TYPES OF BONDS KOSEL LEWIS APPROCH VALENCE BOND THEORY

THEORIES OF CO-VALENT BOND

VBT
HYDROGEN BOND CO-VALENT IONIC/ KOSSEL LEWIS APPROACH
IONIC/ELECTROVALENT ELECTROVALENT
BOND BOND
. Bond formed when the -ve BOND Atoms can combine either by A covalent bond is formed by the
end of one molecule . Bond formed by mutual transfer of e- or by sharing overlapping of two half filled atomic
. Strong electro static attracts the +ve end of sharing of e-. . Strong electro static of valence e- in order to have orbitals.
force of attraction other . Low M.P. and B.P. force of attraction an octet in their valence shell.
between positive and 1. Intermolecular: H- Bonding . Bad conductor of between positive and
negative ions. Type of overLapping
negative ions. occur within one single electricityv
. Crystalline in nature molecule. . Insoluble in Polar Solvents . Crystalline in nature Octet Rule
. High M.P and B.P 2. Intermolecular: H Bonding but soluble in non-polar . High M.P and B.P
. Soluble in Polar Solvents. between two different solvent. . Soluble in Polar Solvents.
Eg: NaCl, MgCl2 etc. LEWIS SYMBOLS Sigma(σ)
Eg: NaCl, MgCl2 etc. molecules of same or Ex: CH4, H2, Cl2.
diff. compounds. Valence e- are represented by Sidewise overlapping
dots around the element. Pi(π)
. s-s overlapping

: :

: :
H; Na; : Cl ; O , : N : Sidewise overlapping
TYPE OF CO-VALENT
BOND +
. Polar covalent bond
Eg: NH3, CHCl3 s s s-s overlap
. Non-polar covalent bond +
Eg: Cl2, CO2. . s-p overlapping
H H
+
C : : C p p p-p overlap
FAJAN'S RULE s s s-p overlap
H H

No compounds is 100% ionic or 100% s+ CHEMICAL BONDING

covalent s-
. Covalent nature ∝ size of anion +
AND +
Decreasing order of repulsive
. Covalent nature ∝ 1 + MOLECULAR STRUCTURE p-p overlap interaction:
lp - lp > lp - bp > bp . bp
size of cation p p
Cation Polarized anion
VSEPR THEORY
Polarization of anion by cation
HYBRIDISATION The shape of a molecule
depends upon the numbers
Concept of mixing of valence shell e- (B.P or
1 atomic orbital to l.p) surrounding in the
F.C. = r - L - B
BOND . Bond length:
2 Type of No. of No. of Arrangement
Molecule Bonding pair Lone Pair of e- pair
Shape Example form new hybrid
central atom

FORMAL Equilibrium distance

PARAMETERS CHARGE between the nuclei
of two bonded atom AB2E 2 1 Bent SO2O3 MOLECULAR ORBITAL
THEORY
bod length ∝ 1
bond order AB3E 3 1 Trigonal Formation of Molecular Orbitals
NH3 . MOT are formed the combinate of atomic orbitals.
No. of Bond Pyramidal
BOND ORDER between the two . No. of molecular orbitals = no. of atomic orbital
Atomic orbitals Molecular orbitals No. of combined.
atoms
& AB3E2 2 2 nodal plane
H2O +
Bent
Angle between the σ
0
MOT
BOND ANGLE orbitals containing
bonding e- pair around +
central atom. AB4E 4 1 1
See saw SF4 σ∗ Bonding molecular Anti bonding atomic
orbitals orbitals
BOND Amount of enrgy
+
ENTHALPY required to break 1
one mole of bonds.
AB3E2 3 2 px px
π

T-Shape ClF5
ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION
-
2 <
Product of the magnitude (σ1s < σ*1s < σ2s < σ*2s < σ2pz < (π2px = π2px)
of the AB5E 5 1 < (π*2px = π*2py) < σ*2pz
charge and distance Square XeF5 px px π∗
DIPOLE between centres Pyramid [For O2, F2, Ne2]
MOMENT of positive and negative +
charge. pz pz π
2 (σ1s < σ*1s < σ2s < σ*2s < [π2px = π2py] < σ2pz)
AB4E2 4 2 square XeF4 < (π*2px = π*2py) < σ*2pz
M = charge × Distance of Planner -
seperation pz pz π∗
3 [For B2, C2, N2]