
In the early 1970s the introduction of large-scale integration (LSI) which made it possible to pack thousands
of transistors, diodes, and resistors onto a silicon chip less than 0.2 inch (5 mm) square led to the
development of the microprocessor. The first microprocessor was the Intel 4004, which was introduced in
1971. During the early 1980s very large-scale integration (VLSI) vastly increased the circuit density of
microprocessors. In the 2010s a single VLSI circuit holds billions of electronic components on a chip
identical in size to the LSI circuit. (For more about the history of microprocessors, see computer: The
microprocessor.)
Technician operates the system console on the new UNIVAC 1100/83 computer at the Fleet Analysis Center,
Corona Annex, Naval Weapons Station, Seal Beach, CA. June 1, 1981. Univac magnetic tape drivers or
readers in background. Universal Automatic Computer
The production of inexpensive microprocessors enabled computer engineers to develop microcomputers.
Such computer systems are small but have enough computing power to perform many business, industrial,
and scientific tasks. The microprocessor also permitted the development of so-called intelligent terminals,
such as automatic teller machines and point-of-sale terminals employed in retail stores. The microprocessor
also provides automatic control of industrial robots, surveying instruments, and various kinds of hospital
equipment. It has brought about the computerization of a wide array of consumer products, including
programmable microwave ovens, television sets, and electronic games. In addition, some automobiles
feature microprocessor-controlled ignition and fuel systems designed to improve performance and fuel
economy.
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Image of processor:
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Working of of Processor:
The working of processor mainly consists four steps i.e., Fetch, Decode, Execute and Write
back. These steps are discussed below
Fetch: During the fetch step. the processor retrieves program instructions from memory.
Decode: In this step, the instruction is broken down into parts.
Execute: Performs In the execute step, CPU performs the operation implied by the program instruction.
Write back: During the write back step, the Processor writes back the results of execution, to the computer's
memory.
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Basic knowledge about Processor:
Clock speed: Clock speed is a measure of how quickly a computer completes basic computations and
operations. It is measured as a frequency in hertz. Generally, this speed varies 2.4-3.4 GHz.
Core: A processor core is a hardware unit in the processor architecture that can execute instructions sent to
it.
Hyper threading: Thread are the virtual core and work like a real core inside CPU. When cores assembled
with multi threads then it is known as Hyper threading technology.
Cache: The cache is the first block of RAM which interact between the main memory and CPU using cache
controller chip. This memory helps processor to fetch instructions in quick routine and is very faster than
RAM.
MULTI PROCESSING: Simultaneous processing with two or more processors in one computer or two
or more computers processing together.
PARALLEL PROCESSING: The simultaneous use of more than one CPU or processor core to execute
a program or multiple computational threads.
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Components Of CPU:
Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU): Carries out the logical, algebraical or any types calculations.
Control unit: It manages the filching, decoding and execution of the instructions.
Registers: It is very fast Temporary storage locations which hold deal being processed instructions being
executed and addresses of the memory location to be accessed.
Internal buses: Buses are used to transmit information from one place to another
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What is single, Double and multi core processors?
Single core: Has one core to process different operations like intel Pentium.
Dual core: Has two cores to process operations; able to process more Information at the same time
compare to single core like intel core i3 and i5
Quad core: Contains two dual core processors in one integrated circuit and generally used for
multitasking like intel core i7
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Image that showing cores, cache memory, l/o units arrangement inside intel
i7 next generation processor
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Some popular brands of processor:
Intel: The Intel computer processor is exclusively designed by Intel. Its latest and most
popular models include Intel hyper thread technology that speed up processor speed.
GRAPHIC’S
AMD: The AMD computer processor is exclusively made by Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. (AMD). It
provides excellent performance and value. It is compatible with most off-the-shelf computer programs
and applications. Some AMD Computer Processors are programmed with built-in anti- virus protection.
GRAPHIC’S
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What are the future expectations about processor?
✓ Tomorrow, processor will be more energy efficient than present time.
✓ They have high clock speed like 10 to 15 GHz and have 8 to 10 core with hyper
threading or new equivalent technology.
✓ Their size will be smaller than today's processors Le, nano processor will come in
place of microprocessor.
✓ They will be cheaper and more reliable than compare to present time.
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Conclusion
CPU is the brain of the computer that it controls and coordinates the activities of all the
components of the computer The Central Processing is also known as the Processor. It is the
area where all processing activities are carried out. The CPU has three elements namely
Control Unit, Arithmetic and logic unit and the Registers.
Thus, it is one of the most important and amazing parts of the PC, and also the most amazing
devices in the world of technology. All work that we do on our computer is performed
directly or indirectly by the processor.
✓ Multi-core processors represent an important new trend in computer architecture.
✓ Minimized wire lengths and interconnect latencies.
✓ Decreased power Consumption and heat generation also helpful.
✓ So, this is the way how modern computing is done.
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Reference
1. https://math.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/
2. https://www.math.purdue.edu/academic/files/courses/2010spring/MA26200/1_7.pdf
3. https://ximera.osu.edu/ode/main/mixingProblems/mixingProblems
4. https://www.kristakingmath.com/blog/mixing-problems-differential-equations
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